Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ QWL_1 ‘to speak, say, tell; utterance, saying, word; treatise, article’ ↗qāla, ↗qawl, ↗maqālaẗ
▪ QWL_2 ‘to fabricate lies, spread rumors’ ↗taqawwala
▪ QWL_3 ‘garrulous, talkative; itinerant singer and musician’ ↗qawwāl
▪ QWL_4 ‘category’ ↗maqūl
▪ QWL_5 ‘contractor, entrepreneur’ ↗muqāwil

▪ Cf. also ↗QYL.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 speech, talk, to speak, say, tell, attribute; 2 to fabricate lies, gossip, spread rumours; 3 king, leader;¹ 4 to surmise; 5 to demand; 6 to exchange’

1. Treated in WehrCowan1979 s.r. ↗QYL, not QWL.

▪ Values QWL_2-5 are all dependent on QWL_1, which goes back to Sem *ḳawl- /*ḳāl- ‘voice’, *ḳwl ‘to say’ (Kogan2015), which in turn possibly can be traced to AfrAs *ḳa(wa)l- ‘to speak’ (Militarev2006).

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▪ Militarev&Stolbova1994#1541: Hbr qōl, Aram qāl, Gz qāl ‘voice, sound’. – Outside Sem: ya-kolo, ye-kuwələ ‘to cry, shout’; kol, kole ‘to speak, call’ in some ECh languages, and (SaAf:) Afar -ḳal- ‘to say, think’.
▪ Zammit2002: Ug Phoen ql ‘voice’, Hbr qōl ‘sound, voice’, BiblAram qāl ‘voice’, Syr qālā ‘voice, sound, noise, clamour’, SAr qwl ‘to be qayl over’, qwl, qyl ‘member of the leading clan in a šʕb ’, Gz qāl ‘vox, sonus’, Ar qāla ‘to say, speak’.
▪ Militarev2006#594 (in StarLing): Ug Phoen ḳl, Hbr ḳōl, Syr ḳāl-, Mand ḳala ‘voice’, Ar ḳwl [-u- ] ‘to speak’, SAr ḳwl ‘speaker’, Gz ḳāl ‘voice; saying, speech; word’, Te Tña Amh ḳal ‘word’, Gur ḳal ‘voice’. – Outside Sem: [2 WCh langs:] qwal ‘to say’, kwalala ‘war-cry’; [CCh] Buduma=Yedina ke-lakō ‘words, speech’, [ECh: forms like] ya-kóló ‘to cry’, ye-kuwǝlǝ ‘to speak’ [?], kwal, kel ‘words, speech’, kol, kol-, kòlè, kòlí ‘to call’, [SaAf] Af (Danakil) -ḳal- ‘to think, say’, [LEC] Or qaalii ‘word’.
▪ Kogan2015: Ug ḳl ‘voice, shout, cry’, Hbr ḳōl ‘voice’, Syr ḳālā ‘vox’, Ar qwl ‘to say’, qawl ‘the thing said’, Gz ḳāl ‘voice, word’.

▪ Militarev&Stolbova1994#1541: from Sem *ḳūl- ‘to speak’ (related to Sem *ḳāl- ‘voice’). Together with reconstructed ECh *kawal- ‘to cry, shout; to speak, call’ and SaAf *ḳal-, the Sem word goes back to AfrAs *ḳal- /*ḳawal- ‘to speak’.
▪ Militarev2006#594 (in StarLing): Sem *ḳ˅w˅l- ‘voice; to say, speak; saying, speech; word’; WCh *ḳwal- ‘to say; war-cry’, CCh *kilakw- ‘words, speech’, ECh *ḳ˅wal- ‘to speak; to call; to cry; words, speech’, SaAf *ḳal- ‘to think, say’, LEC *ḳa[w]al- ‘word’, all from AfrAs *ḳa(wa)l- ‘to speak’.
▪ Kogan2015: from Sem *ḳawl- /*ḳāl- ‘voice,’ *ḳwl ‘to say.’ – »The widespread equation between this root and Akk ḳâlu ‘to become silent, stay quiet’ is hard to justify semantically.«

