Bibliotheca Polyglotta

dāl دال

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√

R₁

The letter d of the Arabic alphabet.

▪ From protSem *dalt‑ (*‑t‑ feminine suffix) ‘door’ – Huehnergard2011.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Cf. Engl daleth, from Hbr dālet, from Phoen *dalt ‘door, fourth letter of the Phoen alphabet’; delta, deltoid, from Grk delta, from Phoen *dalt (see above) or from a dialectal variant *dilt.

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DʔB دأب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DʔB

“root”

▪ DʔB_1 ‘to persist, be indefatigable’ ↗daʔaba
▪ DʔB_2 ‘habit’ ↗daʔaba

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘custom, habit, persistence, to persevere, to do regularly, day and night’

The basic idea in (W)Sem seems to be that of doing s.th. relentlessly and with great effort (and pain), over a longer period. From there, the notions of ‘persistence’ (Ar vb.), ‘becoming tired’ (Hbr, Mand) or ‘to melt, be worried, to grieve, pine away’ (JP, Hbr) as well as that of ‘habit’ (Ar n.) may have developed.

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DRS 3 (1995)#DʔB: Hbr *dāʔab ‘languir’, dᵉʔābōn ‘faiblesse, langeur’, nHbr hidʔīb ‘couler, fondre’; JP dᵉʔēb ‘couler, se tourmenter, s’inquiéter’, dᵉʔābā ‘tristesse, angoisse’, Mand dʔb ‘languir’, Ar daʔaba ‘travailler assidûment à qc., peiner, faire effort’, daʔb‑ ‘état, condition’, ʔadʔub (pl.) ‘habitude, coutume’, daʔban ‘habituellement, sur le champ’, MorAr dābā ‘maintenant’; Ḥaḍr dʔb ‘exécuter un travail’.

▪ The Ar vb. daʔaba seems to have best preserved what probably is the semantic kernel in Sem¹ , namely the idea of doing s.th. relentlessly and with great effort (and pain), over a longer period.
▪ If this is the case, Ar daʔb ‘habit’ is secondary. Taking this for given, daʔb is treated as derivation from daʔaba.

1. Or, rather, WSem—the item is attested in the W only and cannot be traced farther back.

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daʔab‑ دَأَبَ , a (daʔb , daʔab , duʔūb)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DʔB

vb., I

1 to persist, persevere, be indefatigable, untiring, tireless. – 2 to go in (ʕalà for s.th.), apply o.s., devote o.s. (ʕalà to), practice eagerly

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DRS 3 (1995)#DʔB: Hbr *dāʔab ‘languir’, dᵉʔābōn ‘faiblesse, langeur’, nHbr hidʔīb ‘couler, fondre’; JP dᵉʔēb ‘couler, se tourmenter, s’inquiéter’, dᵉʔābā ‘tristesse, angoisse’, Mand dʔb ‘languir’, Ar daʔaba ‘travailler assidûment à qc., peiner, faire effort’, daʔb‑ ‘état, condition’, ʔadʔub (pl.) ‘habitude, coutume’, daʔban ‘habituellement, sur le champ’, MorAr dābā ‘maintenant’; Ḥaḍr dʔb ‘exécuter un travail’.

▪ [v2] is likely to be the primary sense, [v1] only secondary, cf. DISC under ↗DʔB.
▪ daʔb ‘habit’ probably derives from [v2] rather than from [v1].
▪ According to Nallino et al., a pl. ^†ʔādāb (< *ʔaʔdāb < *ʔadʔāb) served as basis for the (back-) formation of the sg. ↗ʔadab so that the notion of ‘habit, custom’ was added to the primary value of ↗ʔDB in Sem, which is ‘to invite’.

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► daʔb, pl. ʔadʔub, n., habit: probably vn. I (from the vb. with [v2]) with semantic specialisation.
► daʔb, daʔab, duʔūb, n., persistance, perseverance, tirelessness, indefatigability, assiduity, eagerness: vn. I.
► daʔib, dāʔib, adj., addicted, devoted, persistent, assiduous, eager, indefatigable, untiring, tireless:…
► daʔūb, adj., untiring, tireless, indefatigable, persevering, persistent: ints.
► ʔadʔabᵘ, adj., more persistent, more assiduous: elat.

DĀWŪD داوود

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DĀWŪD

“root”

▪ DĀWŪD_1 ‘(personal name) King and Prophet David’ ↗Dāwūd
▪ ...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘King and Prophet David’

▪ BAH2008: a borrowing from Hbr, occurring 16 times in the Qur’an
▪ From protSem *√DWD, also *√WDD, ‘to love’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ eC7 Q
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DBː (DBB) دبّ/دبب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DBː (DBB)

“root”

▪ DBː (DBB)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DBː (DBB)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DBː (DBB)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to move slowly, proceed gently; to move on feet; members of the animal kingdom; to spread, creep, circulate, flow; thudding sound’

▪ From protSem *√DBB, also *√DBY. protSem dubb‑ (also daby‑) ‘bear’ – Huehnergard2011.
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DBR دبر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DBR

“root”

▪ DBR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DBR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DBR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘back, backside, buttocks, the tail end, to turn one’s back; to boycott; to plan, arrange, organise, prepare; to depart, die; root, origin’

▪ [v1] : From CSem *√¹DBR various forms meaning ‘(honey‑)bee’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ [v2] : From WSem *√²DBR, variant (assimilated) form of protSem *√DPR ‘to turn one’s back on’ (prob. denominative from an old word for ‘back’) – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Deborah, from Hbr dᵊbôrâ ‘bee’, cf. Ar ↗dabbūr.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Aldebaran, from Ar al-dabarān ‘the following, follower’, from ↗dabara, vb. I, ‘to follow’.

