Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Usually considered an inner-Sem loan (from Syr), but as such related to ↗ʕāda ‘to return’ (a feast as s.th. *‘returning regularly’), ultimately from protWSem *√ʕWD ‘to turn’.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (festive day, feast day, festival) Q 5:114 rabba-nā ʔanzil ʕalaynā māʔidaẗan min-a l-samāʔi takūnu la-nā ʕīdan li-ʔawwali-nā wa-ʔāḫiri-nā ‘our Lord, send down to us a table from heaven so that it may become a recurring festival for those of us who are present and future generations’.
▪ …

▪ Syr ʕyād, ʕyādâ ‘custom, habit, rite, use’ (PayneSmith1903), TargAram ʕêd, ʔêd, ʕêdâ ‘anniversary, (idolatrous) festival’ (Jastrow1903)
▪ Cf. ↗ʕāda.
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »The sole occurrence in the Q is in the latest Madinan Sūra, in connection with Muḥammad’s curious confusion on the Lord’s supper. / The Lexicons try to derive it from ʕāda, though as we see from the discussion of al-Azharī in LA, iv: 314, they were somewhat in difficulties over it. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 276, pointed out that it has no derivation in Ar, and it was doubtless borrowed from the Syr ʕêdâ,¹ though the root is common Sem, and the Targumic ʕīdā is not impossible as the source. It would have been an early borrowing, for already in the Minaean inscriptions s-ʕyd means ‘festum instituit’ (Rossini, Glossarium, 205).«
▪ …

1. Cf. Cheikho, “Naṣrāniyya”, 173; Fischer, “Glossar”, 90.

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►ʕīd al-rusul, Day of St. Peter and Paul (Chr.)
►ʕīd al-ṣuʕūd, Ascension Day (Chr.)
►al-ʕīd al-ṣaġīr, the Minor Feast = ʕīd al-↗fiṭr
►ʕīd al-ʔaḍḥà, the Feast of Immolation, or Greater Bairam, on the 10th of Ḏū l-↗ḥiǧǧaẗ
►ʕīd al-fiṭr, the Feast of Breaking the Ramadan Fast, or Lesser Bairam, on the last of Šawwāl
►al-ʕīd al-kabīr, the Major Feast = ʕīd al-↗ʔAḍḥà the Feast of Immolation, or Greater Bairam
►ʕīd al-qiyāmaẗ, Easter (Chr.)
►ʕīd al-kiswaẗ (Eg.), the Festival of the Kiswa, celebrated in the month of Šawwāl on the occasion of the ceremonial transport of the ↗kiswaẗ from Cairo to Mecca
►ʕīd kull al-qiddīsīn, All Saints’ Day (Chr.)
►ʕīd al-↗mīlād Christmas (Chr.)

►ʕayyada, vb. II, to celebrate, or observe, a feast; to felicitate (ʕalà s.o.) on the occasion of a feast, wish (ʕalà s.o.) a merry feast: D-stem, denom.
►ʕāyada, vb. III, to felicitate (ʕalà s.o.) on the occasion of a feast, wish (ʕalà s.o.) a merry feast: L-stem, denom.
►ʕīdiyyaẗ, n.f., gift, present given on the occasion of a feast; New Year’s present: nsb-formation, f.
►muʕāyadaẗ, n.f., cocelebration, exchange of felicitations; (pl. āt) congratulatory call on feast days: vn. III.

For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕāda, ↗ʕūd, ↗ʕādaẗ, ↗ʕādī, ↗ʕiyādaẗ, and ↗ʕād, as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD.

ʕYR عير

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 17Jul2023

√ʕYR

“root”

▪ ʕYR_1 ‘to wander, stray, roam, rove’ ↗ʕāra; ‘caravan’ ↗ʕīr; ‘scoundrel, vagabond, vagrant’ ↗¹ʕayyār
▪ ʕYR_2 ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’ ↗ʕār; ‘to reproach, blame, rebuke, condemn; to insult, revile’ ↗ʕayyara
▪ ʕYR_3 ‘standard measure, standard, gauge (measures, weights) ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār
▪ ʕYR_4 ‘wild ass, onager’ ↗¹ʕayr
▪ ʕYR_5 ‘crane (machine)’ ↗²ʕayyār
▪ ʕYR_6 ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ (EgAr) ↗ʕīraẗ (arranged s.r. ↗ʕWR)

