Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ǦWR_1 ‘neighbour, to protect, grant asylum’ ↗ǧār
▪ ǦWR_2 ‘to deviate; to oppress, tyrannize, be unjust, despotic’ ↗ǧāra
▪ ǦWR_3 ‘pit, hole’ ↗ǧūraẗ
▪ ǦWR_4 ‘jury’ ↗ǧūrī (1)
▪ ǦWR_5 ‘damask rose; crimson’ ↗ǧūrī (2)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘neighbour, adjacent; to protect, to shelter, to give refuge, to seek refuge, protege, spouse; to veer away, to tilt, to deviate; to be unjust, injustice’

▪ Out of the 8 values DRS registers for the root GWR in Sem, only 4 are represented in Ar. DRS #GWR-3 (Ar ‘attaquer’) does not seem to differ essentially from #GWR-2 (Ar ‘être injuste envers qn., pécher’). Given the many cognates of #GWR-1 and #GWR-2, these are without doubt genuine Sem (for #GWR-1 = ǦWR_1, Kogan 2015 reconstructs Sem *gwr ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’). – As for #GWR-6, the obsol. ^†ǧuwār ‘caverne’ given by DRS seems to correspond to our ǦWR_3 ǧūraẗ ‘pit, hole’, which Rolland 2014 thinks is a Pers borrowing. – ǦWR_4 and _5 are clearly non-Sem.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWR-1. Ug gr [Tropper 2008: /gêru/ < *gawiru ] ‘hôte étranger’; Phoen *gr, Hbr gēr, Nab Palm gr, JP Syr gīyōrā ‘étranger, hôte public ou privé, client’; Mand guara ‘demeure temporaire’; Ar ǧār- ‘voisin, client’, ǧārat , Tham grt ‘protection’; SAr gr, Šḫ ger, Mhr ǧawīr ‘étranger’; Soq gārheten ‘voisine’; Gz gor ‘étranger, voisin’, gəyur ‘étranger, hôte’; Te Tña gor ‘voisin’; Amh gorä-bet ‘voisin’; ?Har gār ‘maison, chambre’. -?2. JP Syr Mand gār, nSyr gāir ‘commettre l’adultère’; Ar ǧāra ‘s’écarter du chemin; être injuste envers qn., pécher’, ǧīrat- ‘bord, angle, crête’; Te gorä, ǧawärä ‘être hautain, audacieux’. ? -3. Akk giāru ‘provoquer(?)’ [CAD: gerû (garû) ‘to be hostile, start a lawsuit’, gērû (gārû) ‘foe, adversary’]; Ug gr; Hbr *gār, Ar ǧāra ‘attaquer’. -4. Hbr gar ‘avoir peur’. -5. Phoen *gr ‘jeune garçon’, Moab *grn (pl.) ‘jeunes garçons’, *grt (pl.) ‘jeunes filles’, Hbr *gōr, gūr ‘petit d’animal (lion, etc.)’. -? Mhr giyór ‘croître, augmenter’. -6. nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘grange, magasin’;? Ar ǧuwār- ‘caverne’. -7. Syr gawrā ‘colonne (de livre)’. -?8. Te gar, garät ‘affaire, matière, requête’.

▪ ǦWR_1: From Sem *gwr ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’ (Kogan2015). For the semantic ambiguity found within this value in many languages—both ‘seeking protection’ (as a neighbour) and ‘providing protection (to a stranger, treating him as neighbour)’—cf. below, entry ↗ǧār.
▪ ǦWR_2: According to DRS (and ClassAr lexicography), ǧāra ‘to do injustice’ and ‘to attack’ are perhaps related to ǦWR_1 ‘protected stranger’: If one assumes a basic meaning of ‘s’écarter du chemin, être à côté’, we get a constellation that is similar to the one discussed in the ḌYF and ḍayf entries: the one who deviates from his path and inclines to s.o. else’s direction can become both a ‘neighbour’ and an ‘attacker’.
▪ ǦWR_3: According to Rolland2014, Ar ǧūraẗ ‘pit, hole’ is from Pers gor ‘tomb, grave’, an etymology not given in DRS (#GWR-6) where the word ǧuwār is paralleled, though not without hesitation, with nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘granary, storehouse, reservoir’, an item that for Klein 1987 is »of uncertain origin; perhaps formed from gwr (= to sojourn, dwell)’«.
▪ ǦWR_4: From Engl jury, < oFr juré ‘jury’ < oFr jurer ‘to swear, endorse law by swearing an oath’ < Lat iurare, from ius (iur-) ‘law’.
▪ ǦWR_5: After a town named Ǧur in Iran (the one in Kerman?) (Rolland2014).

