Bibliotheca Polyglotta

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ḪRṢ خرص

√ḪRṢ

▪ ḪRṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪRṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪRṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘palm tree branch; to estimate the amount of fruit carried by a palm tree; guessing, conjecturing, approximation; lying; a large water basin, estuary’

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√ḪRṬ

▪ ḪRṬ_1 ‘to pull off, strip (leaves from a tree)’ ↗¹ḫaraṭa; ‘to turn, shape with a lathe (wood, metal)’ ↗²ḫaraṭa
▪ ḪRṬ_2 ‘to exaggerate, boast, brag, lie’ ↗³ḫaraṭa
▪ ḪRṬ_3 ‘to cut into small pieces, mince, chop, dice (meat, carrots, etc.)’ ↗⁴ḫaraṭa
▪ ḪRṬ_4 ‘to join, enter, affiliate with, penetrate, plunge headlong into, embark rashly upon’ ↗ĭnḫaraṭa
▪ ḪRṬ_5 ‘skirt’ ↗(SyrAr) ḫarrāṭaẗ
▪ ḪRṬ_6 ‘map, chart’ ↗ḫāriṭaẗ
▪ ḪRṬ_7 ‘rhinoceros’ ↗ḫarṭīṭ (arranged s.r. ↗ḪRṬṬ)

Other values, now obsolete, include (Lane ii 1865, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ḪRṬ_8 ‘to have a disease of the udder (sheep)’: ^†ḫariṭa (a, ḫaraṭ) and ^†ʔaḫraṭa (IV); cf. also ^†ḫaraṭ ‘coagulation of the milk in the udder’, ^†muḫriṭ (pl. maḫārīṭᵘ) ‘suffering from ^†ḫaraṭ’
▪ ^†ḪRṬ_9 ‘receptable, pouch, purse (of leather, rag, etc.)’: ^†ḫarīṭaẗ
▪ ^†ḪRṬ_10 ‘to become long (beard); to protract (bi‑ a journey)’ : ^†ĭḫrawwaṭa
▪ ^†ḪRṬ_11 ‘to hurry on’ : ^†ĭḫrawwaṭa
▪ ^†ḪRṬ_12 ‘butterfly brightly coloured’: ^†ḫirṭīṭ (pl. ḫarāṭīṭᵘ) (arranged s.r. ↗ḪRṬṬ)
▪ ^†ḪRṬ_ ‘’

▪ [gnrl] : If DRS is right, the Sem root ḪRṬ displays 4 major values, all of which are represented in Ar (1 only in MġrAr). There is, however, enormous diversity within DRS’s #ḪRṬ-1, which would cover all of values [v1]-[v4], kept distinct here for systematic reasons. If DRS’ juxtaposition is valid, [v2]-[v4] are somehow fig. use of and/or semantic extensions from [v1]. Given (still with DRS) the wide attestation in Sem, one may assume a common origin of [v1]-[v4] and its cognates in Sem *ḪRṬ ‘to pull\scrape off, strip’. – Values [v5] and [v6] are not mentioned in DRS, while [v7] and [v10] are treated under √ḪRṬṬ. ^†[v8] corresponds to DRS #ḪRṬ-4, and ^†[v9] to DRS #ḪRṬ-3.
▪ [v1] : Ar ¹ḫaraṭa ‘to pull off, strip (leaves from a tree)’ may have preserved the Sem etymon *ḪRṬ ‘to pull\scrape off, strip’ rather faithfully. As can be seen from what DRS regards as cognates of the Ar items (see DRS #ḪRṬ-1 in section COGN, below), there is considerable semantic diversity within this group across Sem, so that it is difficult to decide which of the values should be more original than others; but the Ar [v1] is certainly a strong candidate. The value ²‘to turn, shape with a lathe (wood, metal)’ is widespread in Ar as well and seems to have in its turn formed the basis for further semantic developments (see [v2], perh. also [v3], unless directly from [v1]). Despite its obvious old age, however, this development seems to have remained an Ar ideosyncrasy, a special use of the original *‘scraping, stripping’.
▪ [v2] : The value ‘to exaggerate, boast, brag, lie’ (³ḫaraṭa) is prob. the result of fig. use of the secondary aspect of [v1], ‘turning, shaping with a lathe’ (²ḫaraṭa). According to WehrCowan1976, this semantic development is specific to EgAr; in DRS the value is marked as SyrAr EAr.
▪ [v3] : ⁴ḫaraṭa ‘to cut into small pieces, mince, chop, dice (meat, carrots, etc.)’ could be a specialisation based on either ¹ḫaraṭa ‘to pull off, strip (leaves from a tree)’ or ²ḫaraṭa ‘to turn, shape with a lathe (wood, metal)’. However, given the fact that the semantic relation between these and ‘to cut, mince, chop’ is not self-evident, it is perh. safer, for the moment, to keep the value apart.
▪ [v4] : A relation of vb. VII ĭnḫaraṭa ‘to join, enter, affiliate with, penetrate, plunge headlong into, embark rashly upon’ and [v1] ‘to scrape off, strip; to turn, shape with a lathe’ or [v2] ‘to exaggerate, boast, brag, lie’ or also [v3] ‘to cut, mince, chop’ is less than obvious. If [v4] has somehow developed from [v1], the line of derivation may be imagined as *‘to get quickly rid of the bark, etc. (for so to be free to go over to s.th. else and) > plunge into, embark rashly upon’. But this is still rather speculative. DRS does not list this value. Interestingly enough, however, Klein1987 establishes a similarly distinct value for postBiblHbr hiṯḥārēṭ ‘to repent, regret’ (from a homonymous root ²ḤRṬ) and puts Ar ĭnḫaraṭa ‘to do ignorantly’ (sic!) alongside with it.
▪ [v5] : no obvious semantic relation between SyrAr ḫarrāṭaẗ ‘skirt’ and any of the other values; perh. *‘easy to strip off’ (in which case it would be derived from [v1]). The value is not mentioned in DRS. If not from √ḪRṬ, it may be a borrowing (< Akk ?). For more details and discussion, see entry ↗ḫarrāṭaẗ.
▪ [v6] : Prob. via It carta (< Lat c(h)arta) from Grk χártē ‘sheet of paper’, itself perh. a borrowing (with metathesis, from Eg sḫr.t ‘bundle of papyrus rolls, scroll’?). The earlier form, Grk χártēs‘leaf of paper, made from the separated layers of papyrus’ (LidellScott1901), may be the origin of, or have the same etymon as, Ar ↗qirṭās. In MSA, ḫāriṭaẗ has become confused with, and ousted by, ḫarīṭaẗ (in ClassAr meaning ‘leathern container, receptable’, see ^†[v9]; the confusion may have become possible because maps used to be stored in leathern receptables). – For more details, and also a possible etymology of the Grk χártēs, see entry ↗ḫāriṭaẗ.
▪ [v7] : For ḫarṭīṭ ‘rhinoceros’, see s.v. (arranged s.r. ↗ḪRṬṬ).
▪ ^†[v8] : The etymology of ^†ḫaraṭ ‘coagulation of the milk in the udder’ and related items ² is obscure. DRS lists it as a distinct value (#ḪRṬ-4), but without cognates in other Sem languages.
▪ ^†[v9] : In Hava1899, ^†ḫarīṭaẗ is rendered as ‘leathern bag for silkworms’ eggs’, while Lane ii 1865 has still the more general ‘receptable, pouch, purse (of leather, rag, etc.)’.³ The word is a nominalized quasi-PP I describing, originally, *‘scraped off’ leather, hence also bags or other receptables made thereof. – The confusion of the old, genuine ḫarīṭaẗ ‘leathern receptable’ with the younger borrowing ḫāriṭaẗ (prob. from It c(h)arta, see above, [v6]) as ‘map, chart’, was perh. possible because maps used to be kept in leathern containers. According to DHDA, ḫarīṭaẗ is first attested in 681 CE (in the sense of ‘leathern container, receptable’), while ḫāriṭaẗ appeared only much later (not attested in sources of the first three Islamic centuries).
▪ ^†[v10] : Formed on the rare pattern XIII (ĭFʕawwaLa), the vb. ^†ĭḫrawwaṭa comes with a variety of values of which some hardly can be linked to any of the other values represented in the root. One is ‘to become long (beard); to protract (bi‑ a journey)’. Etymology obscure.
▪ ^†[v11] : Another strange value of^†ĭḫrawwaṭa is ‘to hurry on’. Etymology obscure.
▪ ^†[v12] : For ^†ḫirṭīṭ (pl. ḫarāṭīṭᵘ) ‘butterfly brightly coloured’, see s.v. (arranged s.r. ↗ḪRṬṬ).

2. Denom. (?) ^†ḫariṭa (a, ḫaraṭ) and ^†ʔaḫraṭa (IV) ‘to have a disease of the udder (sheep)’, ^†muḫriṭ (pl. maḫārīṭᵘ) ‘suffering from ^†ḫaraṭ’. 3. ‘… which is bound, made fast, or closed by the insertion of its loops one into another; thing likened thereto, made for the letters of the sultan etc. to be sent therein; similar thing (which was formerly, in the time of paganism) put upon the head of the she-camel [that was] confined [to perish] at the tomb of a dead person; pod, oblong capsule, pericarp, of sesamum and the like (used in this sense by writers on botany, and in the spoken language of the present day)’.

–

▪ Klein1987, DelOlmoLete2003, DRS #ḪRṬ-1 Akk ḫarāṭu ‘to eat, devour (leaves, etc.)’,¹ Ug ḫrṭ ‘plumer (?) | to pull out, pull up, pluck’, Hbr ḥᵆrät ‘stylet pour écrire, graver | graving tool, stylus’, modHbr ‘pen, pencil’, postBiblHbr ḥāraṭ ‘to chisel, engrave’, modHbr ‘to etch, turn’, Syr ḥᵃrat ‘entailler, inciser, couper, déchirer | to cut, scratch, tear’, Ar ḫaraṭa ‘enlever l’écorce, effeuiller un arbre; tourner, façonner au tour; atterrer, ruiner, affliger’, SyrAr EAr ḫaraṭ ‘fabriquer des mensonges; trancher, frapper’, ḫaraṭ, ḫawraṭ ‘emporter la terre (eau de ravinement)’, MġrAr ḫarəṭ ‘raviner; bâcler; racler, raboter’, ? ḫarreṭ ‘faire peur, causer de la frayeur’; ttəḫrəṭ ‘se détourner pour dégainer son arme’, Sab ḫrṭ ‘saisir vivement, dégainer’, Soq ḥeroṭ ‘dégainer; cueillir’, Jib ḫaroṭ ‘dépouiller une branche de feuilles et de fruits’. Les verbes SAr et leurs formes dérivées ont aussi des sens figurés : ‘se disputer, injurier, insulter’. – Voir aussi ḪRT. -2 MġrAr ḫraṭ ‘s’habituer à, se familiariser avec; faire montre de trop de familiarité’, cp. KRT. -3 Hbr ḥārîṭ ‘poche, bourse’, Ar ḫarṭaẗ ‘sac, sacoche’. -4 Ar ḫaraṭ ‘maladie des femelles à lait, dont le lait coule en grumeaux’.
▪ Klein1987 : postBiblHbr hiṯḥārēṭ ‘to repent, regret’, Ar ĭnḫaraṭa ‘to do ignorantly’

1. von Soden, AHW: ‘abfressen (wie Heuschrecken)’; item not listed in CAD !

.

