Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2058: Within Sem, the many cognates of Ar ḫaym-at‑ have either the ‎meaning ‘tent’ (Ug ḫm-t, Gz ḫaymat, Jib ḫom = pl.) or ‘hut, cabin’ (SAr ḫym, Tgr ḫaymät, ‎Amh haym-ät), while Ḥrs ḫīm-ēt‑ can mean both.
Outside Sem the word has cognates in Berb ‎‎*γ(˅)yam‑ (ta-γyam-t, Kby a-ḫḫam, Ahg ta-ḫyam-t ‘tent’; another ta-ḫyam-t ‘village’), ‎Eg ḫm ‘temple’ (pyr), ECh *kam-kam‑ (redupl.; reconstructed from the forms kankama and kamkama).

▪ Jeffery1938: »It is found only in the pl. ḫiyām ‎in an early Meccan description of Paradise, where we are told that the Houries are maqṣūrāt fī ‘l-‎ḫiyām ‘kept close in pavilions’. – The word is obviously not Ar, and Fraenkel, Fremdw, 30, ‎though admitting that he was not certain of its origin, suggested that it came to the Arabs from ‎Abyssinia.¹ Eth [Gz] ḫaymat means ‘tentorium’, ‘tabernaculum’ (Dillmann, ‎‎Lex, 610), and translates both the Hbr אהל‏ and Grk skēnḗ. Vollers, however, in ZDMG, ‎‎1, 631, is not willing to accept this theory of Abyssinian derivation,² and thinks we must look to ‎Persia or NAfrica for its origin. The Pers ḫaymat, ḫiyam and ḫiyām, however, are direct ‎borrowings from the Ar³ and not formations from the root ‎‎√ḪMY meaning ‘curvature’. – We find the word not infrequently in the early poetry, and so it ‎must have been an early borrowing, probably from the same source as the Eth ḫaymat.«

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2058: The common Sem ancestor is to be ‎reconstructed as *ḫaym‑ ‘tent; hut, cabin’. The cognates in Berb, ‎Eg, and ECh make the ‎authors suggest a common etymon in AfrAs *q̇am‑ / *q̇ayam‑ ‘tent, house’.

1. In SAr we have ḫym, which is said to mean domus modesta (Rossini, ‎‎Glossarium, 155). 2. “ḫayma Zelt ist mir ‎verdächtig, ohne dass ich mit Sicherheit die fremde Urform angeben kann. Die Erklärung schwankt ‎in den Einzelheiten: ursprünglich primitivste Behausung scheint es allmählich mit bayt Zelt ‎gleichbedeutend geworden zu sein. Dass es durch äth. ḫaymat als echt semitisch erwiesen wird, ‎kann ich Fränkel nicht zugeben, denn viele Entlehnungen sind auf den Süden beschränkt ‎geblieben. Man muss an Persien oder Nordostafrika denken.” 3. Vullers, Lex. Pers, i, 776.

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► ḫayyama, vb. II, ‎to pitch one's tent, to camp; to settle down; to stay, linger, rest, lie down, lie; (fig.) to reign (e.g., ‎calm, silence, peace, etc.), settle: denominative.
► taḫayyama, vb. V, to pitch one's tent; to camp: denominative.

► ḫayyām, n., tentmaker: n.prof.
► ^BP#1249 muḫayyam, pl. ‑āt, n., camping ground, camp, ‎encampment: n.loc. II.

dāl دال

√

R₁

The letter d of the Arabic alphabet.

▪ From protSem *dalt‑ (*‑t‑ feminine suffix) ‘door’ – Huehnergard2011.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Cf. Engl daleth, from Hbr dālet, from Phoen *dalt ‘door, fourth letter of the Phoen alphabet’; delta, deltoid, from Grk delta, from Phoen *dalt (see above) or from a dialectal variant *dilt.

►

DʔB دأب

√DʔB

“root”

▪ DʔB_1 ‘to persist, be indefatigable’ ↗daʔaba
▪ DʔB_2 ‘habit’ ↗daʔaba

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘custom, habit, persistence, to persevere, to do regularly, day and night’

The basic idea in (W)Sem seems to be that of doing s.th. relentlessly and with great effort (and pain), over a longer period. From there, the notions of ‘persistence’ (Ar vb.), ‘becoming tired’ (Hbr, Mand) or ‘to melt, be worried, to grieve, pine away’ (JP, Hbr) as well as that of ‘habit’ (Ar n.) may have developed.

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DRS 3 (1995)#DʔB: Hbr *dāʔab ‘languir’, dᵉʔābōn ‘faiblesse, langeur’, nHbr hidʔīb ‘couler, fondre’; JP dᵉʔēb ‘couler, se tourmenter, s’inquiéter’, dᵉʔābā ‘tristesse, angoisse’, Mand dʔb ‘languir’, Ar daʔaba ‘travailler assidûment à qc., peiner, faire effort’, daʔb‑ ‘état, condition’, ʔadʔub (pl.) ‘habitude, coutume’, daʔban ‘habituellement, sur le champ’, MorAr dābā ‘maintenant’; Ḥaḍr dʔb ‘exécuter un travail’.

▪ The Ar vb. daʔaba seems to have best preserved what probably is the semantic kernel in Sem⁴ , namely the idea of doing s.th. relentlessly and with great effort (and pain), over a longer period.
▪ If this is the case, Ar daʔb ‘habit’ is secondary. Taking this for given, daʔb is treated as derivation from daʔaba.

4. Or, rather, WSem—the item is attested in the W only and cannot be traced farther back.

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