Bibliotheca Polyglotta

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be sick, to be taken ill, to nurse; affliction; pest, to be weak; to be of bad judgement; to be hypocritical, to have doubt’

▪ BAH2008 gives the variety of meanings attached to √MRḌ in ClassAr as: ‘to be sick, be taken ill; to nurse; affliction; pest, to be weak; to be of bad judgment; to be hypocritical, have doubt’.
▪ Original meaning in Sem probably ‘to feel or cause pain’, whence the values ‘to be grievous’, ‘be difficult’, and ‘to be strong’ in a number of Sem languages (↗mariḍa).

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mariḍ‑ مَرِضَ a (maraḍ)

√MRḌ

vb., I

to be or become sick; to fall ill, be taken ill – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Fronzaroli reconstructed protSem *mariḍ‑ ‘ill, ailing’ (adj.), Kogan2011 has the more general protSem *√MRŚ ‘to be ill’.
▪ Original meaning probably ‘to feel or cause pain’, whence the values ‘to be grievous’, ‘be difficult’, and ‘to be strong’ in a number of Sem languages.

▪ eC7 (mariḍa, to become ill) Q 26:80 wa-ʔiḏā mariḍtu fa-huwa yašfī-nī ‘and if I fall sich He heals me’; (maraḍ, illness, sickness, disease) Q 33:60 wa-’llaḏīna fī qulūbi-him maraḍun ‘and those in whose hearts is a sickness, those who harbour ill feelings’; (marīḍ, ill, sick, infirm) 73:20 ʕalima ʔan sa-yakūnu min-kum marḍà ‘He knows that some of you will be sick’

▪ Fronzaroli #2.12: Akk mariṣ, Ug mrṣ ‘ill, ailing’, Hbr nimrāṣ ‘ailing’, Syr marʕā, Ar marīḍ ‘ill, ailing’, Ar mariḍa ‘to be sick, ill’, SAr mrḍ ‘ill, ailing’.
▪ Zammit2002: Akk marāṣu ‘to be ill, be suffering’, Ug mrṣ ‘to be sick’, Hbr māraṣ ‘to be sick’, Aram Syr mᵉraʕ ‘to be/ fall sick’ (OAram mrq ‘illness’), Ar mariḍa ‘to be ill’, SAr mrḍ ‘to suffer a sickness’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk marāṣu, Ug mrṣ, Syr mraʕ, Ar mrḍ, Sab mrṣ́, Mhr mərēź, Jib mírẓ́.
▪ CAD: marāṣu ‘1 to fall ill, have a disease, (stat.) to be diseased; 2 to be concerned, be cause for annoyance, become troublesome, difficult, (stat.) be difficult, in difficulty, troublesome; 3 (with eli, ina muḫḫi, ana, or dat.) to become displeasing, troublesome’. – Cf. also marrāṣu (adj.) ‘sickly’, marṣiš (adv.) ‘bitterly, with difficulty, with pain’,marṣu, f. mariṣtu (adj.) ‘1 sick, diseased; 2 difficult, inaccessible, impregnable, severe, grievous, bitter’,maruṣtu (var. of maruštu, n.f.) ‘1 trouble, hardship, difficulty; 2 left side’, murṣu ‘illness’, namraṣiš (adv.) ‘with difficulty’, namrāṣu ‘difficulty, hardship, trouble’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1475: Akk √MRṢ ‘to fall ill, have a disease’, Ug √MRṢ ‘to be sick’, mrṣ ‘illness’, JA √MRʕ (pfv mᵉraʕ) ‘to be ill; to fall sick, be(come) weak’, mᵉraʕ ‘sick, suffering’, Syr mraʕ ‘to fall ill, become sick’, BiblHbr nimrāṣ ‘sore, grievous’ (< ‘made sick’), Ar mariḍa ‘to be diseased, ill’, Sab √MRṢ́ ‘to suffer from disease’, Mhr mērɜṣ́/ẓ́ ‘to be ill’, Jib mirṣ́/ẓ́, Ḥrs mēreź ‘to be unwell, be ill’, Soq √mrṣ́, Śḥr (Š-stem) hemrōṣ́ ‘to heal’. – Outside Sem: perhaps Eg mr ‘illness’¹ and IE *mer‑ ‘to die’² (uncertain).

1. ThesLingAeg: mr (vb.) ‘to cause pain; to be ill; to suffer’, (adj.) ‘ill; painful’, (n.) ‘sick person’, (n.) ‘illness, disease; pain, ailment’. 2. Cf. Lat mor-ire ‘to die’, mor-s ‘death’, mor-talis ‘subject to death, mortal, human’ > Engl mortal etc.

