You are here: BP HOME > ARAB > Etymological Dictionary of Arabic > fulltext
Etymological Dictionary of Arabic

Choose languages

Choose images, etc.

Choose languages
Choose display
  • Enable images
  • Enable footnotes
    • Show all footnotes
    • Minimize footnotes
Search-help
Choose specific texts..
    Click to Expand/Collapse Option Complete text
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionEtymArab
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionbāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optiontāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionṯāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionǧīm
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionḥāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionḫāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optiondāl
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionḏāl
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionrāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionzāy
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionsīn
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionšīn
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionṣād
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionḍād
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionṭāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionẓāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionʕayn
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionġayn
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionfāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionqāf
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionkāf
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionlām
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionmīm
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionnūn
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionhāʔ
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionwāw
Click to Expand/Collapse Optionyāʔ
ḏāl ذال 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ 
R₁ 
The letter of the Arabic alphabet. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
 
ḎʔB ذأب 
ID … • Sw … • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎʔB 
“root” 
▪ ḎʔB_1 ‘wolf’ ↗ḏiʔb
▪ ḎʔB_2 ‘…’ ↗
▪ ḎʔB_3 ‘…’ ↗

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wolf, wolf-like, ruffians; nobility; to act in a devious way; forelock; summit’ 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
… 
… 
… 
ḏiʔb ذِئْب 
ID … • Sw … • BP 2884 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎʔB 
n. 
wolf 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘wolf’) Akk zību, Hbr zʔēḇ, Syr dēḇā, Gz zeʔb ‘hyena’.
 
… 
… 
… 
ḎʔM ذأم 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎʔM 
“root” 
▪ ḎʔM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎʔM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎʔM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to expel, drive out; to insult, compel, humiliate; a fault’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḎBː (ḎBB) ذبّ / ذبب 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎBː(ḎBB) 
“root” 
▪ ḎBː (ḎBB)_1 ‘flies’ ↗ḏubāb
▪ ḎBː (ḎBB)_2 ‘…’ ↗
▪ ḎBː (ḎBB)_3 ‘…’ ↗

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flies, bees, ‘fly-whisk’, swatter, to chase away; to become emaciated; tip or point of a blade’ 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
… 
▪ Engl Beelzebub cf. (↗baʕl and) ↗ḏubāb
… 
ḏubāb ذُباب , pl. ḏibbān, ʔaḏibbaẗ
 
ID … • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎBː(ḎBB) 
n.coll. (n.un. ‑aẗ
flies, fly – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ From protSem *ḏibb‑, *ḏubāb‑, *ḏubūb‑ ‘fly’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2652/53: From protSem *ḏumb‑ ‘fly’ (n.) < AfrAs *ǯa(m)b‑ ‘fly’; alternatively, (#2653) from protSem *ḏ˅b˅b‑ ‘fly’ < AfrAs*ǯa(m)bib‑ ‘fly’ (perh. an extens. of the former).
▪ …
 
▪ … 
▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘flies’) Akk (zubbu), Hbr zḇūḇ, Syr dabbāḇā, Mhr (ḏebēb).
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2652: Akk zumbu, Te zəmbi, Amh zəmb, Arg zəmb, Gaf zəmbä, Har zəmbi, Gur zəmb, Mhr ḏebb‑et, Ḥrs ḏebb‑et, Jib ḏəbb‑ət. – Outside Sem: Berb a‑zəb, e‑zəb, i‑zəbb, i‑zəβ, Ahg a‑həb. A WCh language shows šombo, CCh words for ‘fly’ include žiḅi or ǯebi. – Cf. also the extended var.: (Sem) Hbr zəbūb, Aram dəbbōb, Ar ḏubāb, ḏibbāb‑at‑, Soq dbib‑oh; (Berb) Ahg a‑zəbibibər ‘species of coleoptera’; HEC zəmbib‑uite ‘gnat, mosquito’.
▪ …
 
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2652: The word is common inside Sem as well as outside. For the Sem forms, protSem *ḏumb‑ ‘fly’ may be reconstructed. For protBerb, the authors reconstruct *ʒ˅b‑ ‘fly’, for the Chad langs protWCh *ǯamb‑ ‘fly’, protCCh *ǯabiʔ‑ (»suffix *‑iʔ‑«). All from hypothetical AfrAs *ǯa(m)b‑ ‘fly’ (n.). – There seems also to be a derivative (#2653) AfrAs*ǯa(m)bib‑ ‘fly’, which gave protSem *ḏ˅b˅b‑, Berb *ʒ˅bib‑, and HEC *ǯ˅mbib‑ (zəmbib‑uite) ‘gnat, mosquito’.
▪ Lipiński2001 thinks (with Diakonoff) the word can probably be segmented into root *ḎB‑ plus AfrAs »key consonant« ‑b for strong and/or dangerous animals, cf. also ↗ʔarnab, ↗dubb, ↗ḏiʔb, ↗kalb, ↗labb, ↗ʕaqrab, ↗ṯaʕlab.
▪ …
 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Beelzebub, from Hbr baʕal zᵊbûb ‘lord of the flies’, pejorative alteration of baʕal zᵊbûl ‘lord prince’ (name of a Philistine god; cf. Ar ↗baʕl
ḏubāb qāriṣ, n., horsefly

ḏabba, u, vb. I, 1 to drive away, chase away; 2 to defend: denom.?

