ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 22Jan2023, last update 2Feb2023
√KRː (KRR)
▪ KRː (KRR)_1 ‘to rattle in the throat’ ↗¹karra
▪ KRː (KRR)_2 ‘to turn around and attack; to return, come back, recur; one time’ ↗²karra
▪ KRː (KRR)_3 ‘to clarify, purify, refine’ ↗karrara
▪ KRː (KRR)_4 ‘hundred thousand’ ↗karraẗ
▪ KRː (KRR)_5 ‘pantry, storeroom; cellar’ ↗karār
▪ KRː (KRR)_6 ‘spool, bobbin, reel’ ↗kur(r)āriyyaẗ Other values, now obsolete, include (WKAS I 1970, Hava1899, BK1860)▪ †KRː (KRR)_7 ‘corde tressée de feuilles ou de fibres (līf) de palmier (BK); rope, cable (for ascending the palm-tree) | rope used as a ladder; en général, corde, cordage, câble | cable’: †²karr (pl. karār, kirār, kurūr, ? ʔakrār); cf. also (=?) †³karr, n., (pl. ʔakrār) ‘cord, thong which holds together the two extremities of the camel’s saddle’
▪ †KRː (KRR)_8 ‘carpet, mat | natte, drap ou tapis sur lequel on fait la prière’: †⁴karr (pl. ʔakrār, kurūr)
▪ †KRː (KRR)_9 ‘cistern, subterranean reservoir | well | terrain un peu encaissé, creux dans le sable où l’eau demeure stagnante; puits; vivier’: †¹kurr (var. karr; pl. kirār)
▪ †KRː (KRR)_10 ‘(dry measure equal to 60 qafīz or 6 ass-loads)’: †²ᵃkurr (pl. kirār)’; hence (?) also †²ᵇkurr ‘ass foal’?
▪ †KRː (KRR)_11 ‘(a kind of stuff, coarse linen) | vêtement’: †³kurr
▪ †KRː (KRR)_12 ‘(burnt) camel’s dung into which coats of mail are put for protection against rust | fiente pourrie des bestiaux employée pour polir les cuirasses’: †kurraẗ
▪ †KRː (KRR)_13 ‘cowrie used as an amulet | boule ou coquillage porté en guise de charme pour fasciner et se concilier l’amour’: †kirār (Hava1899) ~ †karār (BK1860)
▪ †KRː (KRR)_ ‘…’: †krr ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr according to BAH2008: ‘to return, repeat, turn around, day and night; to assail; to be undecided; cough’
▪ [gnrl] : The values attached to root √KRː (KRR) display a rather varied mixture of related and unrelated items. We can prob. identify three major complexes: (a) an onomatopoetic (?) one, imitating the *‘sound of rattling in the throat’, etc. (see value [v1]); unless simply a phon. var. of similar items with initial ǧ- instead of k- (see complex (c)), this complex may have been influenced (with regard to the recurrence/repetition implied in the rattling etc.) by a second complex, one expressing the basic idea of (b) *‘repetition, reiteration, returning, circularity’ (see [v2] > [v3],[v4], ?[v6], ?[v13]); a third complex has to do with (c) a *‘cord’, or ‘rope’, and/or ‘knitting’ (see [v7], ?>[v6], ?[v8],[v11]). The other values seem to be either loanwords ([v5], [v10]) or variants of words with initial ǧ- (so perh. also (a)) or of items that generally are ascribed to √KRW, √KRW/Y, or √KRY (see, e.g., [v9], ?[v13]), or are of obscure etymology (if reliably attested at all) (see [v12]).
▪ [v1] : The sound of a ‘rattle in the throat’ is not only expressed by ¹karra but also by the reduplicated stem ↗²karkara (also ‘to rumble’, said of the stomach, and ‘to murmur’, said of running water); as onomatopoetic imitations of a certain type of sounds, ¹karra and ²karkara are also close to ↗ǧarǧara ‘to gargle, rumble, clatter’ and ↗ġarġara ‘to gargle, gurgle, simmer, bubble’. With such meanings, the root is attested in Ar and EthSem (see DRS #KRR-9) and classified by Leslau among roots expressing « la voix ».1
▪ [v2] : If DRS (#KRR-1) is right, this value, too, has cognates only in EthSem where the Ar meaning ‘revenir sur ses pas, revenir à la charge’ (cf. also Tham kr ‘ramener, revenir’) is paralleled by the notions of ‘rouler (vers le bas)’ (Te kärara), ‘être rond’ (Tña kärärä), and ‘échafauder, mettre l’un sur l’autre’ (Amh kʷärrärä). DRS thinks that ²karra etc. « est une forme qui appartient aux usages oraux » and that it prob. is a var. of items usually grouped under ↗KRW or ↗KWR. This might be true especially for Ar kurraẗ ‘ball’ (Te korit ‘balle’, Amh kʷärät ‘caillou’) which usually appears as ↗kuraẗ ‘id.’ and is grouped s.r. ↗KRW.
