Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ BadawiHinds1986 marks ³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ as »Grk Pers Tu It« without giving any details, and words of this meaning do not seem to exist in the languages indicated. Prob., the item is identical with ^†⁶ṣandal (↗√ṢNDL) ‘skiff, rowboat’ which, accord. to Rolland2014a, is metaphorical use of the etymon of ↗²ṣandal ‘sandal(s)’, namely Grk sándalon ‘sandal(s)’, the small boat being likened to a shoe (boot). Accord. to Jastrow1904 (reprod. also by Nişanyan_23Mar2018), the Grk sándalon is attested as early as -C7, and in TargAram (sandal) from C1 onwards, both with the meaning ‘sole with straps, shoe; hence also: flat fish like the sole or turbot’, and both are poss. from a common Pers source, specified by Jastrow as Pers sandal ‘calceus’.¹ Accord. to Rolland2014a, the likening of (flat-soled) sandals, flat fish and flat boats seems to stem from habitual association: « Le […] sens […] relève d’une dérivation métaphorique habituelle entre les noms de poissons, de chaussures et d’embarcations ; une datation des occurrences devrait permettre de vérifier quels rôles ont joués le grec et le turc dans le sémantisme de l’arabe. »
▪ Rolland2014a further assumes a dependence of Grk sándalon on ‘sandalwood’ (↗¹ṣandal) – an assumption we find hard to follow; see discussion s.v. ↗¹ṣandal and ↗²ṣandal.
▪ However, we should perh. not exclude poss. influence of Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.; also: deck (of a ship)[!]’, dimin. sanídion ‘small plank, board’ (> nGrk sanídi ‘plank’, sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’) on the development of ³ṣandal.
▪ …

1. I.e., a »mid-weight, outdoor walking ‘shoe-boot’, worn in ancient Rome. It was flat-soled, usually hobnailed and entirely covered the foot and ankle, up to the lower shin. It was secured with crossed thongs or laces« – en.wiki, 6Jul2021.

▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
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▪ Ar ^†⁶ṣandal ‘skiff’ ≈ Tu (Redhouse1968) sandal ‘rowboat’, sandalcı ‘boatman’: 1354 Mesʿūd b. Aḥmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahār terc.: »Görir bindi birkaç kişi ṣandala / deŋizden çıkup mīşeye girdiler« – Nişanyan_23Mar2018.
▪ …

For other values attached to the root, see ↗¹ṣandal and ↗²ṣandal as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNDL.

ṢNR صنر

√ṢNR

“root”

▪ ṢNR_1 ‘hook, fishhook’ ↗ṣinnāraẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane iv 1872, Steingass1884, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ṢNR_2 ‘plane-tree, platanus’: ^†ṣin(n)ār
▪ ^†ṢNR_3 ‘leathern handle, kind of shield | ganse de cuir à l’aide de laquelle on tient ou l’on accroche le fouet’: ^†²ṣinnāraẗ
▪ ^†ṢNR_4 ‘ear | oreille’: ^†³ṣinnāraẗ
▪ ^†ṢNR_5 ‘niggardly, of evil disposition’:^†ṣinnawr

▪ [v1] : Hist. also ‘head-piece of the spindle’. – Prob. borrowed from Syr ṣenārtā, ṣenār, ṣennūrtā ‘fishing hook, fishing line’, Aram ṣinnōrā, TargAram ṣînnôrâ ‘hook’ (related to Hbr ²ṣinnôr ‘hole [for the door], door socket, hinge-socket; [postBibl also:] fork’, postBiblHbr ²ṣinnôrāʰ ‘knitting needle; hook’?), which are of unknown provenience. – Cf. perh. also ṣinnāʰ (√ṢNN!) ‘fishing hook’ (hapax in the Bible; of uncertain origin, perh. orig. meaning ‘large basket’ and related to Aram ṣinnâ ‘basket’, Ar ↗ṣann² – Klein1987). See below, section DISC. – There is also a var. spelling ↗sinnāraẗ (with /s/, not /ṣ/), of the same meaning.
▪ ^†[v2] : From Pers čanār ‘platanus’ – Rolland2014a. – Accord. to Nişanyan, Tu çınar is from Pers čanār~čanāl < mPers čnār, which, accord. to the author, is in turn from Chin »ç’un« (= ?; a modChin word for plane-tree is xuánlíngmù, i.e., *‘tree of the hanging bells’, where the first component, xuán, signifies the notion of ‘hanging’; phonologically, it could be the background of Pers čanār, but see DISC below). – May have influenced, or been influenced by, ↗ṣanawbar ‘pine tree’.
▪ ^†[v3] : ? = ^†sanawwar (with /s/) ‘coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’ (Lane iv 1872)? For the latter, Ḍinnāwī2004 assumes an origin in Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’ (PayneSmith1903). – Or rather related to Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘large shield (covering the whole body); protective wall; (nHbr) barrel shield of a revolver’, thus from Hbr √ṢNN which prob. means *‘to preserve, keep’, poss. related to Ar ↗ṣāna (√ṢWN) – so Klein1987’s suggestion for ṣinnāʰ…
▪ ^†[v4] ^†³ṣinnāraẗ ‘ear | oreille’ : ?
▪ ^†[v5] : Cf. also BK1860 ^†⁴ṣinnāraẗ (pl. ṣanānīrᵘ) ‘homme qui, malgré sa bonne naissance, n’est ni lettré ni bien élevé; rustre’. Similar/identical values are attested not only for ^†ṣinnawr and ^†⁴ṣinnāraẗ (√ṢNR), but also for ^†ṣanbar and ^†ṣunbūr (↗√ṢNBR). – Any relation to ↗šanār (< Pers?) ‘disgrace, ignominy’? Is ^†ṣinnawr perh. Pers *šanār-bar (not attested)?
▪ …