–

ḫaraṭ‑ خَرَطَ , u, i (ḫarṭ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√ḪRṬ

vb., I

1 to pull off, strip (leaves from a tree); 2 to turn, lathe, shape with a lathe (‑h wood, metal); – 3 u (EgAr) to exaggerate, boast, brag, lie; – 4 u (EgAr) a to cut into small pieces; b to mince, chop, dice (meat, carrots, etc.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ [v1] : ḫaraṭa in the sense of ‘to pull off, strip (leaves from a tree)’ may have preserved the Sem etymon *ḪRṬ ‘to pull\scrape off, strip’ rather faithfully. As can be seen from what DRS regards as cognates of the Ar items (DRS #ḪRṬ-1, see below, section COGN), there is considerable semantic diversity within this group across Sem, so that it is difficult to decide which of the values should be more original than others; but the Ar value is certainly a good candidate (see below, section DISC).
▪ [v2] ‘to turn, shape with a lathe (wood, metal)’ is widespread in Ar and seems to have itself formed the basis for further semantic development (see [v3] and [v4]). Despite its obvious old age, however, this development seems to have remained an Ar ideosyncrasy, a special use of the original *‘scraping, stripping’, i.e., [v1].
▪ [v3] ‘to exaggerate, boast, brag, lie’ is prob. the result of fig. use of [v2], where the fabrication of lies etc. is compared to ‘turning, shaping s.th. with a lathe’. According to WehrCowan1976, this semantic development is specific to EgAr; in DRS, however, the value is marked as SyrAr and EAr. Or should one compare Copt šōrt ‘to confuse; to be mentally confused, crazy, obsessed’? The latter is prob. fig. use, from Copt šort, šoort, šart ‘veil, cover’ (< Eg ḫrd ‘bundle of linen’) – Westendorf2008.⁴
▪ [v4] : The meaning ‘to cut into small pieces, mince, chop, dice (meat, carrots, etc.)’ of ḫaraṭa could be a specialisation based on either [v1] ‘to pull off, strip (leaves from a tree)’ or [v2] ‘to turn, shape with a lathe (wood, metal)’. However, given the fact that the semantic relation between these and ‘to cut, mince, chop’ is not self-evident, it is perh. safer, for the moment, to keep the value apart.
▪ [gnrl] : For historically attested values that clearly are akin to those of the present entry, see below, section HIST. For other (possibly related) values, see section DISC.
▪ [gnrl] : A relation of vb. VII, ↗ĭnḫaraṭa ‘to join, enter, affiliate with, penetrate, plunge headlong into, embark rashly upon’ and any of the other values of ḫaraṭa may exist, but is hard to establish. If ĭnḫaraṭa has somehow developed from [v1] ‘to strip/peel off (bark, etc.)’, the line of derivation may be imagined as *‘to get quickly rid of the bark, etc. (for so to be free to go over to s.th. else and) > plunge into, embark rashly upon’. But this is rather speculative. DRS does not list ĭnḫaraṭa. Interestingly enough, however, Klein1987 establishes a similar, distinct value for postBiblHbr hiṯḥārēṭ ‘to repent, regret’ (from a homonymous root ²ḤRṬ) and puts Ar ĭnḫaraṭa ‘to do ignorantly’ (sic!) alongside with it.
▪ [gnrl] : ^†ḫarīṭaẗ ‘receptable, pouch, purse (of leather, rag, etc.)’ (↗^†ḪRṬ_9) seems to be a quasi-PP I describing, originally, *‘scraped off’ leather, hence also bags or other receptables made thereof. – For confusion and semantic merger ḫarīṭaẗ ~ ḫāriṭaẗ ‘map, chart’ (prob. from It c(h)arta), see ↗ḫāriṭaẗ.
▪ [gnrl] : No obvious semantic relation with other items from same root, √ḪRṬ. SyrAr ↗ḫarrāṭaẗ ‘skirt’ is perh. *‘(the garment that is) easy to strip off’ (in which case it would be derived from [v1]). The value is not mentioned in DRS. |
▪ [gnrl] : The etymology of ^†ḫaraṭ ‘coagulation of the milk in the udder’ (↗^†ḪRṬ_8) and related items⁵ is obscure. DRS lists it as a distinct value (#ḪRṬ-4), but without cognates in other Sem languages.
▪ [gnrl] : For the rare vb. XIII, ^†ĭḫrawwaṭa, and its various meanings, cf. ↗^†ḪRṬ_10-11.

▪ Hava1899 lists some more historically attested values that shed more light on the semantics in question here:

To [v1] we may put : ^†ḫaraṭa (u, i; ḫarṭ) ‘to beat off (the leaves of a tree); to pick (grapes with the hand)’ ; ^†ḫaraṭa (I) and ^†ḫarraṭa (II) ‘to purge s.o. (medicine)’ (< * ‘to make s.o. get rid of unwanted food, etc.’), hence also ^†ĭnḫaraṭa (VII) ‘to be slender (body)’ ; ^†ĭḫtaraṭa (VIII) ‘to unsheathe (a sword)’ ; the adj. ^†ḫarūṭ (pl. ḫurṭ) for ‘restive (animal)’ is obviously fig. use, likening an obstinate animal to a twig that resists being stripped of its leaves or bark.

Ad [v2] : ^†ḫurāṭaẗ ‘parings falling from a lathe’

Ad [v3] : ^†ḫaraṭa ‘to brag; to crack a joke’, (?) ^†ḫarūṭ (pl. ḫurṭ) ‘blunderer; humbug’

▪ Klein1987, DelOlmoLete2003, DRS #ḪRṬ-1 Akk ḫarāṭu ‘to eat, devour (leaves, etc.)’,² Ug ḫrṭ ‘plumer (Tropper2008 : ‘Federn rupfen’) | to pull out, pull up, pluck’, Hbr ḥᵆrät ‘stylet pour écrire, graver | graving tool, stylus’, modHbr ‘pen, pencil’, postBiblHbr ḥāraṭ ‘to chisel, engrave’, modHbr ‘to etch, turn’, Syr ḥᵃrat ‘entailler, inciser, couper, déchirer | to cut, scratch, tear’, Ar ḫaraṭa ‘enlever l’écorce, effeuiller un arbre; tourner, façonner au tour; atterrer, ruiner, affliger’, SyrAr EAr ḫaraṭ ‘fabriquer des mensonges; trancher, frapper’, ḫaraṭ, ḫawraṭ ‘emporter la terre (eau de ravinement)’, MġrAr ḫarəṭ ‘raviner; bâcler; racler, raboter’, ? ḫarreṭ ‘faire peur, causer de la frayeur’; ttəḫrəṭ ‘se détourner pour dégainer son arme’, Sab ḫrṭ ‘saisir vivement, dégainer’, Soq ḥeroṭ ‘dégainer; cueillir’, Jib ḫaroṭ ‘dépouiller une branche de feuilles et de fruits’. Les verbes SAr et leurs formes dérivées ont aussi des sens figurés : ‘se disputer, injurier, insulter’.³ – Voir aussi ḪRT. -2-4 ....
▪ ...

2. von Soden, AHW: ‘abfressen (wie Heuschrecken)’; item not listed in CAD ! 3. (Engl) #ḪRṬ-1 Akk ḫarāṭu ‘to eat, devour (leaves, etc.)’ (von Soden, AHW: ‘abfressen (wie Heuschrecken)’; item not listed in CAD !), Ug ḫrṭ ‘to pluck (?)’, Hbr ḥärät ‘stylus to write, engrave’, Syr ḥᵃrat ‘to nick, incise, cut, tear’, Ar ḫaraṭa ‘to remove bark, strip a tree; turning, lathing; to land, ruin, afflict’, SyrAr ḫaraṭ ‘to fabricate lies; to sever, strike’, ḫaraṭ, ḫawraṭ ‘to carry away the earth (gully water)’, MġrAr ḫarəṭ ‘to gully; to rush; to scrape, plane’, ? ḫarreṭ ‘to frighten, cause fear’; ttəḫrəṭ ‘to turn away to draw one’s weapon’, Sab ḫrṭ ‘to grab hold, draw’, Soq ḥeroṭ ‘to draw; to pluck’, Jib ḫaroṭ ‘stripping a branch of leaves and fruit’. SAr verbs and their derived forms also have fig. meanings: ‘to dispute, insult’.

▪ The reconstruction of Sem *ḪRṬ ‘to pull\scrape off, strip’ can be based on Akk ḫarāṭu ‘to eat, devour (leaves, etc.) | (von Soden, AHW:) abfressen (wie Heuschrecken), i.e., eat away, gnaw off (like locusts)’, Ar ḫaraṭa ‘to remove (bark), strip (a tree)’, MġrAr ḫarəṭ ‘to scrape, plane’, Soq ḥeroṭ ‘to draw; to pluck’, perh. also Ug ḫrṭ ‘to pluck (geese, etc.)’; Jib ḫaroṭ ‘stripping a branch of leaves and fruit’ may be an Arabism. (In Hbr and Syr, the general meaning is rather *‘to incise, cut, engrave’.)
▪ ...

–

►EgAr ḫarraṭ, vb. II, to cut into small pieces, mince, chop: D-stem, ints. (cf. ⁴ḫaraṭa)
►ĭnḫaraṭa, vb. VII, 1 to be turned, be lathed, be shaped with a lathe; 2-3 ↗s.v.: N-stem, pass. (< ²ḫaraṭa)

►ḫarṭ, n., 1 pulling-off (of leaves) | dūna ḏālika ḫarṭ al-qatād, expr., before one can do that, one must strip the tragacanth of its leaves, i.e., accomplish the impossible; 2 turning, turnery : vn. I of ¹ḫaraṭa and ²ḫaraṭa, respectively.
►ḫarrāṭ, n., pl. ‑ūn, 1 turner, lather; 2 (EgAr) braggart, bluffer, storyteller: ¹n.prof., ²fig. use (?) (both < ²ḫaraṭa)
►ḫirāṭaẗ, n.f., turner’s trade, turnery, art of turning: vn. I (²ḫaraṭa)
►ḫarrāṭaẗ, n.f., 1 ↗s.v.; – 2 (EgAr) chopping knife, mincing knife, mezzaluna: ²ints-formation, quasi-n.instr. (⁴ḫaraṭa)
►miḫraṭaẗ, n.f., pl. maḫāriṯᵘ, lathe: n.instr. (²ḫaraṭa)
►maḫrūṭ, 1a n., cone (math.); b adj., conic: PP I (< ²ḫaraṭa)
►maḫrūṭī, adj., conic : nsb-formation of preceding

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗(SyrAr) ḫarrāṭaẗ, ↗ḫāriṭaẗ and also ↗ḫarṭīṭ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗ḪRṬ and ↗ḪRṬṬ.

ĭnḫaraṭaاِنْخَرَطَ, ‑nḫariṭ‑ (ĭnḫirāṭ)

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√ḪRṬ

vb., VII

1 ↗ḫaraṭa; 2a to join, enter, affiliate (fī, fī silkⁱ... with an organisation, a community); b to penetrate (fī s.th. or into); c to plunge headlong (fī into), embark rashly (fī upon); 3 to labor, slave, toil – WehrCowan1976

▪ While the vb. VII ĭnḫaraṭa also occurs in the pass. sense of ‘to be turned, be lathed, be shaped with a lathe’ (where it is from ↗²ḫaraṭa), a relation of the values ²‘to join, enter, affiliate with, penetrate, plunge headlong into, embark rashly upon’ and ³‘to labor, slave, toil’ to any of the values of ↗ḫaraṭa is hard to establish. What could be the common denominator of ‘joining, entering, affiliating with; penetrating; laboring, toiling’ on the one hand, and ‘scraping off, stripping’, ‘shaping with a lathe’, ‘fabricating lies, boasting, bragging’ and ‘cutting, mincing, chopping’, on the other hand? If ‘joining, entering, affiliating with’ etc. is somehow dependent on ‘scraping off, stripping’, a derivation trajectory may be imagined as *‘to get quickly rid of the bark, etc. (for so to be free to go over to s.th. else and) > plunge into, embark rashly upon’. But this would be highly speculative. – DRS does neither list ĭnḫaraṭa nor items with similar semantics. In contrast, and interestingly enough, Klein1987 establishes a homonymous Hbr root ⁱⁱḤRṬ alongside the main ⁱḤRṬ; under ⁱⁱḤRṬ he groups postBiblHbr hiṯḥārēṭ ‘to repent, regret’ and list Ar ĭnḫaraṭa ‘to do ignorantly’ (sic!) as a cognate.
▪ An item with a similar meaning, traditionally likewise ascribed to √ḪRṬ, is the rare vb. XIII ^†ĭḫrawwaṭa in the sense of ‘to be entangled (bi‑ in a snare; hunter); hence (?) also : to become long (beard); to hurry on; to protract (bi‑ a journey)’ – Hava1899.

▪ ...

▪ Cf. ↗ḫaraṭa ?
▪ Klein1987 : postBiblHbr hiṯḥārēṭ ‘to repent, regret’, Ar ĭnḫaraṭa ‘to do ignorantly’ (sic!)

.

►ĭnḫaraṭa fī ’l-bukāʔ, to break into tears

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḫaraṭa, ↗(SyrAr) ḫarrāṭaẗ, ↗ḫāriṭaẗ and also ↗ḫarṭīṭ , as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗ḪRṬ and ↗ḪRṬṬ.

(SyrAr) ḫarrāṭaẗ خَرّاطة

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√ḪRṬ

n.f.

1 (SyrAr) skirt; 2 ↗ḫaraṭa – WehrCowan1976

▪ While ḫarrāṭaẗ, in EgAr, signifies a [v1] ‘chopping\mincing knife, mezzaluna’ and is as such an ints-formation, used as a quasi-n.instr., from EgAr ↗⁴ḫaraṭa ‘to cut into small pieces, mince, chop, dice (meat, carrots, etc.)’, the SyrAr value [v2] ‘skirt’ does not have a self-evident etymology. Perhaps it is the *‘garment that is easy to strip off’, in which case it would be derived from ¹ḫaraṭa. – For other possible etymologies, see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ ^†ḫarrāṭaẗ ‘petticoat’ – Hava1899.
▪ ...

▪ Klein1987, DelOlmoLete2003, DRS #ḪRṬ-1 ↗ḫaraṭa. -2 .... -3 Hbr ḥārîṭ ‘poche, bourse’, Ar ḫarṭaẗ ‘sac, sacoche’. -4 ....
▪ ...

