Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ǦLB_1 ‘to fetch, get, bring, import; motive, reason; clamour, tumult; slave; galabia (garment)’ ↗ǧalab‑ (ǧalb)
▪ ǦLB_2 ‘to scar over, heal; ǧilbāb (garment, veil)’ ↗ǧulbaẗ
▪ ǦLB_3 ‘rose water, julep’ ↗ǧulāb
▪ ǦLB_4 ‘jalap (bot.)’ ↗ǧalabā

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘commotion, raised and mixed voices, excitement; to attack, to assail; to fetch, to earn, to seek pasture’

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▪ Engl djellaba ↗Ar ǧallābaẗ, ǧallābiyyaẗ.

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ǧalab‑ جلب , i , u (ǧalb)

ID 148 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLB

vb., I

1 to attract; 2a to bring along, bring to the spot; b to arraign; c to present (the accused before the court); d to fetch, get, bring; e to import (goods); f to bring about (a state, condition); g to bring (harm, shame, etc., ʕalā upon s.o.); 3 to gain, win, obtain; to earn – WehrCowan1979.

Etymology not clear yet. If (as DRS suggests) the notion of ‘crying, shouting, turmoil’ (ǧalab, ‑aẗ, and the denominative vb. II ǧallab‑) is related to ‘catch, fetch’, then one could assume both to have developed from the meaning, preserved in ClassAr, of ^†‘to incite, or assemble, or bring together, through shouting’ (camels, horses, etc.). – The etymologies given by Huehnergard2011 (< WSem *√GLB ‘to catch, fetch’) and Orel&Stolbova1994 (< Sem *g˅l˅b ‘to procure’ < AfrAs *galab‑ ‘to give’) have to be treated with caution and need further verification.

lC6 ǧalabā ḥaynan wa-ḥarban ʕaẓīman ‘they brought death and a terrible war’ (ʕAntaraẗ b. šaddād), ka-ḏāka▪ … ’l-ḥaynu lil-marʔi yuǧlabu ‘this is how death is brought upon man’ (Zuhayr b. Ǧaḏīmaẗ), ǧalabtuhū min ʔahli ʔUbḍata ṭāʔiʕan ḥattà taḥakkama fīhi ʔahlu ʔIrābi ‘I brought him from the Ubda people as s.o. who submits/surrenders so that the Irāb people may judge upon him’ (Musāwir b. Hind). Polosin1995.

Ar ǧalab‑ ‘traîner, tirer, attirer, pousser à; pêcher’¹ , ǧulbaẗ ‘année stérile, malheur’, ǧalib‑ ‘rassembler; exciter les chevaux par des cris’, ǧalab‑ ‘tumulte, cris confus’; SAr glb ‘malheur’; Gz galaba ‘pêcher’ [only post-classical], galab, maglabt ‘hameçon’, maglab ‘pêcheur’; Ar ʔaǧlaba ʕalā ‘fondre sur’² ; dial. ǧallab ‘se cabrer’;? Te gälbä ‘courir, s’enfuir’, gälaläbä, Tña gäläbä ‘s’enfuir’; Amh galläbä ‘galoper’. DRS_ǧlb-2.
AfrAs: WCh *galab‑ (recnstr. from Mnt gallap) ‘to give’ – Orel&Stolbova1994.

1. Original has “pécher” (to sin), but this must be a typing error. 2. eC7 Q 17:64 wa-’stafziz man-i ‘staṭaʕta minhum bi-ṣawtika wa–ʔaǧlib ʕalayhim bi-ḫaylika wa-raǧilika ‘And incite whoever you can among them with your voice and assault them with your horses and foot soldiers’ / ‘Und scheuche mit deiner Stimme auf, wen (auch immer) von ihnen du kannst, setz ihnen zu (?) mit allen deinen Heerscharen (w. mit deiner Reiterei und deinem Fußvolk)’ (Paret).