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†ʕYR_7 ‘to be overspread with green moss (water): ^†ʕayyara
▪ ^†ʕYR_8 ‘to set (a horse) free; to fatten (a horse); to pluck out (the hair of the tail): ^†ʔaʕāra
▪ ^†ʕYR_9 ‘prominence\ridge in the middle of the iron head or blade of an arrow or of a spear, sword, knife, etc.; prominent line, like a little wall, in the middle of a leaf; its middle rib, the spine, i.e., the prominent part, in the middle of the scapula\shoulderblade; prominent\projecting bone in the middle of the hand; ... any prominent\protuberant bone in the body; line on a map; edge\ridge of a rock, naturally prominent; anything prominent\protuberant in an even thing, or in the middle of an even thing [or surface]; pupil of the eye; king, chief; wooden peg; drum’: ^†²ʕayr (Lane v 1874, Hava1899)
▪ ^†ʕYR_ ‘...’: ^†...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘donkey, zebra; chief; pupil of the eye; to run away, vagabond; caravan, to measure; infamy, to exchange insults; to borrow and loan’

▪ [gnrl] : In MSA, the root ʕYR displays 3 main values: [v1] ‘to wander, roam around’, [v2] ‘shame, disgrace’, and [v3] ‘standard measure, standard’. The position of [v4] ‘wild ass, onager’ is unclear (forming a unit with [v1]?). Historically, also a fifth value, ^†[v9] ‘prominent\protuberant part of s.th.’, should prob. be taken into consideration as a basic value. Given the lack of Sem or extra-Sem cognates (except for [v2] and [v4]), the relation, or non-relation, among these 4-5 values is hard to determine. Should one, for instance, assume a development where ‘wandering around’ is based on ‘wild ass’ and later came to be identified with ‘shame, disgrace’? Or where ‘standard measure’ is dependent on ‘to wander’, as the index on the scales *‘goes to and fro’, in this way showing the im-/balance? Or where the pointer is regarded as the ‘prominent part’ of the scales? – The remaining values are either dependent on one of these 4-5 or better grouped with another root (↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW, ↗ʕRY).
▪ [v1] : To ʕāra ‘to wander, stray, roam, rove’ and ʕīr ‘caravan’, the relation among which is evident, belongs not only ¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel, vagabond, vagrant’, but perh. also [v4] ¹ʕayr ‘donkey’, as *‘estray, scatterling’ (so BDB1906). Or is [v1] ‘wandering, etc.’ denom. from [v4]̀ ‘donkey’ (as *‘roaming around, straying like a wild ass’)? Given the lack of Sem cognates for the value ‘wandering, etc.’, such a dependence is prob. worth considering. – Perh. also ^†[v7] ^†ʕayyara ‘to be overspread with green moss (water)’ has to be seen as D-stem coined from ‘wandering, etc.’ with ints. meaning, likening the rampant spread of moss over water to an aimless *‘wandering, roaming, going astray’. – Any relation betw. [v1] ‘wandering, roaming around’ and [v2] ‘shame, disgrace, etc.’ and/or [v3] ‘standard measure’?
▪ [v2] : Ar ʕār ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’ and ʕayyara ‘to reproach, blame, rebuke, condemn; to insult, revile’ have obvious cognates in Hbr, SAr, Śḥr, Gz, Te, Tña, perh. also Akk, so that one may assume a deeper (W?)Sem dimension. – Any relation betw. [v1] ‘wandering, roaming around’ and [v2] ‘shame, disgrace, etc.’? A ¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel, vagabond, vagrant’ used to be regarded as base and ignoble...
▪ [v3] ʕiyār, miʕyār ‘standard measure, standard, gauge (measures, weights)’: etymology obscure (but cf. below, section DISC); perh. related to [v1] ‘wander, etc.’ (the index of scales *‘going to and fro’) or ^†[v9] *‘prominent\protuberant part of s.th.’ (as the scales show the excess of weight etc.)?
▪ [v4] Kogan2015 124#2 (cf. (SED II #50): from WSem *ʕayr ‘donkey’.¹ – On account of extra-Sem evidence StarlingTB further reconstructs AfrAs *ʕay/wr- ‘donkey (and horse?)’ and posits kinship also with IndEur terms. The authors further see a relation to Sem *ḥ˅wār- ‘young (of camel, donkey)’ < AfrAs *ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- ‘(young of) donkey, camel’.
▪ [v5] ²ʕayyār ‘crane (machine)’: prob. related to [v3] ʕiyār ‘gauge (measures, weights)’, orig. *‘crane of a pair of scales’. Or specialised use of ints. (FaʕʕāL) var. of ClassAr ^†ʕāʔir ‘going to and fro, and round about’ (pointer on scales)? Or from [v4], a crane being a weight-carrying *‘donkey’? Or fig. use of ¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel’, as tools sometimes are likened to persons or professions? (cf. Engl jack for a ‘car lifter’, or dialAr ḥarāmī ‘thieve’ for an electric ‘plug, adapter’?
▪ [v6] : EgAr ʕīraẗ (invar.) ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ (also attested in Hava1899 as ^†ʕiyāraẗ al-šaʕr ‘wig, false hair’) is treated in EtymArab s.r. ↗√ʕWR (as akin to ↗ʔaʕāra ‘to lend, borrow’), but arranged s.r. ↗√ʕYR by BadawiHinds1986, suggesting that the item is akin to [v2] ↗ʕār ‘dishonour, disgrace’, ʕayyar (II) ‘to taunt (s.o.) by mentioning his/her faults or failures’, etc.
▪ ^†[v7] : ^†ʕayyara ‘to be overspread with green moss (water)’ is prob. fig. use of [v1] (see above).
▪ ^†[v8] : ^†ʔaʕāra ‘to set (a horse) free; to fatten (a horse); to pluck out (the hair of the tail)’: three rather different values treated in one here for the sake of convenience; none of them seems to be related to the common ↗ʔaʕāra ‘to lend, borrow’ (√ʕWR).
▪ ^†[v9] : The basic value of ^†²ʕayr seems to be ‘anything prominent\protuberant\projecting’. If this assumption is valid, ^†²ʕayr (which evidently must be distinguished from ¹ʕayr ‘donkey’) could be at the basis of [v3] ʕiyār, miʕyār ‘standard measure, standard, gauge (measures, weights)’ and [v5] ²ʕayyār ‘crane (machine)’ (see above), as s.th. that shows the tipping of the scales, see above.
▪ ...