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DBS دبس

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DBS

“root”

▪ DBS_1 ‘sirup, molasses’ ↗dibs
▪ DBS_2 ‘pin’ ↗dabbūs

▪ [v1] Kogan2011: from protSem *dibš‑ ‘honey’. – The main term in Ar for ‘honey’ is ↗ʕasal.
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘honey’) Akk (dišpu), Hbr dḇaš, Syr deḇšā, SAr dbś.
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dabbūs دَبّوس , pl. dabābīsᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DBS

n.

pin; safety pin – WehrCowan1979.

While DRS neither lists any cognates nor gives etymological hints, Youssef2003 thinks the word is from Eg tbs (Copt tōbs) ‘to prick’; in contrast, Rolland2014 derives it, though not without hesitation, from Pers dabūs ‘club, cudgel, manslayer’.

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) lists the item, but does not list any Sem cognates, nor quote any reference literature.
▪ Youssef2003: from Eg tbs, Copt tōbs ‘to prick’
▪ Rolland2014: from Pers dabūs ‘club, cudgel, manslayer’. »L’évolution sémantique de l’arabe reste à éclaircir. Il est possible que, dans son sens moderne, dabbūs soit l’ellipse de ʔibraẗ dabbūs ‘aiguille de masse d’arme’.«

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DṮR دثر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DṮR

“root”

▪ DṮR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DṮR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DṮR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to become blotted out, be forgotten; to become cold, to rust; to be covered, be wrapped up, an outer garment’

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DḤR دحر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DḤR

“root”

▪ DḤR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḤR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḤR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to chase away, kick out, repel, to banish’

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DḤḌ دحض

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DḤḌ

“root”

▪ DḤḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḤḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḤḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slip, become slippery, lose one’s footing; to weaken, lose one’s grip; to refute, invalidate, argue down, prove wrong, (of the sun) to move away from the middle of the sky’

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DḤW/Y دحو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DḤW/Y

“root”

▪ DḤW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḤW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḤW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to spread out, to level up, to widen, enlarge, to relax’

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DḪR دخر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DḪR

“root”

▪ DḪR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḪR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DḪR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be humbled, to be compelled; to be confused, be subservient’

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DḪL دخل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DḪL

“root”

▪ DḪL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DḪL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘entrance, door, doorway, to enter, to penetrate; obscurity, secret, confidant; ill feeling, cheating; defects, loneliness; emaciation; to infiltrate, to come in between; guest, outsider’

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daḫal‑ دَخَلَ

ID 277 • Sw – • BP 297 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DḪL

vb., I

1a to enter (less frequently fī, also ʔilà s.th.), go, step, walk, move, come, get (fī, ʔilà into); b to penetrate, pierce (fī, ʔilà s.th.); 2a to take possession of s.o., befall, seize (s.o.; e.g., doubt); b to come (ʕalà over s.o.; e.g., joy); c to take up (ḫidmaẗ post), start at a job; c to enter s.o.’s (ʕalà) room or house, drop in on s.o. (ʕalà), come to see s.o. (ʕalà); 3 to call on s.o. (ʕalà); 4 to consummate the marriage, cohabit, sleep (ʕalà or bi‑ with a woman); 5 (gram.) to be added (ʕalà to); 6a to supervene, enter as a new factor, aspect, element, etc. (ʕalà upon s.th.), be newly introduced (ʕalà into s.th.); b to be included (fī in; also ḍimnᵃ), fall, come (fī, ḍimnᵃ, taḥtᵃ under), belong, pertain (fī, ḍimnᵃ, taḥtᵃ to), be within s.th. (fī, ḍimnᵃ, taḥtᵃ); 7a to make one’s own, acquire (ʕalà s.th.); b to join, enter (s.th. or fī e.g., a religious community); c to participate, take part (in); 8 to set in, begin (time, event); 9 pass.: duḫila to be sickly, diseased, abnormal – WehrCowan1979.

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► taʕdīl daḫala ʕalà ’l-ʔamr, expr., the matter has undergone modification
► daḫala ’l-ḫidmaẗᵃ, vb., to take up one’s post, start at a job, report for work
► daḫala al-madrasaẗᵃ, vb., to enter school
► daḫala al-mīnāʔ, vb., to enter the harbor, put in
► daḫala fī ’l-mawḍūʕ, vb., to come to the point
► daḫala fī ʕaqlih\ǧismih, vb., to suffer from a mental\physical disturbance.

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madḫaliyyaẗ مَدْخَليّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 4Jun2023

√DḪL

n.f.

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▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ↗madḫal, n.loc. of ↗daḫala)

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DḪN دخن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DḪN

“root”

▪ DḪN_1 ‘millet’ ↗duḫn
▪ DḪN_2 ‘smoke’ ↗duḫān

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘smoke; famine, hunger; to be of bad character, the heat of the day’

▪ Some scholars assume a dependence of ‘millet’ on ‘smoke’, due to the plant’s colour, but this is doubtful.
▪ For further etymology, cf. individual entries ↗duḫn and ↗duḫān.

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▪ DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN–1 *duḫn‑ ‘millet’: Akk duḫnu, Hbr dōḥan, JP dōḥīnā, Syr duḥnā, Ar duḫn. –2 Ar daḫan ‘fumée, méchanceté, haine’, duḫnaẗ ‘couleur foncé’, daḫnān ‘sombre, couvert, nuageux’, dial. ʔadḫan ‘grisâtre, terne’, Ḥrs edḫān ‘de couleur foncé, pourpre’, ? Jib nideḫ ‘fumer’, məndoḫ, Śḥr endoḫ, Mhr nīdēḫ, mənādəḫ ‘fumée’. –3 Gz dəḫna, Te Tña däḥanä ‘être sain et sauf’, Amh danä ‘être guéri, sauvé, délivré’, Gz dəḫun ‘sain et sauf, en bonne santé’, dāḫn ‘en bonne santé, innocent, non coupable’, Te däḥan ‘bien-être, paix’, Amh danä ‘guérir’, dähna ‘en santé, en bon état’, Gz madḫən ‘sauveur, rédempteur, garant’, Tña mädḥən, mädən, Gur mädin ‘garant’. –4 Akk diḫnu diḫnu ¹ : formule magique utilisée dans les incantations.