DRS groups together two main themes under one item (ǧlb-2) without commenting on the relation between them: (a) ‘to attract, draw, push to’ and (b) ‘clamour, tumult, turmoil’. Most of the items listed below under deriv could indeed be grouped under one of these two headings:
(a) I ǧalab - ‘to bring, fetch’ (< ‘to draw to o.s.’), spedified also as ‘fishing’ as well as extended to mean ‘to import, trade’, ‘to gain, earn’, and ‘to bring (s.th. harmful upon s.o.)’, IV ʔaǧlab - (caus. of I, *‘make to be brought’), VIII iǧtalab‑ (autobenef. of I), X ĭstaǧlab‑ with vn. ĭstiǧlāb (autobenef. of IV), ǧalb (vn. of I, also with the latter’s extended values), ǧalab and ǧalīb (adj., originally s.th. ‘brought along’, then ‘imported’, then equated with ‘foreign’, ǧalīb taking the special meaning of ‘foreign slave’), ^†ǧulbaẗ (n., originally s.th. ‘brought about’ or ‘brought upon’ s.o., then specified as some kind of difficulty or calamity), ǧallāb (n., designating the profession of s.o. who imports, or trades in, s.th., esp. slaves; the adj. meaning ‘attractive, captivating’ seems to be a later development – Huehnergard2011), gallābiyyaẗ (nisba-adj.f., n., originally probably the garment worn by those who import, ǧallāb, i.e., slave traders, or slaves), ʔaǧlab 2 (elat. of adj. ǧallāb), maǧlabaẗ and ǧālib (n.instr. and PA, respectively, both ‘s.th. that brings about, causes’), and maǧlūb (PP of vb. I, specialized as ‘imported from a foreign country, exotic’. Some of these notions are to be found in Sem cognates, such as the Gz words for ‘fishing’ (i.e., to catch, sc. fish), ‘fisherman’ and ‘fishing-hook’ or SAr ‘calamity’ (s.th. ‘brought upon’ s.o.);
(b) II ǧallab‑ (vb., probably denominative from ǧalab, ‑aẗ or ^†ǧulbaẗ), IV ʔaǧlab‑ (in the sense of II), and ǧalab, ‑aẗ (n., perhaps the etymon of the verbs just mentioned).
If (a) and (b) indeed are related, one could imagine the notion of ‘to incite, or urge, make move, through shouting’ (camels, horses, etc.), as preserved in ClassAr ^†ǧalab‑, to form the basis of both, (a) having dropped the ‘shouting’ and focusing on ‘bringing about, causing to move’, (b) having dropped the latter and just retained the ‘shouting’. Huehnergard’s reconstruction (Ar ǧlb ‘to attract, bring fetch, import’ < WSem *√glb ‘to catch, fetch’, Huehnergard2011) does not account for the ‘shouting’, which, if Huehnergard is right, then would have to be regarded as an Ar innovation and thus secondary, if not at all unrelated. Also, DRS does not give sufficient explanation for the Eth meanings ‘to run, flee, gallop’. The evidence from AfrAs provided by Orel&Stolbova1994 (Ar ǧlb [i, u] < Sem *g˅l˅b - ‘to procure’ < AfrAs *galab‑ ‘to give’) does not help much and is too thin to build on.
▪ Apparently no connection whatsoever with the homonymous rooted treated under ↗ǧulbaẗ ‘scar’.

