Bibliotheca Polyglotta

²zīr زِير

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZYR

n.

highest string (of stringed instruments) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Lane specifies the meaning as ‘slender watar [or bow-string]: or the most slender (of such cords) and the most firmly twisted; hence the zīr [or smallest string] of muzhir [or lute]’. In this sense, he adds, zīr is apparantly of Pers origin. Rolland2014a gives the etymology as: from Pers zīr ‘smallest string of a lute, guitar, etc.’ (Steingass1892), from mPers azīr ‘under’, ultimately from IE *ndʰer‑ ‘under’.

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See above, section CONC.

▪ Cf. IE *ndʰer- ‘under’ (Skr adhas ‘below’ [cf. adhaḥ-stha ‘placed low, below’, adhaḥ-sthita ‘standing below’, ádhara-tas ‘below’], Av aṯara- ‘lower’, Lat infernus ‘lower’, infra ‘below’), Engl under.

For other values connected to the root, cf. ↗zīr (disamb.), ↗zīr_1, ↗zīr_3, and ↗ZYR; cf. also ↗zār and ↗ZWR.

ZYĠ زيغ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZYĠ

“root”

▪ ZYĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to deviate, turn aside, swerve, turn away’

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ZYL زيل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZYL

“root”

▪ ZYL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘separation, sorting out, distinguishing between; disappearance’

▪ [gnrl] Two different verbs are classified under this root: zāla, impf. yazālu, which, with preceding negative particles, means ‘still’ or ‘continuing to be’, and zāla, impf. yazīlu ‘to sort out’ – BAH2008.
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ZYN زين

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZYN

“root”

▪ ZYN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to decorate, ornament, adorn’

▪ From protSem *√ZYN or *√ḎYN. Root of uncertain meaning – Huehnergard2011.
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sīn سين

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√

R₁

The letter s of the Arabic alphabet.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl shin, from Hbr šîn, from Phoen *šinn ‘tooth; twenty-first letter of the Phoen alphabet’, akin to Hbr šēn, Ar↗sinn ‘tooth’. (The use of the word for ‘tooth’ for this letter is the result of folk etymology and is based on the shape of the letter, which resembles a row of pointed teeth. The letter originally depicted a composite bow, a powerful kind of bow that is made of layers of different materials such as horn and wood and usually has the tips curving away from the archer when unstrung. The earlier name of the letter was *šann < *ṯann ‘composite bow’).

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SʔL سأل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʔL

“root”

▪ SʔL_1 ‘to ask, question, demand, interrogate; to beg’ ↗saʔala
▪ SʔL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘asking, inquiring, requesting, quest’

↗saʔala

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↗saʔala

▪ For Engl n.prop. Saul cf. ↗saʔala.

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saʔal‑ سأل , a (suʔāl , masʔalaẗ , tasʔāl)

ID 374 • Sw – • BP 325 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 15Apr2022

√SʔL

vb., I

to ask; to inquire; to ask, request, demand, claim; to pray to (God) | yusʔalᵘ he is responsible, answerable – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The vb. can be assumed rather safely to be ComSem. – Militarev&Stolbova2007 reconstruct Sem *š˅ʔal‑ ‘to ask’; Dolgopolsky2012 #2052 posits Sem *√ŠʔL ‘to ask (a question), ask for’, from Nostr ²*s̄˹Eʔ˺æw˹ü˺L˅ ‘to look for, search, ask’.
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eC7 more than 120 occurrences in the Q, all meaning ‘to ask, question, interrogate, inquire, query, seek clarification, etc; to beg; (pass.) to be taken to task, called to account’.

