Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḤḌR_1 ‘to be present, attend; to come, arrive, visit, go to, appear, show up; to be readily called’ ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir; ‘to prepare’ ↗ḥaḍḍara; ‘to die’ ↗ĭḥtaḍara; ‘civilized region; settled population, town dwellers’ ↗ḥaḍar; ‘presence; His Highness, Monsieur’ ↗ḥaḍraẗ; ‘sedentary life; civilisation, culture’ ↗ḥaḍāraẗ; ‘minutes, official report’ ↗maḥḍar; ‘lecture’ ↗muḥāḍaraẗ
▪ ḤḌR_2 ‘a small group of 6 to 12 people, patrol, squad’ ↗ḥaḍīraẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (Lane ii 1865, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ḤḌR_3 ‘fleet (horse)’: ^†miḥḍīr (pl. maḥāḍīrᵘ)
▪ ^†ḤḌR_4 ‘thick purulent matter in a wound, afterbirth’: ^†ḥaḍīr(aẗ)
▪ ^†ḤḌR_5 ‘…’ : ^†ḥḍr

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘urban areas, a community settled around a water source; to be present, to be at home, adjacency to water; to bring, to fetch; to lie down dying, hardship, strife’

▪ [v1] : DRS 9 (2010) #ḤḌR-1 suggests to compare also ↗√ḤṢR and ↗√ḤẒR, without however elaborating on the exact nature of such a conceivable relation. On the Ar, SAr, and modSAr evidence the authors comment: »Ici les valeurs de présence et de sédentarité sont liées, comme le montrent bien l’Ar et le Ḥrṣ; en Sab, il s’agit du fait d’être présent au pélerinage ou à la fête.«¹ – In contrast, Orel&Stolbova1994 #1214 seem to interpret Ar ḥaḍar outright as ʻ[enclosed, fenced?] area’ and derive it from protSem *ḥaṣ́ar‑ < AfrAs *ḥać̣ar‑ ‘fence, enclosure’. – In √ḤṢR we find items such as ḥaṣara ‘to surround, encircle’ and ḥiṣār ‘blockade, siege’; similarly, in √ḤẒR we find, e.g., ḥaẓara ‘to fence in’ or ḥaẓīraẗ ‘enclosure’.
[v2] : Accord. to Lane ii (1865), the meaning of ḥaḍīraẗ in ClassAr is ‘collective body of a people’. Perh. somehow related to [v1], but the exact semantics remain unclear. An obsol. meaning of ḥaḍīr(aẗ), sharing with ‘collective body’ the notion of *‘gathering, coming together’, is also [v4] ^†‘what collects in a wound, of thick purulent matter; what collects in the membrane that encloses the fœtus, of the [fluid called] suḫd and the like; […] what a woman emits after childbirth and [after] the stopping of her blood; […] what a she-camel emits after bringing forth’.
▪ ^†[v3] : The light-footedness of a horse seems to be a development from [v1]: *‘present > ready > quick’. Value not mentioned in DRS.
▪ ^†[v4] : Is the *‘gathering, coming together’ that this value shares with [v2] based on [v1] *‘to settle’ (= *‘to gather in a place’)?
▪ [other] : None of the values [v2]–[v4] are mentioned in DRS. In contrast, DRS lists the values #ḤḌR-2 ‘pubis’ (^†ḥaḍr) and #ḤḌR-3 ‘anse de vase’ (^†ḥāḍiraẗ), which we were unable to identify elsewhere.
▪ …

1. Our italics – EtymArab.

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▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤḌR-1 Ar ḥaḍara ‘être présent, prêt; assister à’, ḥaḍar, ḥāḍiraẗ ‘présence, demeure fixe (par opp. au nomadisme)’, Qat tḥḍr ‘être présent (dans un lieu)’, Jib ḥɔ́źɔ́r, Mhr ḥəźáwr ‘être présent; persuader’, Ḥrs ḥəźáwr ‘migrer du désert vers la ville en été; être présent’. – Sab ḥḍr ‘célébrer une fête (pour une divinité), accomplir un pélerinage; offrir’. -2 Ar ḥaḍr ‘pubis’. -3 ḥāḍiraẗ ‘anse de vase’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #1214: Akk ḫaṣāru ‘enclosure’, Phn ḥṣr ‘yard’, Hbr ḥāṣer ‘camp; yard’, Syr ḥəṣārā ‘yard’, Ar ḥaḍar, SAr ḥṣwr ‘area’, Gz ḥaṣur ‘enclosure’. – For extra-Sem cognates cf. below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ [v1] : Orel&Stolbova’s (1994 #1214) reconstruction of the AfrAs dimension (see above, section CONC) is based, in addition to their assumption of a Sem *ḥaṣ́ar‑, on the reconstruction of extra-Sem proto-forms, stipulated from sparse evidence in a few, mainly WCh and CCh langs. The authors posit protWCh *ć̣˅r‑ (from 1 siri ‘fence’), protCCh *ḥaẑar‑ (based on actual forms like ẑaẑar, gəẑar) ‘fence’, Bed eseer ‘enclosure’. Any connection with LEC *ʔaraʒ‑ (Or areddaa ‘dwelling’)?
▪ …

