Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Cf. Engl gamma, from Grk gamma, from Phoen *gaml ‘throwstick (?), third letter of the Phoen alphabet’; gimel, from Hbr gîmel ‘gimel’, alteration of Phoen *gaml (see above) - Huehnergard2011.

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ǦʔR جأر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦʔR

“root”

▪ ǦʔR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦʔR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦʔR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of cattle) to low; to cry for help; anxiety; (of plants) to grow tall and plentiful; to be stout’

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Ǧālūt جالوت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 22Oct2022

√ǦāLūT, ǦLT

n.prop.

Goliath

▪ According to Jeffery1938, the Qurʔānic Ǧālūt is (prob. influenced by Hbr gālûṯ, Aram galūṯā ‘exile’) from Hbr Gālyaṯ ‘Goliath’.
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▪ Q 249-51.
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▪ Jeffery1938: »There was very general agreement among the Muslim authorities that the name was not Arabic, even Rāġib, Mufradāt, 94 […]; cf. also al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 46; LA, ii, 325; TA, i, 535. / Clearly Ǧālūt is an attempt to reproduce the Hbr Gālyaṯ of the OT narrative, of which the Qur’ānic story is obviously a garbled version.¹ Hirschfeld, New Researches, 13, suggested that the Qurʔānic / form is due to Muḥammad’s informant having misread the [Hbr] Gālyaṯ of his MS as Gālûṯ, which of course it was very easy to do, and vowelling it [Hbr] Gālûṯ gave Muḥammad his Ǧālūt. This is very ingenious and has in its favour the fact that the Goliath story occurs only in the late Madina period when Muḥammad was beginning to pick up more and more detailed information from the Jews. It is difficult, however, to think that any Jewish informant skilled enough to read the Hbr text would not have known the Biblical story well enough to have avoided such a mistake, unless indeed he deliberately misled Muḥammad. / Like the Aram glwtʔ (Syr galūṯā),² the word [Hbr] gālûṯ means an exile, and in the Talmud (e.g. Sukkah, 31a), the Exilarch is called ryš glwtʔ, so Horovitz, KU, 106, suggests that this glwt, which must have been commonly used among the Jews of Arabia, may have become confused in Muḥammad’s mind with the Gālyaṯ of the Biblical story, and so have given rise to Ǧālūt. In any case we are safe in attributing the introduction of the name to Muḥammad himself, for no trace of it can be found in pre-Islamic days.³ «
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1. Geiger, 182; Syez, Eigennamen, 44. 2. Which indeed was borrowed into Armenian. Cf. gałowť Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 301). 3. It occurs in a verse of the Jewish poet as-Samawʔal, but Nöldeke, ZA, xxvii, 178, shows that the verse in question is post-Islamic and under Qur’ānic influence.

▪ Not from Ar Ǧālūt but ultimately from the same Hbr source are the Western names for the Biblical giant, e.g., Engl Goliath, 1590s, from lLat Goliath, from Hbr Gālyaṯ, name of the Philistine giant slain by David (I Samuel xvii).
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–

ǧāmūs جامُوس , pl. ǧamāmīsᵘ

√ǦāMūS, ǦMS

buffalo – WehrCowan1979.

From the same mPers etymon as modPers gāvmīš ‘(water) buffalo’, from Av gāvo-māešī ‘id.’, lit. ‘cow-sheep/ram’, first component from IE *gʷou‑ ‘cow, ox, bull, domestic animal’ (which also gave, with reduction to the female, Germ *k(w)ōw‑ ‘cow’, cf. Engl cow, G Kuh; Kluge2002: cf. also Sum gu_x, gud, guř_x ‘domestic ox, bull’¹ ? ), second component from (Nourai:) IE *moiso ‘sheep’.

1. Halloran3.0

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GMŠ-1-3 .... -4 Syr gawmūš, gamīšā, Mnd gamušan, gamišan, gamšin, Ar ǧāmūs ‘buffle’, Gz Te gamus : tête de bétail européen sans bosse, Amh Arg goš, Har goōš, Gur gäs ‘buffle’; Gz gamas : anneau en corne de buffle, Te gamus : anneau fait d’ongle de buffle. -5 ....
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See section CONCISE above.