1. StarlingTB Sem#1977 reconstruct protSem *ʕayr- ‘(male) donkey’ (cf. also *y˅ʕr- ‘kid, calf, goat’), but there is no ESem dimension –Akk Mr ḫāru ~ ḫaʔaru ~ ayaru ‘ass foal’ is borrowed from WSem, cf. e.g. Dolgopolsky2012. For the WSem word, the latter author reconstructs *ʕayr-/ʕīr‑ ‘male wild ass, ass foal’.

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▪ [v1] BDB1906: (Hbr ʕyr), Ar ʕāra ‘to go away, go hither and thither, »whence« ¹ʕayr ‘(wild) ass’, Hbr ʕayir ‘male ass’.
▪ [v2] Leslau2006 (CDG): Akk âru [?]¹ , Hbr ʕyr ‘to revile’ (Po ʕōrēr), SAr ʕyr ‘disgrace, shame’, Śḥr ʕer ‘disgrace’, Ar ʕayyara ‘to revile’, Gz ʕayyara ‘to rebuke, reproach, (T) despise, mock, make fun of’, Te ʕayyära ‘to insult’, Tña ʕayyärä ‘to joke, jest’
▪ [v3] ʕiyār, miʕyār ‘standard measure, standard, gauge (measures, weights)’: no obvious cognates, but cf. perh. [v1] or ^†[v9] (see above, section CONC); see also below, section DISC.
▪ [v4] StarlingTB Sem #1977, Kogan2015 124#2, Borg2021 #480: Ug ʕr (Tropper2008: /ʕêru/) ‘donkey’, Hbr ʕayir postBiblHbr ‘foal, young full-grown ass’,² ʕīr³ ‘male donkey’, postBiblHbr ‘foal of a donkey’, JudAram *ʕayir (only in pl. ʕayrīn) ‘foal’, Sam ʕyr ’young ass’, Mhr ḥayr, Jib (Kathīri) aḥyɛ́r ‘male donkey’, ḥīrīt ‘female donkey’, Ḥrs ḥayr ’donkey’, ḥayrēt ’she-donkey’, Saf ʕr, Taym ʕyr, Ar ¹ʕayr ‘domestic and wild ass’, ʕayraẗ ‘ânesse et femelle de l’onagre’, ʕuyayr, ʕiyayr ‘ânon, poulain d’âne ou d’onagre’. – According to Kogan, Te ʕayro ‘young camel three years old; (fig.) young man’ (given in SED, StarLingTB, etc.) is too isolated to be taken as a reliable cognate.⁴ – Outside Sem, Borg2021 compares Eg (OK) ʕꜢ, Dem ʕꜢ, Copt ⲉⲓⲱ ‘ass’. – In addition, StarLingTB lists (WChad) Pero áurà ‘donkey’, (Omot) Kafa (Kaficho) awarō, EMao (Diddesa) wɔɔre ‘horse’, as well as (IndEur) Arm oroǯ ‘agnus, -a’, erinǯ ‘vitula, juvenca, bos’, Grk éripho-s (m./f.) ‘junger Bock, junge Ziege’, Slav *ā́rъka, *ā́rę̄, *ā́rьcь ‘goat’, Balt *ē̂r-a- (c.), (Ital) Lat ariēs ‘Widder, Schafbock; Seewidder’, Umbr erietu ‘arietem’, (Celt) oIr heirp ‘dama, capra’, mIr earb, fearb ‘Damtier’; (Kartvel) Georg irem- ‘deer’, SDrav *IraLai ‘deer’.
▪ [v5] ²ʕayyār ‘crane (machine)’: no obvious cognates, see above, section CONC, [v1] and [v3]-[v4].
▪ [v6] : EgAr ʕīraẗ (invar.) ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’: see ↗s.v. (arranged sub ↗√ʕWR); cf. also above, section CONC.
▪ ^†[v7] : see prob. [v1].
▪ ^†[v8] : ?
▪ ^†[v9] : ^†²ʕayr *‘anything prominent\protuberant\projecting’: no obvious cognates.