▪ [v3] ‘to clarify, purify, refine’: As a D-stem, karrara has as its basic meaning the caus. ‘to make come back, repeat, reiterate’, from [v2] ²karra ‘to come back, return’, thus particularly describing processes of clarifying through repeated filtering etc. In MSA, the item is mainly used in connection with oil (or water, sugar, etc.) refinery.
▪ [v4] : The value ‘hundred thousand’ (found only in WehrCowan, thus prob. peculiar to MSA as a rather recent development) seems to be based on the notion of *‘repetition’, thus dependent on [v2]. Nevertheless it is strange to observe that karraẗ, which usually only means ‘one time, once’ also can take value [v4]. One may imagine a development via adverbial use in karraẗᵃⁿ ‘one time, once’: *‘… > repeatedly > often > very frequently > [exaggerating] many many times > a hundred thousand times > a hundred thousand’.
▪ [v5] : loanword; the var. kalār leads to the etymon, modGrk kellári ‘pantry, storeroom; cellar’ (so also BadawiHinds1986).
▪ [v6] : WehrCowan1976 lists an EgAr word spelt kurrāriyyaẗ (with rrār ) meaning ‘spool, bobbin, reel’, which fits very nicely the meaning the vb. I karr (u, vn. karr, kararān) has in EgAr, namely ‘to unravel, unwind’ (BadawiHinds1986).2
These values look as if they could be related either to [v2] ‘to return, come back, repeat’ (implying a circular movement)3
or, perh. even more likely, to †[v7] ‘rope, cable, cord’ (where it could be a nsb-formation based on the pl. kirār, with ki- > ka and an original meaning of *‘thing belonging to the ropes/cables/cords’). In contrast, BadawiHinds1986 also registered an EgAr kurā̆riyyaẗ (with rā̆r ) meaning ‘ball (of string, wool etc.)’. The latter meaning combines that of ‘roundness’ with that of ‘spooling, winding, etc.’
▪ †[v7] : If ClassAr †²karr (pl. kurūr, ? ʔakrār, kirār) ‘rope, cable (for ascending the palm-tree) | rope used as a ladder’ and †³karr (pl. ʔakrār) ‘cord, thong which holds together the two extremities of the camel’s saddle | cable’ has cognates in Sem at all, then (according to DRS #KRR-10) perh. only in Amh kärrärä ‘to become hard, stiff; be tense, tight, taut’ and/or Amh Arg kərar ‘lyre with 5-6 strings’. As these are far from obvious and rather doubtful, †²karr may in fact be a development peculiar to Ar. Within Ar, however, it seems to be related to [v6] which, with EgAr kurrāriyyaẗ ‘spool, bobbin, reel’ and the corresponding vb., EgAr karr ‘to unravel, unwind’, has items that seem semantically close to ‘rope, cable’. – As ropes or cables are produced by twisting several strings into one, there might also be a distant connection to items showing reduplication of a 2-rad. root nucleus, such as †⁴karkara ‘to collect, pile up, heap up, blow into a ball (wind the clouds)’, †⁵karkara ‘to squash, grind’, etc. (see ↗†KRKR_4), a notion that is also found in Amh kʷärrärä ‘to scaffold, put one over the other’ (see below, section COGN, DRS #KRR-1). Cf. also the next two items, †[v8] ‘carpet, mat’ and †[v9] ‘cistern, subterranean reservoir’.
▪ †[v8] : If the attestation of †⁴karr as ‘carpet, mat’ in Hava1899 is reliable, the value may be related, like †[v7] and †[v9], to the basic idea of *‘collecting, piling up, heaping up, amassing’. But this is highly speculative. No cognates listed in DRS.
▪ †[v9] : †¹kurr is reliably attested in several dictionaries as ‘cistern, subterranean reservoir | well | terrain un peu encaissé, creux dans le sable où l’eau demeure stagnante; puits; vivier’, but does not seem to have direct cognates in Sem. The initial description quoted in BK1860 – ‘terrain un peu encaissé, creux … où l’eau demeure stagnante’ – could hint to a connection either with ↗karā/à ‘to dig’ (√KRW/Y) or with the basic idea of *‘collecting, amassing’ encountered also in values †[v7] ‘rope, cable, cord’ and †[v8] ‘carpet, mat’, perh. also in [v6] ‘spool, bobbin, reel’.
▪ †[v10] : According to Fraenkel1886: 207, the Ar word for a ‘dry measure equal to 60 qafīz or 6 ass-loads’ (DRS: « en usage en Iraq ») is from Aram kōrā, Hbr kōr ‘(a measure, usually dry)’, which, according to Zimmern1914, goes back to Akk kurru ‘ein Getreidemaß’4
(»wohl < Sum gur«).5
According to some scholars, the Hbr/Aram word was borrowed also into Grk as kóros ‘name of a measure of capacity for grain, flour, etc. (Beekes2016) | Maß von 6 attischen Medimnen (Gmoll1965)’; see also BDB1906.6
– DRS distinguishes this value (given as #KRR-7) from another one with the value ‘ass foal (Ar, YemAr), 6-year-old horse (MġrAr)’ (given as #KRR-8), assuming that †²ᵃkurr is from Aram kōrā ~ Hbr kōr while †²ᵇkurr ‘ass foal’ might be (as with Dozy thinks) from Pers ḫar ‘ass’.
