Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Jeffery1938: »There was practical agreement among the early authorities that the word means primarily ‘a balance’, and then metaphorically ‘justice’ (cf. Rāġib, Mufradāt, 413; LA, viii, 59). It was also very generally recognized as a loan-word. Some considered it as a genuine Ar word, a variant of ↗qisṭ,¹ but the weight of the authorities as we see from al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 323; Muzhir, i, 130; al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 114; al-Ṯaʕālibī, Fiqh, 318, and al-Siǧistānī, 257, was in favour of its being taken as a borrowing from Grk.² Its foreign nature is indeed indicated by the variety of spellings we find.³
It was evidently an early borrowing, for it occurs in verses of ʕAdī b. Zayd, al-Nābigha,⁴ and others. The origin of the word, however, is not easy to settle. Sachau in his notes to the Muʕarrab, p. 51, quotes Fleischer as suggesting that it goes back to the Lat constans as used of the libra.⁵ Fraenkel, Fremdw, 282, suggests a hypothetical [Grk] *koústōs as a possible origin, and in WZKM, vi, 261, would interpret it from zugostasía. Vullers, Lex, ii, 725, thought that it was probably a mangling of the Grk zeûgos ‘yoke’, and Dvořák, Fremdw, 77 ff., would derive it from xéstēs from the Lat sextarius used as a measure of fluid and dry materials.
All these suggestions seem to be under the influence of the theory of the philologers that the word is of Grk origin. It would seem much more hopeful to start from the Aram qsṭʔ, qysṭʔ, qwsṭʔ meaning ‘measure’, or the Syr qsṭā. The final s here [in Ar], however, presents a difficulty, and Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 633,⁶ suggests that it is from the Grk dikastḗs ‘judge’, which in Syr is dīqasṭōs (BB, in PSm, 891), and with the d- taken as the genitive particle, would give us qasṭōs. This, influenced by the similar dqasṭā also = dikastḗs, would give us qisṭās. This is very ingenious and may be true, but Mingana, Syr Influence, 89, thinks it simpler to take it from [Syr] qsṭā representing xéstēs in some form in which the final -s had survived.«

1. See Zam. on xxvi, 182, and the remarks in TA, iv, 218. 2. See also al-Suyūṭī, Muzhir, i, 137; Ibn Qutayba (Adab al-Kātib), 527; al-Ḫafāǧī, 156; al-Suyūṭī, Mutaw, 49. 3. al-Ǧawālīqī notes qusṭās, qisṭās, qusṭār; to which we may add from TA quṣṭās and qiṣṭās. 4. Fraenkel, WZKM, vi, 258, however, thinks the verse attributed to al-Nābiġa is under Qurʔānic influence. 5. On which see Fraenkel, Fremdw, 198. It was rejected by Nöldeke, but defended by Ginzburg in Zapiski, viii, 145 ff. 6. See also 1, 620; li, 301, 323.

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QSM قسم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 1May2023

√QSM

“root”

▪ QSM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ QSM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ QSM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to divide, partition, share out; portion, section; to divine, seek to know the future, ponder; to swear, oath; truce, allies; countenance, good looks, features; market place’

▪ From WSem *√QSM ‘to divide, distribute, assign, ordain, practice divination’, noun *qasm‑, *qism‑ ‘divination’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl kismet, from Ar ↗qismaẗ ‘portion, lot, destiny, fate’, from ↗qasama, vb. I, ‘to divide, distribute, assign, foreordain’.

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QSW/Y قسو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 1May2023

√QSW/Y

“root”

▪ QSW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ QSW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ QSW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hardness, harshness, severity; to be solid, be hard, be cruel, suffer, be harsh’

▪ …

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QŠʕR قشعر

√QŠʕR

“root”

▪ QŠʕR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ QŠʕR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ QŠʕR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shudder, tremor, shiver; to tremble, shudder; (of earth) to dry and crack up, (of skin) to become rough and hard, become wrinkled; cucumber’

▪ …

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*QṢ‑ قصـ

√*QṢ-

2-cons. "root nucleus"

to clip – Ehret1989#42.

According to Ehret1989, this is the Ar reflex of a bi-consonantal »pre-Proto-Semitic« (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *ḲṢ- ‘to clip’. For 3-radical extensions see section DERIV below.

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▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ Cf. also ↗*QṬ- ‘to cut’ and extensions.

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According to Ehret1989#42, 3-radical extensions from the bi-consonantal "root nucleus" include:

► + Ø (gemination of R₂) => ↗qaṣṣa ‘to cut off, clip (with scissors)’
► + »extendative« *‑b => ↗qaṣaba ‘to cut, cut off, dissect, cut up, carve up (a slaughtered animal)’
► + »modifier suffix« *‑r => ↗qaṣura ‘to be(come) short(er)’¹
► + »sunderative« *‑ʕ => ↗qaṣaʕa ‘to grind, crush, bruise, squash, mash, (Ehret1989: to kill a louse between the nails, i.e. to pinch off)’
► + »finitive« *‑l => ↗qaṣala ‘to cut off, mow off’
► + »noun suffix« (vb. < n.) *‑m => ↗qaṣama ‘to break, shatter (Ehret1989: break entirely, fragment, piece)’.

1. Cf. etymologies of ‘short’ in Engl, Span, etc.

QṢː (QṢṢ) قصّ / قصص

√QṢː (QṢṢ)

“root”

▪ QṢː (QṢṢ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ QṢː (QṢṢ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cut, clip, cut off, shear, curtail, scissors, chips, cuttings; to match, retaliate, reprisal; to follow up, settle accounts on both sides; to relate, story, narrative, tale; to track, tracker; breastbone’

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