▪ The value ‘skirt’ is not mentioned in DRS but confirmed in several sources. If it is not from ¹ḫaraṭa ‘to strip off’, it is likely a borrowing. Hoch1994 #353 mentions the item as possibly related to Eg *ḫariṭa or *ḫariṭ (?) ‘a garment?, bag\purse?’, a word with unclear meaning but apparently signifying s.th. that is »always ... made of fine linen«. »Perhaps«, the author speculates, one has to compare »BiblHbr ḥᵃrîṭîm, sometimes rendered ‘purses’, which occurs in a list of women’s garments (Isa. 3:22), but is used to wrap pieces of silver (Kings 5:23). The Hbr word is apparently related to Ar ḫarīṭaẗ ‘bag’, modSyrAr ḫarrāṭaẗ ‘skirt’. The Akk ḫurdatu (a garment or cover), although dubious,¹³ is another possibility. Černý (Ety.Dict. 252) identified the word with ^SCopt šort ‘awning, veil’, but the connection is not certain.« – Given that the value ‘skirt’ of ḫarrāṭaẗ seems to be a specifically Levantine phenomenon, an Akk etymology would look more likely than a Copt one. But the morpho-phonological structures of Ar ḫarrāṭaẗ and Akk ḫurdaẗ are quite different, so that also an Akk etymology would be problematic. Moreover, Hoch’s equation of ḫarrāṭaẗ ‘skirt’ with ḫarīṭaẗ ‘(leathern) bag, purse, receptable’ is doubtful, as the latter is a quasi-PP I, orig. prob. meaning *‘scraped off’, sc. referring to the leather, while the Faʕʕālaẗ form of ḫarrāṭaẗ rather has active connotations. And: if the meaning ‘skirt’ were simply a semantic development from ‘bag’ – a skirt seen as a ‘container’ – then why should Levantines not have taken ḫarīṭaẗ itself?
▪ ...

13. According to CAD, Akk ḫurdatu (C), a garment or cover, is perh. to be connected to either ḫurdatu (A) ‘vulva’ or ḫurdatu (B), signifying a part of a chariot pole or of a house construction.

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḫaraṭa, ↗ĭnḫaraṭa, ↗ḫāriṭaẗ and also ↗ḫarṭīṭ , as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗ḪRṬ and ↗ḪRṬṬ.

ḫāriṭaẗخارِطة, pl. ‑āt

ID – • Sw – • BP 3518 • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√ḪRṬ

n.f.

map, chart – WehrCowan1976

▪ Prob. via It carta (< Lat c(h)arta) from Grk χártē ‘sheet of paper’, itself perh. a borrowing (with metathesis, from Eg sḫr.t ‘bundle of papyrus rolls, scroll’ ?). The earlier form, Grk χártēs ‘leaf of paper, made from the separated layers of papyrus’ (LidellScott1901), may be the origin of, or have the same etymon as, ↗qirṭās.
▪ In MSA, the value ‘map, chart’ is more frequently expressed by ḫarīṭaẗ than by ḫāriṭaẗ. In ClassAr, ^†ḫarīṭaẗ meant ‘receptable, pouch, purse (of leather, rag, etc.)’ (see ↗^†ḪRṬ_9). Formed on the quasi-PP I pattern Faʕīlaẗ, ^†ḫarīṭaẗ originally meant *‘scraped off’, prob. referring to the leather from which the bags etc. were made. – Was the confusion of, and eventual merger between, the old, genuine ^†ḫarīṭaẗ ‘leathern receptable’ and the younger borrowing ḫāriṭaẗ as ‘map, chart’ perh. possible because maps used to be kept in leathern containers? According to DHDA, ḫarīṭaẗ is first attested in 681 CE (in the sense of ‘leathern container, receptable’), while ḫāriṭaẗ appeared only much later (not attested in sources of the first three Islamic centuries).
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ Klein1987, DelOlmoLete2003, DRS #ḪRṬ- [?]1 ↗ḫaraṭa. -2 .... -[?] 3 Hbr ḥārīṭ ‘poche, bourse’, Ar ḫarṭaẗ ‘sac, sacoche’. -4 ....
▪ ...

▪ Rolland2014̈ (s.v. ḫarīṭaẗ, var. ḫāriṭaẗ ‘carte (de géographie)’¹⁴ et q˅rṭās ‘cahier, feuille, papier’) : « Seraient tous deux issus – directement ou via les formes latinisées carta et chart – du Grk χártēs ‘rouleau de papyrus’. C’est l’opinion de Rajki, confirmé par Nişanyan. / Mais si l’emprunt semble avéré pour qarṭās, les choses sont moins claires pour ḫarīṭaẗ, que la plupart de nos auteurs semblent considérer comme un simple dérivé adjectival substantivé du verbe ḫaraṭa ‘dépouiller une branche de ses feuilles’. Auquel cas, l’origine de [Grk] χártēs étant inconnue, tout laisse supposer, pour ce mot comme pour bon nombre d’autres mots grecs, une origine sémitique (phénicienne?) commune à Ar ḫarīṭaẗ et au Grk χártēs. / Dans un deuxième temps, l’arabe aura emprunté à son tour Grk χártēs sous les formes ḫāriṭaẗ et qarṭās. / Du même étymon : ḫarṭūš ou ḫarṭūšaẗ ‘cartouche’ < Fr cartouche < It cartoccio, proprement ‘cornet de papier’, diminutif de carta ‘papier’ ; et [Ar] kārtūn ou kartūn ‘carton’ < Fr carton < It cartone, augmentatif de carta.

14. Lane et Kazimirski, qui ignorent le sens moderne de ‘carte de géographie’, traduisent ḫarīṭaẗ par ‘sac, cabas’. Bellot fait une distinction entre ḫarīṭaẗ ‘sac, cabas, sac dans lequel on suspend des œufs de ver-à-soie’ et ḫāriṭaẗ ‘carte de géographie’. Reig ignore ce dernier, et Wehr donne les deux mots comme synonymes avec le seul son de ‘carte de géographie’.

▪ Not from Ar ḫāriṭaẗ ~ ḫarīṭaẗ, but perh. from the main source is Engl card : »(eC15) ‘a playing card’, from oFr carte (C14), from mLat carta/charta ‘a card, paper; a writing, a charter’, from Lat charta ‘leaf of paper, a writing, tablet’, from Grk χártēs ‘layer of papyrus’, which is prob. from Eg (see below). The form has been influenced by It cognate carta ‘paper, leaf of paper’. Compare chart (n.). The shift in Engl from -t to -d is unexplained« – EtymOnline.
▪ Cf. also Fr chartre, from ClassLat chartula ‘petit écrit’, en LLat et mLat ‘acte, document’, from ClassLat charta ‘feuille de papyrus préparée pour recevoir l’écriture’, d’où ‘écrit’ et ‘lettre’, spécialement en LLat (pl.) ‘écrits, actes authentiques; pièces d’archives’; en mLat ‘acte dispositif’ – CNRTL.
▪ Grk (χártē <) χártēs is, in its turn, quite likely to be a borrowing. Beekes and others (EtymOnline, Kluge, etc.) assume that the donor must have been Eg; but, apparently, there is no semantically or phonologically obvious Eg etymon. The only candidates in TLA that could come close to Grk χártēs are the divine epitheton Eg ḥr.jt-wʾḏ=s ‘the one (goddess) who is on her papyrus column’ and sḫr.t ‘bundle of papyrus rolls, scroll’. The former is semantically prob. too specialised to pass as a serious candidate for the etymon of Grk χártēs; the latter could fit with regard to the semantics, but we would have to assume a metathesis Eg sḫr.t [> *ḫrts] > Grk χártēs. So, is it perh. from a Sem language (Phoen?, as Rolland2014 asks)? This would be similar to the view, put forward by ClassAr sources, that ḫarīṭaẗ is a quasi-PP I from ¹ḫaraṭa, i.e., the *‘(container made from) scrapped off (skin, i.e., leather)’.
▪ ...

►ḫāriṭaẗ al-ṭarīq, road map

►^BP#2687ḫarīṭaẗ, pl. ḫarāʔiṭᵘ, ḫuruṭ, n.f., map, chart

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḫaraṭa, ↗ĭnḫaraṭa, ↗(SyrAr) ḫarrāṭaẗ, and also ↗ḫarṭīṭ , as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗ḪRṬ and ↗ḪRṬṬ.

ḪRṬŠ خرطش

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√ḪRṬŠ

“root”

▪ ḪRṬŠ_1 ‘cartridge; lead (of a pencil); cartouche (arch ); daybook’ ↗ḫarṭūš
▪ ḪRṬŠ_ ...

▪ [v1] : (Rolland2014) : < Fr cartouche < It cartoccio, proprement ‘cornet de papier’, diminutif de carta ‘papier’ < Grk χártēs ‘rouleau de papyrus’ [perh., with metathesis, from Eg sḫr.t ‘bundle of papyrus roles, scroll’ – S.G.]

–

.

–

ḫarṭūš خَرْطوش , and ḫarṭūšaẗ, pl. ḫarāṭīšᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√ḪRṬŠ

n./n.f.

1 cartridge; 2 lead (of a pencil); 3 cartouche (arch. ); 4 daybook – WehrCowan1976

▪ (Rolland2014): < Fr cartouche < It cartoccio, proprement ‘cornet de papier’, diminutif de carta ‘papier’ < Grk χártēs ‘rouleau de papyrus’ [perh., with metathesis, from Eg sḫr.t ‘bundle of papyrus rolls, scroll’ – S.G.]

...

- (loanword)

.

ḪRṬṬ خرطط

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√ḪRṬṬ

“root”

▪ ḪRṬṬ_1 ‘rhinoceros’ ↗ḫarṭīṭ

▪ …

–

.

–

ḫarṭīṭ خَرْطيط, var. ḫartīt خَرْتيت

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√ḪRṬ, ḪRṬṬ

n.

rhinoceros – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

–

.

–

ḪRṬM خرطم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 12Mar2023

√ḪRṬM

“root”

▪ ḪRṬM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪRṬM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪRṬM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘nose, trunk (of an elephant), to hit on the nose, to bottle up one’s anger; notables’

▪ …

–

.

–

ḪRʕ خرع

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ḪRʕ

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ĭḫtirāʕ اِخْتِراع

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 4502 • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ḪRʕ

n.

.

▪ vn., VIII

.

ḪRF خرف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪRF

“root”

There seem to be 2 main themes:

▪ ḪRF_1 ‘to talk foolishly’ ↗ḫaraf
▪ ḪRF_2 ‘autumn, fall; lamb’ ↗ḫarīf, ↗ḫarūf

▪ From protSem *√ḪRP ‘to be early, do (something) early’, with associated nouns denoting ‘early season’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ For ḪRF_1 cf. DRS 10 (2012) s.v. ḪRP-3: Hbr *ḥārap ‘railler, insulter’ [BDB ḥārap̄ ‘to reproach’, prop. ‘to say sharp things against’, cf. Aram ḥᵃrap̄‑ ‘reproach’, Syr ḥarep ‘to sharpen’, ḥarīp ‘sharp, keen’, (CAD) Akk ḫarāpu (ḫarābu)‑ ‘to cut’], Ar ḫarifa ‘avoir le cerveau troublé, délirer, radoter (vieillard)’, Maġr ḫarrəf, or. ḫarraf ‘débiter des balivernes, radoter’, ḫrāfa ‘conte’, Jib ḫarof ‘débiter des absurdités, des inepties’.

For ḪRF_2 cf. ibid 10 (2012) s.v. ḪRP-2: Akk ḫarāpu (also ḫarābu) ‘être précoce’ [CAD ‘to be early’], ḫarp‑ ‘précoce’ [CAD ḫarpu ‘early’], ḫarpū (pl.) ‘autumn’ [CAD ḫarpū plurale tantum 1. (OA only) ‘(early) harvest’, 2. ‘summer’], ? Ug ḫrpnt ‘autumn’, Hbr ḥoręp‑ ‘autumn, autumn and winter’ [BDB ḥoräp̄ ‘harvest-time, autumn’], Ar ḫarīf ‘autumn, autumn rain’, ḫarāf ‘temps de la récolte des fruits’, YemAr ḫarīf ‘année (en cours)’, Maġr ḫrīf ‘arrière-saison, automne’, ḫrəf ‘passer de saison, cesser de donner des fruits’, Sab Qat ḫrf ‘autumn’, Qat ‘autumn harvest, year’, Mhr ḫarf, Jib ḫorf ‘période des pluies de mousson (de juin au début de septembre)’, Soq ḥorf, Hars ḫōref ‘autumn’, Gz ḫarif ‘l’année en cours’. – Akk ḫurāp‑ ‘mouton de l’année’ [CAD ḫurāpu adj. ‘spring (lamb/kid)’, from OB on], Ug ? ḫrpt ‘brebis (?)’, Syr ḥūrpā ‘brebis d’un an’, Ar ḫarūf ‘agneau, jeune mouton mâle, jeule poulain’, Min ḫrf ‘mouton (?)’. – [CAD ḫurpu ‘early crop’] Ar ḫarīf ‘cueilli (fruit), feuille d’automne, feuille tombée’ [BDB ‘freshly gathered fruit’], YemAr taḫarraf ‘to harvest’, Mhr ḫayref ‘mûrir, fleurir’, Jib ḫerf ‘produire des fruits’, Soq ḥorf ‘fruit, récolte’, Ḥars ḫōref ‘cueillir’. – ḫerefōt ‘petit lièvre’.

While ḪRF_1 and ḪRF_2 really seem to be different items,¹⁵ the relation within ḪRF_2 between ‘autumn, fall’ (↗ḫarīf) and ‘lamb’ (↗ḫarūf) is probably the fact that the lamb is called after the season, or a one year-old lamb after the return of the season in which it was born, a lamb thus being ‘the fall-born’. Cf. cognates as quoted from DRS above.