2. Also ↗mišannaẗ (√ŠNː(ŠNN)) ‘basket without handles’!

▪ [v1] : 609 ‘iron spindle head’ – DHDA.
▪ ^†[v2] : 709 ‘kind of tree with large and broad leaves, also called dulb’ – DHDA.
▪ ^†[v3] : (?) 540 sanawwar [initial s!] ‘weapon worn in war’ – DHDA.
▪ ^†[v4] : …
▪ ^†[v5] : …
▪ …

▪ [v1] : Cf. prob. Aram ṣinnôrâ, TargAram ṣînnôrâ ‘hook’, Syr ṣennūrtā, postBiblHbr ²ṣinnôr ‘door socket; fork’, ²ṣinnôrāʰ ‘knitting needle; hook’, modHbr ṣinnôrît ‘knitting needle’ (perh. also Hbr ²ṣinnôr ‘hole [for the door], door socket, hinge-socket) – Fraenkel1886, Klein1987. – (?) Cf. also Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘fishing hook’ (hapax in the Bible) – Klein1987?
▪ ^†[v2] : borrowed from mPers.
▪ ^†[v3] : (?) perh. Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’; see ^†sanawwar (initial /s/!) ‘coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’ in ↗√SNR. – Cf. perh. also Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘large shield (covering the whole body); protective wall’ (Hbr √ṢNN), see above, section CONC.
▪ ^†[v4] : ?
▪ ^†[v5] : perh. borrowed, or related to a borrowing, from Pers, see above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ [v1] : Accord. to Fraenkel1886, the Aram items listed above are perh. of Pers origin (no details given though). – The word exists also as ↗sinnāraẗ, with initial /s/ instead of /ṣ/. – BadawiHinds1986 mark EgAr ṣunnāraẗ~ṣinnāraẗ ‘fishhook’ as a borrowing from a Tu sinare ‘fishhook’, but the latter is hardly genuine Tu. Redhouse1968 thinks OttTu sināraʰ~sināreʰ (with /s/, and also written /sī…/) is of Grk origin,¹ but there is only modGrk tsiggáli ‘hook’ which comes phonologically close (and does not look original Grk either). Could there be a relation to Tu sinarit~sinağrit ‘(a species of) fish, dentex dentex’, which is from modGrk συναγρίδα sinagrída < oGrk συναγρίς synagrís ‘dentex’ (Nişanyan_02Dec2014)? A metonymical transfer from the fish to the hook with which it is caught is actually not less likely than the other alternatives discussed above; and there is also the variant spelling with /s/, not /ṣ/ (↗sinnāraẗ), likewise meaning ‘fishhook’.
▪^†[v2] : « Du persan čanār ‘platane’. L’accommodation du [Pers] č par [Ar] ṣ exceptionnelle, pourrait signifier que l’emprunt s’est plutôt fait du pehlevi [mPers] » – Rolland2014a. – Accord. to Nişanyan, the mPers čnār is in turn from Chin »ç’un« (= xuán ‘hanging, suspended’ in a modChin word for ‘plane-tree’, xuánlíngmù, lit. *‘tree of the hanging bells’?) – a rather unlikely assumption (though phonologically perh. possible), as the plane-tree does not seem to be native to China. The Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis, Old World sycamore)’s distribution ranged from the Mediterranean to Iran, perh. Kashmir, but not farther to the east.
▪ ^†[v3]-^†[v5] : see above, section CONC.
▪ …

1. In Redhouse1890, sināreʰ ‘fishhook’ is still classified as a Tu word.

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