1. CAD has diḫun diḫun.

▪ DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN-1. According to some, the name of the plant derives from its colour, which would relate it to DḪN_2; but many do not accept this etymology. – 2. Cf. the Ar nouns, now obsolete, ^†daḫaḫ ‘couleur noir, foncé’, ^†duḫḫ, ^†daḫḫ ‘fumée’ (not in Lane!). – The forms in Jib Šḫ Mhr show metathesis.
▪ Kogan2011 reconstructs Sem *duḫn- for ‘millet’ (DḪN_1), for details see ↗duḫn.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 and TB2007 see an AfrAs dimension for both DḪN_1 and DḪN_2; for details cf. ↗duḫn and ↗duḫān, respectively.
▪ Can there be a connection between the value ‘health, healthiness’ of DḪN in EthSem (i.e., DḪN-3 in DRS) and ‘to smoke, fumigate’ (DḪN-2)?
▪ And is possibly also the Akk magic formula diḫnu diḫnu (or diḫun diḫun, as in CAD² ), mentioned in DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN-4, related to DḪN-2? The formula is said to be »used in incantations« (CAD). Smoke may have had a magical function…
▪ If DḪN-1, DḪN-3 and DḪN-4 (DRS) could be proven to depend on ‘smoke’, then DḪN-2 would be the primary etymon.

2. Qualified as Standard Babylonian there.

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duḫn دُخْن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DḪN

n.

pearl millet, dukhn – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *duḫn‑ ‘millet’.
▪ The word may have an AfrAs ancestor like AfrAs *doḫ˅n‑ ‘millet, grain’ (Orel&Stolbova1994) or *duḫ˅n‑ ‘sorghum, corn’ (TB2007).

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▪ DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN-1: Akk duḫnu, Hbr dōḥan, JP dōḥīnā, Syr duḥnā, Ar duḫn. – For the complex ‘smoke; dark colour’ which according to some may be related, cf. ↗duḫān.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #727: In addition to cognates in Sem (given as in DRS), the authors mention the word dawna ‘corn’ in a CCh language. TB2007 #736 gives the latter as dawn ‘corn’.

▪ References unanimously reconstruct Sem *duḫn‑ ‘millet’.
▪ DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN-1: According to some, the name of the plant derives from its colour, which would relate it to DḪN_2 ‘smoke’ (↗duḫān); but many do not accept this etymology.
▪ For the CCh word dawn or dawna, both Orel&Stolbova1994 and TB2007 reconstruct CCh *dwan‑ ‘corn’ (contracted from *dwaH˅n‑, according to Orel&Stolbova). Together with the Sem evidence, the authors reconstruct AfrAs *doḫ˅n‑ ‘millet, grain’ (Orel&Stolbova) or *duḫ˅n‑ ‘sorghum, corn’ (TB2007).

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duḫān دُخان, var. duḫḫān , pl. ʔadḫinaẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP 2269 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DḪN

n.

1 smoke, fume, vapor. – 2 tobacco – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The word seems to be Sem, but given the different position of n – final in Ar, initial in modSAr –, reconstruction is difficult. Orel&Stolbova go for *d˅ḫan‑ ‘¹to be smoked; ²dark-colored’, TB suggests Sem *duḫḫān‑ ~ *nidāḫ‑ ‘smoke’.
▪ There may also be some CCh cognates, and if these are valid, the word may have AfrAs origins. Orel&Stolbova reconstruct AfrAs *deḫan‑ ‘smoke’ (derived AfrAs *daḫ‑ ‘smoke’), and TB has AfrAs *daḫ‑ (?) ‘smoke’.
▪ One could think of ‘smoke’ being the origin of other meanings of DḪN (‘millet’ as *‘the dark-coloured [plant]’, ‘healthiness’ as the result of a treatment with – magical? – smoke, and the Akk incantation formula as conjuring up the healthy spirits/power of smoke). But these have to remain, for the moment, pure working hypotheses that still have to be corroborated by textual evidence.
▪ v2 transferred from the smoke that is emitted to the product that emits it when burnt.

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▪ DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN-2: Ar daḫan ‘fumée, méchanceté, haine’, duḫnaẗ ‘couleur foncé’, daḫnān ‘sombre, couvert, nuageux’, dial. ʔadḫan ‘grisâtre, terne’, Ḥrs edḫān ‘de couleur foncé, pourpre’, ? Jib nideḫ ‘fumer’, məndoḫ, Śḥr endoḫ, Mhr nīdēḫ, mənādəḫ ‘fumée’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #675: Śḥr edḫān ‘to be dark-colored’. Outside Sem: a cognate mi-ḍeni ‘smoke’ in a CCh language.
▪ TB2007 #1109: Mhr nidiḫ, Jib mǝ-ndoḫ, Ḥrs nedēḫ. – Outside Sem: (CCh) Lame dèákú, Peve dēoka, Mesme deu ‘smoke’.

▪ DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN: According to some, the name for ‘millet’, duḫn, derives from ‘smoke’, due to its dark colour, which would make DḪN a more uniform root in Ar; but many do not accept this etymology.
▪ Is also the magic formula Akk diḫnu diḫnu (or diḫun diḫun, as in CAD)³ , mentioned in DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN-4, related to ‘smoke’? It is said to be »used in incantations« (CAD). Smoke may have had a magical function there…
▪ DRS 4 (1994)#DḪN-2 also points to the Ar nouns, now obsolete, ^†daḫaḫ ‘couleur noir, foncé’, ^†duḫḫ, ^†daḫḫ ‘fumée’ (not in Lane!), which do not show final ‑n.
▪ If the Ar form reflects the Sem situation, then Jib Šḫ Mhr show metathesis. But see below TB20007’s reconstruction of Sem where the Ar and modSAr forms are treated on equal terms.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #675 reconstruct Sem *d˅ḫan‑ ‘¹to be smoked; ²dark-colored’ and CCh *dyaH˅n‑ ‘smoke’, both from AfrAs *deḫan‑ ‘smoke’. The latter, they say, is derived from #630 AfrAs *daḫ‑ ‘smoke’, which gave Sem *duḫ(ḫ)‑ ‘smoke’ > Ar daḫḫ‑, duḫḫ‑ (with secondary ‑u‑), and CCh *dyaH‑ (*daHi‑) ‘smoke’. Cf. the obsolete nouns lacking in final n mentioned by DRS (see above).
▪ Similarly also TB2007 #1109: Sem *duḫḫān ~ *nidāḫ‑ 'smoke', CCh *dyaHu‑ 'smoke', both from #630 AfrAs *daḫ‑ (?) ‘smoke’.

