Bibliotheca Polyglotta

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to straighten, to put into the correct shape; a capable person; to locate, to catch, to overcome, to dispute’

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ṯaqif‑ ثقِف , a (ṯaqf)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṮQF

vb., I

to find, meet – WehrCowan1979. – For other values cf. ↗ṯaqufa .

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► ṯaqqafa, vb. II, to arrest; to seize, confiscate:. – For other values cf. ↗ṯaqufa.

For other items of ṮQF cf. ↗ṯaqufa ‘to be skillful, smart, clever’.

ṯaquf‑ u (ṯaqāfaẗ), and ṯaqifa , a (ṯaqaf , ṯaqf)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṮQF

vb., I

to be skillful, smart, clever – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Probably denominative from the adj., now obsolete, ^†ṯaq(i)f ‘skilled, skillful; light, active, quick, sharp; intelligent, sagacious’ (Lane1863).
▪ Cf. also ↗ṮQF.

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► ṯaqqafa, vb. II, 1a to make straight, straighten; 1b to correct, set right, straighten out. – 2 to train, form, teach, educate: D-stem, caus. (and fig. use) – For other values cf. ↗ṯaqifa.
► ṯāqafa, vb. III, to fence: L-stem, applic.
► taṯaqqafa, vb. V, to be trained, be educated: tD-stemm, pass. of II (v2).

► ^BP#519ṯaqāfaẗ, n.f., culture, refinement; education; (pl. ‑āt) culture, civilization: vn. I.
► ^BP#629ṯaqāfī, adj., educational; intellectual; cultural: nsb-adj. of preceding. | mulḥaq ṯ., n., cultural attaché.
► taṯqīf, n., cultivation of the mind; training, education; instruction: vn. II.
► muṯāqafaẗ, n.f., fencing, art or sport of fencing, swordplay, swordsmanship: vn. III.
► taṯaqquf, n., culturedness, culture, refinement, education: vn V.
► ^BP#1973muṯaqqaf, n., educated; trained; cultured: PP II.

For other items of ṮQF cf. ↗ṯaqifa ‘to find, meet’.

ṯaqāfaẗ ثَقافَة , ‑āt

√ṮQF

n.f., C

Bildung, Geistesbildung; Bildungswesen; (pl. ‑āt) Kultur – Wehr19??; culture, refinement; education; (pl. ‑āt) culture, civilization – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Vn. of ↗ṯaqufa (which in turn is denominative from ṯaq(i)f ?).
▪ A slightly polemical and of course rather old, but – as an introduction to questions of conceptual history – still valuable and useful study is Ṭibāwī1955¹

1. A. L. Ṭibāwī, “The Meaning of الثقافة in Contemporary Arabic”, Islamic Quarterly 2 (1955): 222-28.

▪ 1875 Kazimirski: [no specific entry for ṯ. itself, but] cf. ṯaqufa (vn. ṯaqāfaẗ) Être très-intelligent et ingénieux. – II 1. Redresser, rendre droit. – 2. Rendre intelligent. – 3. Former, rendre instruit par l’enseignement des lettres. – III Lutter avec un autre à qui se montera plus ingénieux, plus intelligent. • ṯaqafa 1. Redresser, rendre droit (ce qui était courbé ou tortu, p. ex. une lance). – 2. Surpasser en esprit, en sagacité. • ṯaqifa [▪ …] 2. Être intelligent.
▪ c1910: According to Ṭibāwī, »Dr. Manṣūr Fahmi states [in al-Maʕrifa 1 (June 1931): 144-5] that through Western influence the term ‘thaqāfa’ in the sense of ‘Kultur’ was introduced only ‘some twenty years ago’.«¹
▪1955 Ṭibāwī: »The term ‘thaqāfa’, like the concept ‘culture’, which it is supposed to express, seems now to be more generally accepted and used than understood and appreciated; it is in fact one of the most overworked terms in contemporary Arabic«²

1. A. L. Ṭibāwī, “The Meaning of الثقافة in Contemporary Arabic”, Islamic Quarterly 2 (1955): 222-28, 222. 2. Ibid.

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► ṯaqqafa, vb. II, to train, form, teach, educate:. – For other values cf. ↗ṯaqifa.
► taṯaqqafa, vb. V, to be trained, be educated:.

► ^BP#629ṯaqāfī, adj., educational; intellectual; cultural | mulḥaq ṯ. cultural attaché:.
► taṯqīf, n., cultivation of the mind; training, education; instruction :.
► taṯaqquf, n., culturedness, culture, refinement, education:.
► ^BP#1973muṯaqqaf, n., educated; trained; cultured:.

ṯaqāfī ثَقافيّ

√ṮQF

adj.

▪ …nsb-formation

muṯaqqaf مُثَقَّف , pl. ‑ūn , pl.f. ‑āt

√ṮQF

¹adj.; ²n.

▪ gebildet; ausgebildet, erzogen; kultiviert – Wehr19??
▪ educated; trained; cultured; al-mmuṯaqqafūn educated people, intellectuals, the intelligentsia; al-muṯaqqafāt educated ladies, women intellectuals – WehrCowan1979.

▪ PP II, denominative from ↗ṯaqāfaẗ.
▪ The modern value ‘intellectual’ must be later than the 1890s. In English, intellectual is first attested in 1819 and seems to have carried »implications of abstractness, coldness (‘cold intellectualism,’ 1859) and ineffectiveness« throughout C19.
▪ Cf. also ↗ṮQF.

▪ 1860 Kazimirski-I: 1. Redressé. – 2. Lance. – Cf. also vb. ṯaqafa : 1. Redresser, rendre droit (ce qui était courbé ou tortu, p. ex. une lance). – 2. Surpasser en esprit, en sagacité. – ṯaqifa, vb. I, [▪ …] 2. Être intélligent. – ṯaqqafa, vb. II, 1. Redresser, rendre droit; 2. Rendre intelligent; 3. Former, rendre instruit par l’enseignement des lettres.
▪ 1863 Like Kazimirski, also Lane I does not yet mention a meaning other than ‘(a spear) straightened, or made even’ for m.; so also al-Bustānī1867. But ṯaqqafa-hū, vb. II, is both ‘he straightened it, or made it even’ and, ‘hence (!): he disciplined him, or educated him well, and amended him, or improved him’, and taṯaqqafa, vb. V, is ‘he was, or became, disciplined, or educated well, and mended, or improved’ (so also al-Bustānī1867).
▪ 1887 Wahrmund-2 has ‘wohlgebildet; gut erzogen’, but not yet ‘intellectual’.

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Since the word, a PP from ṯaqqafa, vb. II, does not show lexicalisation as ‘intellectual’ until late in C19, this latter value must have been added later than 1860. While a metaphorical use of vb. II was common in ClassAr already, a lexicalisation of the PP seems to have happened not earlier than the 1890s.

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