Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ The notion of [v1a] ‘defectiveness, faultiness, deficiency, imperfection’ seems to be a generalisation from an underlying basic ‘one-eyedness’ (↗ʔaʕwarᵘ), from protWSem *ʕwr ‘to be blind’ (Kogan2015 77 #8) (but see also below, section DISC).
▪ In [v1b], the ‘defectiveness, imperfection’ of [v1a] is interpreted as ‘weakness, weak spot’, and in [v2] this ‘weak spot’ is specified as the ‘genitals’, a ‘pudendum’.
▪ In the latter [v2], the meaning comes close to that of ↗ʕār (↗ʕYR) ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’, but the corresponding D-stems still make clear the distinct origins: while ↗²ʕawwara means ‘to damage, mar, spoil’ (caus.), ↗ʕayyara is ‘to reproach, rebuke, insult, revile’ (appell., *‘to call disgraceful, accuse of shamelessness’).
▪ With this in mind, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ is prob. better grouped together with ʕawraẗ, i.e., under √ʕWR *‘defectiveness’, than with ↗ʕār under ↗√ʕYR *‘shame, disgrace, etc.’. But it may also be from *‘borrowing’, see ↗ʔaʕāra.
▪ Both √ʕWR *‘defectiveness’ and √ʕYR *‘shame, disgrace, etc.’ are in semantic vicinity of ↗√ʕRY ‘nakedness, bareness, nudity’.
▪ The Gt-stem ↗¹ĭʕtawara ‘to befall, affect, come over s.o. alternately, successively’ seems to be the result of a fusion/combination of *‘alternation, taking turns’ (↗¹taʕāwara) and *‘damage’. Conspicuous overlapping also with ↗ʕarā, ĭʕtarà ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’, ↗√ʕRW.

▪ …

▪ Borg2021 #476: Saf ʕwr ‘to obliterate’, Ar ʕāra ‘to damage, destroy’, ʕawwara ‘to mar, spoil’, PalAr IrqAr OmanAr ‘to hurt, injure; bruise’, DamAr EgAr ‘to damage, mutilate’. – Prob. based on *‘half-eyedness’ (< Sem *‘blindness’), see ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ. – Outside Sem, Borg2021 compares Eg (Pyr) ʕwꜢ ‘to go bad, rot, become sour’ (cf. also ḥwꜢ.w ‘to rot; to putrefy; to be foul, offensive’).
▪ Partly overlapping with ↗ʕYR and ↗ʕRY.

▪ ClassAr ^†ʕāra ‘to mar off; to injure s.th.; to spoil (a well)’ (Hava1899) as well as the D-stem ʕawwara, often meaning ‘to mutilate’ (see section COGN), could be an indication of a dependence of *‘one-eyedness, blindness’ on a more general verbal root also in Sem. However, given the wide distribution of *‘blindness’ in Sem, as opposed to the singular evidence of the general *‘to damage, mutilate, destroy’ in Ar, it seems safer to assume a development *‘blindness > damage, defectiveness’ than a reverse evolution.
▪ ...

▪ For Tu avarya, Ge Havarie as well as Engl average, Tu averaj, see root entry ↗ʕWR.
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►ʕawwara, vb. II, 1 ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ; 2 to damage, mar, spoil; – 3 ↗ʕYR: D-stem, caus.
►? taʕāwara, vb. VI, 1 ↗s.v.; 2 to seize, grip, befall, overcome (alternately, successively) (s.o., s.th.): tL-stem, regular alteration; for semantics, see above, section CONC.
►? ĭʕtawara, vb. VIII, 1 to befall, affect (alternately, successively) (s.o.), come (alternately, successively) (‑h over s.o.); 2 ↗²ĭʕtawara; 3 ↗³ĭʕtawara: Gt-stem, self-refl.; for semantics, see above, section CONC.
►ʕawār, ʕiwār, n., fault, blemish, defect, flaw, imperfection
►EgAr ʕīraẗ, n.f., false, artificial (teeth, hair): from *ʕiwraẗ ?; for semantics, see above, section CONC.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗²ĭʕtawara, ↗³ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)

ʕuwwār عُوّار

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√ʕWR

a variety of swallow – WehrCowan1976

▪ No obvious cognates in Sem or outside. MilitarevStolbova2007 (StarLingTB) #2678 suggest kinship with the obsol. Ar ^†ʔaʕwarᵘ, dim. ʕuwayr, ‘raven’, from Sem *ʕarw/y- ~ *ʕawr- ‘bird of prey’, but semantics would be slightly problematic here (‘swallow’ vs. ‘raven’). There may also be some overlapping/influence from Ar ↗warwār ‘bee-eater’ (accord. to MilitarevStolbova2007 StarLingTB from Sem *ʔarVr- ~ *warwar- ‘bee-eater, used to find honey’; cf. also Eg wr ‘swallow’, etc. – see entry ↗warwār).

▪ ? Cf. (with MilitarevStolbova2007 StarLingTB) Akk arru ‘bird used for decoy’, Syr ʔarrā ‘avis illicebra’ (< Akk ?), Tña ʔirir, ʔǝrir ‘bird which has an instinct to lead a honey gatherer to where there is honey’; ? Tña wari ‘kind of blackbird whose feathers have a metallic sheen’, Amh wari ‘a kind of blackbird’; outside Sem: Eg (Pyr) wr ‘swallow’; (WChad) Ha wā́rà ‘eagle’, (CChad) Higi-Futu, H.-Nkafa waři, H.-Kamale (Kapsiki) wəři, H.-Ghye wǝrì ‘kite’; Beja ḗrʔe ‘white-tailed sea-eagle’, (SCush) Dahalo (Sanye) weere ‘peafowl’; (NOmot) Woleta awriya ‘cock’ (< Sem?). – Or related to / influenced by ↗warwār (for cognates see s.v.) ?

