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Click to Expand/Collapse OptionEtymArab
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FRD فرد 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√FRD 
“root” 
▪ FRD_1 ‘(to be) single, alone; to separate, single out’ ↗fard
▪ FRD_2 ‘tax, head tax, poll tax’ ↗firdaẗ
▪ FRD_3 ‘pistol’ ↗fard_[v11]

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 to be unique, be without peers; 2 aloneness, oneness, to be single; 3 to be separated, be without companions; 4 odd number’ 
▪ FRD_1 : protSem *PRD ‘to cut, separate, divide; single, alone; to separate, single out’ (Huehnergard2011: WSem *√PRD ‘to separate’), from pre-protSem 2-cons. root nucleus *PR- ‘to cut (a piece from). For details, cf. ↗fard
▪ FRD_2 : firdaẗ ‘tax, head tax, poll tax’ is with all likelihood an unemphatic var. of furdaẗ (with !), from ↗faraḍaẗ ‘to impose, make incumbent on, prescribe’
▪ FRD_3 : probably so called because of its single barrel, or because it can be used with one single hand

 
– 
fard
▪ Huehnergard (in AHDEL): From WSem *PRD ‘to separate’.
▪ According to Ehret1989#37, the root is an extension in ‘durative’ *-d from a pre-protSem 2-consonantal root nucleus *PR- ‘to cut (a piece from)’ > Ar ↗*FR-. For other extensions from the same pre-protSem *PR- see ↗faraǧa (farǧ) ‘to put asunder, separate, split’, ↗faraza (farz) ‘to separate, set apart, secrete, select’, ↗farasa (fars) ‘to break the neck, tear the prey into pieces’, ↗faraša (farš) ‘to spread on the floor, spread out’, ↗faršaḥa, var. faršaḫa, ‘to straddle, stand with one’s legs apart’, ↗furṣaẗ ‘chance, auspicious moment; holiday’ (i.e., s.th. that comes like a ‘cut’ in normal life), ↗furḍaẗ ‘notch, incision, opening’, ↗faraṭa (farṭ) ‘to beat off, stripp off (fruits)’, ↗faraʕa (farʕ) ‘to prune a tree’, ↗faraqa (farq) ‘to split, separate’, ↗farama (farm) ‘to cut small, hash’, ↗farà (fary) ‘to cut, cleave, sever’; cf. also ↗farra (firār) ‘to flee, run away’, ↗faraṭa (farṭ) ‘to escape inadvertedly, slip, get lost’, ↗faṭara (faṭr) ‘to split, cleave, break apart’, (fuṭūr) ‘to break the fast’. 
▪ Cf. ↗fard
– 
fard فَرْد , pl. ʔafrād , furādà 
ID 653 • Sw – • NahḍConBP 626 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√FRD 
n. 
1 alone, single; 2 sole, only; 3 solitary; 4 singular, unique, matchless, unrivaled, peerless, incomparable; 5 (pl. ʔafrād) one, a single one, a single person, individual; 6 soldier, private; 7 (pl. ʔafrād, with foll. gen.) the individual members (of a group); — 8 odd, uneven (number); 9 al-~, epithet of the month of Rajab; 10 (pl. firād) one, one of a couple, one of a pair; 11 (pl. furūd, furūdaẗ) pistol; — 12 singular (gram.) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Huehnergard (in AHDEL): From WSem *PRD ‘to separate’.
▪ According to Ehret1989#37, the root is an extension in ‘durative’ *‑d from a pre-protSem 2-consonantal root nucleus *PR- ‘to cut (a piece from)’. For other extensions from the same pre-protSem *PR- see Ar ↗*FR-.
▪ [v11] ‘pistol’: perh. *‘the weapon with the one single shot’ (as distinct from the musaddas ‘the six-fold one’, i.e., a revolver), or because it could be used with one single hand (?) 
▪ eC7 fard 1 (pl. furādà, alone, solitary, by o.s.) Q 6:94 wa-laqad ǧiʔtumū-nā furādà ka-mā ḫalaqnā-kum ʔawwala marraẗin ‘now you have returned to Us alone [just] as We first created you’; 2 (single, singly) Q 34:46 ʔan taqūmū li-llāhi maṯnà wa-furādà ‘to stand before God, in pairs and singly’; 3 (childless) Q 21:89 wa-Zakariyyā ʔiḏ nādà rabba-hū rabbi lā taḏar-nī fardan wa-ʔanta ḫayru ’l-wāriṯīna ‘and [mention] Zachariah, when he cried out to his Lord, “My Lord, do not leave me childless, though You are the best of inheritors”’.
▪ Bocthor1828 gives fard already as a correspondence of ‘individual’. 
▪ Zammit2002: (Akk parādu ‘sich absondern’)1 , Ug brd ‘separar, apartar’, Hbr pārad (nif.) ‘to divide; separate’, Aram pᵉrad ‘to separate, scatter’, Syr pᵉrad ‘to place apart’, Ar fard ‘alone’, SAr frd ‘sole, unique’, Gz tafārada ‘separari a se invicem’.
▪ Kogan2015:567-8: Hbr prd ‘to separate, diverge’, Ar frd ‘to become sole, single’, Sab frd -m ‘uniquely, alone’, Te täfarädä ‘to part company as enemies’. – Cf. also Mhr fərōd, Jib férɔ́d, Soq férod ‘to stampede, panic; to make off, to run away’.2  
▪ Kogan2015:567: Sem *PRD ‘to be separated’. – »Leslau plausibly connects [also] prot-modSAr *PRD ‘to flee in panic’ with Sem *PRD ‘to be separated’«.
▪ [v11] ‘pistol’: Hava1899 gives this meaning as LevAr (marked with the sign for »used in the dialect of Syria«). 
▪ WSem *PRD ‘to separate’: Engl fardel ‘bundle, burden’ (c1300), from OFr fardel ‘parcel, package, small pack’ (C13, modFr fardeau), dim. of farde, which OED says is ‘cognate with’ (others say ‘from’) Span fardo ‘pack, bundle’, which is said to be from Ar fardaẗ, ‘single piece, pack, package, bundle’, from farada ‘to be(come) separate, segregated, single’ – EtymOnline, and Huehnergard (in AHDEL, https://ahdictionary.com/word/semitic.html).
▪ Ar fard has made its way into other languages of the Islamic world, cf. Aze ferd, Hin fard, Per fard, Tur fert – Rajki2002. 
fardan fardan, adv., singly, separately, one by one, one at a time, one after the other
ʔafrād al-ʕāʔilaẗ, n.pl., members of the family
ʔafrād al-farīq, n.pl., members of the team (sport)