–

ḥaḍar‑ حَضَرَ , u (¹²ḥuḍūr, ³ḥaḍāraẗ)

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√ḤḌR

vb., I

1a to be present (at), be in the presence (of s.o.); b to attend (s.th.); c to be present (in s.o.’s mind), be readily recalled (s.o.); d to take part, participate (maǧlisan in a meeting); 2a to come, get (ʔilà or to s.o., to a place), arrive (ʔilà or at a place); b to visit (a place), attend (a public event), go (to a performance, etc.); c to appear (ʔamāma before a judge, etc., ʔilà in, at), show up (ʔilà in, at); d to betake o.s., go (min… ʔilà from… to); – 3 (ḥaḍāraẗ) to be settled, sedentary (in a civilized region, as opposed to nomadic existence) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤḌR-1 rightly observes that in the group of Ar, SAr, and modSAr lexical items that seem to be cognate, the values of [v1] ‘presence’ and [v3] ‘sedentariness’ obviously are related. ([v2] signifies s.th. in-between: the process leading, like settling down, to a being present.) In the light of the Sem evidence, it is hard to decide which is the primary value. DRS suggests to compare ↗√ḤṢR and ↗√ḤẒR, without however elaborating on the exact nature of such a conceivable relation. Orel&Stolbova1994 #1214 take such a connection for granted and juxtapose Ar ḥaḍar, interpreted as ʻ[enclosed, fenced?] area’, and Sem items meaning ‘enclosure, yard, camp’ (Akk ḫaṣāru, Phn ḥṣr, Hbr ḥāṣer, Syr ḥəṣārā, SAr ḥṣwr, Gz ḥaṣur), positing protSem *ḥaṣ́ar‑ ‘fence, enclosure’ (< AfrAs *ḥać̣ar‑ ‘id.’). Though phonologically slightly problematic (unexpected /ṣ/ in Syr and Gz), this assumption seems quite plausible from a semantic perspective. Thus, if ḤḌR should indeed be seen together with ḤṢR and ḤẒR, one could think of a development like *‘fence, enclosure > to settle in a fenced\enclosed place\area > to become sedentary > to be present’ (and from the latter also the many derivatives signifying ‘readiness’ and ‘quickness’ in Ar, see DERIV). The hypothesis may be supported by inner-Ar evidence, where ↗ḥaḍīraẗ signifies ‘a small group of 6 to 12 people’ (ClassAr: ‘collective body of a people’, i.e., a *‘gathering’ rather than a *‘presence’) and the obsol. ^†ḥaḍīr(aẗ) ‘thick purulent matter in a wound; afterbirth’, unless completely different origin, can best be explained as a *‘coming together, gathering, confluence, agglomeration’, similar to the *‘settling in an enclosure’ assumed as the basic meaning of ḤḌR.
▪ Neither ‘collective body of a people’ nor ‘thick purulent matter in a wound; afterbirth’ nor ‘swiftness’ are mentioned in DRS among the most basic values of ḤḌR. In contrast, DRS lists the values #ḤḌR-2 ‘pubis’ (^†ḥaḍr) and #ḤḌR-3 ‘anse de vase’ (^†ḥāḍiraẗ), which we were unable to identify elsewhere.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova’s (1994 #1214) reconstruction of the AfrAs dimension (see above, section CONC) is based, in addition to their assumption of a Sem *ḥaṣ́ar‑ ‘fence, enclosure’ on the reconstruction of extra-Sem proto-forms, stipulated from sparse evidence in a few, mainly WCh and CCh langs. The authors posit protWCh *ć̣˅r‑ (from 1 siri ‘fence’), protCCh *ḥaźar‑ (based on actual forms like źaźar, gəźar) ‘fence’, Bed eseer ‘enclosure’. Any connection with LEC *ʔaraʒ‑ (Or areddaa ‘dwelling’)?
▪ …