3. qualified as Standard Babylonian there.

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► daḫina, a, vb. I, to be smoky; to taste or smell of smoke: denom.
► daḫana, a u, vb. I, to smoke, emit emoke (fire): probably denom.
► daḫḫana, vb. II, to fumigate, fume (s.th.); to smoke, cure with smoke (foodstuffs); to smoke (a cigarette, tobacco, a pipe):.
► ʔadḫana, vb. IV, to smoke, emit smoke (fire): denom.
► tadaḫḫana, vb. V, to be smoked, be cured with smoke; to be fumigated: pass. of II.

► daḫan, n., smoke, fume, vapor: alongside with duḫ(ḫ)ān another candidate for the position of the etymon proper.
► duḫnaẗ, n.f., 1 smoke color; 2 a kind of incense (Calamus aromaticus) :.
► daḫīnaẗ, pl. daḫāʔinᵘ, n., cigarette: pseudo-PP.
► daḫāḫinī (eg., tun.), n., tobacconist: nsb-adj.
► madḫanaẗ, pl. madāḫinᵘ, n., chimney, smokestack, funnel : n.loc.
► ^BP#2333tadḫīn, n., 1 fumigation; smoking (e.g., of fish); 2 (tobacco) smoking: vn. II.
► dāḫinaẗ, pl. dawāḫinᵘ, n., chimney, smokestack, funnel: a neologism, lit. a f. PA I, meaning ‘the smoking one’.
► mudaḫḫin, pl. ‑ūn, n., smoker : PA II.
► mudaḫḫan, adj., smoked (foodstuff): PP II.

DRː (DRR) درّ/درر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√ DRː (DRR)

“root”

▪ DRː (DRR)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRː (DRR)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRː (DRR)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to flow, run, (of teats) fill up with milk, (of income) increase, to rain heavily, (of plants) flourish, (of load-carrying animals) go fast; a great pearl; to shine brightly; to spin tightly’

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DRʔ درأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DRʔ

“root”

▪ DRʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to push, dispute; to delay, avert; to come upon suddenly; to spread out; to hide, shelter, a hideout, to shield, a shield; to support’

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DRB درب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DRB

“root”

▪ DRB_1 ‘mountain pass; path, trail, track, alley, lane’ ↗darb
▪ DRB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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darb دَرْب

ID 278 • Sw – • BP 1590 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DRB

n.

1a narrow mountain pass; b path, trail, track; 3a road; b alley, lane – WehrCowan1979.

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► darb al-tabbānaẗ, n., Milky Way

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DRǦ درج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DRǦ

“root”

▪ DRǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘rank, level, station; to walk slowly, do s.th. gradually, flood channel; to wrap up, fold, a sheet for writing on; to allure’

▪ …

–

.

–

DRS درس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DRS

“root”

▪ DRS_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DRS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to fade away, to pale, to be obliterated; to break in a camel, to separate the wheat from the chaff; to study a book, to learn, to examine carefully, to learn by heart, a learned person, a person who is constant in his studies’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Midrash ↗darasa; madrasa ↗madrasaẗ.

–

daras‑ دَرَسَ

ID 279 • Sw – • BP 1066 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DRS

vb., I

1 to wipe out, blot out, obliterate, efface, extinguish (s.th.); 2 to thresh (grain); 3 to learn, study (s.th., ʕalà under s.o.), ~ al-ʕilm ʕalà, to study under (a teacher, a professor); – 4 u (durūs) to be effaced, obliterated, blotted out, extinguished – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *√DRŠ ‘to seek, examine, study’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Midrash, from Hbr midrāš, exposition, commentary, Midrash, from dāraš, to seek, study’ > Ar darasa.

►

madrasaẗ مَدْرَسَة

ID 280 • Sw – • BP 303 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DRS

n.f.

1 madrasah (a religious boarding school associated with a mosque); 2 school – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl madrasa, from Ar madrasaẗ ‘school’, from darasa ‘to study’.

► madrasaẗ ĭbtidāʔiyyaẗ, n.f., the lower grades of a secondary school, approx. = junior high school
► madrasaẗ awwaliyyaẗ, n.f., elementary school, grade school
► madrasaẗ ṯānawiyyaẗ, n.f., secondary school, high school
► madrasaẗ ʔiʕdādiyyaẗ, n.f., commercial college or school
► madrasaẗ ḥarbiyyaẗ, n.f., military academy
► madrasaẗ ḫiliyyaẗ, n.f., boarding school
► madrasaẗ ʕāliyaẗ \ ʕulyā, n.f., college
► madrasaẗ al-funūn wa-l’-ṣanāʔiʕ, n.f., school of industrial arts, school of applied art and handicraft
► madrasaẗ kubrà, n.f., college
► al-madrasaẗ al-qadīmaẗ, n.f.,the old "school" (= intellectual or artistic movement)

►

DRK درك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DRK

“root”

▪ DRK_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRK_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRK_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to reach, overtake; to accumulate; to ripen, reach maturity, become of age; to follow up, come one after the other, rectify, put in order; the bottom level, lowest level’

▪ …

–

.