15. It seems problematic to assume a relation between the ‘autumn’/‘lamb’ complex on the one hand, and ‘talk foolishly’ on the other. The only possible connection I [S.G.] could imagine is that, if ‘to cut’ (as preserved in Akk and Syr) is the oldest meaning, then ‘autumn’ could be the *‘season of cutting, harvesting’, and the values ‘current year’ and ‘lamb’ could in turn be derived from this latter: ‘season of harvesting’ > *‘yearly return of the season of harvesting’ > *‘yearly return’ > a) ‘(current) year’; b)… > *‘one year old lamb’ or… > *‘lamb that is slaughtered after one year’ > ‘lamb’.

–

► ḫarifa, a (ḫaraf), vb. I: ↗ḫaraf
► ḫarrafa, vb. II: ↗ḫaraf
► ḫarif and ► ḫarfān, adj. : ↗ḫaraf
► ^BP#3094ḫarīf, n.: ↗s.v.
► ḫarīfī, adj.: ↗ḫarīf
► , n.: ↗s.v.
► ḫurāfaẗ, n. : ↗ḫaraf
► ḫurāfī, adj. ↗ḫurāfaẗ
► maḫrafaẗ, n. ↗ḫaraf
► taḫrīf, n. ↗ḫaraf
► muḫarrif, adj./n., ↗ḫaraf

ḫaraf خَرَف ¹

1. The n. is given as the etymon here, but one could imagine also the vb. ḫarifa or the adj. ḫarif to be the item the derivations are made from.

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪRF

n.

feeble-mindedness, dotage, senility; childishness (of an old man) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012) s.v. ḪRP-3: Hbr *ḥārap ‘railler, insulter’ [BDB ḥārap̄ ‘to reproach’, prop. ‘to say sharp things against’, cf. Aram ḥᵃrap̄‑ ‘reproach’, Syr ḥarep ‘to sharpen’, ḥarīp ‘sharp, keen’, (CAD) Akk ḫarāpu (ḫarābu)‑ ‘to cut’], Ar ḫarifa ‘avoir le cerveau troublé, délirer, radoter (vieillard)’, Maġr ḫarrəf, or. ḫarraf ‘débiter des balivernes, radoter’, ḫrāfa ‘conte’, Jib ḫarof ‘débiter des absurdités, des inepties’.

▪ Probably unrelated to ↗ḫarīf ‘autumn, fall’ or ↗ḫarūf ‘lamb’.
▪ Cf. ↗√ḪRF for the overall picture.

–

► ḫarifa, a (ḫaraf), vb. I, to dote, be senile and feeble-minded; to drivel, talk foolishly: denominative (unless the vb. itself is the etymon).
► ḫarrafa, vb. II, to dote, be senile and feeble-minded; to drivel, talk foolishly: intensive formation, denominative or from I or the adj. ḫarif.
► ḫarif and ḫarfān, adj., feebleminded, doting; childish; n., dotard: While ḫarfān is clearly secondary (and intensive in ‑ān), ḫarif can be an adj. formation from the vb. ḫarifa or the n./vn. ḫarafa, or be itself the etymon from which the other forms are derived.
► ḫurāfaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt, superstition; fable, fairy tale:.
► ḫurāfī, adj., fabulous, fictitious, legendary: nsb-adj from ḫurāfaẗ.
► maḫrafaẗ, n.f., prattle, drivel, twaddle, bosh:.
► taḫrīf, n., folly, delusion; foolish talk, drivel, twaddle, bosh, buncombe: lexicalized vn. II.
► muḫarrif, adj., childish, foolish: PA II; n., (pl. ‑ūn) prattler, chatterbox, windbag; charlatan: nominalized PA II

ḫarīf خَرِيف

ID … • Sw – • BP 3094 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪRF

n.

autumn, fall – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ḥ˅rp‑ ‘autumn’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Fronzaroli#3.: Akk ḫarpu ‘early, precocious’, (Ass.) ḫarpū (pl.) ‘autumn’, Hbr ḥōrep, Syr ḥurpā ‘one year-old lamb’, Ar ḫarīf ‘autumn’, ḫarūf ‘lamb’, SAr ḫrf ‘autumn, year’, Gz ḫarīf ‘current year’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk ḫarpu ‘autumn’, (? Ug ḫrpnt,) Hbr ḥōräp, Ar ḫarīf ‘autumn; (also: year)’, SAr ḫrf ‘year’, Gz ḫarif ‘current year’, Mhr ḫarf, Jib. ḫɔrf, Soq ḥorf ‘autumn’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012) s.v. ḪRP-2: Akk ḫarāpu (also ḫarābu)‑ ‘être précoce’ [CAD ‘to be early’], ḫarp‑ ‘précoce’ [CAD ḫarpu ‘early’], ḫarpū (pl.) ‘autumn’ [CAD ḫarpū plurale tantum 1. (OA only) ‘(early) harvest’, 2. ‘summer’], ? Ug ḫrpnt ‘autumn’, Hbr ḥoręp‑ ‘autumn, autumn and winter’ [BDB ḥoräp̄ ‘harvest-time, autumn’], Ar ḫarīf ‘autumn, autumn rain’, ḫarāf ‘temps de la récolte des fruits’, YemAr ḫarīf ‘année (en cours)’, Maġr ḫrīf ‘arrière-saison, automne’, ḫrəf ‘passer de saison, cesser de donner des fruits’, Sab Qat ḫrf ‘autumn’, Qat ‘autumn harvest, year’, Mhr ḫarf, Jib ḫorf ‘période des pluies de mousson (de juin au début de septembre)’, Soq ḥorf, Hars ḫōref ‘autumn’, Gz ḫarif ‘l’année en cours’. – Akk ḫurāp‑ ‘mouton de l’année’ [CAD ḫurāpu adj. ‘spring (lamb/kid)’, from OB on], Ug ? ḫrpt ‘brebis (?)’, Syr ḥūrpā ‘brebis d’un an’, Ar ḫarūf ‘agneau, jeune mouton mâle, jeule poulain’, Min ḫrf ‘mouton (?)’. – [CAD ḫurpu ‘early crop’] Ar ḫarīf ‘cueilli (fruit), feuille d’automne, feuille tombée’ [BDB ‘freshly gathered fruit’], YemAr taḫarraf ‘to harvest’, Mhr ḫayref ‘mûrir, fleurir’, Jib ḫerf ‘produire des fruits’, Soq ḥorf ‘fruit, récolte’, Ḥars ḫōref ‘cueillir’. – ḫerefōt ‘petit lièvre’.

▪ Fronzaroli#3.31: Sem *ḫarup‑ ‘early (Fr/It precoce)’.
▪ Kogan2011: Sem *ḫ˅rp‑ ‘autumn’.
▪ Probably unrelated to ↗ḫaraf ‘foolish talk’.
▪ For the semantic connection between ḫarīf ‘autumn, fall’ and ḫarūf ‘lamb’ ↗s.v..
▪ See also ↗√ḪRF for the overall picture.

–

► ḫarīfī, adj., autumnal: nsb-adj from ḫarīf

ḫarūf خَرُوف , pl. ḫirāf , ʔaḫrifaẗ , ḫirfān

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪRF

n.

young sheep, lamb, yearling; wether – WehrCowan1979.

The word seems to be akin to ↗ḫarīf ‘autumn, fall’, the original meaning being ‘yearling’ or *‘the fall-born’.
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ḫ˅r˅p‑ ‘lamb’ (?).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ According to DRS 10 (2012) s.v. ḪRP-2, ḫarūf is connected to ḫarīf ‘autumn’: Akk ḫarāpu (also ḫarābu)‑ ‘être précoce’ [CAD ‘to be early’], ḫarp‑ ‘précoce’ [CAD ḫarpu ‘early’], ḫarpū (pl.) ‘autumn’ [CAD ḫarpū plurale tantum 1. (OA only) ‘(early) harvest’, 2. ‘summer’], ? Ug ḫrpnt ‘autumn’, Hbr ḥoręp‑ ‘autumn, autumn and winter’ [BDB ḥoräp̄ ‘harvest-time, autumn’], Ar ḫarīf ‘autumn, autumn rain’, ḫarāf ‘temps de la récolte des fruits’, YemAr ḫarīf ‘année (en cours)’, Maġr ḫrīf ‘arrière-saison, automne’, ḫrəf ‘passer de saison, cesser de donner des fruits’, Sab Qat ḫrf ‘autumn’, Qat ‘autumn harvest, year’, Mhr ḫarf, Jib ḫorf ‘période des pluies de mousson (de juin au début de septembre)’, Soq ḥorf, Hars ḫōref ‘autumn’, Gz ḫarif ‘l’année en cours’. – Akk ḫurāp‑ ‘mouton de l’année’ [CAD ḫurāpu adj. ‘spring (lamb/kid)’, from OB on], Ug ? ḫrpt ‘brebis (?)’, Syr ḥūrpā ‘brebis d’un an’, Ar ḫarūf ‘agneau, jeune mouton mâle, jeule poulain’, Min ḫrf ‘mouton (?)’. – [CAD ḫurpu ‘early crop’] Ar ḫarīf ‘cueilli (fruit), feuille d’automne, feuille tombée’ [BDB ‘freshly gathered fruit’], YemAr taḫarraf ‘to harvest’, Mhr ḫayref ‘mûrir, fleurir’, Jib ḫerf ‘produire des fruits’, Soq ḥorf ‘fruit, récolte’, Ḥars ḫōref ‘cueillir’. – ḫerefōt ‘petit lièvre’.

Probably unrelated to ↗ḫaraf ‘foolish talk’. For the overall picture ↗√ḪRF.

–

ḪRQ خرق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 12Mar2023

√ḪRQ

“root”

▪ ḪRQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪRQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪRQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gap, hole, perforation; rag; to pierce; to invent, feign; to lie; to be foolish, ignorant, confused’

▪ …

–

.

–

ḪZN خزن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪZN

“root”

▪ ḪZN_1 ‘to store, stock, amass; warehouse; treasury, financial department, (hence also: the Makhzan, i.e., Moroccan government); wardrobe, cupboard’ ↗ḫazana
▪ ḪZN_2 ‘the nearest, shortest way, a short cut’ ↗maḫāzinᵘ

Other values, now obsolete or dialectal only:

ḪZN_3 ‘to feel bad’: ḎatAr ḫuzin

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘store, storing place, treasury; to store up; to hide, to keep secret, a storekeeper; to take a shortcut’

▪ Out of the 4 values of the root listed in DRS, only 1 (ḪZN_1 ‘to store, etc.’, acc. to Huehnergard from Aram ḥassen ‘to possess, hoard’, G-stem ḥəsan ‘to be strong, overpower’, Sem √*ḤS/ṢN) is represented in MSA. The value ‘(to take a) shortcut’ (ḪZN_2), to be found in dictionaries of ClassAr as well as MSA (WehrCowan1979), is missing from DRS and without obvious relation to ḪZN_1. So is also the dialectal (YemAr) ‘to feel bad’ (ḪZN_3).

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ḪZN-1 Ar ḫazana ‘garder, enfermer, conserver (dans un magasin, un cellier, etc.), maḫzan ‘magasin’, ḫizānaẗ ‘armoire’, DaṯAr ḫaznaẗ ‘trésor’; Jib ḫozun ‘mettre en lieu sûr’.⁴ -2 Akk ḫazann - ‘maire, bourgmestre’,⁵ nHbr ḥazzān, JP hazzānā ‘superintendant, officier, administrateur de synagogue’.⁶ -3 DaṯAr ḫuzin ‘sentir mauvais’. -4 Akk ḫuzūn : un objet en or; un vêtement. – ? Jib ḫezunt : bijou en or et perle fixé sur le nez.

4. Cf. also YemAr ḫazzan, Mhr ḫōzən ‘garder du qât dans la joue pour le mastiquer’, d’où ‘s’adonner à la consommation du qât’. 5. CAD: ḫazannu (var. ḫazānu, ḫaziannu, ḫaziānu) ‘chief magistrate of a town, of a quarter of a larger city, a village or large estate—mayor, burgomaster, headman; from Ur III on with exception of oAss and Elam, very rare in oBab; Akk loanword in Sum and Hitt; in mAss and eAss ḫaziānu, in Nuzi ḫazannu and rarely ḫaziannu […]; pl. ḫazānu, ḫazannāti. 6. Le mot en Aram et en nHbr est probablement un emprunt à l’Akk.

▪ ḪZN_1: Jeffery1938 (#ḫazānaẗ) thinks that »it is fairly obvious that ḫazana is a denominative vb., and the word has been recognized by many Western scholars as a foreign borrowing«. He dismisses, however, Hoffmann’s suggestion to derive ḫazana from Pers ganǧ ‘treasure’ (from which is Ar ↗kanz). Instead, he thinks that »Barth, Etymol.Stud., 51, makes the happier suggestion that it may be connected with the form that is behind the Hbr ḥōsän ‘treasure’«, a theory that is taken up by Huehnergard2011 (#ḪSN), who thinks that Ar ḫazana ‘to store’ is from Aram ḥassen ‘to possess, hoard’, D-stem of ḥəsan ‘to be strong’, Sem √*ḪSN. – Ar items from ḪZN denoting some kind of political or executive power are usually seen as deriving from ‘treasury’, the person in charge of the latter often fulfilling a higher governmental function. This latter may seem to bring the Akk ḫazannu ‘chief magistrate of a town, of a quarter of a larger city, a village or large estate’ (CAD), mentioned in DRS as a distinct value (ḪZN#2), close to ḪZN_1 (DRS: ḪZN#1); but this is a mere coincidence or a later overlapping, for the Akk word is probably from Sem √*X̣ZY, not from ḪZN (cf. Huehnergard2011: MishHbr, JudAram hazzân ‘superintendent, cantor’, from Akk ḫazannu ‘administrator, mayor’, perh. from earlier *ḫāziyānum ‘overseer’, PA of protAkk vb. ḫazāyum ‘to see’).
▪ ḪZN_2: Any relation to ḪZN_1 or ḪZN_3 or the other, non-Ar items given in DRS (#2, #4)?
▪ ḪZN_3: Landberg1920 thinks this item is a (metathetical) variant of ^†ḫaniza (√ḪNZ) ‘sentir mauvais, (Lane: to become stinking)’, a vb./root that is missing from MSA.