1. Posited by Leslau, following Kinnier Wilson 1962 (JSS 7: 181); but semantics are problematic – CAD gives: ‘to go, advance (against a person), turn against a person, confront, oppose, attack’. 2. The meaning ‘young ass, foal’, typical of the postBibl language, is most probably attested already in Gn 32.16 (ʔătōnōt wa-ʕyārīm ‘donkey mares and foals’, following a number of similar word-pairs). 3. Hapax in Gn 49.11. 4. Leslau (1990:165) assumes a borrowing from Ar ʕayrān ‘swift camel’, which may be reasonable in spite of the formal difference. – Cf. also BalqāʔAr ʕāyir, NajdAr ʕayraẗ ‘thoroughbred camel’, given by Borg2021.

▪ [v3] ʕiyār, miʕyār ‘standard measure, standard, gauge (measures, weights): Lindberg1897: 87 compares Gz ʕarräyä with Ar ʕāyara ‘to make even’ (Leslau2006 CDG, s.v. ʕarraya).
▪ [v4]: StarlingTB Sem#1977 reconstructs: protSem *ʕayr- ‘(male) donkey’² – Cf. also Sem *y˅ʕr- ‘kid, calf, goat’).)], Eg *ʕ˅r- ‘ass’, WChad *(H)awr- ‘donkey’ (otherwise <*ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- ‘(young of) donkey, camel’), Omot *(H)awar- ‘horse’, all from a hypothetical AfrAs *ʕay/wr- ‘donkey (and horse?)’. – Outside AfrAr, the authors reconstruct protIndEur *ar-/e- ‘lamb, kid’ < IndEur *ē̆r- (?) < Eurasiatic: *ʔir˅ ‘ungulate’, < Borean (approx.) *H˅R˅ ‘ungulateʼ. – Based on the same evidence, Dolgopolsky2012 reconstructs WSem *ʕayr-/*ʕīr- ‘male wild ass, ass foal’, Kart *°ir- ‘deer’, Drav *ir- ‘deer, stag’, NaIE *er(i)-bʰ- (with the suffix *-bʰ(o)- of animal names), all from a hypothetical Nostr *ʕiR˹i˺ ‘(male, young) big ungulate’.
▪ ...

2. The earliest evidence for this root is h̊āru (h̊aʔaru, ayaru) ‘donkey foal’ in oBab Mari, clearly borrowed from WSem. Otherwise related to Sem *ḥ˅wār- ‘young (of camel, donkey)’. — Extra-Sem cognates would include Berb *Hawr- ‘a year-old camel’ (ḥ/har- ‘camel’, SaAf *ḥ˅r- ‘female donkey’, LECush HECush *ḥ/harr- ‘donkey’, Warazi (Dullay) *ḥarri ‘ass’, Omot *ḥ/harr- ‘donkey’, all from AfrAs *ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- ‘(young of) donkey, camel’.

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ʕār‑ / ʕir‑ عارَ , ī (ʕayr)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 19Jul2023