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►ḥaḍḍara, vb. II, 1 to ready, make ready, prepare (s.th., also, e.g., a medicine = to compound), make, produce, manufacture (s.th.); 2 to study, prepare (a lesson); 3 to fetch, get, bring (s.o., s.th.), procure, supply (s.th.); 4 to settle (s.o.), make s.o. sedentary; 5 to civilize (s.o., s.th.): D-stem, caus.
►ḥāḍara, vb. III, 1 to give a lecture, present s.th. in a lecture (to s.o.); 2 to lecture, give a course of lectures: L-stem, assoc., based on *‘present > ready (to answer an interlocutor’s question, etc.) > quick (in replying, reacting to a question etc.)’
►^BP#4950ʔaḥḍara, vb. IV, 1 to fetch, get, bring (s.o., s.th.), procure, supply (s.th.); 2 to take (s.o., a s.th., ʔilà to a place): *Š-stem, caus. | ~ maʕa-hū, vb., to have s.th. with one, bring s.th. along
►taḥaḍḍara, vb. V, 1a to prepare o.s., ready o.s., get ready (li‑ for); b to be ready, prepared; 2a to become settled, be sedentary in a civilized region; b to be civilized, be in a state of civilization; c to become urbanized, become a town dweller: Dt-stem, [v1] refl./self-ref., [v2] based on ↗ḥaḍar and/or ↗ḥaḍāraẗ.
►ĭḥtaḍara, vb. VIII, 1 to come (to s.o.), be in the presence (of s.o.); 2 to live in a civilized region: Gt-stem, self-ref.; – 3 pass. ŭḥtuḍira, to die: Gt-stem, self-ref., [v1] based on *‘presence’, [v2] based on *‘cultivation of land, civilisation’ (↗ḥaḍar), [v3] is related to ^2bḥaḍara ‘to come to, visit’, lit. meaning * ‘to be visited (sc. by the angels of God)’.
►ĭstaḥḍara, vb. X, 1a to have s.th. brought, to call, send (for s.o., for s.th.), have s.o. come; b to summon (s.o.); c to fetch, procure, supply, get, bring (s.th.); d to conjure, call up, evoke (a spirit); e to visualize, envision, call to mind (s.th.); f to carry with o.s., bring along (s.th.); 2 to prepare (e.g., a medicinal preparation): *Št-stem, desid.

►ḥaḍar, n., 1 a civilized region with towns and villages and a settled population (as opposed to desert, steppe); 2 settled population, town dwellers (as opposed to nomads): perh. the etymon proper.
►ḥaḍarī, adj., 1a settled, sedentary, resident, not nomadic, non-Bedouin, like urbanites; b civilized; c urban; d town dweller: nisba formation from ḥaḍar.
►^BP#1091ḥaḍraẗ, n.f., presence: for more details see s.v. | fī ~, expr., in the presence of …; al‑~ al-ʕaliyyaẗ, n., His Highness (formerly, title of the Bey of Tunis); ḥaḍratu-kum, n., a respectful form of address, esp. in letters; ~ al-duktūr, cf. Fr. Monsieur le docteur.
►^BP#700ḥuḍūr, n., 1 presence; 2 visit, participation, attendance: vn. I; for more details see s.v.; – 3 n.pl., those present: pl. of ↗ḥāḍir. | bi-ḥuḍūr-hī, expr., in his presence; ~ al-ḥaflaẗ, n., attendance of the celebration; ~ al-ḏihn, n., presence of mind; waraqaẗ ~, n., Summons (jur.).
►ḥuḍūrī: ʔaḥkām ḥuḍūriyyaẗ, n.pl., judgments delivered in the presence of the litigant parties after oral proceedings (jur.): nisba formation from ¹ḥuḍūr | ḥuḍūriyyan, contradictorily (jur.)
►^BP#1412ḥaḍāraẗ, n.f., 1 civilization; 2 culture; – 3 settledness, sedentariness.
►^BP#1969ḥaḍārī, adj., 1 civilizational; 2 cultural: nisba formation, from ḥaḍāraẗ.
►ḥaḍīraẗ, pl. ḥaḍāʔirᵘ, n.f., 1 a small group of 6 to 12 people (specif., the smallest unit of boy scouts = patrol); 2 section, squad (mil.; Syr.): related to ḥaḍara? See entry ↗ḥaḍīraẗ proper.
►^BP#4872maḥḍar, n., 1 presence; 2 attendance, coming, appearance (of s.o.); 3 assembly, meeting, gathering, convention; 4 (pl. maḥāḍirᵘ) minutes, official report, procès-verbal, record of the factual findings | bi-maḥḍarin min-hu, expr. in s.o.’s presence: formally a n.loc., *‘place where people come together, are present’ (i.e., [v3]), hence also ‘presence; attendance’ ([v1], [v2]), and so also *‘report written in the presence of…’ ([v4]).
►^BP#2797taḥḍīr, n., 1 preparing, readying, making ready; 2 (pi. ‑āt) preparation (li‑ for; also e.g., for an examination); 3 making, preparation, cooking (of food, etc.), production, manufacture: vn. II
►taḥḍīrī, adj., preparatory, preparative: nisba formation, from taḥḍīr | al-madāris al-taḥḍīriyyaẗ lil-muʕallimīn, n.pl., preparatory institutes for teachers, teachers’ colleges (Eg.)
►^BP#1961muḥāḍaraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., lecture: vn. III.
►ʔiḥḍār, n., procurement, supply, fetching, bringing: vn. IV.
►taḥaḍḍur, n., civilized way of life: vn. V.
►ĭḥtiḍār, n., demise, death: vn. VIII.
►ĭstiḥḍār, n., 1 making, production, manufacture; 2 preparation; 3 summoning: vn. X. | ~ al-ʔarwāḥ, n., evocation of spirits, Spiritism
►^BP#1094ḥāḍir, pl. ḥuḍḍar, ḥuḍūr, adj., 1 present; 2 attending; 3a prepared (li‑for); b ready; 4 (pl. ḥuḍḍār, ḥaḍaraẗ) settled, sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic; 5 n., al-ḥāḍir, the present (time): values [v1]–[v3] and [v5] based on *‘presence’, [v4] on *‘sedentariness’ (↗ḥaḍar). | fī ’l-waqt al‑~ or fī ’l‑~, adv., at present, now; ~ al-fikr, adj., quick-witted, quick at repartee; naqd ~, n., cash, ready money
►ḥāḍiraẗ, pl. ḥawāḍirᵘ, n.f., 1 capital city, metropolis; 2 city (as a center of civilization): PA I f., based on ḥaḍara ‘to be settled, sedentary’.
►maḥḍūr, adj., 1a possessed, haunted or inhabited by a jinni; b demoniac: PP I.
►muḥaḍḍir, n., 1 maker, producer, manufacturer; 2 dissector (med.): PA II.
►muḥāḍir, n., lecturer, speaker: PA III.
►muḥḍir, n., court usher: PA IV.
►mutaḥaḍḍir, adj., civilized: PA V.
►muḥtaḍar, adj., n., 1a dying, in the throes of death, on the brink of death; b a dying person; 2a haunted or inhabited by a jinni; b demoniac: PP VIII.
►mustaḥḍar, pl. ‑āt, n., preparation (chem., pharm.): PP X. | ~ dawāʔi, n., medicinal preparation.