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to ask’) Akk išʔal, Hbr šʔl e (a), Syr šel, Gz sʔl a (a).
▪ Zammit2002: Akk šālu, šaʔālu, Ug šʔal, Phn šʔl, Pun [y]sl[ym] ‘to ask’, Hbr šāʔal ‘to ask, inquire’, BiblAram šᵉʔēl ‘to ask’, Syr šeʔl ‘to ask, interrogate, ask counsel’, SAr sʔl ‘to ask, request, demand, lay claim’, Gz saʔala ‘rogare; petere, poscere, postulare, expetere’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 #2052: Akk šaʔālu ~ šâlu ‘to ask (a question), inquire’, Hbr, Pun, TargAram, JudPal, JEA, Syr, SamAram, Mnd √ŠʔL, Ar, Gz √SʔL, Qat √ŠʔL ‘to ask’. Deriv.: Sab Min Qat mšʔl ‘oracle’; epigrHbr, JudAram, Syr, Mnd √ŠʔL G, Ar, Gz saʔala, səʔla, Sab √ŠʔL ‘ask for, beg, plead’, Sab Min √ŠʔL ‘to ask, seek, require’, Jib šɛ̄l (sbjn. yšɔ̄l) ‘to demand payment for a dept’, Soq hoʔol ‘do., to borrow’. – Outside Sem: [Berb] Tsh siggəl (3s pf. isuggʷəl) ‘to look for’, ? Ahg səssəǵǵəl ‘chercher’, as well as Mz səwwəl, yətsewwəl ‘to ask (a question)’ (borr. < Ar √SʔL?).
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▪ StarLing2007 reconstructs Sem *š˅ʔal‑ ‘to ask’ (only on the evidence of Ar).
▪ In form V, the vb. has taken the specialized meaning of ‘to beg’, attested already in the Q, overlapping with ↗tasawwala.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2052 reconstructs Sem *√ŠʔL ‘to ask (a question), ask for’ and (with due caution) Berb *√SWL ‘to look for’, all from a hypothetical Nostr ²*s̄˹Eʔ˺æw˹ü˺L˅ ‘to look for, search, ask’.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Saul, from Hbr šāʔûl ‘asked, requested’, PP of šāʔal ‘to ask’, cognate of Ar saʔala.

► sāʔala, vb. III, to ask, question, interrogate; to call s.o. to account:…
► ʔasʔala, vb. IV: ʔasʔalahū suʔlahū to fulfill s.o.’s wish, comply with s.o.’s request:…
► tasaʔʔala, and tasawwala, vb. V, to beg:…
► ^BP#1764tasāʔala, vb. VI, to ask; to ask o.s., wonder, ponder; to ask one another:…

► suʔl, n., demand, request, wish:…
► suʔlaẗ, n.f., demand, request, wish: n.un., from suʔl.
► ^BP#267suʔāl, pl. ʔasʔilaẗ, n., question; request; inquiry; demand, claim: lexicalized vn. I.
► saʔʔāl, adj., given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious: ints.
► saʔūl, adj., given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious: ints.
► ^BP#738masʔalaẗ, pl. masāʔilᵘ, n., question; issue, problem; affair, matter, case; request: lexicalized vn. I.
► musāʔalaẗ, n.f., questioning, interrogation: vn. III.
► tasawwul, n., begging, beggary: vn. V.
► ^BP#2176tasāʔul, pl. ‑āt, n., questions, doubts; self-questioning: vn. VI.
► ^BP#4273sāʔil, pl. ‑ūn, suʔʔāl, saʔalaẗ, adj., asking: PA I; n., questioner; petitioner; beggar: nominalized PA I.
► ^BP#354masʔūl, adj. official; responsible, answerable, accountable: PP I; pl. al-masʔūlūn, n., the bearers of responsibility; the functionaries: nominalized PP I.
► C ^BP#794masʔūliyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., responsibility, duty: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ, from masʔūl.
► mutasawwil, n., beggar: nominalized PA V.
► ^BP#4116mutasāʔil, adj., asking o.s., wondering: PA VI.

masʔūl مَسْؤُول / مَسْئُول

ID 375 • Sw – • BP 354 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʔL

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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masʔūliyyaẗ مَسْئوليّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 794 • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SʔL

n.f.

.

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

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SʔM سأم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√SʔM

“root”

▪ SʔM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʔM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʔM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be averse, to be weary, bored, to be fed up, to be disdainful; to tire’

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SB: (SBB) سبّ/سبب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√ SB: (SBB)

“root”

▪ SB: (SBB)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SB: (SBB)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SB: (SBB)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘reason; ladder, connection, rope; to revile; severance’

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sababiyyaẗ سَبَبيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SBː (SBB)

n.f.

causality

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ↗sabab ‘reason, cause’

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SBT سبت

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBT

“root”

▪ SBT_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SBT_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘resting, keeping the Sabbath’

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▪ For Engl Sabbath, sabbatical, Shabbat, cf. ↗sabt.

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sabt السبْت , pl. subūt

ID 376 • Sw – • BP 1148 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBT

n.