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qāl‑ / qul‑ قالَ / قُلْـ

ID 724 • Sw 71/127 • BP 15 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√QWL

vb., I

1 to speak, say, tell (s.th., li- to s.o.; s.th. ʕan, fī about or of), utter, voice (s.th.); 2 to speak of, deal with, treat of (ʕan); 3 to state, maintain, assert, propound, teach, profess, advocate, defend (bi‑ s.th.); 4 to support, hold (bi‑ a view), stand up (bi‑ for), be the proponent (bi‑ of a doctrine or dogma); 5 to allege (bi‑ s.th.); 6 with ʕalà : to speak against s.o., speak ill of s.o., tell lies about s.o. – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *ḳawl- /*ḳāl- ‘voice’, *ḳwl ‘to say’ (Kogan2015), from AfrAs *ḳa(wa)l- ‘to speak’ (Militarev2006).

▪ eC7 qāla 1 (to speak, say) Q 5:12 wa-qāla ’llāhu ʔinnī maʕa-kum ‘and God said, “I am with you”’; 2 (to testify, voice and opinion) Q 6:152 wa-ʔiḏā qultum fa-’ʕdilū wa-law kāna ḏā qurbà ‘and if you speak/testify, be just, even if he [the person you testify against/for] is kin’; 3 (to instruct, command) Q 24:30 qul lil-muʔminīna yaġuḍḍū min ʔabṣāri-him ‘[Prophet] command believing men to lower their gaze’; 4 (to inspire) Q 18:86 qulnā yā-ḏā ’l-qarnayni ʔimmā ʔan tuʕaḏḏiba wa-ʔimmā ʔan tattaḫiḏa fī-him ḥusnan ‘We inspired/said, “Dhū’l-Qarnayn, you may either punish or adopt [a policy of] good treatment with them”’; 5 (to submit, fall into a system) Q 41:11 ṯumma ’stawā ʔilà ’l-samāʔi wa-hiya duḫānun fa-qāla la-hā wa-lil-ʔarḍi ’tī-nā ṭawʕan ʔaw karhan qālatā ʔataynā ṭāʔiʕīna ‘then He turned to the sky, while it was smoke, and said to it and to the earth, “Come, willingly or unwillingly!” They submitted, “We come, obedient”’; 6 (to confess a belief in) Q 22:40 allaḏīna ʔuḫriǧū min diyāri-him bi-ġayri ḥaqqin ʔillā ʔan yaqūlū rabbu-nā ’llāhu ‘those who have been driven unjustly from their homes only for believing [declaring], “Our Lord is God”’; 7 (with li- : to describe, call or label as) Q 2:154 wa-lā taqūlū li-man yuqtalu fī sabīli ’llāhi ʔamwātun bal ʔaḥyāʔun wa-lākin lā tašʕurūna ‘and do not call those who are killed in the way of God “dead”; indeed, they are alive, only you do not perceive [it]’; 8 (with ʕalà : to attribute falsely, say something false against) Q 2:80 ʔam taqūlūna ʕalà ’llāhi mā lā taʕlamūna ‘or are you attributing to God things of which you have no knowledge?’. — taqawwala (to falsely attribute a statement to s.o., fabricate) Q 69:44 wa-law taqawwala ʕalay-nā baʕḍa ’l-ʔaqāwīli ‘if he [the Prophet] had attributed some fabrications to Us’. — qawl: ↗s.v.. — qīl (saying, speaking) Q 56:26 ʔillā qīlan salāman salāman ‘only agreeable speech [will they hear there] [lit., but saying “Peace, peace”]’. — qāʔil 1 (one who speaks) Q 33:18 qad yaʕlamu ’llāhu ’l-muʕawwaqīna min-kum wa’l-qāʔilīna li-ʔiḫwāni-him halummā ʔilay-nā wa-lā yaʔtūna ’l-baʔsa ʔillā qalīlan ‘God may know [take to task] the hinderers among you, those who say to their brothers, “Come join us,” and they come to battle but little’; 2 (speaker) Q 37:51 qāla qāʔilun min-hum ʔinnī kāna lī qarīnun ‘a speaker of them said, “I had a close companion [on earth]”’.
▪ Hava1899 still has some forms that seem to have come out of use during C20: ^†qawwala, vb. II, ‘to attribute false reports to s.o., forge out false reports (ʕalà on)’; ^†taqāwala, vb. VI, ‘to confer together (fī upon)’; ^†qawālaẗ, ^†qawūl, ^†qawwūl, ^†tiqwalaẗ, ^†tiqwālaẗ, ^†miqwal, ^†miqwāl (pl. maqāwīlᵘ) ‘loquacious, eloquent’; ^†miqwal (pl. maqāwilᵘ) ‘tongue’.