√ʕYR

vb., I

to wander, stray, roam, rove – WehrCowan1976

▪ No obvious cognates in Sem.
▪ The G-stem vb. clearly forms a semantic unit with ↗ʕīr ‘caravan’ and is prob. also the basis from which ↗¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel, vagabond, vagrant’ (*‘person who roams around a lot’) and the obsolete ^†ʕayyara ‘to be overspread with green moss (water)’ are derived (the latter as D-stem with ints. meaning, likening the rampant spread of moss over water to an aimless *‘wandering, roaming, going astray’).
▪ Less obvious, but still not unlikely is a (far) kinship between ‘wandering, roaming, etc.’ and ^†²ʕayr (↗^†ʕYR_9) with the general meaning *‘anything prominent\protuberant\projecting’.² The basic ‘going to and fro, and round about’ is conceivable as having acquired the fig. meaning of *‘excessing a limit\boundary’ in going to and fro, thus being ‘prominent, protuberant, projecting’. The notion of *‘excessing’ could also be imagined to form the basis of the ↗ʕār ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’ – see below.
▪ Relation to ↗¹ʕayr ‘donkey’ unclear: Is ‘donkey’ deverbative, as *‘estray, scatterling’ (so BDB1906), or is ‘wandering, etc.’ denominative from ‘donkey’ (< *‘roaming around, straying like a wild ass’)? Given the lack of Sem cognates for ʕāra as compared to the wide attestation of ‘donkey’, such a dependence is well worth considering.
▪ Any relation betw. ‘wandering, roaming around’ and the semantic field of ↗ʕār ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’, roaming around being regarded as ignoble, disgraceful, an attribute of vagrants and vagabonds? Or their appearance and doings as an *‘excess’, a *‘going beyond’ the norms of society (see above)? Cf. also D-stem ↗ʕayyara ‘to reproach, blame, rebuke, condemn; to insult, revile’ (with obvious cognates in Hbr, SAr, Śḥr, Gz, Te, Tña, perh. also Akk) – from orig. *‘to accuse of roaming around, going beyond the norms’ (see ↗¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel, vagabond, vagrant’)?
▪ Any relation betw. ‘wandering, roaming around’ and ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār ‘standard measure, standard, gauge (measures, weights)’, the pointer/index on a pair of scales *‘going to and fro’ and finally showing the balance or difference in weight etc.?
▪ ...

2. Actual values vary betw. ‘prominence\ridge in the middle of the iron head or blade of an arrow or of a spear, sword, knife, etc.; prominent line, like a little wall, in the middle of a leaf; its middle rib, the spine, i.e., the prominent part, in the middle of the scapula\shoulderblade; prominent\projecting bone in the middle of the hand; ... any prominent\protuberant bone in the body; line on a map; edge\ridge of a rock, naturally prominent; anything prominent\protuberant in an even thing, or in the middle of an even thing [or surface]; pupil of the eye; king, chief; wooden peg; drum’, etc. – Lane v 1874, Hava1899.

▪ No obvious cognates, cf. above, section CONC.
▪ ...

▪ ...

–

Semantic affiliation or non-affiliation of many items unclear, see above, section CONC.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕayyara, ↗ʕār, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕīr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗¹ʕayyār, ↗²ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

ʕayyar‑ عَيَّرَ , ‑ʕayyir‑ (taʕyīr)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 19Jul2023

√ʕYR

vb., II

1a to reproach, upbraid, blame, rebuke, condemn (s.o., ‑h, bi-, ʕalà for); b to abuse, insult, revile (s.o.), rail (-h at s.o.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ The D-stem vb. ʕayyara seems to be declarative from ↗ʕār ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’. The value has obvious cognates in Hbr, SAr, Śḥr, Gz, Te, Tña, perh. also Akk, so that one may assume a deeper (W?)Sem dimension.
▪ Any relation betw. this value and ↗ʕāra ‘to wander, stray, roam, rove’? A ↗¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel, vagabond, vagrant’ used to be regarded as base and ignoble...
▪ For further speculation, see ↗ʕāra.
▪ ...

▪ Leslau2006 (CDG): Akk âru [?]⁵ , Hbr ʕyr ‘to revile’ (Po ʕōrēr), SAr ʕyr ‘disgrace, shame’, Śḥr ʕer ‘disgrace’, Ar ʕayyara ‘to revile’, Gz ʕayyara ‘to rebuke, reproach, (T) despise, mock, make fun of’, Te ʕayyära ‘to insult’, Tña ʕayyärä ‘to joke, jest’
▪ ...

5. Posited by Leslau, following Kinnier Wilson 1962 (JSS 7: 181); but semantics are problematic – CAD gives: ‘to go, advance (against a person), turn against a person, confront, oppose, attack’.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗ʕār, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕīr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗¹ʕayyār, ↗²ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

ʕār عار , pl. ʔaʕyār

ID – • Sw – • BP 3006 • APD … • © SG | 19Jul2023

√ʕYR

shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy (ʕalà for) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Together with the declar. D-stem vb. ↗ʕayyara ‘to reproach, upbraid, blame, rebuke, condemn’ (*< ‘to accuse of shameful behaviour’), ʕār seems has obvious cognates in Hbr, SAr, Śḥr, Gz, Te, Tña, perh. also Akk, so that one may assume a deeper (W?)Sem dimension.
▪ Any relation betw. this value and ↗ʕāra ‘to wander, stray, roam, rove’? A ↗¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel, vagabond, vagrant’ used to be regarded as base and ignoble... – According to Nişanyan, ClassAr lexicographers used to group ʕār under √ʕYR ‘to go, make a move’, but from a semantic perspective, it seems to make better sense (why, exactly?) to group it with ↗√ʕWR (NişanyanSözlük_17Apr2015).
▪ For further speculation, see ↗ʕāra.
▪ ...

