Bibliotheca Polyglotta

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘aperture, space, to open; to find a way, key; to conquer, conquest, victory; to initiate; to adjudicate, judgement’. There is a degree of overlapping between the two senses of ‘seeking victory’ and ‘seeking judgement’ because victory in battle is regarded as a kind of judgement between the antagonists’

▪ FTḤ_1 : (Orel&Stolbova1994#1989:) from protSem *p˅taḥ‑ ‘to open’ < AfrAs *pitaḥ‑ ‘to open’.
▪ FTḤ_2 : …
▪ FTḤ_3 : …

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▪ …
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fataḥ‑ فَتَحَ , a (fatḥ)

√FTḤ

vb., I

1 to open; 2 to switch on, turn on (lights, TV); 3a to dig (a canal); 3b to build (a road); 4 to open, preface, introduce, begin; 5 to reveal, disclose; 6a to grant victory or success (God); 6b to open the gates (of profit) (God); 6c to conquer, capture; 7 to infuse, imbue, inspire, endow; 8 (gram.) to pronounce with the vowel a. – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1989: from protSem *p˅taḥ‑ ‘to open’ < AfrAs *pitaḥ‑ ‘to open’.
▪ …

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to open’) Akk iptē, Hbr ptḥ a (a), Syr ptḥ a (a), Gz ftḥ – (ā).
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1989: Akk petû, Ug ptḥ, Hbr ptḥ, Aram Syr ptḥ, Gz ftḥ, Ḥrs fetōḥ, Mhr fōteḥ, Śḥr fetaḥ). – Outside Sem; (CCh) pəth‑ ‘open (of eyes or anus’) in 1 lang; (ECh) pit fitifiti (with redupl.).

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994# 1989: protSem *p˅taḥ‑ ‘open’, CCh *p˅t˅H‑ (reconstructed from pəth‑ ‘open (of eyes or anus)’ in 1 lang), ECh *pit‑ ‘open’, all perh. from a hypothetical AfrAs *pitaḥ‑ ‘to open’.
▪ Ehret1995#89: an extension in »iterative« *‑ḥ (» > extendative sense«) from a bi‑consonantal »pre‑protSem« root *pṭ ‘to break apart’ < AfrAs *‑feeť‑ or *‑fooť‑ ‘to separate (tr.)’. – Other extensions from the same pre‑Sem root: ↗FṬR, ↗FṬM.
▪ …

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►fattaḥa, vb. II, to open (also of a flower): D‑stem, ints.
►fātaḥa, vb. III, 1a to address first, speak first; 1b to open the conversation or talk; 2 to disclose, let s.o. in on s.th.: L‑stem, assoc.
►tafattaḥa, vb. V, 1 to open, open up, unfold (intr.); 2a to be opened (so that s.o. becomes perceptible); 2b to be open, be responsive (heart): Dt‑stem, intr./pass.
►ĭnfataḥa, vb. VII, 1a to open, open up, unfold (intr.); 1b to be opened: N‑stem, pass./intr.
►^BP#1720ĭftataḥa, vb. VIII, 1 to open, inaugurate; 2 to introduce, preface, begin; 3 to conquer, capture: Gt‑stem.
►ĭstaftaḥa, vb. X, 1 to begin, start, commence; 2 to seek the assistance of God (against s.th.), implore God for victory: *Št‑stem, desiderative.

►^BP#910fatḥ, 1 opening; 2 introduction, commencement, beginning; 3 pl. futūḥ, futūḥāt, n., 3a conquest; 3b victory, triumph; 4 pl. futūḥāt, alms; donations, contributions (for a zāwiyaẗ; Tun.): vn. I.
►^BP#4634fatḥaẗ, 1 the vowel point a; 2 opening; porthole: < n.vic.
►futḥaẗ, pl. futaḥ, ‑āt, n.f., 1 opening, aperture, breach, gap, hole; 2 sluice.
►fattāḥ, n., openor (of the gates of profit, of sustenance; one of the attributes of God): ints. formation.
►fattāḥaẗ, n.f., can opener: ints. formation, f. for instr.
►^BP#1845miftāḥ, pl. mafātīḥᵘ, n., 1 key; 2 switch; 3 lever (peadal (of a vehicle); 4 knob (on the radio); knob (in the radio; stopp; valve; peg, pin): n.instr.
►miftāḥǧī, n., (railroad) switchman: n.prof. in (Tu) ‑ǧī.
►mufātaḥaẗ, n.f., opening of a conversation: vn. III.
►^BP#3577ĭnfitāḥ, n., 1 opening up, welcoming; 2 openness: vn.VII.
►^BP#1780ĭftitāḥ, n., 1 opening, inauguration; 2 introduction, beginning: vn.VIII.
►^BP#4865ĭftitāḥī, adj., 1 opening; 2 introductory
►ĭftitāḥiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 editorial, leading article, leader; 2 overture (mus.)
►ĭstiftāḥ, n., 1 start, beginning, commencement, inception, incipience; 2 earnest money, handsel: vn. X.
►^BP#2577fātiḥ, 1 n., opener; 2 beginner; 3 conqueror, victor; 4 adj., clear (color): PA I | fātiḥ al‑baḫt, n., fortuneteller.
►^BP#4349fātiḥaẗ, pl. fawātiḥᵘ, n.f., 1 start, opening, beginning, commencement, inception; 2 incipience; 3 introduction, preface, preamble, proem: PA I.f.
►^BP#1045maftūḥ, adj., open, opened: PP I.
►mufattiḥ, 1 adj., appetizing; 2 (pl. ‑āt), n., aperitif: PA II.
►muftataḥ, n., start, beginning, commencement, inception, opening, inauguration: n.loc.

fatḥ فَتْح

√FTḤ

judgment, decision – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q xxvi, 118; xxxii, 28 – Jeffery1938.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The verb fataḥa ‘to open’, with its derivatives, is commonly used and is genuine Ar, but in these two passages¹ where it has a peculiar technical meaning, Muḥammad seems to be using, as Horovitz, KU, 18, n., noted, an Eth [Gz] word fətḥ, which had become specialized in this sense and is used almost exclusively of legal affairs, e.g. fatḥa ‘to give judgment’, tafatḥa ‘iudicari’, tafātḥa ‘litigare’, fətḥat ‘iudicium’, and fətḥ which is both ‘iudicium’ and ‘sententia iudicis’. This sense had already become domiciled in SArabia, as we see from the use of [SAr] ftḥ in the inscriptions (Rossini, Glossarium, 221).«

1. Horovitz would add ex, 1, ʔiḏa ǧāʔa naṣru llāhi wa’l-fatḥ, but as this apparently refers to the conquest of Mecca (Nöldeke-Schwally, i, 219), it would seem to mean ‘victory’ rather than judgment in the technical legal sense of the other passages.

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