–

DRWŠ دروش

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DRWŠ

“root”

▪ DRWŠ_1 ‘dervish’ ↗darwīš
▪ DRWŠ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

darwīš درْويش

ID 281 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DRWŠ

n.

dervish – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

DRY دري

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√DRY

“root”

▪ DRY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DRY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to know, comprehend, understand; to inform, teach; to disguise, a hideout; to act furtively; to deal gently, placate, comb’

▪ …

–

.

–

DSː (DSS) دسّ/دسس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Mar2023

√ DSː (DSS)

“root”

▪ DSː (DSS)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DSː (DSS)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DSː (DSS)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to shove in, infiltrate, hide in, adulterate, bury; a spy, a plot, intrigue; sand adder’

▪ …

–

.

–

DSTR دستر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DSTR

“root”

▪ DSTR_1 ‘statute(s), constitution’ ↗dustūr
▪ DSTR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

dustūr دُسْتُور

ID 282 • Sw – • BP 1287 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DSTR

n.

1a statute; b regulations; c by-laws; d (basic) constitutional law; e constitution (pol.); – 2 (colloq.) dastūr, permission – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

DSR دسر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√DSR

“root”

▪ DSR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DSR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DSR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘nails, ropes with which a ship’s planks are tightened, to repair a ship; to push, to step; big hefty man, great she-camel’

▪ …

–

.

–

DSKR دسكر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 08Apr2023

√ DSKR

“root”

▪ DSKR_1 ‘village’ ↗daskaraẗ

▪ [v1] : from Per daskara ‘ville, chateau sur une colline’ – Rolland2014

–

.

–

daskaraẗ دَسْكَرة , pl. dasākirᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 08Apr2023

√DSKR

n.f.

village – WehrCowan1976

▪ Most references consulted suggest a Pers origin of the word. Cf., however, Steingass1892 (A Comprehensive Persian-English Dict.), where Pers daskaraʰ ‘town; castle on a hill; litter for transporting the sick; name of a town in Persian Irāq’ is marked with a small a preceding the entry, indicating instances »where a word is common in both languages [here: Pers and Ar] without proof positive to which it belongs originally«. The variety of semantic values that are attested for the word in Ar and other languages seems to suggest that, etymologically, we may be dealing not only with one, but with several items that have fallen together.
▪ …

▪ First attestations accord. to DHDA: <609 CE ‘plain earth’, <652 CE ‘castle-like building surrounded by houses’, <670 CE ‘tavern, inn’, <698 CE ‘village’, <813 CE ‘garden compound’
▪ Lane ii 1867: ‘building like a qaṣr, surrounded by houses, or chambers, and places of abode for the servants and households, pertaining to kings; building like a qaṣr […] surrounded by houses, or chambers, and in which the vitious, or immoral, assemble; houses of the foreigners in which are wine and instruments of music or the like; Christian’s cloister, cell; town, village; plain, level land’
▪ Hava1899: ‘large village; hermit’s cell; plain; tavern’
▪ Redhouse1890 (for OttTu): deskereʰ ‘1 village; hamlet; town; 2 house of revelry and debauchery; theatre; tavern; 3 Christian monastery or hermitage; 4 villa, country-house’.
▪ …
▪ …

.

▪ Asbaghi1988: Ar daskaraẗ ‘die Stadt des Khosroi’, from mPers dast-kart < oPers dasta-karta, Talmudic loanword dasqartā⁴
▪ Ḍinnāwī2004: دَسْگرة dasgaraẗ ‘large village; munk’s cell, eremitage; plain earth; castle-like building, surrounded by houses inhabited by scoundrels (šuṭṭār); houses of the Persians where there is wine and entertainment’: from Pers daskaraẗ ‘town, village’, or from Syr dasqarto ‘large village, munk’s cell, castle-like building’. Attested already in a verse by al-ʔAḫṭal and in a ḥadīṯ
▪ Rolland2014: ‘localité, village’, du Pers daskara ‘ville, chateau sur une colline’

4. Nyberg, ii, …

–

Dʕː (Dʕʕ) دعّ/دعع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√ Dʕː (Dʕʕ)

“root”

▪ Dʕː (Dʕʕ)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ Dʕː (Dʕʕ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ Dʕː (Dʕʕ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to push violently, shove, drive away; barren stony land; to fill up, to walk with a limp’

▪ …

–

.

–

DʕW دعو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DʕW

“root”

▪ DʕW_1 ‘to call, summon, invite; to pray’ ↗daʕā
▪ DʕW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r. Dʕw/y): ‘to call, to summon, to invite, to call upon; to invoke, to pray to, to appeal to, to induce; to claim, to allege; to pretend, to accuse, to require; to weaken, to collapse, to rally; to gang up on’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

daʕā / daʕaw‑ دَعا / دَعَوْـ

ID 283 • Sw – • BP 418 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DʕW

vb., I

1 to call (s.o.); 2a to summon (bi‑ or s.o.), call or send for s.o. (bi‑ or s.o.); b to call up (s.o., ʔilà, li‑ for); c to call upon s.o., appeal to s.o. for s.th. or to do s.th. (li‑, ʔilà), invite, urge (li‑, ʔilà s.o. to do s.th.); d to invite, ask to come (ʔilà s.o. to; e.g., to a banquet); e to call (bi‑, s.o. by a name), name (bi‑, s.o. so and so), pass.: duʕiya to be called, be named; f to invoke (āllah God = to pray to); g to move, induce, prompt (li‑, ʔilà s.o. to do s.th.), prevail (li‑, ʔilà on s.o. to do s.th.); 3a to wish (li‑ s.o.) well, bless (li‑ s.o.; properly: to invoke God in favor of s.o.), invoke a blessing (bi‑) upon s.o. (li‑), pray (bi‑ for s.th., li‑ on behalf of s.o.), implore (bi‑ li‑ for s.o. s.th.); b to curse (ʕalà s.o.; properly: to invoke God against s.o.), call down evil, invoke evil (ʕalà upon s.o.); 4 to propagate, propagandize (ʔilà s.th.), make propaganda, make publicity (ʔilà for); 5 to demand, require (ʔilà s.th.), call for (ʔilà); 6 to call forth, bring about, cause, provoke, occasion (ʔilà s.th.), give rise (ʔilà to) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► duʕiya lil-ĭǧtimāʕ, vb., to be summoned, be called into session (parliament)
► duʕiya ʔilà ḥaml al-silāḥ, vb., to be called up for military service, be called to the colors
► raǧul yudʕà, expr., a man called…, a man by the name of…
► daʕā la-hū bi-ṭūl al-ʕumr, expr., he wished him a long life

daʕwaẗ دَعْوَة

ID 285 • Sw – • BP 582 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DʕW

n.f.