▪ ḪZN_1: Engl magazine ↗maḫzan; For words signifying ‘treasury’ in Slav langs see ↗ḫaznaẗ (?).

–

ḫazan‑ خَزَنَ , u (ḫazn)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪZN

vb., I

1 to store, stock, lay up, hoard, amass, accumulate; 2 to contain, conceal (s.th., e.g., oil, minerals; of discovery sites); 3 to keep secret, keep (a secret) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Jeffery1938 and others believe the vb. to be denominative, but opinion differs as to what may be the etymon. The theory that it might be taken from Pers ganǧ ‘treasure’ is dismissed, given that ganǧ is likely to be origin of ↗kanz and that another, different derivation would be little probable. Instead, Jeffery follows Barth in assuming that the word »may be connected with the form that is behind the Hbr ḥōsän ‘treasure’«, an idea which is supported by Huehnergard2011 who thinks that Ar ḫazana ‘to store’ is from Aram ḥassen ‘to possess, hoard’, G-stem ḥəsan ‘to be strong’, Sem √*ḪSN).
▪ The pl. maḫāzin, from the n.loc. ↗maḫzan ‘storeroom, depot, etc.’, is at the origin of Eur words like Fr magasin ‘warehouse’ or Engl magazine, while ḫaznaẗ produced Slav words for ‘treasury’.

▪ eC7 ḫāzin (PA I, one who stores up, keeps control, storekeeper) Q 15:22 fa-ʔanzalnā min-a ’l-samāʔi māʔan fa-ʔasqaynā-kumū-hu wa-mā ʔantum la-hū bi-ḫāzinīna ‘and We bring down out of the sky water and we give it to you to drink—and you are not its keepers’. – ḫazāʔinᵘ (pl. of ḫizānaẗ, 1 treasure house, storehouse, treasury) Q 12:55 qāla ’ǧʕal-nī ʕalà ḫazāʔini ’l-ʔarḍi ‘he said, “Put me in charge of the nation’s storehouses”’, (2 knowledge, control, resources, storehouses) Q 15:21 wa-ʔin min šayʔin ʔillā ʕinda-nā ḫazāʔinu-hū wa-mā nunazzilu-hū bi-qadarin maʕlūmin ‘there is nothing of which We do not have control, only sending it down according to a well-defined measure’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ḪZN-1 Ar ḫazana ‘garder, enfermer, conserver (dans un magasin, un cellier, etc.), maḫzan ‘magasin’, ḫizānaẗ ‘armoire’, DaṯAr ḫaznaẗ ‘trésor’; Jib ḫozun ‘mettre en lieu sûr’.⁷

7. Cf. also YemAr ḫazzan, Mhr ḫōzən ‘garder du qât dans la joue pour le mastiquer’, d’où ‘s’adonner à la consommation du qât’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 122-23: »The verb ḫazana does not occur in the Qurʔān, but besides ḫazānaẗ [sic!] (which occurs, however, only in the pl. form ḫazāʔinᵘ), we find a form ḫāzin ʻone who lays in storeʼ in xv:22; and ḫazanaẗ ʻkeepersʼ in xxxix:71,73; xl:49; lxvii:8. – It is fairly obvious that ḫazana is a denom. vb., and the word has been recognized by many Western scholars as a foreign borrowing.¹⁶ Its origin, however, is a little more difficult to determine. Hoffmann, ZDMG, xxxii, 760,¹⁷ suggested that we should find its origin in the [Pers] ganǧ. This ganǧ which BQ defines as zar va-gowharī keh dar zamīn dafn konand, is cognate with Skr gañǧa (= kīša), a ʻtreasuryʼ or ʻjewel roomʼ,¹⁸ and has been borrowed through the Aram gnzā; Syr gnzā into Ar as ↗kanz. It seems hardly likely that by another line of borrowing, through say Hbr gᵊnāzīm ¹⁹ or Mand גאזאנא²⁰ it has come to form the Ar ḫazānaẗ. – Barth, Etymol. Stud, 51, makes the happier suggestion that it may be connected with the form that is behind the Hbr ḥosän ʻtreasureʼ.«

16. Fraenkel in Beitr. Assy, iii, 81; Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 640; Horovitz, Paradies, 5 n. 17. Cf. also his Märtyrer, 250. 18. It is probably a loan-word in Skr. Lagarde, GA, 27, and Arm. Stud, 453, thinks it is an old Median word. 19. Cf. Esth, iii, 9; iv. 7, גנזי המלך. 20. Fraenkel, Beitr. Assy, iii, 181, takes it to be from Aram.

▪ For Fr magasin ‘warehouse’, Engl magazine, Ge Magazin, etc., cf. ↗maḫzan.
▪ Accord. to Lokotsch1927#855, Ar ḫazīnaẗ ‘treasure’ [should probably rather be ḫaznaẗ, S.G.] gave Tu hazna, whence the word went into Rum as hazna ‘treasury; toilet’, Venet casná ‘lot of money’ [L’Oriente I: 196]; Ru kazna ‘crown, state, assets, powder magazine’, kaznačej ‘(chief) cashier’ [this meaning probably under the influence of kasa ‘Kasse’], Bulg hazna ‘much money, treasure’, Serb hazna, Pol kazna, Ukr hazná ‘cashier, treasure’.

► ḫazzana, vb. II, 1 to store, stock, lay up, warehouse (s.th.); to hoard, accumulate (provisions); to keep, put in safekeeping (s.th., esp. valuables); 2 to dam, dam up (water in a basin or reservoir); to store up (energy, etc.; phys., techn.): ints.
► ĭḫtazana, vb. VIII, to store, stock, hoard, accumulate; to keep, put in safekeeping: T-stem, autobenef.
► ḫazn, n., storing; accumulation, hoarding, amassing; storage, warehousing: vn. I.
► ḫaznaẗ, n.f., 1 treasure house; 2 safe, coffer, vault; 3 wardrobe, locker; 4 cupboard. – See also ↗s.v.
► ^BP#3757ḫizānaẗ, pl. ‑āt, ḫazāʔinᵘ, n.f., 1 treasure house; 2 money-box; 3 vault, safe; 4 treasury, treasury department (of an official agency), any office for the deposit and disbursement of funds; 5 locker, wardrobe, closet; 6 cupboard; 7 library: nominal formation with quasi-pass. sense | ḫizānaẗ al-dawlaẗ, ḫizānaẗ ʕāmmaẗ, n.f., public treasury, exchequer; ḫizānaẗ al-ṯalǧ, n.f., icebox, refrigerator; ḫizānaẗ al-kutub, n.f., bookcase, library; ḫizānaẗ ḫuṣūṣiyyaẗ, n.f., private library; ḫizānaẗ al-malābis, n.f., wardrobe, closet, locker.
► ḫazīnaẗ, pl. ‑āt, ḫazāʔinᵘ, n.f., treasure house; public treasury, exchequer; treasury, treasury department (of an official agency), any office for the deposit and disbursement of funds; cashier’s office; vault, coffer, safe; cashbox, tili (of a merchant): quasi-PP I, f. | al-ḫazīnaẗ al-ḫāṣṣaẗ, n.f., (formerly) the Royal Privy Purse (Ir.); ḫazīnaẗ al-dawlaẗ, n.f., public treasury, exchequer; ḫazīnaẗ (nuqūd) rāṣidaẗ, n.f., cash register.
► ḫazzān, pl. ‑āt, ḫazāzīnᵘ, n., 1 dam: ints., quasi-PA I; 2 reservoir; basin, sump, pool: meaning transferred from the activity (to store) to its result (stored); 3 storage tank (also for oil): mod. use; — 4 (pl. ‑ūn) storehouseman, warehouseman: n.prof. | ḫazzān al-waqūd, n., gasoline tank (of an auto).
► maḫzan, pl. maḫāzinᵘ, n., 1 storeroom, storehouse; depository; stockroom, storage room; 2 depot, magazine, warehouse; 3 store, shop, department store: n.loc.; 4 al-maḫzan, the Makhzan, the Moroccan government (formerly: governmental finance department; Mor.): specialized use, from the sense of ‘treasury’ | maḫzan ʔadwiyaẗ, n., drugstore; maḫzan al-ʔiṣdār, n., shipping room (com.);
► maḫzanī, adj., being under government control or administration, belonging to the government (Mor.): nsb-adj., from al-maḫzan in the special sense of ‘Moroccan government’ | ʔamlāk maḫzaniyyaẗ, n.pl., government land (Mor.).
► maḫāzinī, pl. ‑iyyaẗ, n., native gendarme (Mor.): nsb-adj., from maḫāzinᵘ, pl. of maḫzan [v4] ‘Moroccan government’.
► maḫāzinᵘ: m. al-ṭarīq, the nearest, shortest way, a short cut: belonging here, or to be distinguished as items with own etymology? Cf. ↗ḪZN and ↗s.v.
► maḫzanǧī, n., storehouseman, warehouseman: < maḫzan ‘storehouse’ + suffix ‑ǧī (Tu ‑cı ~ ‑ci, for professions).
► ḫazandār, ḫaznadār, n., treasurer: < ḫazna ‘treasury’ + Pers suffix ‑dār ‘keeper of…’.
► ^BP#4915taḫzīn, n., storage (also phys., techn.); accumulation; damming; safekeeping: vn. II, with lexicalized specializations | taḫzīn al-ṭāqaẗ, n., energy storage (phys., techn.).
► ḫāzin, pl. ḫazanaẗ, ḫuzzān, n., treasurer: lexicalized PA I.
► ^BP#4002maḫzūn, adj., stored, stored up, deposited, warehoused; in stock, in inventory (goods, materials): PP I; (pl. ‑āt), n., stock, store, supplies; reserves, deposits (of oil, in the ground, at a discovery site): nominalized adj.

ḫaznaẗ خَزْنة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪZN

n.f.

1 treasure house; 2 safe, coffer, vault; 3 wardrobe, locker; 4 cupboard – WehrCowan1979.

From Ar ↗ḫazana ‘to store, stock, keep’, probably from Aram ḥassen ‘to possess, hoard’, G-stem ḥəsan ‘to be strong’ (Sem √*ḪSN).

▪ …

▪ ↗ḫazana

↗ḫazana

▪ Lokotsch1927#855 takes Ar ḫazīnaẗ [sic!] as the origin of Tu hazna, which he says is a vulgar form of Tu hazine. From Tu hazna derive Rum hazna ‘treasury; toilet’, Venet casná ‘lot of money’ [L’Oriente I: 196]; Ru kazna ‘crown, state, assets, powder magazine’, kaznačej ‘(chief) cashier’ [this meaning probably under the influence of kasa ‘Kasse’], Bulg hazna ‘much money, treasure’, Serb hazna, Pol kazna, Ukr hazná ‘cashier, treasure’.

–

ḫizānaẗ خِزانَة , pl. ḫazāʔinᵘ

ID 255 • Sw – • BP 3757 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪZN

n.f.

1 treasure house; 2 money-box; 3 vault, safe; 4 treasury, treasury department (of an official agency), any office for the deposit and disbursement of funds; 5 locker, wardrobe, closet; 6 cupboard; 7 library – WehrCowan1979.

While the n. looks as if it were a nominal formation from the vb. ↗ḫazana, Jeffery thinks that »[i]t is fairly obvious that ḫazana is a denom. vb., and the word has been recognized by many Western scholars as a foreign borrowing.« Both Pers ganǧ ‘treasure’ and another etymology (akin to Hbr ḥōsän ʻtreasureʼ) have been discussed, but these are probably not tenable.

Q 6:50, 11:31; 12:55; 17:100; 38:9; 52:37; 63:7 ‘treasury, storehouse’.

▪ ↗ḫazana, ↗ḪZN

▪ Jeffery1938, 122-23: »The verb ḫazana does not occur in the Qurʔān, but besides ḫazānaẗ [sic!] (which occurs, however, only in the pl. form ḫazāʔinᵘ), we find a form ḫāzin ʻone who lays in storeʼ in xv, 22; and ḫazanaẗ ʻkeepersʼ in 39:71, 73; 40:52; 67:8. – It is fairly obvious that ḫazana is a denom. vb., and the word has been recognized by many Western scholars as a foreign borrowing.²¹ Its origin, however, is a little more difficult to determine. Hoffmann, ZDMG, xxxii, 760,²² suggested that we should find its origin in the [Pers] ganǧ. This ganǧ which BQ defines as zar va-gowharī keh dar zamīn dafn konand, is cognate with Skr gañǧa (= kīša), a ʻtreasuryʼ or ʻjewel roomʼ,²³ and has been borrowed through the Aram gnzʔ; Syr [gazzā, from] *ganzā into Ar as ↗kanz. It seems hardly likely that by another line of borrowing, through say Hbr gᵊnāzīm ²⁴ or Mand גאזאנא²⁵ it has come to form the Ar ḫazānaẗ. – Barth, Etymol. Stud, 51, makes the happier suggestion that it may be connected with the form that is behind the Hbr ḥosän ʻtreasureʼ.«
▪ Cf. ↗ḪZN, ↗ḫazana.