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ǧār‑ / ǧur‑ جار / جُرْـ (ǧawr

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦWR

vb., I

1 to deviate, stray (ʕan from); 2 to commit an outrage (ʕalà on), bear down (ʕalà upon), wrong, persecute, oppress, tyrannize (ʕalà s.o.); 3 to encroach, make inroads (ʕalà on another’s territory) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWR-1. Ug gr [Tropper 2008: /gêru/ < *gawiru ] ‘hôte étranger’; Phoen *gr, Hbr gēr, Nab Palm gr, JP Syr gīyōrā ‘étranger, hôte public ou privé, client’; Mand guara ‘demeure temporaire’; Ar ǧār- ‘voisin, client’, ǧārat , Tham grt ‘protection’; SAr gr, Šḫ ger, Mhr ǧawīr ‘étranger’; Soq gārheten ‘voisine’; Gz gor ‘étranger, voisin’, gəyur ‘étranger, hôte’; Te Tña gor ‘voisin’; Amh gorä-bet ‘voisin’; ?Har gār ‘maison, chambre’. -?2. JP Syr Mand gār, nSyr gāir ‘commettre l’adultère’; Ar ǧāra ‘s’écarter du chemin; être injuste envers qn., pécher’, ǧīrat- ‘bord, angle, crête’; Te gorä, ǧawärä ‘être hautain, audacieux’. ? -3. Akk giāru ‘provoquer(?)’ [CAD: gerû (garû) ‘to be hostile, start a lawsuit’, gērû (gārû) ‘foe, adversary’]; Ug gr; Hbr *gār, Ar ǧāra ‘attaquer’.

…

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► ǧawr, n., 1 injustice; 2 oppression, tyranny; 3 outrage; 4 wanton deviation (ʕan from): vn. I.
► ǧāʔir pl. ǧawaraẗ, ǧāraẗ, 1 adj., unjust, unfair; tyrannical, despotic; 2 n., tyrant, oppressor, despot: PA I.

For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧūraẗ, ↗ǧūrī (1) and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

ǧār جار , pl. ǧīrān

ID … • Sw – • BP 1550 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦWR

1 neighbour; 2 refugee; 3 protégé, charge – Wehr/Cowan 1979.

▪ The n. which originally meant s.o. forming part in a mutual relationship of protecting and protection (an important cultural institution), belongs to the Sem root *GWR ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’ (Militarev/Stolbova: Sem *gūr- ‘to live; to be close by’ < AfrAs *gir- ‘to live’; Dolgopolsky: WSem *-gūr- ‘to dwell’ < Nostr *gû˹w˺RV ‘(roof of a) hut; to dwell’).

ǧār Alongside with ‘neighbour’, the Qurʔān still has also the value ‘protector’: (neighbour) Q 4:36 wa’l-ǧāri ḏī ’l-qurbà ‘and unto the neighbour who is of kin’; (one who protects, grants asylum or sanctuary) Q 8:48 lā ġāliba la-kumu ’l-yawma mina ’l-nāsi wa-ʔinnī ǧārun la-kum ‘no man shall conquer you today for I am a protector for you’