ḥaḍḍar‑ حَضَّرَ (taḥḍīr)

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√ḤḌR

vb., II

1 to ready, make ready, prepare (s.th., also, e.g., a medicine = to compound), make, produce, manufacture (s.th.); 2 to study, prepare (a lesson); 3 to fetch, get, bring (s.o., s.th.), procure, supply (s.th.); 4 to settle (s.o.), make s.o. sedentary; 5 to civilize (s.o., s.th.) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The D-stem seems to be built on, or at least refer to, different items from the root √ḤḌR, in each case forming caus. meanings:
▪ [v1] ʻto make ready, prepare’ is prob. best analysed as denom. from ↗ḥāḍir ʻready’, and [v2] ʻto prepare (a lesson)’ as a specialisation of this value.
▪ [v3] ʻto fetch, bring, procure, supply’ is *ʻto cause to be present, make appear’, from the vb. I ↗ḥaḍara ʻ¹to be present; ²to come, arrive, appear, show up’.
▪ [v4] ʻto make sedentary’, and hence also [v5] ʻto civilize’, are from ↗ḥaḍara ʻ³to be settled, sedentary’, or denom. from ↗ḥaḍar ‘civilized region; settled population, town dwellers’ and ↗ḥaḍāraẗ ‘sedentary life; civilisation, culture’, respectively.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

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►taḥaḍḍara, vb. V, 1a to prepare o.s., ready o.s., get ready (li‑ for); b to be ready, prepared; 2a to become settled, be sedentary in a civilized region; b to be civilized, be in a state of civilization; c to become urbanized, become a town dweller: Dt-stem, refl./self-ref.

►^BP#2797taḥḍīr, n., 1 preparing, readying, making ready; 2 (pi. ‑āt) preparation (li‑ for; also e.g., for an examination); 3 making, preparation, cooking (of food, etc.), production, manufacture: vn. II
►taḥḍīrī, adj., preparatory, preparative: nisba formation, from taḥḍīr | al-madāris al-taḥḍīriyyaẗ lil-muʕallimīn, n.pl., preparatory institutes for teachers, teachers’ colleges (Eg.)
►taḥaḍḍur, n., civilized way of life: vn. V.
►muḥaḍḍir, n., 1 maker, producer, manufacturer; 2 dissector (med.): PA II.
►mutaḥaḍḍir, adj., civilized: PA V.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

ĭḥtaḍar‑ اِحْتَضَرَ (ĭḥtiḍār)