1 call; 2a appeal; b bidding, demand, request; 3a call, convocation, summons (ʔilà to), calling up, summoning; b (official) summons, citation; c invitation; 4 claim, demand, plea; 5 missionary activity, missionary work (also našr al-~), propaganda; – 9 pl. daʕawāt invocation, imploration, supplication, prayer; 10 good wish – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► daʕawāt ṣāliḥāt, n. pl., good wishes
► daʕwaẗ bi’l-šarr, n.f., imprecation, curse
► sāḥib al- daʕwaẗ, n., host

►

duʕāʔ دُعاء

ID 284 • Sw – • BP 1591 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DʕW

n.

1 call; 2 invocation of God, supplication, prayer; 3a request, plea; b good wish (li‑ for s.o.); c imprecation, curse (ʕalà against s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

DFʔ دفأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√DFʔ

“root”

▪ DFʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DFʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DFʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘warmth, to warm up, a fireplace, warm clothing; food and wool obtained from animals, provisions, to give generously; to gather together’

▪ …

–

.

–

DFʕ دفع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DFʕ

“root”

▪ DFʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DFʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to push forcefully, a forceful person, to gush, a great flood; to defend, a defence; to rush about, to run fast, to stall’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

difāʕ دِفاع

ID 286 • Sw – • BP 542 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DFʕ

n.

1 protection; 2 defence (ʕan of s.th., of s.o., also jur.) | ḫaṭṭ al-~, n., 1a line of defence; b halfbacks (soccer); maǧlis al-~, n., defence council; wizāraẗ al-~, n.f., ministry of defence, war ministry; al-~ al-waṭanī, n., national defence; al-~ al-muḍādd al-ṭāʔirāt, n., anti-aircraft defence; ~ šarʕī legitimate self-defence – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► ḫaṭṭ al-difāʕ, n., 1a line of defence; b halfbacks (soccer)
► maǧlis al-difāʕ, n., defence council
► wizāraẗ al-difāʕ, n.f., ministry of defence, war ministry
► al-difāʕ al-waṭanī, n., national defence
► al-difāʕ al-muḍādd al-ṭāʔirāt, n., anti-aircraft defence
► difāʕ šarʕī legitimate self-defence

►

DFQ دفق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√DFQ

“root”

▪ DFQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DFQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DFQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to gush forth; (of a valley) to fill up with flood water, (of a river) to breach its banks; to stampede; to act rashly’

▪ …

–

.

–

DQː (DQQ) دقّ / دقق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DQː (DQQ)

“root”

▪ DQː (DQQ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DQː (DQQ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘ground, fine’) Akk daqqu, Hbr daq, Syr (vb.) daq (ipfv neddaq), Gz (daqī́q).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

daqq‑ / daqaq‑ دَقَّ / دَقَقْـ

ID 287 • Sw – • BP 1176 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DQː (DQQ)

vb., I

1a to be thin, fine, fragile, frail; b to be little, small, tiny, minute; 2a to be subtle, delicate; b to be too fine, too subtle (ʕan for perception); c to be insignificant, unimportant, trifling, inconsiderable; – 3a u (daqq) to crush, bruise, bray (s.th.); b to grind, pulverize, powder (s.th.); c to pound (s.th., e.g., meat); 4a to strike (clock); b to beat, throb (heart); c to hammer, throb (engine); d to knock, rap, bang (al-bābᵃ on the door); 5 to bump (raʔsa-hū bi’l-ḥāʔiṭ, one’s head against the wall); 6a to drive (a nail); b to ram in, drive in (constr. eng.); 7a to beat, strum, play (ʕalà a musical instrument); b to type (ʕalà on a typewriter); – 8 to sound, resound, ring out (said of musical instruments) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► daqqa ’l-ǧarasᵃ, vb., to ring the bell
► daqqa ǧarasᵃ ’l-ḫaṭar, vb., to sound the alarm
► daqqa al-ǧarasᵃ ʕalà, vb. I, to call s.o. up, give s.o. a ring
► daqqa al-ǧarasᵘ, expr., the bell rang
► daqqat il-sāʕaẗᵘ, expr., the clock struck

►

daqīq دَقِيق

ID 288 • Sw – • BP 4970 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DQː (DQQ)

n.

1a fine, thin; b delicate, frail, fragile; c little, small, tiny, puny, minute; 2a subtle; b precise, accurate, exact; c painstaking, scrupulous, meticulous; 3 paltry, petty, trifling, trivial; 4 inexorable, relentless, strict, rigorous; 5 delicate (situation), critical, trying, serious, precarious. – 6 flour, meal – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► daqīq al-ḥisāb, n., adj., keeping strict account, strict, relentless, inexorable
► daqīq al-šuʕūr, adj., sensitive
► daqīq al-ṣanʕ, adj., 1a finely worked; b of delicate workmanship
► daqīq al-naẓar, adj., clear-sighted, penetrating, discerning, sensitive
► ʔabū daqīq, n., butterfly
► al-ʔaʕḍāʔ al-daqīqaẗ, n. pl., the genitals

►

daqīqaẗ دَقِيقَة

ID 289 • Sw – • BP 424 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DQː (DQQ)

n.f.