21. Fraenkel in Beitr. Assy, iii, 81; Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 640; Horovitz, Paradies, 5 n. 22. Cf. also his Märtyrer, 250. 23. It is probably a loan-word in Skr. Lagarde, GA, 27, and Arm. Stud, 453, thinks it is an old Median word. 24. Cf. Esth, iii, 9; iv. 7, גנזי המלך. 25. Fraenkel, Beitr. Assy, iii, 181, takes it to be from Aram.

–

► ḫizānaẗ al-dawlaẗ, ḫizānaẗ ʕāmmaẗ, n.f., public treasury, exchequer.
► ḫizānaẗ al-ṯalǧ, n.f., icebox, refrigerator.
► ḫizānaẗ al-kutub, n.f., bookcase, library.
► ḫizānaẗ ḫuṣūṣiyyaẗ, n.f., private library.
► ḫizānaẗ al-malābis, n.f., wardrobe, closet, locker.

maḫzan مَخْزَن , pl. maḫāzinᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪZN

n.

1 storeroom, storehouse; depository; stockroom, storage room; 2 depot, magazine, warehouse; 3 store, shop, department store; 4 al-maḫzan, the Makhzan, the Moroccan government (formerly: governmental finance department; Mor.) – WehrCowan1979.

n.loc., from ↗ḫazana ‘to store, stock, keep’. – [v4] specialized use, from the sense of ‘treasury’.

▪ …

▪ ↗ḫazana

↗ḫazana

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl magazine, from Ar maḫāzinᵘ, pl. of maḫzan, ‘storeroom, depository, depot, magazine’, from ḫazana, vb. I, ‘to store’, from Aram ḥassen ‘to possess, hoard’, derived stem of ḥᵊsan ‘to be strong’. - Cf. also EtymOnline: Engl magazine, »1580 s, ‘place for storing goods, especially military ammunition’, from mFr magasin ‘warehouse, depot, store’ (C15), from It magazzino, from Ar maḫāzin, pl. of maḫzan ‘storehouse’ (source of Span almacén ‘warehouse, magazine’), from ḫazana ‘to store up.’ The original sense is almost obsolete; meaning ‘periodical journal’ dates from the publication of the first one, Gentleman’s Magazine, in 1731, which was so called from earlier use of the word for a printed list of military stores and information, or in a figurative sense, from the publication being a “storehouse” of information‘– .

► maḫzan ʔadwiyaẗ, n.f., drugstore.
► maḫzan al-ʔiṣdār, n., shipping room (com.).

ḪZW/Y خزو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13Mar2023

√ḪZW/Y

▪ ḪZW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪZW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪZW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to compel, manipulate, exercise self-control; to humiliate, humble, abase, shame, disgrace; abasement, disgraceful act’

√ḪSʔ

▪ ḪSʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪSʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪSʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to drive away, to chase out; to cast out; to humble; rejected, spurned; to defeat, to impair; to confuse, to dull, to frustrate’

√ḪSR

▪ ḪSR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪSR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪSR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go astray, to lose one’s way, to perish; to incur a loss, to lose, a loss; to decrease, to give less than what is right, to give short measure; to misguide’

√ḪSF

▪ ḪSF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪSF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪSF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cave in, to subside, be swallowed by the earth; to eclipse, have an eclipse; to disappear into the earth (of water); to humiliate; to decrease; to be hungry, become emaciated’

√ḪŠB

▪ ḪŠB_1 ‘wood, lumber, timber’ ↗ḫašab
▪ ḪŠB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wood, timber; to stiffen up, to be dim-witted, to be scrawny; to mix together, to be untamed’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪŚB-1 Ar ḫašiba ‘être à l’état brut, non dégrossi’, ʔaḫšabᵘ ‘rude, dur (au toucher ou d’aspect)’, ḫašaba ‘polir, dégrossir’, ḫašab ‘gros bois’, MġrAr tḫaššab ‘se raidir (comme du bois)’, Jib ḫaśbät’ grosse bûche’, Mhr ḫəśōb ‘pierre ponce’. -2 Ar ḫašaba ‘choisir, sélectionner; mélanger’, EAr ḫaššab ‘conjecturer’. -3 ḫašabe ‘bout arrondi du fuseau’.
▪ …
▪ …

ID 256 • Sw –/196 • BP 4165 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫašab خَشَب

√ḪŠB

wood, lumber, timber – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪŚB-1 Ar ḫašiba ‘être à l’état brut, non dégrossi’, ʔaḫšabᵘ ‘rude, dur (au toucher ou d’aspect)’, ḫašaba ‘polir, dégrossir’, ḫašab ‘gros bois’, MġrAr tḫaššab ‘se raidir (comme du bois)’, Jib ḫaśbät’ grosse bûche’, Mhr ḫəśōb ‘pierre ponce’. -2-3 […].
▪ …

√ḪŠʕ

▪ ḪŠʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪŠʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪŠʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘barren dead land, low land with dry vegetation, a low hillock; to be eclipsed; to be humble, to humble o.s., to show respect, to be quiet, to be submissive’

√ḪŠY

▪ ḪŠY_1 ‘to fear dread, be afraid’ ↗ḫašiya
▪ ḪŠY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to fear, to dread, to dislike; to hope; to know; dates killed by frost, dry rotten herbage’

▪ From CSem *√ḪŚY ‘to be fearful, reverent, righteous – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪŚY-1 Ar ḫašiya ‘craindre, redouter; être peureux, timide’; ḫašiyy ‘sec, aride’; MġrAr ḫšā ‘cacher sous qc, fourrer; farcir’. -2 SyrAr ḫāšiyye ‘abaya très fine’.
▪ …
▪ …

ID 257 • Sw –/43 • BP 1679 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫašiy‑ خَشِيَ

√ḪŠY

vb., I

to fear dread (s.o., s.th., ʕalà for s.o. or s.th.), be afraid (of) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪŚY-1 Ar ḫašiya ‘craindre, redouter; être peureux, timide’; ḫašiyy ‘sec, aride’; MġrAr ḫšā ‘cacher sous qc, fourrer; farcir’. -2 […].
▪ …

ḪṢː (ḪṢṢ) خصّ / خصص

√ḪṢː (ḪṢṢ)

▪ ḪṢː (ḪṢṢ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḪṢː (ḪṢṢ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘small holes in a sieve; a keyhole; small breaks in the clouds; to be in dire straits, to be hard up; to belong to a small circle; to choose above others, to single out, to favour’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪṢṢ-1 Akk ḫaṣāṣu ‘construire une hutte de roseaux’, Ar ḫuṣṣ: sorte de hutte de roseaux. -2 Ar ḫaṣṣa ‘affecter exclusivement à qn’, ĭḫtaṣṣā ‘être l’ami intime de qn’, EAr ḫaṣṣ ‘avantager, donner la préférence’, ? YemAr taḫaṣṣaṣ ‘mener des enquêtes, faire des recherches’, Jib ḫeṣṣ ‘accorder une attention particulière à, être lié à, un ami intime de’; ? oHar taḫṣaḫṣōt ‘s’occuper de’. -3 Ar ḫiṣṣ ‘défectueux, incomplet’, ḫaṣāṣ ‘pauvreté, indigence’, AndAr MġrAr ḫaṣṣ ‘manquer, être déficient, faire faute, faire défaut (à)’, Jib ḫaṣóṣət ‘préjudice, fait fâcheux’, aḫṣeṣ ‘nuire à, jouer un mauvais tour à’. -4 MġrAr ḫāṣṣa ‘bassin, vasque ; jet d’eau’.
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ID 258 • Sw – • BP 361 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 16June2024

ḫāṣṣaẗ خاصَّة

√ḪṢː (ḪṢṢ)

1a exclusive property; b private possession; 2a specialty, particularity, peculiarity, characteristic, property, attribute; b essence, intrinsic nature; 3 leading personalities, people of distinction, al‑~, n.f., the upper class, the educated – WehrCowan1979.

For the historically attested meaning ‘sympathetic quality’, see below, section HIST.

▪ »ḫāṣṣaẗ, pl. ḫawāṣṣ, also ḫāṣṣiyyaẗ, pl. ḫāṣṣiyyāt, ‘sympathetic quality’ is a recurring theme in magic and occult sciences indicating the unaccountable, esoteric forces in animate and inanimate Nature. The conception that everywhere in Nature such forces are active or can be activated, developed during the Hellenistic period. It was believed that all objects were in relation to one another through sympathy and antipathy – as is evident in the mysterious forces of the magnet – and that diseases could be caused and cured, good and ill fortune be brought about as a result of the relations of these tensions. Unlike peripatetic philosophy, this way of thinking renounces a rational explanation of phenomena. It was voiced in the Φυσικά of Bolos of Mendes (ca. 200 B.C.), the Λιθογνώμων of Xenocrates […], the Cyranides and other hermetic treatises, in the Book of Animals of Timotheos of Gaza and in the books of agriculture. These views also entered into medical and pharmacological literature […] and gained a theoretical foundation in the Neo-platonic doctrine of the graded structure of the world. / The translation of the above-mentioned Grk works carried the doctrine of the occult qualities of Nature to the Arabs, among whom it found an extraordinarily fertile soil and called forth an extensive literature. Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʔ al-Rāzī, “Ǧābir b. Ḥayyān”, Ibn al-Ǧazzār, Abu ’l-ʕAlāʔ Zuhr, ʕAlī b. Aydamīr al-Ǧuldakī and others wrote books with the title Ḫawāṣṣ al-ʔašyāʔ (or the like). Furthermore, there is hardly any Islamic work on the natural sciences in which the ḫawāṣṣ are not treated at greater or shorter length. The “Books of stones” by Aristotle and Tīfāšī, the “Books of animals” by Ibn Abi ’l-Ḥawāfir and Damīrī, the “Books of plants” by Ibn Waḥšiyya, the “Books of poisons” by Ibn al-Biṭrīq and Ibn al-Mubārak, the encyclopaedias of Qazwīnī and Nuwayrī and the manual of medicine by ʕAlī b. Rabban al-Ṭabarī, are all full of information on the most remarkable effects of “sympathy”. / Finally, abstract entities were also believed to possess mysterious forces: al-Būnī, al-Ǧīlī, al-Nadrumī and others wrote about the ḫawāṣṣ of letters and numbers, of the names of Allāh and of the verses of the Qurʔān« – M. Ullmann, art. »khāṣṣa«, in EI².
▪ …

√ḪṢḪṢ

▪ ḪṢḪṢ_1 ‘privatization’ ↗ḫaṣḫaṣaẗ
▪ ḪṢḪṢ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

ḫaṣḫaṣaẗ خَصْخَصَة

ID 259 • Sw – • BP 4178 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪṢḪṢ

privatization – BuckwalterParkinson2011.

√ḪṢM

▪ ḪṢM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṢM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṢM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘opposite side of a cloud; corners/edges of a sack; handles; to dispute, argue, defeat in an argument, quarrel; antagonist, opponent, opposing party; defendant; to claim’

√ḪḌD

▪ ḪḌD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪḌD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪḌD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to twist, to crack, to cut the thorns off a branch; to become stale, to become shrivelled; to munch on soft fruit; to be a glutton’

√ḪḌR

▪ ḪḌR_1 ‘green’ ↗ʔaḫḍar
▪ ḪḌR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘meadows, herbage, plantation, trees, green, fresh, soft, fragrant, verdant, youthful, inexperienced, new; to be blessed’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪḌR-1 Akk ḫaṣart-, ḫaṣert- ‘vert’, Hbr ḥāṣīr ‘herbe verte, herbage’, Ar ʔaḫḍarᵘ ‘vert’, ḫaḍira ‘être vert, verdoyant’, ḫaḍiraẗ ‘légume vert’; ḫuḍraẗ ‘herbes, légumes’. – Syr ḥērē ‘roseaux’. -2 Ḥrs ḫəźōr ‘entailler’.
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▪ …

ʔaḫḍarᵘ أَخْضَر , f. ḫaḍrāʔᵘ, pl. ḫuḍr

ID 260 • Sw 88/63 • BP 987 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪḌR

adj.

green – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: The main Ar designation of the colour ‘green’ in Ar, ʔaḫḍarᵘ, is perh. related to Hbr ḥāṣīr ‘grass; leek’. However, the original Sem word for ‘(yellow-) green’ was protSem *wrḳ ‘yellow-green’ (preserved in Ar ʔawraqᵘ ‘ash-coloured’ and waraq ‘leaf’, see ↗WRQ).
▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪḌR-1 Akk ḫaṣart-, ḫaṣert- ‘vert’, Hbr ḥāṣīr ‘herbe verte, herbage’, Ar ʔaḫḍarᵘ ‘vert’, ḫaḍira ‘être vert, verdoyant’, ḫaḍiraẗ ‘légume vert’; ḫuḍraẗ ‘herbes, légumes’. – Syr ḥērē ‘roseaux’.
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▪ …

► ʔatà ʕalà ’l‑~ wa’l-yābis, vb. I, to destroy everything, wreak havoc

► ḫaḍira, a (ḫaḍar), vb. I, to be green
► ḫaḍḍara, vb. II, to make green, dye or color green (s.th.): D-stem, denom., caus. | ~ al-ʔard, vb. II, to sow the land, till the earth
► ĭḫḍarra, vb. IX, to be or become green
► ĭḫḍawḍara, vb. XII, = IX

► ḫaḍir, adj., n.,, 1 green, verdant; 2 verdure, greenery; 3 young green crop (of grain)
► al-ḫaḍir, var. al-ḫiḍr, n., a well-known legendary figure
► ḫuḍraẗ, n.f., 1 green, greenness, green colour; – 2 (pl. ḫuḍar) vegetation, verdure, greenery, greens; 3 meadow; 4 ḫuḍar, n. pl., vegetables
► ḫuḍarī, n., greengrocer: nisba formation
► ḫaḍār, var. ḫuḍār, n., 1 green, greenness, green color; ^BP#39652 greens, herbs, potherbs
► ḫaḍīr, adj., green
► ḫuḍāraẗ, n.f., greens, herbs, potherbs
► ḫaḍḍār, n., greengrocer: n.prof.
► al-ḫaḍrāʔ, n.f., 1 ʻthe Verdant’ (epithet of Tunis); 2 the sky
► ḫadrāwāt, n. pl., 1 vegetables; 2 greens, herbs, potherbs
► al-ḫuḍayrāʔ, n., Paradise
► yaḫḍūr, n., chlorophyll (biol.)
► maḫḍaraẗ, n.f., meadow, lawn, turf, sod, greens, verdant land: n.loc.
► muḫaḍḍarāt, n. pl., vegetable: PP II nonhum.pl.