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√ḤḌR

vb., VIII

1 to come (to s.o.), be in the presence (of s.o.); 2 to live in a civilized region: Gt-stem, self-ref.; – 3 pass. ŭḥtuḍira, to die – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Gt-stem of [v1, v3] ↗ḥaḍara ʻ¹to be present; ²to come, arrive, appear, show up’ and [v2] ↗ḥaḍara ʻ³to be settled, sedentary’ or ↗ḥaḍar ‘civilized region; settled population, town dwellers’.
▪ [v3] : The meaning ʻto die’ of the pass. ŭḥtuḍira developed from *ʻto be visited (sc. by death, or the angels of death).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

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►ĭḥtiḍār, n., demise, death: vn. VIII.
►muḥtaḍar, adj., n., 1a dying, in the throes of death, on the brink of death; b a dying person; 2a haunted or inhabited by a jinni; b demoniac: PP VIII.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

ḥaḍar حَضَر

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḤḌR

1 a civilized region with towns and villages and a settled population (as opposed to desert, steppe); 2 settled population, town dwellers (as opposed to nomads) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The n. is either deverb. from ↗ḥaḍara ʻ³to be settled, sedentary’, or the latter is denom. from ḥaḍar, in which case ḥaḍar would be the etymon proper of almost all derivatives of √ḤḌR (see below, section DERIV).
▪ The idea of ʻsettling down, becoming sedentary’ may have developed from a primary *‘gathering, coming together, agglomerating’, as the obsol. item ^†ḥaḍīr(aẗ) ‘thick purulent matter in a wound, afterbirth’ could suggest.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Tu hazar ‘civilized region; sedentary life’ (<1400) – NişanyanSözlük_28Jul2015
.▪ …

NB: The following list of “derivatives” presupposes that ḥaḍar is the etymon proper. Should ḥaḍar be deverb. from ↗ḥaḍara, the list would have to be reduced to the more immediate derivatives such as the nisba adj. ḥaḍarī.

►^BP#809ḥaḍara, u (ḥuḍūr), 1 and 2 ↗s.v.; – 3 (ḥaḍāraẗ) to be settled, sedentary (in a civilized region, as opposed to nomadic existence): perh. the real etymon from which ḥaḍar is deverb.?
►ḥaḍḍara, vb. II, 1–3 ↗s.v.; 4 to settle (s.o.), make s.o. sedentary; 5 to civilize (s.o., s.th.): D-stem, caus.
►taḥaḍḍara, vb. V, 1 ↗ḥaḍḍara; 2a to become settled, be sedentary in a civilized region; b to be civilized, be in a state of civilization; c to become urbanized, become a town dweller: Dt-stem, refl./self-ref.

►ḥaḍarī, adj., 1a settled, sedentary, resident, not nomadic, non-Bedouin, like urbanites; b civilized; c urban; d town dweller: nisba formation from ḥaḍar.
►^BP#1412ḥaḍāraẗ, n.f., 1 civilization; 2 culture; – 3 settledness, sedentariness
►^BP#1969ḥaḍārī, adj., 1 civilizational; 2 cultural: nisba formation, from ḥaḍāraẗ
►taḥaḍḍur, n., civilized way of life: vn. V.
►^BP#1094ḥāḍir, adj., 1–3 ↗s.v.; 4 (pl. ḥuḍḍār, ḥaḍaraẗ) settled, sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic; 5 n., ↗s.v. | fī ’l-waqt al‑~ or fī ’l‑~, adv., at present, now; ~ al-fikr, adj., quick-witted, quick at repartee; naqd ~, n., cash, ready money
►ḥāḍiraẗ, pl. ḥawāḍirᵘ, n.f., 1 capital city, metropolis; 2 city (as a center of civilization)
►mutaḥaḍḍir, adj., civilized: PA V.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

ḥaḍraẗ حَضْرة , pl. ḥaḍarāt

ID – • Sw – • BP 1091 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḤḌR

n.f.

1 presence – WehrCowan1976 • 2 (EgAr) (pl. ‑āt, ḥuḍar) a Sufi ceremony, dhikr; b tomb of any venerated Muslim religious figure – BadawiHinds1986.

