Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Perhaps Ar ṭablaẗ ‘drum, tambourine’ and Lat tabula , the ultimate etymon of ṭāwilaẗ ~ ṭāwulaẗ, have a common Sem ancestor. Cf. also ↗ṭunbūr ‘long-necked, stringed instrument resembling the mandoline; a device used to raise water for irrigation, Archimedean screw; drum, cylinder (techn.)’, perh. from mPers tabūrāk ‘tambour’, unless it is a slightly altered derivation from ṭabl ‘tambour, timbale’ – Rolland2014a.

▪ Not from It tavola, but ultimately from the same Lat (< Umbr ?) source are also many Eur words for ‘table’, like Engl table itself, lC12, ‘board, slab, plate’, from oFr table ‘board, square panel, plank; writing table; picture; food, fare’ (C11), and loEngl tabele ‘writing tablet, gaming table’, from Germ *tabal (cognates: Du tafel, Dan tavle, oHGe zabel ‘board, plank’, Ge Tafel). Both the Fr and Germ words are from Lat tabula ‘a board, plank; writing table; list, schedule; picture, painted panel’, originally ‘small flat slab or piece’ usually for inscriptions or for games (source also of Span tabla, It tavola), of uncertain origin, related to Umbr tafle ‘on the board’.

► laʕbaẗ al-ṭāwilaẗ, n.f., backgammon, trick-track
► tinnis al-ṭāwilaẗ, n.f., table tennis

For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭuwwal, ↗ṭuwālaẗ, ↗ṭāʔilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṬYB طيب

√ṬYB

…

▪ ṬYB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬYB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be good, to be agreeable, to be willing, to mollify; to be wholesome, to become ripe; to regain health; to be fragrant, fragrance, perfume’. – It has been suggested by some scholars that the derivative ṭūbà is linked to a corresponding Syr and a common Semitic root. Other scholars attribute the derivative ṭūbà to a borrowing from Hindi.

▪ …

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘¹odoriferous; ²good’) Akk ¹ṭābu, ¹^,²Hbr ṭōḇ, Syr ²ṭāḇā, SAr (ṭyb ‘incense’).
▪ Hoch1994: Akk ṭâbu ‘good’, Ug ṭb ‘good, pleasant’, Amor ṭābum, Hbr ṭôḇ , oAram, EmpAram ṭb, BiblAram ṭāḇ, TargAram ṭāḇâ, Syr ṭaḇ ‘good’, SAr ṭb ‘to be good’.

▪ …
▪ nEg twby3, twi͗ub */ṭōbu/ ‘good’ »is almost certainly related to the common Sem root ṬWB« – Hoch1994.

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ṬYR طير

√ṬYR

“root”

▪ ṬYR_1 ‘bird; to fly’ ↗ṭayr
▪ ṬYR_2 ‘bad omen, augury; to take as ~, see a ~ in s.th.’ ↗ṭīraẗ

Other values (dialectal only):

ṬYR_3 ‘to pierce, perforate’: YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar
ṬYR_4 ‘to appear, sprout, start to break through (plants, etc.)’: YemAr ṭayyar

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flying thing/creature, bird, insect; to fly, fly away; to hasten; to rejoice; to scatter, spread out; bad omen, augury; deed’

▪ All values given for Sem ṬYR in DRS are represented in Ar, though two of them are dialectal use only and therefore not treated in EtymArab.
▪ ṬYR_1 and ṬYR_2 are etymologically the same item. However, given the more or less equal distribution of both values in Sem, it seems difficult to decide which was first. As a hypothesis, one may assume a priority of ‘bird’ and think of ‘to augur’ as secondary development, lit., *‘to take the way a bird flies as a (bad) omen’.
▪ Within ṬYR_1, we tacitly take etymological priority of ‘bird’ over ‘to fly’ for granted and therefore make the n. the main entry, classifying the vb. under DERIV. But this priority has still to be proven.
▪ ṬYR_3 YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar ‘to pierce, perforate’ : etymology obscure (but perh. related to ṬYR_1?)
▪ ṬYR_4 YemAr ṭayyar ‘to appear, sprout, start to break through (plants, etc.)’ : etymology obscure (but perh. related to ṬYR_1?)

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYR-1 JP ṭayyār, Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr, Soq ṭaireh ‘oiseau’; Ar ṭāra ‘voler’; JP ṭᵉyārā ‘science des augures’, Ar Gz taṭayyara ‘prédire par le vol des oiseaux’. -2 YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar ‘percer, perforer’, Te ṭäyyärä ‘périr, être perdu’, Amh ṭarä ‘être affligé, souffrant, agonisant; s’appliquer de tout son cœur à ce qu’on fait’. -3 YemAr ṭayyar ‘apparaître, poindre, commencer à sortir de terre (plantes, etc.)’.
▪ SED II#235: Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr ‘bird’; pBiblHbr ṭayir, ṭəyār ‘divination from birds, augury’, JudAram ṭyr (pa, itpa.) ‘to augur’, Ar ṭayyār ‘Vogel, besonders ein solcher, dessen man sich beim Wahrsagen… bediente’, ṭayr ‘augure, surtout mauvais’, Gz taṭayyara ‘to divine by observing the flight of birds’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭiyyūr ‘divination’, Aram ṭayyār ‘bird’, ṭayyēr ‘to espy, augur’, Syr ṭayrā ‘avis, aves’, (pa.) ‘volare fecit (mentem)’, (af.) ‘volare fecit’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’ (< Ar), taṭayyara ‘augurari, auspicia/omina captare’ (< Ar)

▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs CSem *ṬYR ‘to fly’.
▪ SED II#235: protSem *ṭayr- ‘bird’ is »[a]ttested as a faunal term in Aram and Ar only [… but is t]o be nevertheless reconstructed as a protSem animal name in view of clearly related forms connected with divination from birds whose attestation is not confined to Aram and Ar«. – »No AfrAs parallels found. Supposed cognates adduced in CHVAL no. 203 and HSED No. 2443 (*ṭaʔür-) are all erroneous or highly doubtful.«

▪ Engl Altair ↗ṭayr.

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