▪ Leslau2006 (CDG): Akk âru [?]⁶ , Hbr ʕyr ‘to revile’ (Po ʕōrēr), SAr ʕyr ‘disgrace, shame’, Śḥr ʕer ‘disgrace’, Ar ʕayyara ‘to revile’, Gz ʕayyara ‘to rebuke, reproach, (T) despise, mock, make fun of’, Te ʕayyära ‘to insult’, Tña ʕayyärä ‘to joke, jest’
▪ ...

6. Posited by Leslau, following Kinnier Wilson 1962 (JSS 7: 181); but semantics are problematic – CAD gives: ‘to go, advance (against a person), turn against a person, confront, oppose, attack’.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

▪ Tu ar, arsız, arsızlık, etc.
▪ ...

►ʕayyara, vb. II, 1a to reproach, upbraid, blame, rebuke, condemn (s.o., ‑h, bi-, ʕalà for); b to abuse, insult, revile (s.o.), rail (-h at s.o.): D-stem, declar.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕīr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗¹ʕayyār, ↗²ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

¹ʕayr عَيْر , pl. ʔaʕyār

√ʕYR

wild ass, onager – WehrCowan1976

▪ Kogan2015 124#2 (cf. (SED II #50): from WSem *ʕayr ‘donkey’.³ – On account of extra-Sem evidence StarlingTB further reconstructs AfrAs *ʕay/wr- ‘donkey (and horse?)’ and posits kinship also with IndEur terms. The authors further see a relation to Sem *ḥ˅wār- ‘young (of camel, donkey)’ < AfrAs *ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- ‘(young of) donkey, camel’.
▪ Any relation betw. ¹ʕayr and ↗ʕāra ‘to wander, stray, roam, rove’, a donkey being an *‘estray, scatterling’? (This seems to be the opinion of BDB1906.) – Or is ‘wandering, etc.’ denom. from ‘donkey’, as *‘roaming around, straying like a wild ass’? Given the lack of Sem cognates for the value ‘wandering, etc.’, such a dependence is prob. worth considering.
▪ Relation betw. ¹ʕayr and ↗ʕār ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’ as well as ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār ‘standard measure, standard, gauge (measures, weights)’ looks rather unlikely.
▪ ↗²ʕayyār ‘crane (machine)’ could be thought of as *‘(weight-carrying) “donkey”’; but it is rather akin to ↗ʕiyār ‘gauge (measures, weights)’
▪ Historically, ʕayr is also attested with several other meanings: ^†‘pupil of the eye; prominent line on a map, a leaf; mountain; projecting bone of the hand, or the body; king, chief; wooden peg; drum’ (see ↗^†ʕYR_9). It seems hard to connect these values to ‘donkey, wild ass, onager’. It is therefore prob. better to distinguish ^†¹ʕayr ‘donkey’ from ^†²ʕayr *‘anything prominent\protuberant\projecting’.
▪ ...

3. StarlingTB Sem#1977 reconstruct protSem *ʕayr- ‘(male) donkey’ (cf. also *y˅ʕr- ‘kid, calf, goat’), but there is no ESem dimension – Akk Mr ḫāru ~ ḫaʔaru ~ ayaru ‘ass foal’ is borrowed from WSem, cf. e.g. Dolgopolsky2012. For the WSem word, the latter author reconstructs *ʕayr-/ʕīr‑ ‘male wild ass, ass foal’.

▪ ...