▪ The word that originally meant, and, taken alone, still means, simply ʻpresence’, usually appears only as the first element in ʔiḍāfa constructions and as such signifies politeness in addressing somebody in a conversation or talking about a third person. Most common is prob. the respectful form of address (esp. in letters), ḥaḍratu-kum, dial. (EgAr) ḥaḍrit-ak ≈ ʻsir’, f. ḥaḍrit-ik ≈ ʻmadame’; cf. also the wish (EgAr) iṣ-ṣalā ʕalà ḥaḍriẗ in-nabī ʻblessings be upon the Prophet!’ This modern use is a good example of the popularization of formerly more exclusive, elitist concepts, where ʻpresence’ from a certain time onwards had come to mean either ʻpresence of a notable, sultan, etc. (court culture)’, or had signaled the ʻpresence of the divine’, i.e. God, esp. in Sufi ḏikr ceremonies.
▪ ḥaḍraẗ: »If šawkaẗ represents brute force, another term, ḥaḍraẗ, represents the sacral in a sense the mystical, aspect of royalty. With the literal meaning of ʻpresence,’ from the verb ʻto be present,’ it was in common use by the high Middle Ages. Initially, it seems to refer to the physical presence or nearness of the sovereign, who by this time is secluded from the mass of the people by an army of chamberlains, courtiers, and guards. In time the word itself was, so to speak, sacralized. It no doubt derived additional force from its contemporary use in the language of the mystics, who spoke in similar terms of the presence or nearness of God [↗ḥuḍūr]. Ḥaḍraẗ is also used of holy places, notably of the tomb of the Prophet in Medina, which is also secluded and protected from general access by the guardians of the sanctuary.«² – Lewis1988: 38.
▪ …

2. Fn. 26: See al-Bāshā, Alqāb, 260-64; Armand Abel, “Le Khalife, presence sacreée,” Studia Islamica vii (1957): 29-45.

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Tu hazret ‘old man, old fellow (when addressing a comrade); presence; dignity; hazret-i X title of an exalted personage; (title x) hazret-leri His excellency the x’: <1330 (ʕĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme) lāyıḳ oldı ḥażretine mevlānuŋ [mevlanın huzuruna çıkmaya] – NişanyanSözlük_20Feb2020.
▪ …

►fī ḥaḍraẗ…, expr., in the presence of …
►al-ḥaḍraẗ al-ʕaliyyaẗ, n., His Highness (formerly, title of the Bey of Tunis)
►ḥaḍratu-kum, n., a respectful form of address, esp. in letters
►ḥaḍraẗ al-duktūr, cf. Fr Monsieur le docteur

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

ḥuḍūr حُضور

ID – • Sw – • BP 700 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḤḌR

1 presence; 2 visit, participation, attendance; 3 (as one pl. of ḥāḍir) those present – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Formally a vn. of ↗ḥaḍara ʻ¹to be present; ²to come, appear, visit’, ḥuḍūr had also developed a specific meaning, now obsolete, in medieval Islamic mysticism, namely the state of ʻbeing in the presence [of God]’ (with the correlative ↗ġaybaẗ ʻabsence from all except God’). »The term was later extended by Ibn ʕArabī, in working out his monistic L scheme, to the “Five Divine ḥaḍarāt”, stages or orders of Being in the Neoplatonic chain […]« – D.B. Macdonald, art. “Ḥaḍra”, in EI². The meaning is preserved in Tu until today, where ḥużūr / huzur mainly means a blissful state of ataraxy; cf., for instance, A. H. Tanpınar’s famous novel, Huzur, of 1948/49 (transl. into Engl as A Mind at Peace).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Tü huzur ‘presence; peace of mind, freedom from anxiety, ataraxy; audience (of a sovereign)’: <1377 (Erzurumlu Darir, Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.): didi iy cān ne buyurursın buyur / cānum üzre ḥükm ḳıl iy χōş-ḥużūr. – Compos.: huzurevi ‘’ (Milliyet, 1961): Darülaceze Müessesesinde yaşlılar için bir ‘Huzurevi’ ile yeni bir çocuk pavyonu kurulacaktır; huzurlarınızda ‘in your (polite) presence’; cf. also adj.s huzurlu ‘peaceful, restful, calm’ and huzursuz ‘uneasy, troubled’ – NişanyanSözlük_11Jan2016.
▪ …

►bi-ḥuḍūri-hī, expr., in his presence
►ḥuḍūr al-ḥaflaẗ, n., attendance of the celebration
►ḥuḍūr al-ḏihn, n., presence of mind
►waraqaẗ ḥuḍūr, n., Summons (jur.)

►ḥuḍūrī: ʔaḥkām ḥuḍūriyyaẗ, n.pl., judgments delivered in the presence of the litigant parties after oral proceedings (jur.) | ḥuḍūriyyan, contradictorily (jur.).

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

ḥaḍāraẗ حَضارة , pl. ‑āt

√ḤḌR

n.f.