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► ǧallaba, vb. II, to shout, clamor; to be noisy, boisterous
► ʔaǧlaba, vb. IV, to earn, gain, acquire (a s.th.); = II
► iǧtalaba, vb. VIII, to procure, bring, fetch, get (s.th.); to draw (on s.th.); to import (goods).
► ĭstaǧlaba, vb. X, to import (goods); to fetch, summon, call in (s.o.); to attract, draw (s.o., s.th.); to seek to attract or win (s.o., s.th.); to get, procure (s.th.)
► ǧalb, n., bringing, fetching; procure ment; acquisition; importation, import; causation, bringing on, bringing about : vn. I
► ǧalab, adj., imported; foreign
► ǧalab and ǧalabaẗ, n.f., clamor; uproar, tumult, turmoil:
► ^†ǧulbaẗ, n.f., ‘severity, pressure (of time or fortune); (vehemence of) hunger; adversity, difficulty, trouble; a hard, distressful, or calamitous year’ (Lane)
► ǧalīb, adj., imported, foreign; n., (pl. ǧalbā, ǧulabāʔᵘ) foreign slave
► ǧallāb, adj., attractive, captivating; n., importer, trador
► gallābiyyaẗ (eg.) n., pl. ‑āt, galālībᵘ galabia, a loose, shirtlike garment, the common dress of the male population in Egypt
► ǧilbāb, n. ↗s.v.
► ʔaǧlabᵘ, adj., more attractive, more captivating: el.
► maǧlabaẗ, n.f., pl. maǧālibᵘ causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion: n.instr.
► ĭstiǧlāb, n., procurement, acquisition; importation, import; supply; attraction: vn. X
► ǧālib, n., causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion: nominalized PA I
► maǧlūb, adj., imported from a foreign country, exotic: PP I

ǧulbaẗ جُلْبة

√ǦLB

n.f.

scar – WehrCowan1979.

The word goes back to Sem *glb ‘to flay, shave; (nude, wounded) skin’.

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Akk gullubu ‘couper, tondre’, gallāb‑ ‘barbier’; Phn (plur.) glbm, Pun glb, Hbr gallāb, JP gallābā ‘couteau, rasoir; barbier’, gᵉlab ‘raser’, galbā ‘écaille’; Nab glbʔ ‘barbier’; Syr gallābā ‘rasoir’; Amh gäläbä ‘paille’, gʷälläbä ‘être mondé, tamisé (grain), être égrené; couvrir le tambour de peau’; gälläbä ‘découvrir, dénuder’;? Akk gulbūt‑, gulubūt‑ céréale; Talm gulbā ‘céréale’ – DRS, glb-1.

According to Cohen et al. (DRS, 1994), the Ar word for ‘scar’, more specifically the “small piece of skin, or crust, or scrab, that forms over a wound when it heals” [Lane], has the same etymon as the Akk vb. for ‘cutting, shearing, shaving’ and for the profession of a ‘barber’, as well as for ‘corn, cereal’, the common denominator being ‘nudity’ (of the skin and the grains, or the covering of it, respectively). Akk gallāb ‘barber’ seems to have passed into other languages “qui ont pu en tirer des dérivés”; the Ar n. ^†ǧulb ‘flayed skin’, now obsolete, is one of the results of this process, as are the Can and Aram forms mentioned above, while ǧulbaẗ‑ seems to look at the ‘flayed skin’, the wound, when it is already recovering. The obsolete Ar n. ^†ǧulb ‘spelt, einkorn’, on the other side, seems to belong to the ‘nude’ grain of Akk gul(u)būt‑.
According to DRS (1994), Sem *glbb which, among others, gave Gz gəlbāb‑ (loaned into Ar as ↗ǧilbāb), is an extension of Sem *glb in the meaning of ‘skin, etc.’ DRS, glbb-2. The values ‘to cover, cloak’ and ‘garment’ would then be explicable as ‘to put on, cover o.s. with (s.th. like) a skin’.

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► ǧalaba, u (ǧulūb) ‘to scar over, heal (wound)’: denominative (?)
► ^†ǧulb ‘dépouille, peau ôtée’ : n.
► ǧilbāb ‘loose garment’ : not directly derived from ǧulbaẗ but probably going back to the same Sem ancestor, cf. ↗s.v.
► ^†ǧulb ‘épeautre’ (spelt, einkorn) : n.

ǧallābiyyaẗ جلّابيّة , var. gallābiyyaẗ (eg.), pl. ‑āt , galālībᵘ

√ǦLB

n.f.

galabia, a loose, shirtlike garment, the common dress of the male population in Egypt – WehrCowan1979.