▪ Zammit2002: Ug Phoen ql ‘voice’, Hbr qōl ‘sound, voice’, BiblAram qāl ‘voice’, Syr qālā ‘voice, sound, noise, clamour’, SAr qwl ‘to be qayl over’,¹ qwl, qyl ‘member of the leading clan in a šʕb ’,² Gz qāl ‘vox, sonus’, Ar qāla ‘to say, speak’.
▪ Militarev2006#594 (in StarLing): Ug Phoen ḳl, Hbr ḳōl, Syr ḳāl-, Mand ḳala ‘voice’, Ar ḳwl [-u- ] ‘to speak’, SAr ḳwl ‘speaker’, Gz ḳāl ‘voice; saying, speech; word’, Te Tña Amh ḳal ‘word’, Gur ḳal ‘voice’. – Outside Sem: [2 WCh langs:] qwal ‘to say’, kwalala ‘war-cry’; [CCh] Buduma=Yedina ke-lakō ‘words, speech’, [ECh: forms like] ya-kóló ‘to cry’, ye-kuwǝlǝ ‘to speak’ [?], kwal, kel ‘words, speech’, kol, kol-, kòlè, kòlí ‘to call’, [SaAf] Af (Danakil) -ḳal- ‘to think, say’, [LEC] Or qaalii ‘word’.
▪ Kogan2015: Ug ḳl [Tropper2008: /qâlu/? < *qawalu, or /qôlu/ < *qawlu ] ‘voice, shout, cry’, Hbr ḳōl ‘voice’, Syr ḳālā ‘vox’, Ar qwl ‘to say’, qawl ‘the thing said’, Gz ḳāl ‘voice, word’.

1. Ar ↗qayl is treated s.r. QYL, not QWL, in WehrCowan1979. 2. dto.

▪ Tu kalûbelâ ‘creation of the world, past eternity’: 1437 ʕÖmer b. Mezîd, Mecmūʕatü'n-neẓāyir. The expression is taken from Q 40:50 qālū ʔa-wa-lam taku taʔtī-kum rusulu-kum bi-’l-bayyināti qālū balà qālū fa-’dʕū wa-mā duʕāʔu ’l-kāfirīna ʔillā fī ḍalālin ‘They say: Came not your messengers unto you with clear proofs? They say: Yea, verily. They say: Then do ye pray, although the prayer of disbelievers is in vain’ – Nişanyan05Aug2015.
▪ Tu kilükal (OttTu also ḳıylükal) ‘gossip’: 1330 ʕĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme : ne gerekdür mācerā vü ḳāl u ḳīl – Nişanyan27Apr2015.

► qāla bi-raʔsi-hī, vb. I, to motion with the head, signal, beckon
► qīla fī ’l-maṯal, expr., the proverb says
► wa-lā yuqālu ʔinna…, expr., one cannot say that…, let no one say that…
► ʔaw qul, expr., or, or rather, or say even…
► wa-qul miṯla hāḏihī fī…, or wa-qul miṯla-hū fī…, or wa-ka-ḏālika qul fī…, expr., the same must be said about…, the same can be said of…, the same applies to…

