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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ʔMː (ʔMM) أمّ / أمم 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ʔMː (ʔMM) 
“root” 
▪ ʔMː (ʔMM)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ʔMː (ʔMM)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): »This root denotes two primary inter-related concepts of [1] ‘mother, race, roots and group’ on the one hand, and on the other, [2] ‘front, main road, leader, example direction’.« 
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ʔumm أُمّ , pl. ʔummahāt 
ID 033 • Sw –/97 • BP 163 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ʔMː (ʔMM) 
n.f. 
1 mother; 2a source, origin; b original, original version (of a book); 3 the gist, essence of s.th.; 4 basis, foundation; 5 pl. ʔummahāt matrix (typ.) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ʔimm‑ ‘mother’.
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘mother’) Akk ummu, Hbr ʔēm, Syr ʔemmā, Gz ʔemm.
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► ʔumm ʔuwayq, n.f., screech owl (zool.)
► ʔumm ǧiʕrān, n.f., Egyptian vulture (zool.)
► al-ʔumm al-ǧāfiyaẗ, n.f., dura mater (anat.)
► ʔumm al-ḥibr, n.f., cuttlefish, squid (zool.)
► ʔumm al-ḥasan, n.f., (maġr.) nightingale
► ʔumm al-ḥanūn, n.f., pia mater (anat.)
► ʔumm al-ḫulūl, n.f., river mussel (zool.)
► ʔumm durmān, n.top.f., Omdurman (city in central Sudan, opposite Khartoum)
► ʔumm al-dimāġ, n.f., meninges (anat.)
► ʔumm al-raʔs, n.f., skull, brain; cerebral membrane, meninges (anat.)
► ʔumm ʔarbaʕ wa-ʔarbaʕīn, n.f., centipede (zool.)
► ʔumm šamlaẗᵃ, n.f., this world, the worldly pleasures
► bi-ʔumm al-ʕayn or bi-ʔumm ʕayni-hī, adv., with one’s own eyes; šāhadū-hu bi-ʔumm ʔaʕyuni-him, they saw it with their own eyes
► ʔumm al-qurʔān and ʔumm al-kitāb, n.f., the first sura of the Koran
► ʔumm al-qarn, n.f., rhinoceros (zool.)
► ʔumm al-qurà, n.f., Mecca
► ʔumm al-qaywayn, n.top.f., Umm al Qaiwain, name of an emirate on the Persian Gulf
► ʔumm al-kitāb, n.f., also: the original text of the Book from which Koranic revelation derives; the uncontested portions of the Koran
► ʔumm al-nuǧūm, n.f., the Milky Way
► ʔumm al-waṭan, n.f., capital, metropolis
► al-širkaẗ al-ʔumm, n.f., parent company (com.)
► al-ṣaḫr al-ʔumm, pl. al-ṣuḫūr al-ʔumm, n.f., primitive rock, parent rock
► al-luġaẗ al-ʔumm, n.f., mother tongue
► ʔummahāt al-ḥawādiṯ, n.f.pl., the most important events
► ʔummahāt al-ḥurūf, n.f.pl., matrix (typ.)
► ʔummahāt al-masāʔil, n.f.pl., the main problems
► ʔummahāt al-ṣuḥuf, n.f.pl., the leading, most highly-respected newspapers
► ʔummahāt al-faḍāʔil, n.f.pl., the principal virtues
► ʔummahāt al-kutub, n.f.pl., handbooks, basic books, essential works
► ʔummahāt al-muʔminīn, n.f.pl., Mohammed’s wives

► ʔamma / ʔamam‑, u (ʔumūmaẗ), vb. I., to be or become a mother: denom., from ʔumm. – For other values see ↗ʔamma and ↗ʔimām.
► ʔummī, adj., 1 maternal, motherly; 2 ↗ʔummaẗ.
► ʔumūmaẗ, n.f., 1 motherhood; 2 motherliness, maternity .