▪ †[v11] : †³kurr is registered in WKAS also as the word for ‘a kind of stuff, coarse linen’. The reference is with all probability reliable, though the value is not among those listed in DRS. Etymology obscure. The value that comes closest to †³kurr in DRS would be #KRR-11, with Akk karr indicating a ‘vêtement de deuil | ragged or dirty piece of apparel worn as a sign of mourning (CAD)’.
▪ †[v12] : The value ‘(burnt) camel’s dung into which coats of mail are put for protection against rust’ for the n.f. †kurraẗ is given in WKAS and thus prob. reliably attested. But its etymology remains obscure.
▪ †[v13] ‘cowrie used as an amulet’: †kirār (Hava1899) ~ †karār (BK1860). – Ullmann (WKAS I 1970) lists the item as karāri and analyses it as a »concretized imperative ‘Bringback, one who brings back’, designation of a pearl, shell used as a love-charm in the spell yā karāri kurrī hi ʔin ʔadbara fa-ruddī hi«, quoted in BK1860 in a slightly extended version, as yā karāri kurrī-hi wa-yā hamraẗu ’hmirī-hi ʔin ʔaqbala fa-surrī-hi wa-ʔin ʔadbara fa-ḍurrī-hi ‘Ô boule! ramène-le; ô boule! amène-le; s’il vient, réjouis-le, et s’il se détourne, fais-lui du mal’. Ullmann’s reading suggests a derivation from [v2] ²karra ‘to (make) return, come back, etc.’, while de Biberstein Kazimirski (with his ‘ô boule!’) seems to see a connection rather with ↗kuraẗ ‘ball’.
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1.
EDG III: 350, according to DRS, comment on #KRR-9. 2.
E.g., bi-ykurr il-ḫēṭ min il-bakaraẗ ‘he’s unwinding the thread from the spool’; fig., ‘to spill out, spout forth’, e.g., saʔalt-u ʕan ʔanwāʕ is-samak in-nīli q͗ām karr-ĭ-li talătīn ʔism ‘I asked him about the varieties of Nile fish and he upped and rattled off thirty names’. As an intr. vb., EgAr karr means ‘to become unravelled’, as in il-tirikōh karr ‘the knitting has become unravelled’, or ‘to run (of a stocking)’ – BadawiHinds1986. 3.
Cf., e.g., the ClassAr †karrār ‘qui revient souvent, qui se répète; qui dans le combat a l’habitude de simuler la fuite et puis de revenir à l’attaque’ (BK1860). 4.
CAD: ‘a measure of capacity; the amount of barley in one such unit’; from oAkk on. 5.
? Cf. also Akk kurkurru ‘a bowl or container’ – CAD. 6.
For discussion, DRS refers to Lewy Fremdwörter, 116, and Nöldeke, in ZDMG 40 (1886): 734.
▪ DRS #KRR-1 Ar karra ‘revenir sur ses pas, revenir à la charge’, karrara ‘répéter, réitérer’, Tham kr ‘ramener, revenir’, MġrAr karrar ‘répéter une leçon, repasser le Coran dans une recitation ininterrompue’, Sab kr ‘répéter (une action)’1
; Te kärara ‘rouler (vers le bas)’, Tña kärärä ‘être rond’, Amh kʷärrärä ‘échafauder, mettre l’un sur l’autre’. - Ar kurraẗ, Te korit ‘balle’, Amh kʷärät ‘caillou’.2
-2 Te kärra ‘couvrir, tirer un rideau’. -3 Akk kerr-, kirr- ‘clavicule (et la région autour)’, Syr kᵊrā ‘articulation de l’épaule’, Arg kərra ‘bras, coude’, Har kuruʔ ‘coudée’, Gur kərrä ‘bras, coude’. -4 Akk kirr-, Ug kr ‘bélier’, Hbr kar ‘(jeune) bélier’. -5 ‘prairie, pâturage’; ? Akk kirū ‘verger’. -6 Hbr kar ‘bât (de chameau)’. -7 Hbr kor, Aram kōrā : mesure de capacité (pour les choses sèches), Ar kurr : mesure en usage en Iraq. -8 Ar kurr, YemAr karrūt ‘ânon’, MġrAr kārər ‘cheval de 6 ans’. -9 Ar karra ‘faire entendre un râle’, Te kərir bela ‘dire des inepties’, Tña kärärä ‘se mettre à chanter’, kärari ‘soliste’, Amh (an)kʷarrärä ‘parler d‘une voix forte’, Har kärära ‘bavarder sans arrêt’, Gur ənkʷarrärä ‘ronfler’. -10 Ar karr ‘corde (par exemple pour monter sur les palmiers)’, ? Amh kärrärä ‘se raidir, se racornir ; être tendu, serré (par exemple : lacet)’. - ? Amh Arg kərar : lyre à 5 ou 6 cordes. -11 Akk karr‑ : vêtement de deuil. ‑12 kār‑ ‘quai, port’. -13 YemAr karūr : sorte de pâtisserie.
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