1) Unless a secondary formation (by dissimilative dropping of final ‑b) from ↗ǧilbāb, which with all probability is a pre-Islamic loan from Ethiopian (Gz gəlbāb ‘covering, veil, wrapper’), gallābiyyaẗ / ǧallābiyyaẗ seems to be a nisba formation from ‎↗ǧallāb ‘trader, importer’ (esp. of slaves), a word formed after the faʕʕāl pattern for professions from the vb. ↗ǧalab‑ (< Sem *glb ‘to attract, bring, fetch, import’), cf. Huehnergard2011. As such, its original meaning, like that of ↗ǧallābaẗ, is likely to have been ‘dress of the (slave) traders (or of the slaves themselves?)’.
Given the phonological proximity of ǧallābaẗ, gallābiyyaẗ / ǧallābiyyaẗ, and ǧilbāb, as well as the semantic overlapping, if not identity, it seems difficult to decide whether ǧallābaẗ and gallābiyyaẗ / ǧallābiyyaẗ are ‘contaminated’ from ǧilbāb or whether they derive from ǧallāb, or from distinct sources. In the first case, the semantics would be ‘garment, veil, “second skin”’ (↗ǧilbāb, connected to a Sem *glb ‘skin, etc.’, cf. Ar ↗ǧulbaẗ), in the latter it would be ‘dress of a (slave) trader (or, of a slave)’. Even if we assume distinct origins we will still have to reckon with a high possibility of collapsing meanings.
2) The form gallābiyyaẗ is limited to EgAr (today?), while similar forms of loose garments are called ǧallābaẗ (or ǧillābaẗ) in the Maghreb.

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▪ DRS (1994), s.v. glb, lists “dial. ǧillābaẗ : vêtement (djellaba)” as a separate item, distinct from other values of Sem *glb, and, in the commentary section, states that it is “< glbb”, without however specifying which of the two values of *glbb‑ the authors think the word goes back to: *glbb-1 ‘esclave’ (Ar ǧilbāb), or *glbb-2‑ ‘robe très ample, suaire’ (Ar ↗ǧilbāb), etc.? Both *glbb values then are explained to derive from a Sem *glb value: *glbb-1 from *glb ‘traîner, emmener, etc.’, and *glbb-2 from *glb ‘peau, etc.’ – DRS#GLB-6; GLBB-1 and -2.
Dozy1881 maintained that the form ↗ǧallābaẗ and an even shorter one, ǧallāb, are modifications of the more original ǧallābiyyaẗ which he claims is the garment worn either by slave traders (↗ǧallāb) or by slaves. More or less the same position is also taken by Huehnergard2011 (s.v. glb) for whom ǧallābaẗ‑ and g/ǧallābiyyaẗ as well as ǧilbāb both go back, ultimately, to the vb. ↗ǧalab‑, which in turn can be traced to a WSem *glb ‘to catch, fetch’.
▪ In contrast, Marçais1956 thinks that Dozy’s assumption of ǧallāb‑ and ǧallābaẗ as corruptions of ǧallābiyyaẗ “seems philologically untenable”;in his opinion, it is rather “the Old Arabic djilbāb ‘outer garment’” that is the origin of ǧallābaẗ, or ǧallābiyyaẗ. It is not surprising, he says, that these should have developed from ǧilbāb‑ secondarily, the “dissimilative dropping” of a doubled last consonant being a common phenomenon, especially with loanwords like ǧilbāb.
▪ Youssef2003 suggests (for EgAr) a derivation from Eg grb, Copt čolbe, a man’s overgarment.

▪ Cf. Engl djellaba, see ↗ǧilbāb.

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ǧilbāb جِلْباب , pl. ǧalābībᵘ

√ǦLBB

long, flowing outer garment, loose robe-like garment – WehrCowan1979.

1) Weninger2007 follows Jeffery1938 in assuming that the word ‎is a loan from Gz gəlbāb ‘covering, veil, wrapper’. ǧilbāb may therefore have an origin that is different from that of ↗ǧallābaẗ or ↗gallābiyyaẗ to which it is often connected. These, too, denote some kind of loose garment, but seem to be derived from ↗ǧallāb ‘trader, importer’, thus probably being originally the name of a dress worn by (slave) traders, or by slaves themselves. (Another opinion sees ǧallābaẗ and gallābiyyaẗ as a contamination of ǧilbāb.)
2) The borrowing from Gz is likely to have occurred already in pre-Islamic times, its cultural background being the intensive trading contacts between the Arabian peninsula and Ethiopia.