1 particle; 2 nicety; 3a intricacy; b detail, particular; 4 minute (time unit) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► daqāʔiq al-ʔumūr, n.pl.f., the niceties, intricacies, or secret implications of things

►

DKː (DKK) دكّ/دكك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√ DKː (DKK)

“root”

▪ DKː (DKK)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DKː (DKK)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DKː (DKK)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pull down, to level up, level sand dunes, low banks of mud, short stout horses, humpless camel, to be stout and well built; to fill in a pit with dirt; to weaken, to humiliate’

▪ …

–

.

–

DKTR دكتر

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 4Jun2023

√DKTR

“root”

doctor

▪ …

–

.

–

duktūr دُكْتُور

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 253 • APD … • © SG | created 4Jun2023

√DKTR

n.

doctor

▪ …loanword

▪ …

.

-

DLː (DLL) دلّ/دلل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√ DLː (DLL)

“root”

▪ DLː (DLL)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DLː (DLL)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DLː (DLL)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘guide, to guide, seek guidance; proof, to seek proof, enquire; to be at ease; to be coy, be coquettish; to act brazenly; a middleman’

▪ …

–

.

–

dalīl دَليل

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 934 • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√DL: (DLL)

n.

.

▪ …

.

-

DLK دلك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√DLK

“root”

▪ DLK_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DLK_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DLK_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to rub; to try, gain experience, a well-travelled camel, to be hard up; (of the sun) to pass the meridian, set, rise’

▪ …

–

.

–

DLW دلو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DLW

“root”

▪ DLW_1 ‘bucket’ ↗dalw
▪ DLW_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DLW_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘bucket, pail, to let down a bucket into a well; to hang down, to come near; to lead on, to tempt, to deceive; to submit a proof, to offer money as a bribe; to use one’s good offices’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

dalā دَلا , ū

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DLW

vb., I

bucket

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to pull up the bucket’) Akk idlū, Hbr dalā yiḏlē, Syr dlā (ipfv neḏlē), Gz daláwa (ipfv yédlū) ‘to weigh’.

▪ …

…

DM دم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DM

“root”

▪ DM_1 ‘blood’ ↗dam
▪ DM_2 ‘…’ ↗…
d-m-w/y

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r. DMw/y): ‘blood, to bleed, blood revenge, to be red in colour’

▪ DM_1 : (Kogan2015 Sw#9:) from protSem *dam‑ ‘blood’ (SED I #50).

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

dam دَم

ID 290 • Sw 30/15 • BP 363 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√DM

n.

1 blood; 2 pl. dimāʔ, homicide cases (jur.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2015 (Sw#9): from protSem *dam‑ ‘blood’ (SED I #50).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘blood’) Akk damu, Hbr dām, Syr dmā, Gz dam.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► dam al-ʔaḫawayn, n., dragon’s blood (a dark-red, resinous substance derived from the dragon tree, Dracaena draco)

►

DMDM دمدم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Mar2023

√DMDM

“root”

▪ DMDM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMDM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMDM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘anger, to shake up violently; to inflict great punishment; to bury; to smother’

▪ …

–

.

–

DMR دمر

√DMR

“root”

▪ DMR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to destroy, obliterate, attack; a useless, good-for-nothing person; to enter without permission’

▪ …

–

.

–

DMʕ دمع

√DMʕ

“root”

▪ DMʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tears, to shed tears; to rain, fill up a cupful of water’

▪ …

–

.

–

DMĠ دمغ

√DMĠ

“root”

▪ DMĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘brain, a concussion, to fracture a skull, to kill by a blow to the head; sunstroke; to vanquish, destroy’

▪ …

–

.

–

DMQRṬ دمقرط

√DMQRṬ

“root”

.

▪ …

–

.

–

dīmūqrāṭiyyaẗ ديموقراطيّة , var. dīmuqrāṭiyyaẗ

√DMQRṬ

n.f.

democracy

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from … loanword

.

DMW/Y دمو/ي

√DMW/Y

“root”

▪ DMW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DMW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘blood, to bleed, blood revenge, to be red in colour’

▪ …

–

.

–

DNW دنو

√DNW

“root”

▪ DNW_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DNW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be near, come close, approach, bring close; to approximate; this life (as opposed to the next); the world, the earth; to become bare, behave despicably, a vile person’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

dunyā دُنْيا

√DNW

n.f.

1a world; b earth; c this world (as opposed to ↗ʔāḫiraẗ); 2 life in this world, worldly existence; 3a worldly, temporal things or possessions; b earthly things or concerns – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ Cf. Fück1950: 118.
▪▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► al-ḥayāẗ al-dunyā, n.f., life in this world
► ʔumm al-dunyā, n.f., Cairo
► ʔaqāma ’l-dunyā wa-ʔaqʕadahā, expr., approx.: to kick up a dust, make a stir, move heaven and earth

►

tadanniⁿ تَدَنٍّ

√DNW

▪ vn., V

.

▪ …

.

DHR دهر

√DHR

“root”

▪ DHR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘time, eternity, this life, long time, age, fate; hardship, to be afflicted, calamity’

▪ …

–

.

–

DHQ دهق

√DHQ

“root”

▪ DHQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘great pressure, to apply continuous pressure; to empty out, spill; to fill up, fill to the brim, set things tightly close to each other’

▪ …

–

.

–

DHM دهم

√DHM

“root”

▪ DHM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘blackness, dark green; large numbers of people; attack, to overtake, overwhelm, calamity’

▪ …

–

.

–

DHN دهن

√DHN

“root”

▪ DHN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DHN_2 ‘oil’ ↗duhn

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘fat, grease, oil, to be oily, to anoint; to act hypocritically, to act insincerely; a sprinkle of rain, to wet, to look sprightly; red leather, affluence; desert’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

duhn دُهْن

√DHN

n.