1 civilization; 2 culture; – 3 settledness, sedentariness – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Originally, ḥaḍāraẗ is a vn. of ḥaḍara and meant as such the process of ʻsettling, becoming sedentary’ or the resulting state of ʻsettledness, sedentariness’, i.e., [v3]. From this developed the nations of [v1] ʻcivilisation’ and [v2] ʻculture’ in general, contrasting at first nomadic existence in the desert with life in civilized regions.
▪ »La notion de ʻcivilisation’ au sens où on l’entend en Europe, oscille, chez le grand sociologue du xivᵉ siècle, Ibn Ḫaldūn, entre trois termes: ḥaḍāraẗ est la ʻculture sédentaire’ (éd. 1958, I, LXXX), ↗tamaddun ʻl’urbanisation’ (calqué sur le grec polis ʻville’) – le terme (éd. 1958, I, p. 297) est déjà dans aš-Šahrazûrî, au xᵐᵉ siècle; mais le mot-clef, c’est ↗ʕumrān: ʻpopulation, sédentarisation, organisation sociale, civilisation’ (éd. 1958, p. ex et LXXVI). De nos jours, ʕumrān ne semble plus guère employé; il ne figure, ni dans les Besonderheiten de Wehr (1934-A), ni dans le glossaire de l’ALA [Académie de la Langue Arabe] (1957), qui citent tous deux les deux autres termes, ainsi que leurs équivalents madaniyyaẗ et tamadyun. En 1902-1906, Ǧurǧī Zaydān publie son “Histoire de la Civilisation islamique” (Tārīḫ al-tamaddun al-islāmī) et en 1956 (à Beyrouth), Georges Wahbaẗ sa “Crise de la civilisation arabe” (Azmaẗ al-tamaddun al-ʕarabī). En 1928, paraissent “Les problèmes de la civilisation moderne” (Muʕḍilāt al-madaniyyaẗ al-ǧadīdaẗ), par Ismāʕīl Maẓhar. Quant à ḥaḍāraẗ, le plus fréquent aujourd’hui, il figure dans de nombreux titres: Ḥaḍārat al-ʔIslām “La civilisation de l’Islam”, par Gamīl Mudawwar, Beyrouth, 1888; Al-Ḥaḍāraẗ al-islāmiyyaẗ “La civilisation islamique”, par Aḥmad Zakī, Le Caire, 1910; Al-Islām wa’l-ḥaḍāraẗ al-ʕarabiyyaẗ “L’Islam et la Civilisation arabe”, par Md. Kurd ʕAlī, Le Caire, 1934-1936; Ḥaḍāraẗ fī ṭarīq al-zawāl “Une civilisation sur la voie du déclin”, par Anīs Furayḥa, Beyrouth, 1957. Pour dire ʻcivilisé’, on a le choix entre madanī, tamaddunī, mutamaddin ou mutamadyin et ḥaḍarī ou mutaḥaḍḍir« – Monteil1960: 215-16.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►ḥaḍḍara, vb. II, 1–3 ↗s.v.; 4 to settle (s.o.), make s.o. sedentary; 5 to civilize (s.o., s.th.): D-stem, caus.
►taḥaḍḍara, vb. V, 1 ↗ḥaḍḍara; 2a to become settled, be sedentary in a civilized region; b to be civilized, be in a state of civilization; c to become urbanized, become a town dweller: Dt-stem, refl./self-ref.

►^BP#1969ḥaḍārī, adj., 1 civilizational; 2 cultural: nisba formation, from ḥaḍāraẗ
►taḥaḍḍur, n., civilized way of life: vn. V.
►^BP#1094ḥāḍir, adj., 1–3 ↗s.v.; 4 (pl. ḥuḍḍār, ḥaḍaraẗ) settled, sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic; 5 n., ↗s.v.: PA I.
►ḥāḍiraẗ, pl. ḥawāḍirᵘ, n.f., 1 capital city, metropolis; 2 city (as a center of civilization)
►mutaḥaḍḍir, adj., civilized: PA V.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

ḥaḍīraẗ حَضيرة , pl. ḥaḍāʔirᵘ

√ḤḌR

n.f.

1 a small group of 6 to 12 people (specif., the smallest unit of boy scouts = patrol); 2 section, squad (mil.; Syr.) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Accord. to Lane ii (1865), the meaning of ḥaḍīraẗ in ClassAr is ‘collective body of a people’. Perhaps the item is related to the homonymous ^†ḥaḍīr(aẗ) ‘what collects in a wound, of thick purulent matter; what collects in the membrane that encloses the fœtus, of the [fluid called] suḫd and the like; […] what a woman emits after childbirth and [after] the stopping of her blood; […] what a she-camel emits after bringing forth’; but the exact semantics of a possible relation remain unclear so far. A common denominator could be the notion of *‘gathering, coming together’. Such a meaning would possibly also link both, ‘collective body’ and ʻpurulent matter collecting in a wound; after-birth’ with the main value of ḤḌR, namely ʻsettling, becoming sedentary’ (< *ʻcoming together’?). This would also explain the partial overlapping of √ḤḌR with ↗√ḤṢR and ↗√ḤẒR, both often conveying the basic idea of fencing, marking a territory of settlement, pasture, etc.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ? ↗ḥaḍara ?

