Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Although the vb. raǧama is known in Ar, Jeffery1938 follows Rückert and Nöldeke in assuming that raǧīm in the meaning ‘the cursed one’ is a borrowing from Gz and thus secondary. This assumption, however, is contested by Kogan who thinks the value ‘to stone’ is secondary to that of ‘to curse’; cf. ↗RǦM, ↗raǧama.

▪ (quasi-PP: ‘stoned, cast out’) Q 15:17 wa-ḥafiẓnā-hā min kulli šayṭānin raǧīmin ‘and guarded it from every outcast devil’; (epithet of Satan) Q 16:98 al-~ ‘the outcast, the stoned’.
▪ Cf. also Q 3:36, 15:34, 38:77, 81:25 ‘stoned, pelted, driven away by stones, execrated’.

▪ The narrower context is provided by Gz ragama, Gur räggämä, (as)suraggämä, Amh täräggʷämä, räggämä ‘to curse, revile’. For the general frame, however, see ↗raǧama.

▪ Jeffery1938: »We find it used only of Satan and his minions, and it is said to derive from the tradition that the demons seek to listen to the counsels of Heaven and are pelted away by the angels¹ (cf. Sura 67:5). / The Muslim authorities naturally take it as a pure Ar word, a form faʕīl from ↗raǧama which is used several times in the Qurʔān. As a technical term associated with Satan, however, it would seem to be the Eth [Gz] rəgūm and mean ‘cursed’ or ‘execrated’ rather than ‘stoned’. [Gz] ragama means ‘to curse’ or ‘to execrate’ and is used of the serpent in Gen. iii: 14, and of those who are delivered over to the fire prepared for the devil and his angels in Matt. xxv: 41. Rückert, in his notes to his translation of the Qurʔān (ed. A. Müller, p. 440),² had noted this connection with the Eth [Gz], and Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 25, 47, thinks that Muḥammad himself in introducing the Eth word [Gz] šayṭān = [Ar] šayṭān introduced also the epithet rəgūm, but not knowing the technical meaning of the word treated it as though from raǧama […] ‘to stone’³ (Cf. Ahrens, Christliches, 39).«
▪ Jeffery’s argument is taken up also by Nişanyan⁴ . But Kogan2015’s findings seem to make the old theory obsolete; ↗RǦM, ↗raǧama.

1. There is, however, reason to believe that the epithet belongs to a much older stratum of Sem belief in regard to demons, cf. Wellhausen, Reste, 111. 2. See also Müller’s statement in ThLZ for 1891: 348. 3. Wellhausen, Reste, 232; Pautz, Offenbarung, 49; Margoliouth, Chrestomathia Baidawiana, 160. Praetorius, ZDMG, 61: 620 ff., argues against this derivation, but unconvincingly. See also Van Vloten in the Feestbundel aan de Goeje, pp. 35, 42, who thinks that it was used in pre-Islamic Arabia in connection with pelting snakes. 4. »Habeşçe sözcük Kutsal Kitap çevirisinde Tekvin 3:14 ve Matt 25:41’de şeytanın sıfatı olarak zikredilir. Arapça raǧm ‘taşlama, taşlayarak öldürme’ fiiliyle anlam bağı kurulamaz. Nöldeke NB 25, 47; Jeffery 140.« – Nişanyan01Apr2013.

▪ Tu racim (<1400) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü , < Ar raǧīm ‘1 taşlanan, recmedilen, 2 lanetli (şeytanın sıfatı)’ < Gz ragīm ‘lanetli (şeytanın sıfatı)’ < Eth √rgm ‘lanetlemek, mahkûm etmek’ – Nişanyan01Apr2013.

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