Sabbath, Saturday – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Pennacchio2011: 10: »‘Shabbat’, sabt in Ar and šābaṯ in Hbr, which can only come from Judaism. This argument could be sufficient to prove a Jewish origin«.

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▪ DBD 1906: Ass šabātu prob. ‘to cease, be completed’, Hbr šāḇaṯ ‘to cease, desist, rest’, Ar sabata ‘to cut off, interrupt’. – Hbr šabbāṯ, Aram šabṯā ‘Sabbath’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2215: Outside Sem: Hs šabta ‘to strike with a knife’ [?].

▪ Jeffery1938, 160-61: »(Sprenger and others would add to this subāt ‘rest’ in xxv, 49; lxxviii, 9.¹ ) – We find sabt only in relatively late passages and always of the Jewish Sabbath. The Muslim authorities treat it as genuine Ar from sabata ‘to cut’ [↗√SBT ], and explain it as so called because God cut off His work on the seventh day² (cf. Baiḍ. on ii, 61; and Masʕūdī, Murūǧ, iii, 423). – There can be no doubt that the word came into Ar from Aram ³ and probably from the Jewish šaḇtā rather than from the Syr šbtā. The verb sabata of vii, 163, is then denominative, as Fraenkel, Vocab, 21, has noted. It is doubtful if the word occurs in this meaning earlier than the Qurʔān.«
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2215: AfrAs *sebit‑ ‘to cut’ > Sem *š˅bit‑ /*š˅but‑ (secondary variant with u after a labial) ‘cut, shave’ > Ar sbt‑, i, u. Also AfrAs > WCh *syab˅t‑. – AfrAs *sebit‑ is in its turn derived from *sib‑ ‘to cut, strike’ (cf. ↗√SBː (SBB)).

1. Leben, ii, 430; Grunbaum, ZDMG, xxxix, 584, but see Horovitz, KU, 96. 2. It is curious that the Muslims object to deriving it from the sense of ʻto restʼ (šbt) on the ground of Sura 1, 37. See Grunebaum, ZDMG, xxxix, 585. 3. Geiger, 54; von Kremer, Ideen, 226 n.; Hirschfeld, New Researches, 104; Horovitz, KU, 96; JPN, 186; Fischer, Glossar, 52.

▪ Not from Ar sabt but from the same etymon are Engl Sabbath, sabbatical, Shabbat: EtymOnline: »oEngl sabat ‘Saturday as a day of rest,’ as observed by the Jews, from Lat sabbatum, from Grk sabbaton, from Hbr šabbaṯ, properly ‘day of rest,’ from šāḇaṯ ‘he rested.’ Spelling with ‑th attested from lC14, not widespread until C16. – The Babylonians regarded seventh days as unlucky, and avoided certain activities then; the Jewish observance might have begun as a similar custom. Among Eur Christians, from the seventh day of the week it began to be applied early 15c. to the first day (Sunday), “though no definite law, either divine or ecclesiastical, directed the change” [Century Dictionary], but elaborate justifications have been made. The change was driven by Christians’ celebration of the Lord’s resurrection on the first day of the week, a change completed during the Reformation. – The original meaning is preserved in Span Sabado, Ital Sabbato, and other languages’ names for ‘Saturday.’ Hung szombat, Rum simbata, Fr samedi, Ge Samstag ‘Saturday’ are from VulgLat sambatum, from Grk *sambaton, a vulgar nasalized variant of sabbaton. Sabbath-breaking attested from 1650s.«
▪ Kluge2002#Sabbat: The word entered Ge in c13 as mHGe sabbat. From Lat sabbatum, sabbata < nLat-Grk sábbaton < Hbr šabbāṯ. The genuinely Jiddish form entered Ge as Schabbes, an elder variant of which resulted in Samstag ‘Saturday’.

► sabata, u, vb. I, to rest; to keep the Sabbath: Jeffery1938 thinks the verb is denominative.
► ʔasbata, vb. IV, to enter on the Sabbath: denom. (acc. to Jeffery1938).

► sabtī, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Sabbatarian (Chr.): nsb-adj.
► subāt lethargy; slumber, sleep:.
► subātī, adj., lethargic: nsb-adj from subāt.
► musbit, adj., lethargic, inactive, motionless: PA IV.

