Bibliotheca Polyglotta

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘equality, capability, credentials; to reward; peer, alike; to turn over face down, to tilt, to shield; yield’

Among the four values given in DRS for the Sem root KPʔ/P, three are relevant for ClassAr; of these, two survived into MSA. Although listed as separate items here and in DRS, the two may be related etymologically, the ‘turning over’ (and, hence, also ‘folding’) of KFʔ_1 implying a ‘putting over each other of equal halfs’.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KPʔ/P–1: Akk kapāpu, kepū, kapū ‘plier, courber’, Hbr kāpap ‘courber, incliner’, Aram kᵉpap, kᵉpā ‘incliner, courber, renverser’, Ar kafaʔa ‘renverser, retourner, détourner vers une nouvelle direction’. –2. Ar kāfaʔa ‘égaler, être égal à; rétribuer qn pour ce qu’il a fait’. […] –4. Ar kāff, kafūf ‘qui a les dents usées de vieillesse’, Eth kafəʔa ‘s’émousser, s’affaiblir’, Tña käfʔe, Te käfʔa, Amh käff ‘être mauvais’, täkäffa ‘être mal disposé, prendre en aversion’, Amh Gur kəfu ‘mauvais’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1431: Ar kfʔ a ‘to go away’ has cognate in the form kop ‘to come’ in a WCh language.

▪ BAH2008 gives the values of the root in ClassAr as: ‘equality, capability, credentials; to reward; peer, alike; to turn over face down, tilt, shield; to yield’.
▪ KFʔ_1 often shows overlapping with ↗KFY.
▪ For KFʔ_1, Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstruct Sem *k˅paʔ‑ ‘go away’ and WCh *kap‑ (loss of auslaut laryngeal), both from AfrAs *kapaʔ‑ ‘to go away’.
▪ Any relation between KFʔ_1 and KFʔ_2 ? Gabal2012 suggests a derivation of KFʔ from a biconsonantal nucleus with the basic meaning of ‘to grasp the loose part (of s.th.) and, by folding it, return it so that it is not loose/spread any more’ (qabḍ al-ṭaraf al-muntašir wa-ṯanyuh wa-radduh fa-lā yantašir), and the essential meaning of KFʔ/W is ‘to fold in order to cover the open back side of s.th.’.
▪ Ehret1995 does not mention KFʔ but derives the biconsonantal Ar kaffa ‘to avert, stay; to desist, refrain’ from a pre-PSem root *KP ‘to stop, cease’

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kafaʔ‑ كَفَأَ , a (kafʔ)

√KFʔ

vb., I

to turn around, turn over, reverse, invert; to turn away, turn aside, turn back (min from) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KPʔ/P-1: Akk kapāpu, kepū, kapū ‘plier, courber’, Hbr kāpap ‘courber, incliner’, Aram kᵉpap, kᵉpā ‘incliner, courber, renverser’, Ar kafaʔa ‘renverser, retourner, détourner vers une nouvelle direction’.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KPʔ/P-1: cf. also ↗KF: (KFF).
▪ Cf. also ↗KFʔ and ↗k˅fʔ ‘(to be/come) equal, alike’. An etymological relation between these items and kafaʔa ‘to turn over, reverse, invert’ cannot be excluded.
▪ There is some overlapping also with ↗KFY.
▪ For Ar kafaʔa a ‘to go away’ (cf. form VII below, section DERIV), Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstruct Sem *k˅paʔ‑ ‘to go away’ and WCh *kap‑ (loss of auslaut laryngeal), both from AfrAs *kapaʔ‑ ‘to go away’.
▪ Gabal2012 suggests a derivation of KFʔ from a biconsonantal nucleus with the basic meaning of ‘to grasp the loose part (of s.th.) and, by folding it, return it so that it is not loose/spread any more’ (qabḍ al-ṭaraf al-muntašir wa-ṯanyuh wa-radduh fa-lā yantašir), and the essential meaning of KFʔ/W is ‘to fold in order to cover the open back side of s.th.’.
▪ Ehret1995 does not mention KFʔ but derives the biconsonantal Ar ↗kaffa ‘to avert, stay; to desist, refrain’ from a pre-PSem root *KP ‘to stop, cease’

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► ʔakfaʔa, vb. IV, to turn over, reverse, invert:…
► ĭnkafaʔa, vb. VII, 1 to be turned away, be turned aside; 2 to be changed, be altered; 3 to recede, change, fade (colour); 4 to turn back, withdraw, retreat, fall back, give way; 5 to be inverted, be reversed, be turned around or over; 6 to fall down, tumble, topple: quasi-pass. or, in some values, a separate item?

k˅fʔ : kafʔ كَفْء , kifʔ كِفْء , kufʔ كُفْء

√KFʔ

¹adj.; ²n.

equal, alike; adequate, appropriate, suitable, fit (li‑ for); equal (li‑ to s.o.), a match (li‑ for); qualified, capable, able, competent, efficient – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 kufuw (equal, peer) Q 112:4 wa-lam yakun la-hū kufuwan ʔaḥadun ‘and equal to Him there is none’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KPʔ/P-2: Ar kāfaʔa ‘égaler, être égal à; rétribuer qn pour ce qu’il a fait’. No direct cognates given. But cf. also ↗KFʔ and ↗kafaʔa.
▪ Zammit2002 #KFʔ: no cognates at all.

▪ Like Zammit, DRS does not give any direct cognates. But there may be a relation between ‘(to be/come) equal, alike, etc.’ and ↗kafaʔa ‘to reverse, inverse, turn over’, cf. ↗KFʔ.

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► kāfaʔa, vb. III, to reward; to requite, return, repay, recompense (s.th. bi‑ with); to compensate, make up (for s.th. bi‑ with); to be similar, equal (DO to s.th.), to equal, be commensurate with; to measure up, come up to, compare favorably with: associative.
► takāfaʔa, vb. VI, to be equal, be on a par; to (counter)balance each other, be perfectly matched: T-stem of III.

► kufūʔ, kufuʔ, n., equal, comparable (li‑ to), a match (li‑ for):…
► kifāʔ, n., an equivalent:…
► kafāʔ, n., equality; adequacy, adequateness: quasi-vn. I.
► ^BP#2085 kafāʔaẗ, n.f., equality; adequacy, adequateness; comparableness; fitness, suitability, appropriateness; competence, efficiency, ability, capability: quasi-vn. I; pl. ‑āt, qualifications, abilities, capabilities | šahādat al-~, n., certificate of competence (for practice of a trade, Alg.; formerly for school teachers, Eg.).
► ^BP#4475 mukāfaʔaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., requital; recompense, remuneration; compensation, indemnification, indemnity; reward; stipend; premium (ʕalà for): vn. III.
► takāfuʔ, n., mutual correspondence, equivalence; homogeneity, sameness; equality: vn. VI | ~ al-furaṣ, n., equal chances, equal opportunity; ~ al-ḍiddayn, n., ambivalence.
► ĭnkifāʔ, n., retreat, withdrawal: vn. VII.
► mukāfiʔ, adj., equal, (a)like, of the same kind, homogeneous, corresponding, commensurate, equivalent: PA III.
► mutakāfiʔ, adj., alike, (mutually) corresponding, commensurate, equivalent, equal: PA VI.

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