The first part of the word ǧā-mūs goes back to the same IE word *gʷou‑ for ‘cow, ox, bull, domestic animal’ as Engl cow, Ge Kuh, etc.

► ǧāmūsaẗ, n.f., buffalo cow

*ǦB- جبـ

√*ǦB-

2-cons. root nucleus

▪ DRS #GB: Diverses rac. contenant ces deux consonnes accompagnées d’une liquide, d’une nasale, d’une pharyngale ou d’une laryngale, semblent sémantiquement liées. Avec le sens de

[1] *‘hauteur, éminence’, on peut citer GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBH, GBḤ, GBL, GBN, GBʕ, ?GWB. – Le sens de
[2] *‘puits, fosse’ est vraisemblablement lié au précédent, la valeur de base étant alors celle de ‘dénivellation’, et se trouve illustré en particulier par GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBL; v. peut-être aussi GBʕ, GYB, QBʕ. – Pour une valeur
[3] *‘rassembler, réunir, coaguler’, non sans rapport sans doute avec celle de
[4] *‘tresser’, et peut-être aussi de
[5] *‘mélanger, pétrir’, v.s. GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBH, GBL, GBN, GWB, GʕB. –
[6] *‘s’affaiblir, devenir mou, lâche’: GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBGB, GBH, GBḤ, GBN, GʕB.

D’autres renvois pour des valeurs d’une extension plus limitée se trouvent s. les différentes rac.
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▪ See above, section ENGL.
▪ For Ehret1995#262, the bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e., preSem) root *GB ‘great’ (DRS #GB-1)) has a background in AfrAs *gâb- ‘great (esp. in size and number)’.
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…

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…

▪ According to Ehret1995#262, the 2-cons. “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GB ‘great’ has several extensions, reflected in Ar:

*GB- + “durative” *-gʷ > √ǦBǦ vn. ǧabǧ ‘to recover and regain strength’
*GB- + “adjective suffix” *-r > ↗√ǦBR, adj. ǧabbār ‘strong, powerful’
*GB- + “adjective suffix” *-l > ↗√ǦBL, adj. ǧabl ‘numerous’

▪ For other 3-cons. extensions see above, section ENGL.
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ǦBː (ǦBB) جبّ/جبب

√ǦBː (ǦBB)

“root”

▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_1 (≙ DRS #GBB-2) ‘well, cistern, pit’ ↗¹ǧubb
▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_2 (≙ DRS #GBB-7) ‘long outer garment, jubbah’ ↗¹ǧubbaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane II 1865, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_3 (cf. DRS #GBB-1) ‘déchet, rebut’ : ^†¹ǧubāb
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_4 (cf. DRS #GBB-2) ‘eye-bone, bone that surrounds the cavity of the eye’ : ^†²ǧubbaẗ, meaning also ‘poignet; cheville, point où le sabot se joint au tibia | joint between the hind shank and the thigh, shank-joint; part of a spearhead into which the shaft enters’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_5 (cf. DRS #GBB-3) ‘to cut off; to emasculate’ : ^†ǧabba (u, ǧabb) (vb. I); cf. also ^†¹ĭǧtabba (vb. VIII) ‘couper | trancher (la bosse du chameau); châtrer (par ablation totale), supprimer, retrancher’, ^†maǧbūb ‘eunuch’, ^†ʔaǧabbᵘ ‘having its hump cut off or eroded by the saddle, or having no hump (camel), having no buttocks or thighs (woman); qui n’a pas de fesses; qui a la peau usée, consumée par les pustules’; ? cf. also ^†³ǧubbaẗ ‘bourrelet du sabot (du cheval)’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_6 (cf. DRS #GBB-4) ‘dearth | sécheresse, disette’ : ^†ǧabāb, ^†²ǧubāb
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_7 (cf. DRS #GBB-5) ‘plain, open space, field, desert’: ^†¹ǧabābaẗ; cf. also ^†ǧabūb ‘earth (in general); hard, rugged land’, ^†ǧabūbaẗ ‘morceau, motte de terre, de boue’, ^†maǧabbaẗ (pl. āt) ‘grand chemin, grande route, route (frayée) | middle, or main part (of a road)’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_8 (cf. DRS #GBB-6) ‘to impregnate, fecundate (palmtrees, with the pollen of the male trees)’: ^†ǧabba (u, ǧabāb) (vb. I)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_9 (≙ DRS #GBB-8) ‘to overcome’: ^†ǧabba (u, ǧabb) (vb. I); cf. also ^†ǧābba (vb. III) ‘l’emporter sur | to vie, contend with s.o. for superiority in goodliness, beauty, etc.’, ^†ǧibāb, n., ‘lutte, dispute, émulation’; (?) also related: ^†taǧābba (vb. VI) ‘to marry one another’s sister (two men)’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_10 ‘white hair from the feet to the knees of a horse’: ^†ǧabab, taǧbīb; cf. also ^†¹ǧabbaba (vb. II) ‘to be white-footed (horse)’, ^†muǧabbab ‘having white hair from his feet to his knees (horse)’; cf. perh. also ^†³ǧubbaẗ ‘bourrelet de sabot (du cheval)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_11 (cf. DRS #GBB-1?) ‘se couvrir d’écume’: ^†ʔaǧabba (vb. IV); cf. also ^†³ǧubāb ‘crème (de lait de chamelle) | butter, or what is produced by churning, of camels’ milk’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_12 ‘bush, shrub’: ^†²ǧubb
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_13 ‘to shrink, be averse, withdraw; to escape, fly’: ^†²ǧabbaba (vb. II)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_14 ‘parcourir et visiter (des pays, des villes)’: ^†²ĭǧtabba (vb. VIII)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_15 ‘portion, partie, quantité déterminée payable à l’échéance’: ^†²ǧabābaẗ
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_ ‘…’ : ^†…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cut, sever; the crust of the earth; hard rocky land; any kind of well, a large-mouthed well, well containing much water, deep well, also well that is not deep’

▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_1 (cf. DRS #GBB-2): from WSem² *gibb- ‘pit, well’ – Kogan2015 117#7. Cf., however, DRS where the authors “without doubt” assume that not only the Akk but also Ar word is dependent on Aram (so also already Jeffery1938).
▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_2 (cf. DRS #GBB-7) ‘long outer garment, jubbah’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_3 (cf. DRS #GBB-1) ‘déchet, rebut’ : prob. same as ^†[v6].
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_4 (cf. DRS #GBB-2) ‘eye-bone’: prob. related to [v1], sharing with ‘pit, well’ the idea of surrounding the cavity of s.th.; dto. the ‘part of a spearhead into which the shaft enters’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_5 (cf. DRS #GBB-3) ‘to cut off, castrate, emasculate, eunuch; having no hump etc.’: … – Cf., however Kogan2011: Ar ^†ǧabab ‘erosion of the hump of a camel’ from protWSem *gbb, *gbn ‘hump, hunchback’.
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_6 : prob. identical with ^†[v3].
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_7 (cf. DRS #GBB-5) ‘plain, open space, field, desert’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_8 (≙ DRS #GBB-6) ‘to impregnate, fecundate (palmtrees, with the pollen of the male trees)’: related to ^†[v5] ‘to cut off’?
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_9 (cf. DRS #GBB-8) ‘to overcome’: …?
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_10 ‘white hair from the feet to the knees of a horse’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_11) : According to DRS, comm. ad #GBB-1, the value ‘se couvrir d’écume; crème (de lait de chamelle) | butter, or what is produced by churning, of camels’ milk’ should perh. be seen as related to DRS #GBB-1, due to the frequent association ‘to pile up – coagulate’.
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_12 ‘bush, shrub’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_13 ‘to shrink, be averse, withdraw; to escape, fly’: according to DRS, comm. on #GBB-3, Ar ǧabbaba (as also Hbr gaband Gz gäbbo ‘côté, côte’) depend on Sem √GNB (see Ar ↗ǧanb ‘side’), with assimilation *nb > bb.
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_14 ‘parcourir et visiter (des pays, des villes)’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_15 ‘portion, partie, quantité déterminée payable à l’échéance’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_ ‘…’ : ^†…

2. Akk agubbū, egubbū ‘bassin pour l’eau sacrée’ et ‘eau sacrée’ ne dépend pas de cette rac.; c’est un empr. Sum – DRS, notes on #GBB_2.