▪ Since it is difficult to decide what was first – the vb. ‘to be sick, ill’, the n. ‘sickness, illness’, or the adj. ‘sick, ill’, all are treated here under the vb.
▪ Klein1987: »The orig[inal] meaning of this base prob[ably] was ‘to feel or cause pain’, whence arose the meanings ‘to be grievous’, ‘be difficult’, and ‘to be strong’«. Klein is probably right, cf. the Akk case where the values attached to the root vary between ‘illness, sickness, disease’ (primary value in the vb. marāṣu, the adj. marṣu, etc.) and ‘difficulty, hardship’ (primary value in the n.s maruṣtu and namrāṣu as well as the adv.s marṣiš and namraṣiš).
▪ Fronzaroli #2.12 reconstructs Sem *mariḍ‑ ‘ill, ailing’.
▪ Kogan2011 reconstructs Sem *mrś ‘to be ill’, adding that the Sem word is only scarcely attested in Hbr (replaced there by ḥly with no certain etymology) and that it is missing from EthSem (replaced by reflexes of Sem *ḥmm ‘to be hot’¹ ).
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1475: Sem *√MRṢ́ ‘to be(come) sick, fall ill’, ? from Nostr *m˹ä˺R˻˅˼ć̣˅ ‘to be ill, be wounded’ (if Eg and IE are genuine cognates).

1. Cf. Ar ↗ḥummà ‘fever’.

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► marraḍa, vb. II, to make ill or sick: caus.; to nurse, tend (a sick person): denom. (from maraḍ or marīḍ).
► ʔamraḍa, vb. IV, to make ill or sick (s.o.): caus.
► tamarraḍa, vb. V, to be infirm, ailing, sickly, weak: tD-stem, refl./ingress.
► tamāraḍa, vb. VI, to feign illness, malinger: tL-stem (‘to act as if…’).

► ^BP#452maraḍ, pl. ʔamrāḍ, n., disease, malady, ailment; illness, sickness: vn. I (perhaps the etymon proper) | ~ al-bayāḍ al-daqīqī, n., mildew; ~ ʕaṣabī, n., nervous disease, neuropathy; ~ ʕaqlī, n., mental disease; ~ faḥmī, n., blight, blast (of grain); ~ firanǧī, n., syphilis; ~ muʕdin, n., contagious disease; ʔamrāḍ bāṭiniyyaẗ, n.pl., internal diseases; ʔamrāḍ sirriyyaẗ, n.pl., venereal diseases; ʔamrāḍ ṣadriyyaẗ, n.pl., diseases of the chest, pulmonary diseases; ʔamrāḍ al-manāṭiq al-ḥārraẗ, n.pl., tropical deseases.
► murḍin, det. murḍī : ↗raḍiya..
► ^BP#3933maraḍī, adj., relating to disease, morbid, pathological, patho- (in compounds): nsb-adj., from maraḍ.
► ^BP#822marīḍ, pl. marḍà, marāḍà, adj., sick, ill, ailing; diseased; unwell, indisposed: quasi-PP I; n., sick person, patient: nominalized adj. | ~ nafsī, n., psychopath.
► mimrāḍ, adj., sickly, in poor health, ailing:…
► tamrīḍ, n., sick-nursing: vn. II, denom.
► ^BP#4716mumarriḍ, n., (male) sick nurse, hospital attendant; ambulance man, first-aid man; doctor’s assistant: nominalized PA II, denom.
► mumarriḍaẗ, n.f., sick nurse, nurse (f.): f. of previous.
► mutamarriḍ, adj., sickly, in poor health, ailing: PA V.

maraḍ مَرَض , pl. ʔamrāḍ

√MRḌ

disease, malady, ailment; illness, sickness – WehrCowan1979.

vn. I of ↗mariḍa. (The n. is perhaps the etymon proper, but since it may also have been the vb. or the adj. it is treated here under the vb.)

↗mariḍa

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► maraḍ al-bayāḍ al-daqīqī, n., mildew.
► maraḍ ʕaṣabī, n., nervous disease, neuropathy.
► maraḍ ʕaqlī, n., mental disease.
► maraḍ faḥmī, n., blight, blast (of grain).
► maraḍ firanǧī, n., syphilis.
► maraḍ muʕdin, n., contagious disease.
► ʔamrāḍ bāṭiniyyaẗ, n.pl., internal diseases.
► ʔamrāḍ sirriyyaẗ, n.pl., venereal diseases.
► ʔamrāḍ ṣadriyyaẗ, n.pl., diseases of the chest, pulmonary diseases.
► ʔamrāḍ al-manāṭiq al-ḥārraẗ, n.pl., tropical deseases.

For other items, cf. ↗mariḍa.

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