ḪḌʕ خضع

√ḪḌʕ

▪ ḪḌʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪḌʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪḌʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘downward inclination of the neck, to lower one’s head; to be submissive; to be lonely; to abase o.s.; sound of battle; rumbling in the stomach’

ḪṬː (ḪṬṬ) خطّ/خطط

√ ḪṬː (ḪṬṬ)

▪ ḪṬː (ḪṬṬ)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṬː (ḪṬṬ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṬː (ḪṬṬ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘furrows, roads; lines, pen markings, writing, stripes; living quarters; affair, plan, intention; to write’

√ḪṬʔ

▪ ḪṬʔ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḪṬʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to miss the target, to veer away from the correct path, to err, to commit a crime, to sin; a mistake, a crime, a sin’

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to fail, sin’) Akk iḫṭī, Hbr ḥāṭā (ā), Syr ḥṭā (ē), Gz ḫṭʔ – (ā) ‘to fail to find, do not have’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪṬʔ: Ar ḫaṭaʔa ‘jeter de l’écume (marmite en ébullition)’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪṬʔ/W/Y: Akk ḫaṭū ‘négliger, manquer, commettre une faute, pécher’, Ug ḥṭʔ ‘pécher’, Hbr ḥāṭā ‘manquer, pécher’, Nab ḥṭyʔh ‘amende’, JP ḥᵊṭā, Syr ḥṭā, Ar ḫaṭiʔa ‘se tromper, pécher’, LiḥAr *ḫaṭiʔat ‘péché’, MġrAr ḫṭiyya ‘amende’, ḫāṭya ‘non pleine (chèvre, brebis, jument, etc.)’, Sab ḫṭʔ ‘mal agir (envers), commettre une infraction (contre); payer l’amende (pour le péché)’, Qat ḫṭʔt ‘crime, transgression’ Mhr ḫṭū ‘affecter, nuire par une faute’, Jib aḫṭe ‘blesser accidentellement, égarer un animal’, Ḥrs aḫṭō ‘commettre une faute’, Soq ḥaṭaʔ ‘pécher’, Gz ḫaṭʔa ‘être privé de, manquer de, pécher’, Tña ḥaṭʔe ‘pécher, faire une faute, être condamné’, Te ḥaṭʔa ‘manquer de’, Amh aṭṭa ‘manquer de, ne pas trouver’, Gur hatiat ‘péché’.
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ID 261 • Sw – • BP 811 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫaṭaʔ خَطَأ

√ḪṬʔ

1a error; b mistake, incorrectness; 2 offense, fault – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to fail, sin’) Akk iḫṭī, Hbr ḥāṭā (ā), Syr ḥṭā (ē), Gz ḫṭʔ – (ā) ‘to fail to find, do not have’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪṬʔ/W/Y: Akk ḫaṭū ‘négliger, manquer, commettre une faute, pécher’, Ug ḥṭʔ ‘pécher’, Hbr ḥāṭā ‘manquer, pécher’, Nab ḥṭyʔh ‘amende’, JP ḥᵊṭā, Syr ḥṭā, Ar ḫaṭiʔa ‘se tromper, pécher’, LiḥAr *ḫaṭiʔat ‘péché’, MġrAr ḫṭiyya ‘amende’, ḫāṭya ‘non pleine (chèvre, brebis, jument, etc.)’, Sab ḫṭʔ ‘mal agir (envers), commettre une infraction (contre); payer l’amende (pour le péché)’, Qat ḫṭʔt ‘crime, transgression’ Mhr ḫṭū ‘affecter, nuire par une faute’, Jib aḫṭe ‘blesser accidentellement, égarer un animal’, Ḥrs aḫṭō ‘commettre une faute’, Soq ḥaṭaʔ ‘pécher’, Gz ḫaṭʔa ‘être privé de, manquer de, pécher’, Tña ḥaṭʔe ‘pécher, faire une faute, être condamné’, Te ḥaṭʔa ‘manquer de’, Amh aṭṭa ‘manquer de, ne pas trouver’, Gur hatiat ‘péché’.
▪ …

√ḪṬB

▪ ḪṬB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḪṬB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘an affair, matter, concern, business, situation; a public speech, to address a group, a sermon, a speech, to speak; to propose in marriage to a woman, a marriage proposal’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪṬB-1 Ar ḫaṭaba ‘demander une femme en mariage’. -2 ḫāṭaba ‘adresser la parole à qn, faire un discours’, ḫuṭbat ‘prône, oraison’. -3 Hbr ḥᵃṭubōt (pl.) ‘(étoffes) multicolores’, JP ḥᵃṭab ‘(vêtement) multicolore’, Syr mᵊḥaṭṭabᵊtā ‘vêtement strié’, Ar ḫuṭbaẗ ‘couleur terne, rouge et jaune’, ʔaḫṭabᵘ ‘de couleur mélangée’; Sab Qat ḫṭb ‘étage intérieur ? mur d’enceinte ?’.
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ID 262 • Sw – • BP 3059 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫuṭbaẗ خُطْبَة

√ḪṬB

1a public address; b speech; c lecture, discourse; d oration; e sermon, specif., Muslim Friday sermon, khutbah – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪṬB-1 Ar ḫaṭaba ‘demander une femme en mariage’. -2 ḫāṭaba ‘adresser la parole à qn, faire un discours’, ḫuṭbat ‘prône, oraison’. -3 […].
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√ḪṬF

▪ ḪṬF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṬF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṬF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to snatch, grab; to dazzle, to blind; to be fast, walk briskly; a hook, to hook; to sail, to miss the target’

√ḪṬW

▪ ḪṬW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṬW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪṬW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘step, to take a step; way, tracks; to overtake, to avoid’

ḪFː (ḪFF) خفّ/خفف

√ ḪFː (ḪFF)

▪ ḪFː (ḪFF)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFː (ḪFF)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFː (ḪFF)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘light load, a small group of people; camel’s foot, to travel at ease, (of camels) to travel in single file; to be light, to be light-hearted, to move quickly, to be quick-witted; to take lightly, to treat with contempt, to consider as easily influenced, to die’

√ḪFT

▪ ḪFT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘weakness caused by hunger, to become feeble; to become inaudible, die down, become soft, (of voice) become subdued, become still, die suddenly’

√ḪFR

▪ ḪFR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘low flat land, a low flat hill; to lower; to be affluent, affluence, easy, relaxing situation; to take it easy, walk at ease; to die’ –

√ḪFY

▪ ḪFY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪFY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): (the opposite concepts of appearing and disappearing are covered by this root, so affecting the interpretation of some of the verses in which derivatives of it occur) ‘digging up, excavating, a grave robber; to disappear; to be unperceived, to hide; secret; secondary feathers in a bird’s wing; jinn’

ḪLː (ḪLL) خلّ / خلل

√ḪLː (ḪLL)

▪ ḪLː (ḪLL)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḪLː (ḪLL)_2 ‘vinegar’ ↗ḫall

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘opening, aperture; to go in between; to persuade; to be poor; character, trait, attribute; friendship, a close confidant; lover, loved person; wife; wine, vinegar; a tattered garmen; anklets’

▪ …
▪ From WSem *√ḪLL ‘to pierce’. – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLL-1 Akk alālu, ḫalālu ‘pendre, suspendre (?)’, ḫalālu ‘enfermer, retenir’, ḫallat‑: sorte de corbeille, ? ḫullān‑ ‘couverture’, Hbr ḥlt ‘coffre, arche’, Phoen ḥlt, Aram ḥellᵊtā, ḥalīlā, Syr ḥālūlā ‘gaine, fourreau’, Ar ḫillaẗ ‘fourreau’, ḫalla ‘appliquer un drain, un séton’, Gz ḫəllat, Tña ḥəllät ‘canne, roseau creux sur lequel est fixée la croix’, Amh ḫəllät ‘bâton’, Tña Te ḥəll ‘sorte de bambou’. – ?2 Hbr ḥālal, Aram ḥᵃlal ‘perforer’, Ar ḫalla ‘percer, trouer, forer; pénétrer dans l’intérieur’; Jib ḫəll ‘pénétrer (pluie, eau); aḫlel ‘laisser pénétrer la pluie’; Akk ḫālil, ḫalīl ‘canal’, Ug ḥ/ḫln, Hbr ḥallōn ‘fenêtre’, ? ḫallālīt ‘pointes de flèche’, Aram ḥᵃlīl ‘creux’, ḥᵃlālā ‘cavité, caverne’, Ar ḫallaẗ ‘fente, brèche’, ḫilāl ‘intervalle’, ?Soq ḥele ‘profond’, Akk ḫālil, ḫallil: instrument en fer pour creuser. – ?3 Akk ḫalālu ‘siffler, gazouiller, murmurer’, Hbr ḥālīl: sorte de flûte. -4 Akk ḫalālu ‘(se) glisser furtivement, marcher à pas de loup’. -5 Hbr ḥālal ‘être troublé, en peine, trembler’, Ar ḫalla ‘diminuer de volume, maigrir, devenir indigent; être dérangé’, ThamAr ḫl ‘maigrir’, Jib ḫottel ‘avoir l’esprit dérangé’, Gz taḫalala, taḥalala ‘être agité, se fatiguer’, Te ḥalläla ‘rendre incapable’, taḥalläla ‘être incapable, être fatigué’. -6 Ar ḫill, ḫull, ḫalīl ‘ami intime, véritable’. -7 Akk ḫall, Syr ḥallā, Mnd hala, Ar ḫall ‘vinaigre’. -8 Akk ḫall ‘cuisse’. -9 Akk ḫallat ‘taxe sur la production horticole’. -10 Akk ḫulāl: une pierre précieuse.
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ID 263 • Sw – • BP 6225 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫall خلّ

√ḪLː (ḪLL)

vinegar – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLL-1-6 […]. -7 Akk ḫall, Syr ḥallā, Mnd hala, Ar ḫall ‘vinaigre’. -8-10 […].
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Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 4Jun2023

ĭḫtilāl اِخْتِلال

√ḪLǦ

▪ ḪLǦ_1 ‘to writhe (with pain, etc.)’ ↗ḫaliǧa
▪ ḪLǦ_2 ‘to drag, pull out, separate’ ↗ḫalaǧa
▪ ḪLǦ_3 ‘bay, gulf’ ↗ ḫalīǧ

ḫalīǧ خَليج, pl. ḫuluǧ, ḫulǧān

ID … • Sw – • BP 993 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪLǦ

bay, gulf; canal – WehrCowan1979.

Etymology still rather unclear, due to lack of Sem cognates and semantic variation within Ar ↗ḪLǦ. Nişanyan makes ḫalīǧ dependent on ḫaliǧa ‘to writhe (with pain, etc.)’ (ḪLǦ_1) while ClassAr lexicographers put it to ḫalaǧa ‘to drag, pull out, separate’ (ḪLǦ_2) and DRS hesitates to assign it to either of the two, preferring to list it as a value in its own right (ḪLǦ_3). In the first case, ḫalīǧ would be *‘the curved one’, likened to a person writhing from pain; in the second, the bay or gulf would be regarded as s.th. *‘diverted, branching off’; and in the third, it would remain without etymology.

▪ No direct cognates in Sem. – For items that may be cognates if the word is based on either ḪLǦ_1 or ḪLǦ_2, or both, see “root” entry ↗ḪLǦ.

Morphologically, a derivation from ḪLǦ_1 or ḪLǦ_2 does not seem impossible. The pattern FaʕīL, a quasi-PP, can have the function of a PP (as in *‘the diverted one’) or express the intense presence of a quality in s.th. (as in *‘the curved one’).