 
ʔummaẗ أُمَّة , pl. ʔumam 
ID 035 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 248 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ʔMː (ʔMM) 
n.f. 
1a nation, people; 1b community; 2 generation – WehrCowan1979. 
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▪ eC7 1 (people, nation, community) Q 35:24 wa‑ʔin min ʔummaẗin ʔillā ḫalā fīhā naḏīrun ‘there has not been a community, but came to it [lit., passed away in it] a warner’; 2 (party, category of people) Q 3:104 wa‑l‑takun minkum ʔummaẗun yadʕūna ʔilà ’l‑ḫayri ‘let there be a community from among you [also interpreted as: let zou all turn out to be a community] that calls to goodness’; 3 (crowd) Q 28:23 wa‑lammā warada māʔa Madyana waǧada ʕalayhi ʔummaẗan min‑a ’l‑nāsi yasqūna ‘and when he arrived at the water of Midian, he found a crowd of people watering [their flocks]’; 4 (common belief, tradition) Q 43:22 bal qālū ʔinnā waǧadnā ʔābāʔanā ʕalà ʔummaẗin wa‑ʔinnā ʕalà ʔāṯārihim muhtadūna ‘no indeed!, they say, “We saw our fathers following this common belief; we are guided by their footsteps”’; 5 (period of time) Q 12:45 wa‑qāla ’llaḏī naǧā minhumā wa‑’ddakara baʕda ʔummaẗin ‘then the one who gained freedom of the two, remembering [Joseph] after a while, said’; 6 (fixed, determined time) Q 11:8 wa‑la‑ʔin ʔaḫḫarnā ʕanhum‑u ’l‑ʕaḏāba ʔilā ʔummaẗin maʕdūdaẗin ‘if We delay the chastisement till a determined point in time’; 7 (organised society) Q 6:38 wa‑mā min dābbatin fī ’l‑ʔarḍi wa‑lā ṭayrin yaṭīru bi‑ǧanāḥayhi ʔillā ʔumamun ʔamṯālukum ‘[there are] no creatures in the earth, nor birds that fly with their two wings, but [that they are] [organised] communities like yourselves’; 8 (epitome of Godliness, a man alone, one of a kind) Q 16:120 ʔinna ʔIbrāhīma kāna ʔummaẗan ‘Abraham was truly an example, an epitome of godniness’. 
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▪ Jeffery 1938: »Apparently a borrowing from the Jews.1 Hbr אםה is a tribe, or people, and the אוםה of the Rabbinic writings was widely used. As the word is apparently not a native Sem word at all, but Akk ummatu; Hbr אםה; Aram אוםא, אוםתא; and Syr ʔūmṯā seem all to have been borrowed from the Sum,2 we cannot deny the possibility that the Ar ʔummaẗ is a primitive borrowing from the same source. In any case it was an ancient borrowing, and if we can depend upon a reading בכש האםת ‘at the people’s costʼ in a Safaite inscription,3 we have evidence of its early use in NArabia.«
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► ʔummaẗ Muḥammad, n.f., Mohammed’s community, the Mohammedans
► al-ʔumam al-muttaḥidaẗ, n.pl.f., the United Nations

► ʔammama, vb. II, 1 to nationalize; 2 to dispossess (private property, in a socialist economic system) : denom.

► ʔummī, adj., 1 ↗ʔumm; 2 adj., illiterate, uneducated; n., (pl. -ūn) an illiterate: nisba formation.
► BP#3833ʔummiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 ignorance; 2 illiteracy: abstract formation in iyyaẗ; 3 ↗ʔumawī.
► ʔumamī, adj., 1 international; 2 UNO (in compounds) : nsb-formation from ʔumam, pl. of ʔummaẗ | al-hayʔaẗ al-ʔumamiyyaẗ, al-munaẓẓamaẗ al-ʔumamiyyaẗ, n.f., the United Nations Organization, UNO.
► ʔumamiyyaẗ, n.f., Internationale (as federation of socialist parties): abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ʔumam, pl. of ʔummaẗ.
► taʔmīm, n., nationalization: vn. II. 
ʔimām إِمام , pl. ʔaʔimmaẗ 
ID 034 • Sw – • BP 1102 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ʔMː (ʔMM) 
n. 
1a imam, prayer leader; b leader; master; 2 plumb line – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ From WSem *√ʔMM ‘to go toward, lead’ – Huehnergard2011.
 
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl imam, from Ar ʔimām ‘leader, imam’, from ʔamma, vb. I, ‘to go, lead’. 
► ʔaʔimmaẗ al‑ʔislām, n.m.pl., the old teaching authorities or spititual leaders of Islam; faḍīlaẗ al‑ʔimām al‑ʔakbar, n.f., title of high‑ranking religious dignitaries (esp. of the Rector of Azhar University)

► ʔamma, u (ʔimāmaẗ), vb. I, 1 to lead the way, lead by one’s example (s.o.); 2 to lead in prayer. – Cf. also 3 (vn. ʔamm) ↗ʔamma; 4 (vn. ʔumūmaẗ) ↗ʔumm
► ĭʔtamma, vb. VIII, to follow the example (bi‑ of s.o.)

► ʔimāmaẗ, n.f., 1a imamah, function or office of the prayer leader; 1b imamate; 1c leading position; 2 precedence
► ʔimāmiyyāt, n.f.pl., standards 
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