▪ StarlingTB Sem #1977, Kogan2015 124#2, Borg2021 #480: Ug ʕr (Tropper2008: /ʕêru/) ‘donkey’, Hbr ʕayir postBiblHbr ‘foal, young full-grown ass’,⁷ ʕīr⁸ ‘male donkey’, postBiblHbr ‘foal of a donkey’, JudAram *ʕayir (only in pl. ʕayrīn) ‘foal’, Sam ʕyr ’young ass’, Mhr ḥayr, Jib (Kathīri) aḥyɛ́r ‘male donkey’, ḥīrīt ‘female donkey’, Ḥrs ḥayr ’donkey’, ḥayrēt ’she-donkey’, Saf ʕr, Taym ʕyr, Ar ¹ʕayr ‘domestic and wild ass’, ʕayraẗ ‘ânesse et femelle de l’onagre’, ʕuyayr, ʕiyayr ‘ânon, poulain d’âne ou d’onagre’. – According to Kogan, Te ʕayro ‘young camel three years old; (fig.) young man’ (given in SED, StarLingTB, etc.) is too isolated to be taken as a reliable cognate.⁹ – Outside Sem, Borg2021 compares Eg (OK) ʕꜢ, Dem ʕꜢ, Copt ⲉⲓⲱ ‘ass’. – In addition, StarLingTB lists (WChad) Pero áurà ‘donkey’, (Omot) Kafa (Kaficho) awarō, EMao (Diddesa) wɔɔre ‘horse’, as well as (IndEur) Arm oroǯ ‘agnus, -a’, erinǯ ‘vitula, juvenca, bos’, Grk éripho-s (m./f.) ‘junger Bock, junge Ziege’, Slav *ā́rъka, *ā́rę̄, *ā́rьcь ‘goat’, Balt *ē̂r-a- (c.), (Ital) Lat ariēs ‘Widder, Schafbock; Seewidder’, Umbr erietu ‘arietem’, (Celt) oIr heirp ‘dama, capra’, mIr earb, fearb ‘Damtier’; (Kartvel) Georg irem- ‘deer’, SDrav *IraLai ‘deer’.
▪ ...

7. The meaning ‘young ass, foal’, typical of the postBibl language, is most probably attested already in Gn 32.16 (ʔătōnōt wa-ʕyārīm ‘donkey mares and foals’, following a number of similar word-pairs). 8. Hapax in Gn 49.11. 9. Leslau (1990:165) assumes a borrowing from Ar ʕayrān ‘swift camel’, which may be reasonable in spite of the formal difference. – Cf. also BalqāʔAr ʕāyir, NajdAr ʕayraẗ ‘thoroughbred camel’, given by Borg2021.

▪ StarlingTB Sem#1977 reconstructs: protSem *ʕayr- ‘(male) donkey’³ – Cf. also Sem *y˅ʕr- ‘kid, calf, goat’).)], Eg *ʕ˅r- ‘ass’, WChad *(H)awr- ‘donkey’ (otherwise <*ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- ‘(young of) donkey, camel’), Omot *(H)awar- ‘horse’, all from a hypothetical AfrAs *ʕay/wr- ‘donkey (and horse?)’. – Outside AfrAr, the authors reconstruct protIndEur *ar-/e- ‘lamb, kid’ < IndEur *ē̆r- (?) < Eurasiatic: *ʔir˅ ‘ungulate’, < Borean (approx.) *H˅R˅ ‘ungulateʼ. – Based on the same evidence, Dolgopolsky2012 reconstructs WSem *ʕayr-/*ʕīr- ‘male wild ass, ass foal’, Kart *°ir- ‘deer’, Drav *ir- ‘deer, stag’, NaIE *er(i)-bʰ- (with the suffix *-bʰ(o)- of animal names), all from a hypothetical Nostr *ʕiR˹i˺ ‘(male, young) big ungulate’.
▪ ...

3. The earliest evidence for this root is ḫāru (ḫaʔaru, ayaru) ‘donkey foal’ in oBab Mari, clearly borrowed from WSem. Otherwise related to Sem *ḥ˅wār- ‘young (of camel, donkey)’.[(cn :: Extra-Sem cognates would include Berb *Hawr- ‘a year-old camel’ (ḥ/har- ‘camel’, SaAf *ḥ˅r- ‘female donkey’, LECush HECush *ḥ/harr- ‘donkey’, Warazi (Dullay) *ḥarri ‘ass’, Omot *ḥ/harr- ‘donkey’, all from AfrAs *ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- ‘(young of) donkey, camel’.

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗ʕayyara, ↗ʕār, ↗ʕīr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗¹ʕayyār, ↗²ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

ʕīr عِير , pl. ʕiyarāt

√ʕYR

caravan – WehrCowan1976

▪ Akin to ↗ʕāra ‘to wander, stray, roam, rove’, itself of obscure origin.
▪ ...

▪ ↗ʕāra.
▪ ...

▪ ...

–

►lā fī ’l-ʕīr wa-fī ’l-nafīr, expr., 1a neither here nor there; b in no way, in no manner; 2 unimportant, of no consequence

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗ʕayyara, ↗ʕār, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗¹ʕayyār, ↗²ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

ʕiyār عِيار , pl. ‑āt, ʔaʕyiraẗ

√ʕYR

1 standard measure, standard, gauge (of measures and weights); 2a fineness (of gold and silver articles), standard (of gold and silver coins); b caliber; 3 (pl. ‑āt, ʔaʕyiraẗ) (rifle) shot (also ʕiyār nārī) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Etymology obscure
▪ Perh. related to ↗ʕāra ‘to wander, etc.’, the index of scales *‘going to and fro’? Or to ↗^†ʕYR_9 *‘prominent\protuberant part of s.th.’, as the scales show the excess of weight etc.? Cf. also below, section DISC.
▪ [v1] : in MSA almost exchangeable with ↗miʕyār.
▪ [v2] : specifications of the more general [v1].
▪ [v3] : meton. use of [v2b], a rifle shot being likened to the ‘calibre’ of a rifle bullet.
▪ ...