► qāwala, vb. III, 1 to confer, parley, treat, negotiate (DO with s.o.); 2 to dispute, wrangle, argue; 3 to haggle, bargain (DO with s.o., about the price); 4 to make a contract; 5 to conclude a bargain, make a deal (DO with s.o.): L-stem, associative.
► taqawwala, vb. V, 1 to fabricate lies, spread rumors (ʕalà about s.o.); 2 to pretend, allege, purport: tD-stem, cf. ↗s.v.. | ~ al-ʔaqāwīl, vb. V, to talk foolishly.
► ĭstaqāla, vb. X, 1 to render (voice by radio): Št-stem, request./autoben.-caus. – 2 ↗ʔaqāla.
► qāl wa-qīl and qīl wa-qāl, expr., 1 long palaver; 2 idle talk, prattle, gossip: nominalized verbal expr., lit. *‘he/it said and was said’
► qālaẗ, n.f., speech, talk: resultative | sūʔ al-~, n., malicious gossip, backbiting, defamation.
► ^BP#320qawl, pl. ʔaqwāl, ʔaqāwīlᵘ, n., 1 word, speech, saying, utterance, remark; 2 statement, declaration; 3 report, account; 4 doctrine, teaching; 5 pl. ʔaqwāl also: testimony (in court); ʔaqāwīlᵘ : 6 sayings, locutions; 7 proverbs: vn. I, lexicalized in resultative, quasi-PP meaning (*‘what is said, uttered, stated’) | ~an wa-ʕamalan or bi’l-~ wa’l-fiʕl, expr., by word and deed; ʔaqwāl al-šuhūd, n.pl., testimonies, depositions, evidence; ʔaʕṭà ~a-hū, vb. I, to make one’s bid (at an auction); ~ maʔṯūr, n., proverb; al-~ bi’l-ʔiʕǧāz, n., doctrine of the inimitability of the Koran.
► qawlaẗ, n.f., 1 utterance, remark, word; 2 pronouncement, dictum: n.vic.
► quwalaẗ, n.f., garrulous, voluble, loquacious, talkative, communicative: quasi-ints., n.f. used as adj.
► qawwāl, adj., 1 garrulous, voluble, loquacious, talkative, communicative: ints.; 2 n., itinerant singer and musician: n.prof.
► miqwal, pl. maqāwilᵘ, n., phonograph, gramophone, talking machine: n.instr., neolog.
► ^BP#1022maqāl, n., 1 speech; 2 proposition, contention, teaching, doctrine; 3 article; 4 treatise; 5 piece of writing: quasi-n.loc., *‘place where s.th. is said, stated, etc.’
► ^BP#1022maqālaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., 1 article; 2 essay; 3 treatise; 4 piece of writing: f. of maqāl, quasi-n.un. | ~ ĭftitāḥiyyaẗ, n.f., editorial, leading article
► muqāwalaẗ, n.f., 1 talk, conversation, parley, conference; 2 dispute; – (pl. -āt) 3 contractual agreement, mutual agreement (ʕalà on a job to be done); 4 agreement; 5 closing of a business deal: vn. III | bi’l-~, adv., by the job, by the contract, by piece (work).
► taqawwul, pl. -āt, n., talk, rumor, gossip: vn. V.
► ^BP#718qāʔil, pl. quwwal, 1 adj., saying, telling; 2 n., teller, narrator; 3 advocate, proponent (bi‑ of s.th.): PA I. — Cf. also ↗qaylūlaẗ.
► maqūl, pl. -āt, n., 1 that which is said, utterance, saying; 2 word(s), speech: PP I | al-~āt al-ʕašr, n.pl., the ten categories (philos.)¹
► ^BP#3340maqūlaẗ, n.f., a word (= short talk or written statement about s.th.): PP I f.
► muqāwil, pl. -ūn, n., contractor, (specif.) building contractor: PA III.

For the value ‘wing of an army, army corps’ see ↗qūl. – Cf. also ↗QYL.