1a oil (edible, lubricating, for the skin); b fat, grease – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

DHY دهي

√DHY

“root”

▪ DHY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DHY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wisdom, rationality; to be solemn, to be experienced; calamity, to afflict, come upon by surprise’

▪ …

–

.

–

DWR دور

√DWR

“root”

▪ DWR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DWR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a circle, to circle, to go round, to turn; a halo; a frame; a wide open space between mountains; to treat, to manage; a dwelling, a house; to have a setback, to be afflicted; to dispute with, to dissuade’

▪ From protSem *√DWR ‘to turn, circle, dwell’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl arsenal ↗dār (and ↗ṣināʕaẗ).

–

dār دار

√DWR

n.f.

1a house; b building, structure, edifice; c habitation, dwelling, abode; d residence, home; e seat, side, locality; 2a area, region; b land, country (esp. pl. diyār, see below) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl arsenal, from Ar dār ‘house’ (originally a Bedouin encampment with tents arranged in a circle), from dāra ‘to turn, circle’, and al-ṣināʕaẗ ‘the manufacture, industry’, see ↗ṣanaʕa ‘to make, produce’.

► dār al-ʔāṯār, n.f., museum (of antiquities)
► dār al-barīd, n.f., post office
► dār al-baqāʔ, n.f., the eternal abode, the hereafter
► ĭntaqala lil-dār al-bāqiyaẗ, vb., to pass away, die
► al-dār al-bayḍāʔ, n.f., 1 Casablanca (seaport in W Morocco); 2 the White House (in Washington)
► dār al-tiǧāraẗ, n f., commercial house, business house
► dār al-ḥarb, n.f., war zone, enemy territory (Isl. Law: non-Muslim countries)
► dār al-riyāsaẗ, n.f., seat of the chief executive of a country
► dār al-saʕādaẗ, n.f., Constantinople
► dār al-salṭanaẗ, n.f., Constantinople (designation before World War I)
► dār al-salām, 1 paradise, heaven; 2 epithet of Baghdad; 3 Dar es Salaam (seaport and capital of Tanganyika Territory)
► dūr al-sīnimā, n. pl., cinemas, movie houses
► dār al-šurṭaẗ, n.f., police station
► dār al-ṣanʕaẗ or dār al-ṣanāʕaẗ, n.f., arsenal
► dār ṣīnī, n.f., cinnamon
► dār al-ḍarb and dār al-sikkaẗ, n.f., mint (building)
► dār al-ʕulūm, n.f., name of a college in Cairo
► dār al-fanāʔ (as opposed to dār al-baqāʔ see above), n.f., the temporal world, this world
► dār al-qaḍāʔ, n.f., court of justice, tribunal
► dār al-kutub, n.f., public library
► dār al-lahw, n.f., 1 amusement centers; 2 night clubs
► dār al-tamṯīl, n.f., theater, playhouse
► dār al-mulk, n.f., (royal) residence
► al-diyār al-miṣriyyaẗ, n. pl., Egypt
► dār al-hiǧraẗ, n.f., Medina
► dār al-ʔaytām, n.f., orphanage, orphans’ home

►

DūSīH دوسيه

√DūSīH

“root”

.

▪ …

.

dūsīh دُوسِيه

√DūSīH

n.

dossier, file

▪ loanword, < Fr dossier

.

DWL دول

“root”

▪ DWL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DWL_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to circulate, to go from one situation to its opposite, to be a bone of contention; to work in turns; to exchange opinions; defeat, a great sethack, a calamity’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

dawlaẗ دَوْلَة

n.f.

1 alternation, rotation, change; 2 change of time, torn of fortune; 3 dynasty; 4 state, country; 5 power, empire – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► ṣāḥib al-dawlaẗ, n., title of the Prime Minister
► dawlaẗ raʔīs al-ḥukūmaẗ, n.f., His Excellency, the Prime Minister
► faḫāmaẗ al-dawlaẗ, n.f., title of the President of the Republic (Syr., Leb.)
► al-dawlaẗ al-ʕaliyyaẗ, n.f., name of the ancient Ottoman Empire
► al-duwal al-kubrà \ al-ʕuẓmà, n. pl., the big powers
► dawlaẗ muntadabaẗ, n.f., mandatory power
►

DWM دوم

3730“root”

▪ DWM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DWM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DWM_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be constant, persist, continue, remain, last, persevere, be diligent; to circle, hover, the eddy of a whirlpool, cyclone’

▪ …

–

.

–

DWN دون

“root”

▪ DWN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DWN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DWN_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): no verbal root, although some philologists derive it from ↗DWN ‘to weaken’ or ‘to be base’. The sense of ‘to write down’ is a borrowing from Pers in the early Islamic period

▪ …

–

.

–

DYN دين

“root”

▪ DYN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ DYN_2 ‘religion, creed, faith’ ↗dīn
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘judge, ruler, controller; debtor, creditor, to lend, borrow; punishment, reward; to obey; custom, habit; to worship, religion, creed, conviction; slave, to be enslaved, be owned; to compel; to submit, to own up, to sin’

▪ From protSem *√DYN ‘to judge’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ For Engl n.prop. Daniel and Midian cf. ↗dīn.

–

dīn دِين

n.

religion, creed, faith, belief – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Cheung2017rev: may have been borrowed directly from Pers, or via Aram, cf. mPers or Parth dēn, but also Syr dʔyn, dyn ‘religion’. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Cf. Engl Daniel, from Hbr dānīʔēl, dānīyēʔl ‘my judge (is) God’ (alternatively, ‘God has judged’), from dān ‘judge’, PA of dān ‘to judge’; Midian, from Hbr midyān ‘place of judgment’ (sense uncertain), from dān (see above).

► yawm al-dīn, n., the Day of Judgment
►

DĪNĀR دينار

“root”

▪ DĪNĀR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DĪNĀR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ DĪNĀR_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a gold coin, dinar’, borrowed from Grk or lat, maybe through Pers, and occurring once in the Qur’an (Q 3:75)

▪ …

–

.

–

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