farada, and faruda, u (furūd), vb. I, to be single, be alone; to be singular, be unique: denom. (?). — farada, u (furūd), vb. I, to withdraw, retire, segregate (ʕan from): the etymon proper? — EgAr farada, i, vb. I, to spread, spread out, extend, stretch (s.th.); to roll out (al-ʕaǧīnaẗ the dough); to unfold (s.th.): var. of ↗faraša (?).
ʔafrada, vb. IV, to set aside, separate, segregate, isolate (s.o., s.th.); to single out, assign especially (s.th. li‑ or bi‑ for), devote (s.th., li‑ to a special subject): caus.
tafarrada, vb. V, 1 to be alone; 2 to do alone, perform singlehandedly (bi‑ s.th.); 3 to possess alone (bi‑ s.th.); 4 to be matchless, be unique: tD-stem, denom., intr.
ĭnfarada, vb. VII, 1 = V; 2 to stand alone, be without parallel ( or bi‑ with or in s.th.): fig.; 3 to withdraw, segregate, walk away (ʕan from); 4 to be isolated (ʕan from): quasi-pass.
ĭstafrada, vb. X, 1 to find (s.o., s.th.) singular, unique or isolated; 2 to isolate (chem.): Št-stem, denom., appellative.

fardaẗ, n.f., one part, one half, one of a pair: n.un.
BP#2251fardī, adj., 1 single, solitary; single- (in compounds); 2 pertaining to a single person; one-man (in compounds); solo (adj.); singles (tennis); 3 individual, personal; individualist; 4 odd, uneven (number): nsb-adj. | ʕilm al-nafs al-~, n., individual psychology.
fardiyyaẗ, n.f., individuality, individualism; solipsism (philos.): abstr. formation in <-iyyaẗ.
fardāniyyaẗ, n.f., solipsism (philos.): abstr. formation in <-iyyaẗ.
BP#2650farīd, adj., 1 alone, lone, lonely, solitary; 2 singular, unique, matchless, peerless, unrivaled, incomparable; (with foll. gen.) especially endowed with: quasi-PP I | ~ fī bābi-hī, adj., unique of its kind.
farīdaẗ, pl. farāʔidᵘ, n.f., 1 precious pearl, precious gem, solitaire; 2 (eg.) quire (of paper): nominalized adj.f.
furādan, and furādà, adv., singly, separately, one by one, one at a time, one after the other:…
tafrīdī, adj., detailed, itemized: nsb-adj., from *vn. II.
ĭnfirād, n., 1 solitude, loneness, loneliness; 2 isolation, seclusion: vn. VII | ʕalà ~, adv., alone, apart, isolatedly, in solitude, in seclusion; singly, by o.s.; confidentially; al-~ bi’l-sulṭaẗ, n., autocracy.
ĭnfirādī, adj., individual; individualistic; autocratic; isolationistic, tending to isolation: nsb-adj., from vn. VII.
BP#4028mufrad, adj., 1 single, solitary, lone, detached, isolated; 2 (gram.) simple, consisting of only one word (expression); 3 being in the singular; singular (gram.); BP#37254 (‑āt) vocable, word; pl. words, terms, names, expressions (of a scientific field); 5 details: lexicalized PP IV | ~āt ḫāṣṣaẗ, n.f.pl., technical terms, terminology; bi-mufradi-h, adj., by o.s., alone, apart, singly, isolatedly, in solitude, in seclusion, solitarily; bi’l-mufradāt, adj., in detail; by retail.
munfarid, adj., 1 isolated, detached, separated; 2 lone, solitary, alone; 3 solo (adj.; also mus.): PA VII.

For another value attached to FRD cf. ↗firdaẗ
firdaẗ فِرْدة , pl. firad 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√FRD (properly, FRḌ) 
n.f. 
tax, head tax, poll tax – WehrCowan1979. 
From furḍaẗ (with emphatic !), from ↗faraḍa ‘to impose, make incumbent on, prescribe’. 
▪ … 
… 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
For other values of the root, cf. ↗FRD, ↗fard
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