1. namely, ↗ǧawhar ‘substance’, ↗kam ‘quantity’, ↗kayf ‘quality’, ↗ʔiḍāfaẗ ‘relation’, ↗ʔayn ‘place’, ↗matà ‘time’, ↗waḍʕ ‘collocation’, ↗milk ‘possession’, ↗fiʕl ‘action’, and ↗ĭnfiʕāl ‘passion’.

taqawwala تَقَوَّلَ (taqawwul)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√QWL

vb., V

1 to fabricate lies, spread rumors (ʕalà about s.o.); 2 to pretend, allege, purport – WehrCowan1979.

▪ t-stem of obsol. D-stem ^†qawwala ‘to attribute false reports to s.o., forge out false reports (ʕalà on)’ (Hava1899), from ↗qāla ‘to say’, or denom. from ↗qawl ‘word, saying, utterance’.

▪ …

↗qāla.

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► taqawwala al-ʔaqāwīl, to talk foolishly.

► taqawwul, pl. -āt, n., talk, rumor, gossip: vn. V.

For other values of the root cf. ↗QWL and ↗qāla. Cf. also ↗QYL.

qawl قَوْل , pl. ʔaqwāl , ʔaqāwīlᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP 320 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√QWL

1 word, speech, saying, utterance, remark; 2 statement, declaration; 3 report, account; 4 doctrine, teaching; 5 pl. ʔaqwāl also: testimony (in court); ʔaqāwīlᵘ : 6 sayings, locutions; 7 proverbs – WehrCowan1979.

▪ vn. I, lexicalized in resultative, quasi-PP meaning (*‘what is said, uttered, stated’), from ↗qāla ‘to say’, from Sem *ḳawl- /*ḳāl- ‘voice’ (Kogan2015), perh. from AfrAs *ḳa(wa)l- ‘to speak’ (Militarev2006).

▪ eC7 qawl 1 (s.th. said, what is said, statement) Q 24:51 ʔinna-mā kāna qawla ’l-muʔminīna ʔiḏā duʕū ʔilà ’llāhi wa-rasūli-hī li-yaḥkuma bayta-hum ʔan yaqūlū samiʕnā ‘the saying of the believers, when they are summoned to God and His messenger so that He may judge between them, is only, “We hear and we obey”’, Q 11:53 wa-mā naḥnu bi-tārikī ʔālihati-nā ʕan qawli-ka ‘and we will not forsake our gods [merely] on the strength of your word’; 2 (message, teachings) Q 73:5 ʔinnā sa-nulqī ʕalay-ka qawlan ṯaqīlan ‘We shall cast upon you a weighty message’; 3 (sentence, verdict) Q 11:40 qulnā ’ḥmil fī-hā min kulli zawǧayni ’ṯnayni wa-ʔahla-ka ʔillā man sabaqa ʕalay-hi ’l-qawlu ‘We said, “Carry on it a pair of each [species], and your own family—except those against whom the sentence has already been passed”’; 4 (punishment) Q 27:85 wa-waqaʕa ’l-qawlu ʕalay-him bi-mā ẓalamū fa-hum lā yanṭiqūna ‘indeed, the punishment will befall them because of their wrongdoing: so they will not speak’; 5 (opinion) Q 51:8 ʔinna-kum la-fī qawlin muḫtalifin ‘indeed, you are of opposing opinions’; 6 (pl. ʔaqāwīl : falsely fabricated statements) Q 69:44 wa-law taqawwala ʕalay-nā baʕḍa ’l-ʔaqāwīli ‘if he [the Prophet] had attributed some fabrications to Us’.

↗qāla.

▪ Tu kavil ‘agreement, accord; word, assertion’: 1069 Kutadgu Bilig : sözi çın kerek bolsa ḳavlı bütün ‘his word shall be right and what he says shall be comprehensive’ – Nişanyan02Apr2015.

qawlan wa-ʕamalan or bi’l-qawl wa’l-fiʕl, expr., by word and deed
ʔaqwāl al-šuhūd, n.pl., testimonies, depositions, evidence
ʔaʕṭà qawla-hū, vb. I, to make one’s bid (at an auction)
qawl maʔṯūr, n., proverb
al-qawl bi’l-ʔiʕǧāz, n., doctrine of the inimitability of the Koran.