ḏubābaẗ, n.f., 1 fly; 2 tip (of the sword, or the like): n.un.
ḏubbānaẗ, var. ḏibbānaẗ, n.f., 1 fly; 2 sight, bead (on a firearm): n.un.
miḏabbaẗ, n.f., fly wisk, fly swatter: n.instr.f.
 
ḎBḤ ذبح 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎBḤ 
“root” 
▪ ḎBḤ_1 ‘cut the throat, slay, slaughter; to sacrifice’ ↗ ḏabaḥa
▪ ḎBḤ_2 ‘disease in the throat, angina’ ↗ḏabaḥa
▪ ḎBḤ_3 ‘flood channels’ : ?
▪ ḎBḤ_4 ‘a certain plant; or truffle’: ?

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flood channels; a disease in the throat; to cut the throat, to slay, a butchered animal, to sacrifice, an animal fit or prepared for slaughter or sacrifice’ 
Disambiguation according to Badawi2008. But since all values can be thought to derive from one (see DISC) and Sem cognates do not contradict this, all will be treated in the ↗ḏabaḥa entry. 
– 
See ↗ ḏabaḥa
▪ The Sem evidence does not suggest more than one basic value. But Badawi 2008 gives three values of √ḎBḤ in ClassAr: ‘1. flood channels; 2. a disease in the throat; 3. to cut the throat, to slay, a butchered animal, to sacrifice, an animal fit or prepared for slaughter or sacrifice’.
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎBḤ treats ‘disease in the throat, angina’ as belonging to ‘to cut the throat, sacrifice’ (cf. Lane: ‘a disease, or pain, in the throat which sometimes kills, blood which chokes and kills, an ulcer that comes forth in the throat or fauces of a man […], an ulcer that appears in that part, obstructing it, and stopping the breath, and killing’). No mention of ‘flood channels’ (but Lane has, as one value of maḏbaḥ, also ‘a trench in the earth, […] such as is made by a torrent, the channel of a torrent […]’).
▪ Apart from the values mentioned so far, Lane has also the items ḏubaḥ ‘a certain plant which ostriches eat’, and ḏibaḥ ‘a species of […] truffle, of a white colour’.1
▪ The earliest meaning may have been ‘to cut lengthwise, split’, then transferred to trenches/channels made in the earth by torrents etc., and also specialised as ‘to cut the throat’, hence also ‘disease in the throat’. 
– 
– 
ḏabaḥ‑ ذبح , a (ḏabḥ
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎBḤ 
vb., I 
to kill (by slitting the throat); to slaughter, butcher; to massacre; to murder, slay; to sacrifice, offer up, immolate (an animal) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Militarev/Stolbova suggest that the word derives from Sem *ḏ˅b˅ḥ‑ ‘to slaughter; to sacrifice’, from AfrAs *ǯ˅b˅ḥ‑ ‘to make a sacrifice’. 
▪ eC7 The Koran has both the vb. I ḏabaḥa ‘to slay’ (2:21 la-ʔuʕaḏḏibanna-hū ʕaḏāban šadīdan ʔaw la-ʔaḏbaḥanna-hū), ‘to ritually sacrifice’ (2:67 ʔinna ’ḷḷāha yaʔmuru-kum ʔan taḏbaḥū baqaratan), the vb. II ḏabbaḥa ‘to be in the habit of slaughtering, to slaughter in number’ (28:4 yastaḍʕifu ṭāʔifatan min-hum yuḏabbiḥu ʔabnāʔa-hum wa-yastaḥyī nisāʔa-hum), and the n. ḏibḥ ‘animal earmarked or fit to be sacrificed, a sacrificial animal’ (37:107 wa-faday-nā-hu bi-ḏibḥin ʕaẓīmin).
▪ Attestations in Polosin 1995 (ḏabaḥa, ḏābiḥ) do not alter the picture. 
▪ Bergsträsser1928 (for Ar ḏibḥ): Akk zību, Hbr zéḇaḥ, Aram deḇḥā, Gz zebḥ ‘sacrifice (n.)'
DRS 4 (1993): Akk zebū, Ug dbḥ, Hbr zābaḥ, Pun zbḥ, BiblSyr dᵉbaḥ, Mand dba, SAr ḏbḥ, Gz zabḥa ‘égorger, immoler’, Te zabḥa ‘dépouiller, écorcher (une vache)’. – Akk zib ‘(offrande alimentaire)’, Ug dbḥ, Hbr zebaḥ, EmpAram dbḥ, JP dibḥā, Syr debḥā, Ar ḏibḥ ‘sacrifice sanglant’, SAr ḏbḥ, Gz zebḥ ‘victime sacrificielle’; – Ug mdbḥt, Pun mdbḥ, Hbr mizbēᵃḥ, EmpAram mdbḥ, Syr madbəḥā, Ar maḏbaḥ, SAr mḏbḥt ‘autel à sacrifies’; Mand madbha, madba ‘sanctuaire’; – Ar ḏibḥaẗ, ḏubḥaẗ ‘douleur à la gorge, angine’.
▪ In addition to the Sem cognates (given as in DRS), Militarev/Stolbova 2007 #1246 mention (EChad) Bidiya ziib ‘to make a sacrifice before eating the new corn’, and (LECush) Som dabaaḥ ‘to slaughter’, ? Eg dbḥ ‘to beg for, request’ (dbḥt-ḥtp ‘the requisite offerings, full menu of offerings’). 
DRS 4 (1993) mentions that Cohen1969 »rapproche un certain nombre de racines cham.-sém. dont la constitution phonique présente des analogies avec celle de ḏbḥ signifiant ‘tuer, abattre, etc.’«, but adds, rightly, that none of these show »correspondances rigoureuses«—they are too far-fetched.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 #1246 reconstruct Sem *ḏ˅b˅ḥ‑ ‘to slaughter; to sacrifice’, EChad *ʒiHib‑ (metath.) ‘to make a sacrifice before eating the new corn’, LECush *ǯabaḥ‑ ‘to slaughter’, all from AfrAs *ǯ˅b˅ḥ‑ ‘to make a sacrifice’.
▪ For ḏibḥaẗ / ḏubḥaẗ ‘angina; diphtheria’ beloning, or not belonging, to ḏabaḥa, cf. DISC in ↗ḎBḤ.
 
