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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ḥaǧar حَجَر , pl. ʔaḥǧār, var. ḥiǧāraẗ, ḥiǧār 
ID 193 • Sw 77/154 • BP 1363 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḤǦR 
n. 
1 stone; 2 weight (placed as an equipoise on the scale of a balance) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Scarcely attested outside Ar. According to Kogan2015: 43 (fn.109), »no clear cognates have been discovered so far« for Ar ḥaǧar ʻstone’. At the same time, the author asks whether one should not »tentatively surmise a derivation from ḥǧr ‘to prevent, hinder, restrain’, with the semantic development ʻobstacle, border’ > ʻstone’?« If this should be the correct etymology, ḥaǧar ʻstone’ would, like many other items, dependend on ↗ḥaǧara ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar, be an obstacle’.
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▪ See perh. also ↗ḥaǧara.
▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤGR-1 [see ↗ḥaǧara]. – ? 2 Ar ḥaǧar, SAr ḥgr ‘pierre’, ? Gz ḥagʷər, ḥəgʷər, ḥəgur dans zabiba ḥəgur ‘pépins de raisin’. -3-4 […].
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▪ The tentative derivation, suggested by Kogan2015, of [v4] ḥaǧar ʻstone’ from √ḤǦR ‘to prevent, hinder, restrain’, does not seem impossible, but it is also not really convincing. A semantic development in the opposite direction, i.e. *ʻstone > obstacle, border > to prevent, hinder, restrain’ would sound more plausible. For the time being, however, inner-Sem evidence does not allow such a reconstruction – if it reflected historical truth, Ar would be the only Sem lang to have preserved the hypothetical primary meaning *ʻstone’. This, however, is rather unlikely, not only because no other Sem lang (except perh. SAr) connects √ḤG/ǦR with the meaning ʻstone’, but also in light of the fact that protSem had another word for ʻstone’ (protSem *ʔabn‑ – Kogan2015: 43 #81) which is widely attested in many Sem langs – but completely ousted is Ar!1
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► al-ḥaǧar al-ʔasāsī, and ḥaǧar al-ʔasās, n., the foundation stone, cornerstone; waḍʕ al-ḥaǧar al-ʔasāsī, n., laying of the cornerstone;
► ḥaǧar al-balāṭ, n., flagstone, paving stone;
► ḥaǧar ǧahannam, n., lunar caustic, silver nitrate;
► ḥaǧar al-ǧīr, n., limestone;
► ḥaǧar al-summāqī or al‑~ al-summāqī, n., porphyry;
► al-ḥaǧar al-ʔaswad, n., the Black Stone (of the Kaaba);
► ḥaǧar al-šādanaẗ, n., hematite (min.);
► ḥaǧar al-ʕaṯraẗ, n., stumbling block;
► ḥaǧar al-falāsifaẗ, n., philosopher’s stone;
► ḥaǧar al-qamar, n., salenite (tech.);
► ḥaǧar ṯamīn and ḥaǧar karīm, n., precious stone, gem;
► ṭabʕ ʕalà ’l-ḥaǧar , n., litograph;
► ṭabāʕaẗ al-ḥaǧar, n.f., lithography.

►ḥaǧǧara, vb. II, 1 to petrify, turn into stone (s.th.); 2 to make hard as stone (s.th.): D-stem, denom., caus.
►taḥaǧǧara, vb. V, to turn to stone, petrify, become petrified: Dt-stem, refl. of II.

►ḥaǧarī, adj., stony, stone (adj.): nisba formation | al-ʕaṣr al-ḥaǧarī , n., the Stone Age; al-ʕaṣr al-ḥaǧarī al-ḥadīṯ, n., the Neolithic period; al-ʕaṣr al-ḥaǧarī al-qadīm, n., the Paleolithic period
►ḥaǧir, adj., stony, petrified.
►ḥaǧǧār, n., stone mason, stone cutter: n.prof.
►maḥǧir, pl. maḥāǧirᵘ, n., 1 (stone) quarry; 2 ↗s.v.: n.loc.
►taḥǧīr, n., 1 petrification; 2 stone quarrying: vn. II.
►taḥaǧǧur, n., petrification: vn. V.
►mutaḥaǧǧir, adj., petrified: PA V.
►mustaḥǧir, adj., petrified: PA X.
 
ḤǦZ حجز 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9Mar2023
√ḤǦZ 
“root” 
▪ ḤǦZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḤǦZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḤǦZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘barrier, dam, to separate, put a stop to, deny; to knot a belt, truss up a camel in order to treat body sores’ 
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ḤDː (ḤDD) حدّ / حدد 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḤDː(ḤDD) 
“root” 
▪ ḤDː (ḤDD)_1 ‘cutting edge; border; limit; degree; legal punishment’ ↗ḥadd
▪ ḤDː (ḤDD)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘boundary, edge; to limit, to delimit; to sharpen, to hone; to define, to distinguish; to become angry; (of sight) to be sharp; to be in mourning; to oppose, to act contrary to, iron’ 
▪ From protSem *√ḤDD ‘to be(come) sharp’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤDD- 1 Akk edēdu ‘être ou devenir pointu’, edd‑ ‘pointu’, Hbr ḥad ‘aigu’, Aram ḥadded, Ar ḥadda (u) ‘aiguiser’, (i) ‘être aiguisé’, ḥadd ‘tranchant d’une lame, force, bravoure; pénétration’. – Akk eddetu ‘buis’. – -?2 Ar ḥadīd ‘fer’, ḥidādaẗ ‘métier de forgeron’, Mhr ḥədáyd (f.), Ḥrs ḥədéd, Jib ḥádíd ‘fer’, ḥədd ‘travailler le métal’; Gz ḥadid ‘fer’, ḥadada ‘être fort, marteler, piler, moudre’, Te ḥaddad ‘forgeron’, Amh ḥadid ‘rail’. -3 Ar ḥadda ‘limiter, tracer des limites, contenir, limiter, refuser qc à qn’, ḥadd ‘limite, terme; châtiment’, maḥdūd ‘limité, circonscrit, borné’, ḥadda, ʔaḥadda ‘observer la retraite légale (veuve), porter le deuil (femme)’, YemAr yiḥidd(oh) ‘même, au plus, au maximum’, Mhr Jib Soq ḥad, Ḥrs ḥəd, ḥad ‘limite, frontière’, Jib aḥdéd ‘fixer des limites’; Sab ḥdd ‘consacrer?’, Min s¹ḥd ‘interdire’, Ar ḥadda ‘s’emporter contre qn’, Soq inḥádid ‘se fâcher’, Jib ḥədd ‘pousser; harceler qn pour obtenir qu’il fasse ce que l’on souhaite’; Mhr ḥáttəd-əm, Jib ḥɔ́ttəd ‘se quereller en gesticulant’. -4 Mhr Ḥrs ḥəd ‘tirer; se retirer, se détourner, fuir’, EJib ḥéd ‘tirer’, Soq ḥdd ‘courir’, Ḥrs ḥátted ‘s’égarer’.
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▪ Engl hudud ↗ḥadd. 
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