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▪ DRS #GBB-1 nHbr gibbēb, JudPalAram gᵊbab, gabbēb ‘entasser, rassembler, ratisser’; PhlvAram gbb ‘foin’, TalmAram gᵊbābā ‘herbes sèches, ramilles, flocons de laine’, Mnd *gbaba, *gababa ‘écheveau, pelote de fil’; Ar ǧubāb ‘déchet, rebut’?, Te gabäbä ‘tresser les cheveux’. -2 Akk gubb‑ ‘citerne, puits’, Hbr gēb, Aram gubbā ‘fosse, citerne’, Ar ǧubb ‘puits naturel et permanent; bassin-citerne’, Gz Te gəbb ‘fosse’, Amh gubbät ‘golfe’, Syr gūbᵃtā ‘jonc creux avec lequel on éteint les chandelles’, Ar ǧubbaẗ ‘encoche dans le fer où s’enfonce le bois de la lance’, Hbr gab ‘arcade sourcillière’, Ar ǧubbaẗ ‘os qui entoure l’œil, orbite’, Hbr gab ‘jante de roue’?, nWAram gappōnā ‘mur’. -3 Hbr gab, PhlvAram gb (?), JudPalAram gabbā ‘dos, corps’, nWAram guppōtā ‘croupe, derrière’, JudPalAram gab, gabbē ‘vers, avec’, nWAram gapp ‘près de’, nSyr gībā ‘côté’, Hbr gab ‘hauteur’, JudPalAram gibᵊbā ‘ sommet’, Syr gᵊbibā ‘bossu’, Mnd ɛtg’b’b ‘être courbé’, Amh gʷäbbäbä, Te gäb belä ‘être courbé, s’incliner’, gobäbb alä ‘avoir le dos vouté’, Hbr gab ‘bosses de bouclier’, Ar ʔagabbᵘ ‘(chameau) amputé de la bosse, blessé par le bât; castré’, ĭǧtabba ‘trancher (la bosse du chameau); châtrer (par ablation totale), supprimer, retrancher’; ? Ar ǧubbaẗ ‘bourrelet du sabot (?)’. -4 Ar ǧabāb ‘sécheresse, disette’, Te gäbbä ‘devenir pauvre’, gεbub ‘pauvre’, gäb belä ‘être affamé’. -5 Ar ǧabūb ‘sol, terrain, glèbe, terre friable’, maǧabbaẗ ‘route (frayée)’, ? Akk gabīb- : sorte de terre de pâture. -6 Ar ǧabba ‘féconder (un palmier)’. -7 ǧubbaẗ, Te gäbbät: sorte de robe. -8 Ar ǧabba ‘surpasser’, ǧābba ‘l’emporter sur’. -9 Soq geb(b) ‘nager’. -10 Akk gabb-: partie du corps : ‘cervelle (?)’.
▪ ad ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_5 (DRS #GBB-3) in the value ‘having no hump etc.’ cf. also Kogan’s (2011 #7.4.3) juxtaposition: Hbr gibben ‘hunchbacked’, JudPalAram gbynth ‘hump’, Syr gbab ‘to be hunchbacked’, Ar ǧabab ‘erosion of the hump of a camel’, Amh gʷäbäbb alä ‘to be hunchbacked’, Muh gʷəbən ‘hunchbacked’; SED I #67); cf. perh. also (from protWSem *gbṯ >) Ug gbṯt ‘humps’ Te gäbəs ‘crook-backed’, Wol gumbus ‘hunchbacked’; SED I #82^v).
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▪ For Engl jumper, see ↗ǧubbaẗ.

▪ See ↗√*ǦB- .
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