SBḤ سبح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√SBḤ

“root”

▪ SBḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swim, to cover a long distance; to spread or disperse in the land, to dig or burrow in the earth; to be active, to toil; to be free, to declare as free from impurity’

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SBṬ سبط

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SBṬ

“root”

▪ SBṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗ʔasbāṭ
▪ SBṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

▪ [v1] BAH2008: asbāṭ ‘tribes of the children of Israel’ (occurring five times in the Qur’an, e.g., 7:160) is a borrowing from Hbr.
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▪ [v3] : …

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SBʕ سبع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBʕ

“root”

▪ SBʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SBʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘number seven, to make up a group of seven, to be the seventh; animals and birds of prey (this meaning is said to be derived from seven, which is considered a perfect and powerful number)’

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘seven’) Akk (sību), Hbr šéḇaʕ, Syr šḇaʕ, Gz sabʕū́.
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▪ Several items in Eur langs derive from the Hbr cognate of Ar ↗sabʕ(aẗ). (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Shavuot, from Hbr šābûʕôt, pl. of šābûaʕ, ‘week’, from šebaʕ ‘seven’; shiva, from Hbr šibʕâ ‘seven’, f. of šebaʕ (see above)’. – Bathsheba, from Hbr bat šebaʕ ‘daughter of an oath’ (bat ‘daughter; cf. Ar bint); Elizabeth, from Hbr ʔĕlîšebaʕ ‘my God (is) an oath’ (ʔĕlî ‘my God; cf. Ar allāh); Beersheba, from Hbr bᵊʔēr šebaʕ ‘well of oath’ (bᵊʔēr ‘well’, cf. Ar biʔr); all from šebaʕ ‘oath’, from *šābaʕ ‘to swear’, possibly denom. from šebaʕ ‘seven’ (? < *‘to bind oneself with sevens’ in swearing oaths).

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ʔusbūʕ أُسْبُوع

ID 377 • Sw – • BP 393 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBʕ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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ʔusbūʕiyyaẗ أُسْبوعيّة

√SBʕ

n.f.

weekly

▪ nominalized adj.f., nsb-formation, from ↗ʔusbūʕ ‘week’

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SBĠ سبغ

√SBĠ

“root”

▪ SBĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be ample, complete, abundant; (of garments and attire) to be long and overflowing; ease of living’

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SBQ سبق

√SBQ

“root”

▪ SBQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘being ahead, in front, outpacing, outstripping’

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SBL سبل

√SBL

“root”

▪ SBL_1 ‘path’ ↗¹sabīl
▪ SBL_2 ‘public fountain’ ↗²sabīl
▪ SBL_3 ‘clay pipe’ ↗³sabīl
▪ SBL_4 ‘ears (of cereals); to let hang down, let drop; mustache’ ↗sabal
▪ SBL_5 ‘manure, dung’ ↗sablaẗ
▪ SBL_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 road, highway; 2 cause; 3a (of rain) to fall down in heavy showers, (of clothes) to be down to the ankles; 3b (of wheat) to put forth its ears’

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sabal سَبَل

√SBL

n.

ears (of cereals) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Given that the cultivation of cerials was not very common among pre-Islamic Arabs (while an old practice in the Fertile Crescent), the word sunbulaẗ is quite likely to be a borrowing, probably from Aram (as already suggested by Jeffery and recently confirmed by Pennacchio). In Sem outside Ar, there are forms showing ‑n‑ as well as others that don’t, as in Ar sabal. Kogan2011 therefore reconstructs protSem *šu(n)bul‑at‑ ‘ear of corn’.
▪ Cf. also ↗sunbulaẗ.
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► ʔasbala, vb. IV, 1a to let (s.th.) hang down; 1b to let fall, drop (curtain, drape, etc., ʕalà over); 1c to close, shut (the eyes); 1d to shed (tears); 2 to ear, form ears: denom.

► sabalaẗ, pl. sibāl, n.f., mustache: n.un., fig. use (?)
► masbūl, adj., lowered, down: PP I (curtain)

sablaẗ سَبْلة

√SBL

n.f.

manure, dung – WehrCowan1979.

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sabīl سَبِيل , pl. ¹subul, ²ʔasbilaẗ, ³siblān

√SBL

n.

▪ sabīl_1 ‘way, road, path’ ↗¹sabīl
▪ sabīl_2 ‘public fountain’ ↗²sabīl
▪ sabīl_3 ‘clay pipe (bowl)’ ↗³sabīl

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See ↗¹sabīl and ↗²sabīl.

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