▪ No obvious cognates in Sem or outside, but cf. perh. ↗ʕāra or ^†²ʕayr (↗ʕYR_9) (see above, section CONC); see also below, section DISC.
▪ ...

▪ According to Leslau2006 (CDG, s.v. Gz ʕarraya), Lindberg1897: 87 compares Gz ʕarräyä with Ar ʕāyara (L-stem) ‘to make even’.
▪ ...

–

►ʕāyara, vb. III, to gauge (measures, weights), test the accuracy (‑h of measures, of weights)
►ʕayyār, pl. ‑ūn, n., 1 ↗¹ʕayyār; 2 (pl. -āt) crane (machine)
►^BP#1677miʕyār, n., measuring, mensuration, gauging, measurement, measure; – (pl. maʕāyīrᵘ) standard measure, standard, gauge (of measures and weights); standard; norm | miʕyār al-ʕayš, Iiving standard; miʕyār al-ḏahab, gold standard
►muʕāyaraẗ, n.f.: muʕāyaraẗ al-mawāzīn wa’l-makāyīl, verification of weights and measures of capacity (by the bureau of standards)

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗ʕayyara, ↗ʕār, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕīr, ↗¹ʕayyār, ↗²ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

¹ʕayyār عَيّار , pl. ‑ūn

√ʕYR

1a loafer, scoundrel, bum; b vagabond, vagrant; 2 ↗²ʕayyār – WehrCowan1976

▪ »ʿAyyār (Ar pl. ʿayyārūn; Pers pl. ʿayyārān) is a term used historically to refer to a member of the paramilitary chivalric bands that constituted an important element in premodern Islamic society, primarily in the pre-Mongol Middle East (the Mashriq) and the eastern Iranian lands«.⁴
▪ Prob. from ↗ʕāra ‘to wander, stray, roam, rove’ (cf. also ↗ʕīr ‘caravan’).
▪ Any relation (via ↗ʕāra?) to ↗¹ʕayr ‘donkey’ (*‘roaming around, straying like a wild ass’) or to ↗ʕār ‘shame, disgrace, etc.’, as ‘wandering, roaming, going astray’ may have been regarded as *‘disgraceful, base, ignoble’?
▪ ↗²ʕayyār ‘crane (machine)’ is prob. rather akin to ↗ʕiyār ‘gauge (measures, weights)’ than fig. use of ¹ʕayyār ‘donkey’, although a crane could be a weight-carrying *‘donkey’? Fig. use of ¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel’ is not completely inconceivable, as tools sometimes are likened to persons or professions (cf. Engl jack for a ‘car lifter’, or dialAr ḥarāmī ‘thieve’ for an electric ‘plug, adapter’.
▪ ...

4. D. Tor, art. »ʿAyyār«, in EI³; for further information on the ʿayyārūn, cf. ibid. as well as art. »ʿAyyār« (F. Taeschner) in EI².

▪ For ClassAr, Hava1899 also gives a more general meaning: ^†‘sharp, sprightly; idle (man)’
▪ ...

▪ ↗ʕāra (but cf. also above, section CONC).
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗ʕayyara, ↗ʕār, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕīr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗²ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

²ʕayyār عَيّار , pl. ‑āt

√ʕYR

1 ↗¹ʕayyār; 2 (pl. -āt) crane (machine) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Prob. related to ↗ʕiyār ‘gauge (measures, weights)’, as *‘crane of a pair of scales’, rather than fig. use of ¹ʕayyār ‘scoundrel’, though the latter option is not completely inconceivable, as tools sometimes are likened to persons or professions (cf. Engl jack for a ‘car lifter’, or dialAr ḥarāmī ‘thieve’ for an electric ‘plug, adapter’). Or specialised use of ints. (FaʕʕāL) var. of ClassAr ^†ʕāʔir ‘going to and fro, and round about’ (pointer on scales)? Cf. also ^†²ʕayr (↗^†ʕYR_9) *‘anything prominent\protuberant\projecting’ (showing the tipping of the scales)?
▪ ...

▪ No obvious cognates, see above, section CONC.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗ʕayyara, ↗ʕār, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕīr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗¹ʕayyār, and ↗miʕyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).

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