ǧāwara (vb. III, to dwell in the neighbourhood of, be\come adjacent to, be a neighbour of) Q 33:60 ṯumma lā yuǧāwirūna-ka fī-hā ʔillā qalīlan ‘then they will not be your neighbours in it but for a short time’. – ʔaǧāra (vb. IV, to protect, grant asylum or sanctuary) Q 72:22 ʔinnī lan yuǧīra-nī mina ’llāhi ʔaḥadun ‘no one will protect me against God’. – ĭstaǧāra (vb. X, to ask for protection, seek asylum, seek sanctuary) Q 9:6 wa-ʔin ʔaḥadun mina ’l-mušrikīna ’staǧāra-ka fa-ʔaǧir-hu ḥattà yasmaʕa kalāma ’llāhi ‘And if anyone of the idolaters should seek your protection (O Muhammad), then protect him so that he may hear the Word of God’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWR-1¹ Ug gr ‘to lodge, take refuge, be protected’, gr [Tropper2008: /gêru/ < *gawiru ] ‘hôte étranger / protected, guest, foreigner’; Hbr gwr ‘to dwell as alien’, gēr ‘protected citizen, stranger’, Phoen *gr, Nab Palm gr, JP Syr giyyorā ‘étranger, hôte public ou privé, client / peregrinus, cliens’; Mand guara ‘demeure temporaire’; Ar ǧār- ‘voisin, client’, ǧārat , Tham grt ‘protection’; Sab gr ‘master, lord; business partner’, SAr gr, Šḫ ger, Mhr ǧawīr ‘étranger’; Gz gor ‘étranger, voisin’, gəyur ‘étranger, hôte’; Te Tña gor ‘voisin’; Amh gorä-bet ‘voisin’; ?Har gār ‘maison, chambre’. ² – This value is perhaps also cognate to those given in DRS as #GWR-2 and #GWR-3, cf. section cogn in disambiguation entry ↗ǦWR.

▪ Outside Sem, Militarev&Stolbova1995#932 compare (LEC) Som gir-, Or gir, Rend *gir-, u.a. ‘to be, exist’; Dolgopolsky2012#663 juxtaposes evidence from Sem languages with (LEC) Som guri ‘house, home’, Rend gūra ‘to move to a new dwelling place’, Sid gare ‘tribe, people, village’ and (WCh) Hau gàrī́, ‘town, inhabited environment’.

1. Complemented with data from Kogan2015: 117 (values given in Engl or Lat). 2. Cf. also Mhr šəgēwər, Jib sə̃gēr ‘to become neighbour; to ask (God) for protection’ and Soq gārheten ‘female neighbours’; but these are likely to be borrowed from Ar – Kogan2015.

▪ Like ↗ḍayf, also ǧār may ultimately be *‘s.o. who has deviated from the path and inclined towards the side’. This—unattested—hypothetical basic meaning must be assumed if we try to see Sem *GWR ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’ together with *GWR ‘to be hostile, attack, oppress’; the *‘stranger (who has lost his way)’ may both ‘ask for protection as a neighbour’ and ‘attack’, become a ‘foe’; see disambiguation entry ↗ǦWR.

▪ Irrespective of the preceding, ǧār is treated in ClassAr lexicography as one of the ʔaḍdād (sg. ḍidd), i.e., words that, apart from one meaning, may take another that is—or at least seems to be—its exact opposite. Even in MSA, the two values [v1] ‘neighbour’ and [v2] ‘refugee’ still seem to be contradictory. [v3] ‘protégé, charge’, however, gives the modern speaker a hint as to how [v1] and [v2] are related: a refugee is s.o. who asks for and/or is granted protection like/as a neighbour. In ClassAr, the neutral value ‘neighbour’ and the passive ‘foreigner, seeker of protection’ or ‘protected one’ are complemented by the active ‘giver of protection, one who grants refuge, protects, preserves, an aider, assister, confederate’ (Lane). As Nöldeke has shown in his famous study on the ʔaḍdād (Wörter mit Gegensinn, 1910, 72-73), the semantic “riddle” can be explained through a change of perspective: primarily, the ǧār is neither the ‘protector’ nor the ‘protected’ (or ‘seeker of protection’) but a person who is involved, as either the giver or the recipient, in a ǧiwār, which is a mutual relationship (known also from Eur languages, cf. e.g. Lat hospes, It ospite, Fr hôte ‘host; foreigner, guest’), an institution of customary law that includes rights and obligations on both parts, cf. art. “Djiwār” (J. Lecerf), in EI².