For other items, see ↗qāla.

qawwāl قَوَّال

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√QWL

adj.; n.

1 adj., garrulous, voluble, loquacious, talkative, communicative; 2 n., itinerant singer and musician

▪[v1] can be regarded as an ints. formation, while one may interpret [v2] as a n.prof., both from ↗qāla ‘to say, speak’ or ↗qawl ‘word, saying, utterance’.

▪ …

↗qāla.

▪ Tu kaval ‘shepherd’s pipe, flageolet’: 1680 Meninski, Thesaurus : ḳavvāl, ḳaval (…) çoban ḳavali = ‘fistula pastoris’ – Nişanyan11Nov2014.

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maqālaẗ مَقالة , pl. ‑āt

√QWL

n.f.

1 article; 2 essay; 3 treatise; 4 piece of writing – WehrCowan1979.

▪ quasi-n.un. of maqāl, quasi-n.loc. of ↗qāla ‘to say’.

▪ …

↗qāla.

▪ Tu makale 1 ‘speech, word’ 1432 Mercimek ʔAḥmed, Kābūsnāme terc.; 2 ‘article (in a newspaper, etc.) 1900 Şemseddīn Sāmī, Ḳāmūs-ı Türkī : maḳāle = ‘bir madde hakkında söylenilen veya yazılan şey – hıfzısıhha hakkında uzun bir maḳāle yazdı’. The latter (current) meaning seems to have emerged from usage in newspapers towards the end of the 19th c. – Nişanyan02Sept2014.

► maqālaẗ ĭftitāḥiyyaẗ, n.f., editorial, leading article.

maqūl مَقُول , pl. ‑āt

√QWL

1 that which is said, utterance, saying; 2 word(s), speech; 3 (pl.) al-~āt al-ʕašr, the ten categories (philos.)

▪ Morphologically a PP I, from ↗qāla ‘to say’.
▪ The ten categories are ↗ǧawhar ‘substance’, ↗kam ‘quantity’, ↗kayf ‘quality’, ↗ʔiḍāfaẗ ‘relation’, ↗ʔayn ‘place’, ↗matà ‘time’, ↗waḍʕ ‘collocation’, ↗milk ‘possession’, ↗fiʕl ‘action’, and ↗ĭnfiʕāl ‘passion’ – Hava1899.

▪ …

↗qāla.

▪ Tu makule ‘sort, kind, (coll.) contemptible thing; (log.) category’: 1546 Laṭīfî, Teẕkīretü'ş-Şuʕarâ : Ṭabaḳāt-i şuʕarāda vasaṭ maḳūlesiydi ‘he was in the middle category of ranking among the poets’, from Ar maqūlaẗ, which translates the tech. term in logic, Grk katēgoría – Nişanyan25Sep2014.

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muqāwil مُقاوِل , pl. ‑ūn

√QWL

contractor, (specif.) building contractor – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Morphologically a PA, from qāwala, vb. III, in the meaning [v4] ‘to make a contract’, L-stem of ↗qāla ‘to say’ or denom. from ↗qawl ‘word, saying, utterance’, associative (*‘to exchange words, converse’).

▪ …

↗qāla.

▪ Tu mukavele ‘mutually conversing and coming to an agreement; agreement; contract’: 1680 Meninski, Thesaurus : muḳāvelet = ‘condictio, compactum’ – Nişanyan04Nov2014.

Cf. also corresponding vb. and vn.:

qūl , var. qōl قُول

√QWL

wing of an army, army corps – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Rolland2014a: qūl ‘corps (d’armée)’, from Tu kol ‘bras, branche, corps (d’armée)’.

▪ …

…

See above, section CONC.

–

► ṣāġ/ṣōl qōl ʔaġāsī, n., (Tu sağ/sol kol ağası) ↗ṣāġ, ↗ṣōl.

For other values of the root √QWL, cf. ↗QWL and ↗qāla (with DERIV). – Cf. also ↗QYL.

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