► al- Ḫalīǧ, n.topogr., name of Cairo’s ancient city canal which was abandoned and leveled at the end of the 19^th century
► al- Ḫalīǧ al- fārisī, n.topogr., the Persian Gulf
^BP#1371 ḫalīǧī, adj., of the Persian Gulf: nisba formation.

ḪLD خلد

√ḪLD

▪ ḪLD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪLD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪLD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mountains, rocks; to remain put for a long time, be forever, be eternal, eternity, to grow old without showing physical signs of old age; to be well contented, to like s.o. or some place; to wear some kind of trinkets; mind; heart; spirit; a mole-like animal’

√ḪLṢ

▪ ḪLṢ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḪLṢ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘purity, to be unblemished, to purify, to extricate, to extract, to select above others, to befriend; to bring to safety, to reach safety; to arrive, to join s.o., to be alone with; to be sincere’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLṢ-1 Akk ḫalāṣu ‘enlever avec le peigne, filtrer, presser, exprimer’, Ug ḫlṣ ‘presser (?)’; Hbr ḫālaṣ ‘enlever, retirer’, JP hᵃlaš, ḥᵃlaṣ, ChrPal ḫlṣ ‘dépouiller’. -2 Ar ḫalaṣa ‘être pur, être sans mélange, agir sincèrement avec qn’, ḫilṣ ‘ami sincère’, ḫallaṣ ‘payer, acquitter une dette’, Ḥrs ḫalleṣ ‘finir’. -3 Hbr ḥālaṣ ‘se dérober, se retirer’, ḥilles ‘sauver, délivrer’, Phoen ḥlṣ, JP ḥᵃlaṣ ‘se sauver, se retirer’, Ar ḫalaṣa ‘se sauver, être sauvé, libéré; ‘être terminé’, ThamAr ḫlṣ ‘salut’. -4 Akk ḫalṣ ‘forteresse; district’; Hbr ḥālūṣ ‘préparé (en particulier pour la guerre)’, nHbr ḥilleṣ ‘ceindre, fortifier, armer’. -5 oHar atḫēlālaṣa ‘récompenser (?)’.
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ID 264 • Sw – • BP 4722 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ʔiḫlāṣ إِخْلاص

√ḪLṢ

1 sincere devotion, loyal attachment, sincere affection; 2 sincerity, frankness, candor; 3 loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, allegiance (li‑ to) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLṢ-1 […]. -2 Ar ḫalaṣa ‘être pur, être sans mélange, agir sincèrement avec qn’, ḫilṣ ‘ami sincère’, ḫallaṣ ‘payer, acquitter une dette’, Ḥrs ḫalleṣ ‘finir’. -3-5 […]. – For the wider context, see ↗√ḪLṢ.
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√ḪLṬ

▪ ḪLṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪLṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪLṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to mix, to blend, a mixture, a component, the four humours; base people, common people; to intermingle, to associate, to be familiar with; partnership, partners; husband, cousin, neighbour; to confuse, be mad’

√ḪLʕ

▪ ḪLʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪLʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḪLʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to take off, draw off, draw out, dislodge; to disown, break a pledge; to be alone, be mad, be foolish; tattered garment’

√ḪLF

▪ ḪLF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḪLF_2 ‘willow’ ↗ḫilāf

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘back, backside, behind, in the rear; to stay behind, to be put behind; to delay, to be a straggler; to replace, to succeed, to be appointed as successor; a ruler, representative, governor; an offshoot, a son, a generation, a follower; to differ, to be different, to be contrary; to fail to keep a promise, to let down, to alternate’

▪ [v1] From protSem *√ḪLP ‘to pass, follow’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ [v2] Kogan2011: from protSem *ḫilāp‑ ‘willow’.
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▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLP-1 Ar ḫalifa ‘être louche, peu fiable; être gaucher; être gâté, corrompu, puant’, YemAr ḫulf ‘mauvaise période, famine’. – ? Akk ḫalp‑ ‘accusé’. -2 Akk ḫalp‑ ‘remplaçant’, Moab *ḥlp, Hbr ḥālaf ‘passer, s’en aller, passer outre, périr, changer, substituer’, BiblAram ḥᵃlaf ‘passer (temps)’, JP ḥᵃlap ‘passer devant, disparaître’, Nab ḥlf ‘vicissitude, sort’, Syr ḥᵊlap ‘succéder à’, Ar ḫalafa ‘suivre, être derrière, succéder à; remplacer’, ḫilf ‘ce qui est différent’, ḫilāf ‘désaccord, différend, contradiction’, ? ḤassAr ḫləf ‘chamelles suitées’, Sab ḫlf ‘chamelle pleine (?)’; Sab hḫlf ‘violer (un serment)’, hlft ‘gouverneur’; Jib ḫolof ‘prendre la place de’, aḫlef ‘changer’, Mhr Ḥrs ḫaylef ‘suivre, prendre la place de’, Soq ḥtlf ‘alterner’, Gz ḫālafa, Te ḥalfa, Tña ḥalläfä, Amh Gaf alläfä, Arg halläfa, Har ḥuluf bāya ‘passer’. – ?3 Tña ḥalläfä ‘surpasser, dépasser’, ḥəlfät ‘supériorité’, Te ḥalfa ‘surpasser’; Tña maḥläfiya, Amh maläfiya ‘bon, excellent’, Gur alläfä ‘être meilleur, beau, joli’ -4 Ug mḫlpt, Hbr maḥlāpōt ‘tresses de cheveux’. -5 YemAr miḫlāf ‘province, région’, southern Ar ḫalfa ‘fenêtre’, Sab Qat ḫlf ‘porte (d’une ville), région, voisinage d’une ville, extérieur (de qc), passe entre des collines’; ‘citadins (?)’, Mhr ḫəlfēt, Jib ḫofet ‘fenêtre’. – 6 Akk ḫalāpu ‘se glisser dans’, naḫlap‑ ‘vêtement, manteau’, taḫlupt ‘vêtement, déguisement’, ḫalāp ‘vêtement de dessus’, Ug ḫlpn ‘vêtement’, Sab ḫlf ‘vêtement’. -7 Akk ḫalupp‑, ḫulupp ‘chêne’. -8 ḫilēp‑, Syr ḫellōpō, Ar ḫilāf ‘saule’. -9 Akk ḫulupp‑: sorte d’oiseau’. -10 ḫalp‑: sorte de puits.
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▪ Engl caliph ↗ḫalīfaẗ.

ID 266 • Sw – • BP 4281 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫallaf‑ خَلَّفَ

√ḪLF

vb., II

1 to appoint as successor (s.o.); 2 to leave behind, leave (s.o., s.th.); 3 to have descendants, have offspring – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLP-1 […]. -2 Akk ḫalp‑ ‘remplaçant’, Moab *ḥlp, Hbr ḥālaf ‘passer, s’en aller, passer outre, périr, changer, substituer’, BiblAram ḥᵃlaf ‘passer (temps)’, JP ḥᵃlap ‘passer devant, disparaître’, Nab ḥlf ‘vicissitude, sort’, Syr ḥᵊlap ‘succéder à’, Ar ḫalafa ‘suivre, être derrière, succéder à; remplacer’, ḫilf ‘ce qui est différent’, ḫilāf ‘désaccord, différend, contradiction’, ? ḤassAr ḫləf ‘chamelles suitées’, Sab ḫlf ‘chamelle pleine (?)’; Sab hḫlf ‘violer (un serment)’, hlft ‘gouverneur’; Jib ḫolof ‘prendre la place de’, aḫlef ‘changer’, Mhr Ḥrs ḫaylef ‘suivre, prendre la place de’, Soq ḥtlf ‘alterner’, Gz ḫālafa, Te ḥalfa, Tña ḥalläfä, Amh Gaf alläfä, Arg halläfa, Har ḥuluf bāya ‘passer’. – 3-10 […].
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▪ Engl caliph ↗ḫalīfaẗ.

ID 265 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 3936 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫilāfaẗ خِلافَة

√ḪLF

1a vicarship, deputyship; b succession; 2a caliphate, office or rule of a caliph; b (formerly) administrative department of a ↗ḫalīfaẗ (Tun.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLP-1 […]. -2 Akk ḫalp‑ ‘remplaçant’, Moab *ḥlp, Hbr ḥālaf ‘passer, s’en aller, passer outre, périr, changer, substituer’, BiblAram ḥᵃlaf ‘passer (temps)’, JP ḥᵃlap ‘passer devant, disparaître’, Nab ḥlf ‘vicissitude, sort’, Syr ḥᵊlap ‘succéder à’, Ar ḫalafa ‘suivre, être derrière, succéder à; remplacer’, ḫilf ‘ce qui est différent’, ḫilāf ‘désaccord, différend, contradiction’, ? ḤassAr ḫləf ‘chamelles suitées’, Sab ḫlf ‘chamelle pleine (?)’; Sab hḫlf ‘violer (un serment)’, hlft ‘gouverneur’; Jib ḫolof ‘prendre la place de’, aḫlef ‘changer’, Mhr Ḥrs ḫaylef ‘suivre, prendre la place de’, Soq ḥtlf ‘alterner’, Gz ḫālafa, Te ḥalfa, Tña ḥalläfä, Amh Gaf alläfä, Arg halläfa, Har ḥuluf bāya ‘passer’. – 3-10 […].
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl caliph, from Ar ↗ḫalīfaẗ ‘successor (to Muhammad), caliph, from ḫalafa, vb. I, ‘to follow, succeed’.

ḪLQ خلق

▪ ḪLQ_1 ‘to create, shape, form, mold’ ↗ḫalaqa
▪ ḪLQ_2 ‘portion, share’ ↗ḫalāq
▪ ḪLQ_3 ‘morals, ethics’ ↗ʔaḫlāq

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to create, originate, design, creation, the entire creation, the human race; natural disposition, innate nature; to be shapely, comely; to deal tactfully with others, assume a certain disposition; to attribute falsely; to estimate; to be of good character; luck, share; to be capable; (of a garment) to wear out; a fragrant substance’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLQ-1 Akk ḫalāqu ‘être perdu, disparaître, périr, s’enfuir’, ḫalq ‘fuyard’, ḫulq‑ ‘mauvais’, Ug ḫlq ‘périr ; être absent’, ḫlq ‘mauvais’, Hbr ḥilleq ‘détruire’, ḥālaq ‘être uni, lisse; insinuant, hypocrite’, Ar ḫaliqa, ḫaluqa ‘être usé, râpé (vêtement)’, Gz ḫalqa ‘être consumé, détruit, périr’, Tña ḥaläqä ‘finir, être fini’, Te ḥalqa ‘mourir sans avoir été abattu (animal)’, Amh Gur alläqä, Arg alläqa ‘finir, être fini, consumé’. – Akk ḫulāq‑ ‘vêtement usagé’, nHbr ḥālūq, JP ḥᵃlūqā ‘sous-vêtement’, Mhr Ḥrs ḫəlēq, Soq ḥaloq ‘habit, vêtement’. -2 Hbr ḥālaq ‘diviser, partager’, ḥȩlɛq ‘part’, BiblAram ḥᵃlāq ‘part, portion’, Syr ḥᵊlaq ‘distribuer, attribuer’, Nab ḥlq ‘créer’, Ar ḫalaqa ‘mesurer, former, composer, créer; rendre lisse, uni’, ḫalāq ‘part de bonheur attribué’, Liḥ ḥalāqat ‘portion’, Sab ḫlq ‘champ’, Min ḫlq ‘décision’, Jib ḫoloq ‘créer’, formes de passif: ḫiźiq, Mhr ḫalēq, Ḥrs ḫelēq ‘être né, créé, fait’, Soq ḥalqah ‘forme’, Gz ḫʷalaqʷa ‘compter, énumérer’, Gz Tña ḥəlqʷ ‘nombre, compte’, Amh əlq, əlqo ‘nombre’, Har ḥēläqa, Gur aläqä ‘compter’. -3 Mhr ḫəwḳāt, Ḥrs ḫəlḳāt ‘bouton d’acné, pustule’.
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ID 268 • Sw – • BP 1717 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ḫalaq‑ خَلَقَ

1 to create, make, originate (s.th.); 2 to shape, form, mold (s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

vb., I

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪLQ-1 […]. -2 Hbr ḥālaq ‘diviser, partager’, ḥȩlɛq ‘part’, BiblAram ḥᵃlāq ‘part, portion’, Syr ḥᵊlaq ‘distribuer, attribuer’, Nab ḥlq ‘créer’, Ar ḫalaqa ‘mesurer, former, composer, créer; rendre lisse, uni’, ḫalāq ‘part de bonheur attribué’, Liḥ ḥalāqat ‘portion’, Sab ḫlq ‘champ’, Min ḫlq ‘décision’, Jib ḫoloq ‘créer’, formes de passif: ḫiźiq, Mhr ḫalēq, Ḥrs ḫelēq ‘être né, créé, fait’, Soq ḥalqah ‘forme’, Gz ḫʷalaqʷa ‘compter, énumérer’, Gz Tña ḥəlqʷ ‘nombre, compte’, Amh əlq, əlqo ‘nombre’, Har ḥēläqa, Gur aläqä ‘compter’. -3 […].
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Sw – • NahḍCon • BP (1807) • APD … • © SG | created 2Jun2023

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

non-hum.pl.

morals, ethics

▪ lexicalized pl. of …

portion, share – Jeffery1938