▪ Militarev&Stolbova1995#932 reconstruct Sem *gūr- ‘to live; to be close by’ and LEC *gir- ‘to be, exist’, both going back to AfrAs *gir- ‘to live’. Very similarly, Dolgopolsky2012 #663 reconstructs WSem *-gūr- ‘to dwell’, which he thinks is derived, together with the ECu and WCh (*gar˅ ‘town’) vocabulary as well as some alleged Dravidic and Altaic cognates, ultimately from Nostr *gû(w)R˅ ‘(roof of a) hut; to dwell’.

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► ǧāwara, vb. III, to be the neighbour of s.o. (DO), live next door to; to be adjacent, be next (DO to s.th.), adjoin; to be in the immediate vicinity of, be close to; to border (DO on): L-stem, denom., associative.
► ʔaǧāra, vb. IV, to grant asylum or a sanctuary (DO to s.o.); to protect (DO s.o., min from), take (s.o.) under one’s wing; to stand by s.o. (DO), aid: Š-stem, denom., caus. (*to make s.o. one’s protégé)
► taǧāwara, vb. VI, to be neighbours; to be adjacent; to have a common border: tL-stem, intr.
► ĭstaǧāra, vb. X, to seek protection, seek refuge (bi¬ with s.o., min from s.th.), appeal for aid (DO to s.o., min against s.th.): Št-stem, requestative.

► ǧāraẗ, pl. āt, n.f., neighbouress: f. of ǧār.
► ǧīraẗ, n.f., neighbourhood: quasi-vn. I.
► ^BP#1721ǧiwār, n., neighbourhood, proximity: vn. III; bi-~, prep., in the neighbourhood of, in the vicinity of, near, close to | ʔilà ~i-hī, adv., beside him, at his side
► muǧāwaraẗ, n.f., neighbourhood, proximity: vn. III.
► ʔiǧāraẗ, n.f., protection, granting of asylum: vn. IV.
► taǧāwur, n., neighbourhood (reciprocal); contiguity, relationship (of several things): vn. VI.
► ^BP#1793muǧāwir, 1. adj., neighbouring, adjacent; near, close by; 2. (pl. -ūn), n., student (esp. of Al Azhar University; living in the vicinity of the Mosque): PA III.
► muǧīr, n., protector: PA IV.
► mutaǧāwir, adj., having a common border; adjoining, adjacent, contiguous: PA VI.

For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūraẗ, ↗ǧūrī (1) and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

ǧūraẗ جُورة , pl. ǧuwar

√ǦWR

n.f.

pit, hole – WehrCowan1979.

Loan word of uncertain origin. According to Rolland2014a, it is from Pers gor ‘tomb, grave’, an etymology not given in DRS; Klein thinks that it is »perhaps formed from gwr (= to sojourn, dwell)’«.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWR-6: nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘grange, magasin’; ? Ar ǧuwār- ‘caverne’.

▪ According to Rolland2014a, Ar ǧūraẗ ‘pit, hole’ is from Pers gor ‘tomb, grave’, an etymology not given in DRS (#GWR-6) where Ar ǧuwār is paralleled, though not without hesitation, with nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘granary, storehouse, reservoir’, an item that for Klein 1987 is »of uncertain origin; perhaps formed from gwr (= to sojourn, dwell)’«.

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–. For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūrī (1) and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

¹ǧūrī جُوري

√ǦWR

n.; adj.

1 n., damask rose (Rosa damascena, bot.); 2 adj., crimson – WehrCowan1979.

▪ After a town named Ǧur in Iran (the one in Kerman?) – Rolland2014a.

▪ …

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See above, section CONC.

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–. For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūraẗ and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

²ǧūrī جُوري

√ǦWR

jury – WehrCowan1979.

From Engl jury, ultimately belonging to Lat ius (iur-) ‘law’.

▪ …

…

▪ From Engl jury, < oFr juré ‘jury’ < oFr jurer ‘to swear, endorse law by swearing an oath’ < Lat iurare, from ius (iur-) ‘law’.

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–. For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūraẗ, and ↗ǧūrī_1, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

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