▪ See above, section CONC.

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗¹taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗²ĭʕtawara, and ↗³ĭʕtawara, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)

EgAr ʕīraẗ عِيرَة

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Jul2023

√ʕWR

n.f.

false, artificial (teeth, hair) – WehrCowan1976

▪ In BadawiHinds1986, EgAr ʕīraẗ ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ is arranged under ↗√ʕYR (*‘shame, disgrace’) while it is more common to group it with ↗ʔaʕāra (↗√ʕWR) ‘to lend, loan (s.th. to s.o.)’, as the *‘borrowed’ teeth, hair, etc. This etymology seems to be obvious, and if correct, it is akin to the semantic complex *‘alternation, taking turns’ treated s.v. ↗¹taʕāwara. There may, however, also be some influence of ↗ʕawraẗ ‘defectiveness, imperfection; weakness, weak spot (hence also: pudenda, genitals)’, prob. from *‘one-eyedness’ < *‘blindness’ (↗ʔaʕwarᵘ).

▪ BadawiHinds1986 arranges corresponding values (e.g, ʔaʕārᵃ, vb. IV, ‘to second, send on secondment’, muʕār ‘out on loan’) s.r. ↗√ʕYR. In any case, cf. ↗ʔaʕāra and perh. ↗ʕawraẗ.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗¹taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗²ĭʕtawara, ↗³ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)

ʔaʕwarᵘ أَعْوَرُ , f. ʕawrāʔᵘ, pl. ʕūr

√ʕWR

adj.

one-eyed – WehrCowan1976

▪ Kogan2015 77 #8: from protWSem *ʕwr ‘to be blind’ (SED I #5ᵥ). In Ar, semantic marginalization from ‘to be blind’ into ‘to be one-eyed’ took place.¹ – The notions of ‘defectiveness, faultiness; weakness; pudendum, genitals’ expressed in the concept of ↗ʕawraẗ seem to be generalisations from the basic ‘one-eyedness’ < *‘blindness’.
▪ A relation between ‘half-eyedness’ and many other values attached to √ʕWR (↗¹taʕāwara ‘to alternate, take turns, do by turns’, ↗ʔaʕāra ‘to lend, loan s.th. to s.o.’, ↗²ĭʕtawara ‘to shape, mold, form’, ↗³ĭʕtawara ‘to stand in the way of, hinder’) looks rather unlikely.
▪ ...

1. The basic meaning ‘to be blind’ is expressed by the root ↗ʕMY, of uncertain etymology (cf. SED I #3ᵥ).

▪ Kogan2015 77 #8: Ug ʕwr, Hbr ʕiwwēr, Syr ʕwārā, Ar ʔaʕwarᵘ, Gz ʕora, Mhr ʔáywər, Jib ʕēr, Soq ʕóuhɛr. There is no trace of *ʕwr ‘to be blind’ in Akk; all the alleged cognates mentioned in SED I #5ᵥ are highly unreliable. – BDB1906 includes also forms in ‑m: Hbr ʕērōm, ʕêrōm ‘naked; nakedness’, ʕārōm, ʕârōm ‘naked’ (cf. ↗ʕRY). – Borg2021 #476: Saf ʕwr ‘to obliterate’, Ar ʕāra ‘to damage, destroy’, ʕawwara ‘to mar, spoil’, PalAr IrqAr OmanAr ‘to hurt, injure; bruise’, DamAr EgAr ‘to damage, mutilate’. – Outside Sem, Borg2021 compares Eg (Pyr) ʕwꜢ ‘to go bad, rot, become sour’ (cf. also ḥwꜢ.w ‘to rot; to putrefy; to be foul, offensive’).
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.

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►al-maʕy al-ʔaʕwarᵘ, n., caecum, blind gut

►ʕawira, a (ʕawar), vb. I, to lose an eye, be or become one-eyed: denom.?
►ʕawwara, vb. II, 1 to deprive of one eye, make blind in one eye; 2 to damage, mar, spoil; – 3 ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār (√ʕYR): D-stem, ¹caus., ²generalized caus.
►taʕāwara, vb. VI, 1 ↗s.v.; 2 to seize, grip, befall, overcome (alternately, successively) (s.o., s.th.): perh. akin to ʕawraẗ (see below and ↗s.v.)
►ĭʕtawara, vb. VIII, 1 ↗taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara 2 ↗²ĭʕtawara; 3 to stand in the way of (‑h), hinder (s.th.): Gt-stem; akin to ʔaʕwarᵘ ?
►ʕawraẗ, n.f., 1 defectiveness, faultiness, deficiency, imperfection; b (pl. -āt) weakness, weak spot; – 2 pudendum, genitals: prob. a generalised meaning dependent on *‘blindness’.
►ʕawār, ʕiwār, n., fault, blemish, defect, flaw, imperfection: similar to ʕawraẗ (see preceding item as well as ↗s.v.)

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗¹taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗²ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)

ʕWQ عوق

√ʕWQ

“root”

▪ ʕWQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ʕWQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ʕWQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘obstacle, obstruction, impediment, to obstruct, to delay, to hinder, to incapacitate’

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ʕWL عول

√ʕWL

“root”

▪ ʕWL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ʕWL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swerve; to be unjust; to have a large number of children; to increase; to be dependable’. – There is a degree of overlapping between some derivations of this root and the root ʕYL (q.v.), particularly in the associated concepts of ‘to have many children’.

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