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

maḥḍar مَحْضَر

√ḤḌR

1 presence; 2 attendance, coming, appearance (of s.o.); 3 assembly, meeting, gathering, convention; 4 (pl. maḥāḍirᵘ) minutes, official report, procès-verbal, record of the factual findings – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Originally a n.loc. of ↗ḥaḍara, the basic meaning of maḥḍar is *ʻplace in which s.o. is present, place where people come together’. The word for the place then also came to mean [v3] the ʻ assembly, meeting, gathering, convention’ itself as well as [v1] and [v2], the act of gathering and being present in such a place. [v4] seems to be a special development, originally signifying *‘report written in the presence of…’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►bi-maḥḍarin min-hu, expr. in s.o.’s presence

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

muḥāḍaraẗ مُحاضَرة , pl. ‑āt

√ḤḌR

n.f.

lecture – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The modern meaning of muḥāḍaraẗ – ʻlecture’ – seems to have developed from the idea of being able to give ready answers in a conversation. The vb. III, ḥāḍara, of which muḥāḍaraẗ is a vn., is attested in Hava1899 still as ‘to give a ready (answer)’. This vb. can be interpreted as an associative L-stem, coined from ^†ḥaḍur ‘always ready to reply; quick’ (ibid.), which is based on ↗ḥaḍara ʻto be present’, hence also ʻto be ready, prepared’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►ḥāḍara, vb. III, 1 to give a lecture, present s.th. in a lecture (to s.o.); 2 to lecture, give a course of lectures: L-stem, assoc.

►muḥāḍir, n., lecturer, speaker: PA III.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar.

ḥāḍir حاضِر , pl. ḥuḍḍar, ḥuḍūr

√ḤḌR

adj.; n.

1 present; 2 attending; 3a prepared (li‑for); b ready; 4 (pl. ḥuḍḍār, ḥaḍaraẗ) settled, sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic; 5 n., al-ḥāḍir, the present (time) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ [v4] ʻsettled, sedentary’ may have been the original meaning, derived from the corresponding vb. I, ↗ḥaḍara ʻto settle’. ʻThe settled one’ then seems to have developed into [v1] ʻthe present one’, and ʻthe present one’ into [v3] ʻthe prepared, ready one’. The nominal use as [v5] ʻthe present (time)’ is of course from [v1].
▪ The word has been borrowed into many languages. In Tu, ḥazır is very widespread and has generated a large semantic field in its own right (see below, section WEST).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ḥaḍara.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Tu hazır ¹‘ready’: 1300 (anon., Muḳaddimetü’l-ʾEdeb terc.] bayramḳa ḥāżır boldılar [törene katıldılar]; ²‘present (tense)’: 1330 (ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme) māżisi vü ḥāżırı ve müstaḳbili [geçmişi ve şimdiki zamanı ve geleceği] – NişanyanSözlük_20Feb2020. – Cf. also halihazır ‘present time’ (Ar ↗ḥāl ‘state, condition, situation’), hazirun ‘persons present’ (Ar pl., ḥāḍirūn), hazırlamak ‘to prepare, make ready’. – The expression hazır giyim ‘ready-made clothing’ came up in the 1930s, hazır yemek ‘ready-made meal, TV dinner’ spread since 1958 when the food and beverage company TAMEK started to promote canned food.
▪ …

►fī ’l-waqt al-ḥāḍir or fī ’l- ḥāḍir, adv., at present, now
►ḥāḍir al-fikr, adj., quick-witted, quick at repartee
►naqd ḥāḍir, n., cash, ready money

►ḥaḍḍara, vb. II, 1 to ready, make ready, prepare (s.th., also, e.g., a medicine = to compound), make, produce, manufacture (s.th.); 2 to study, prepare (a lesson); 3–5 ↗s.v.: D-stem, caus.
►taḥaḍḍara, vb. V, 1a to prepare o.s., ready o.s., get ready (li‑ for); b to be ready, prepared: Dt-stem, refl./self-ref.; 2 ↗s.v..

►^BP#2797taḥḍīr, n., 1 preparing, readying, making ready; 2 (pi. ‑āt) preparation (li‑ for; also e.g., for an examination); 3 making, preparation, cooking (of food, etc.), production, manufacture: vn. II
►taḥḍīrī, adj., preparatory, preparative: nisba formation, from taḥḍīr | al-madāris al-taḥḍīriyyaẗ lil-muʕallimīn, n.pl., preparatory institutes for teachers, teachers’ colleges (Eg.)
►ĭstiḥḍār, n., 1 making, production, manufacture; 2 preparation; 3 ↗ḥaḍara: vn. X.
►muḥaḍḍir, n., 1 maker, producer, manufacturer; 2 dissector (med.): PA II.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍāraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.

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