▪ eC7 ¹ Q 33:59 qul li-ʔazwāǧika wa-banātika wa-nisāʔi ’l-muʔminīna yudnīna ʕalayhinna min ǧalābībihinna ḏālika ʔadnā ʔan yuʕrafna fa-lā yuʔḏayna ‘Sag deinen Gattinen und Töchtern und den Frauen der Gläubigen, sie sollen (wenn sie austreten) sich etwas von ihrem Gewand (über den Kopf) herunterziehen. So ist es am ehesten gewährleistet, daß sie (als ehrbare Frauen) erkannt und daraufhin nicht belästigt werden’ (Paret).

1. “The verses of the Qur’an in which the wives and daughters of the Prophet are commanded ‘to draw their veils close to them” [Q 33:59,▪ …] and “to the believing women▪ … to cast their veils over their bosoms” [Q 24:31,▪ …] probably date from the year 5” – Chelhod1966.

Gz galbaba ‘voiler, couvrir d’un voile, recouvrir’, gəlbāb ‘voile, couverture, envelope; Te gälbäbä, Tña (ʔa)gʷälbäbä ‘cacher, voiler, couvrir’; Tña ǧälbäbä (ǧ!) ‘loucher, cligner’ – DRS, glbb-2.

▪ According to Jeffery1938, 102, ǧilbāb is »an article of women’s attire […] mentioned in the Qur’ān, though the Lexicons differ considerably as to the exact meaning (cf. ‎LA, i, 265). – The difficulty of deriving the word from ǧalab‑ is of course obvious, and ‎Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 53, recognized it as the Eth [Gz] gəlbāb, from galbaba ‘to cover’ or ‘cloak’, which is quite common in the oldest texts. It was apparently an early borrowing, for it ‎occurs in the early poetry, e.g. Div. Hudh, xc, 12«. – This opinion is maintained also by DRS (1994) and Weninger2007: probably a pre-Islamic loan from Gz gəlbāb ‘covering, veil, wrapper’.
▪ According to DRS (1994), the Eth forms ultimately go back to a Sem *glb ‘skin, etc.’ (cf. Ar ↗ǧulbaẗ). DRS, glbb-2. The meanings ‘to cover, cloak’ and ‘garment’ would then be explicable as ‘to put on (s.th. like) a skin’.
In contrast, Huehnergard2011 (s.v. glb) holds that ǧilbāb, together with the dialectal ↗ǧallābaẗ‑ and ↗ǧallābiyyaẗ, ultimately, goes back to the vb. ↗ǧalab-‑ ‘to attract, bring, fetch, import’, which in turn can be traced back to a WSem *glb ‘to catch, fetch’. While ǧallāb(iyy)aẗ, according to Huehnergard, derives from ↗ǧallāb‑ and would thus originally have meant the dress of the a ‘(slave) trader, importer’, the author does not give details on the semantics of ǧilbāb.
▪ Yet another opinion is held by Marçais1956, who thinks that »the Old Arabic djilbāb ‘outer garment’« (which he, too, believes to be a foreign word) is prior to forms like ǧallābaẗ or ǧallābiyyaẗ; according to the author, it is not surprising that these should have developed from ǧilbāb by way of »dissimilative dropping« of the last b.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl djellaba, from Ar ǧallābaẗ, ǧallābiyyaẗ ‘djellaba’, from ǧallāb ‘trader, importer’; jilbab, from Ar ǧilbāb ‘jilbab’; both from ǧalaba, vb. I, ‘to attract, bring, fetch, import’.

► taǧalbaba ‘to clothe o.s. (bi‑), be clothed, be clad (bi‑ in a garment, also fig.): II, denominative of ǧilbāb.

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