– 
ḏabbaḥa, vb. II, to kill, slaughter, butcher, massacre, murder: ints.

ḏabḥ, n., slaughtering, slaughter: vn. I.
ḏibḥ, n., sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice:.
ḏibḥaẗ, var. ḏubḥaẗ, n.f., angina (med.); diphtheria: probably related to the complex of ‘slaughtering’ via the idea of ‘cutting the throat’. | ḏ. ṣadriyyaẗ / fuʔādiyyaẗ, n., angina pectoris (med.).
ḏabbāḥ, adj., slaughtering, killing, murdering: ints.; n., slaughterer, butcher: n.prof.
ḏabīḥ, adj., slaughtered : quasi-PP.
ḏabīḥaẗ, pl. ḏabāʔiḥᵘ, n., slaughter animal; sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice: f. of quasi-PP; sacrifice, immolation; offering, oblation: transferred from the object to the act of sacrificing.
maḏbaḥ, pl. madābiḥᵘ, n., slaughterhouse; altar (Chr.): n.loc.
maḏbaḥaẗ, n.f., massacre, slaughter, carnage, butchery: n.loc.f.
 

ḎBḎB ذبذب 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎBḎB 
“root” 
▪ ḎBḎB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎBḎB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎBḎB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to make s.th. dangle or move to and fro; to perplex; to harm; to be in a state of commotion’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḎḪR ذخر 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎḪR 
“root” 
▪ ḎḪR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎḪR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎḪR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the lower section of the stomach, stored provisions, to select, store up, treasure’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḎRː (ḎRR) ذرّ / ذرر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎRː (ḎRR) 
“root” 
▪ ḎRː (ḎRR)_1 ‘to strew, scatter, spread, sprinkle; progeny; atom, powder; to rise resplendent over the horizon (sun)’ ↗ḏarra
▪ ḎRː (ḎRR)_2 ‘…’ ↗

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘small ants, specks, motes, powder; offspring; to sprinkle, to scatter, to cause to multiply, to spread creatures over the earth; to sprout’ 
▪ … 
– 
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎRR–1. Syr dar ‘enfanter’, Ar ḏarra ‘répandre, saupoudrer; se lever (soleil), pousser (plantes)’, ḏuriyyaẗ ‘progéniture’, Mġr ḏərri ‘enfant’, Mhr dērē, Jib ḏərrit, Te zəryät ‘descendance’, Amh zärəyya ‘tribu’. – Ar ʔaḏarra, ʔaḏrara ‘épouser la veuve de son frère’, ḏarrar ‘maître d’école’, ḏarr ‘petites fourmis; atome’, ḏarūr ‘poudre’, Sab *hḏr ‘être arrosé (sol)’, ḏrm ‘à satiété’, Min mḏr ‘champ irrigué’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs ḏərr ‘s’éparpiller, se répandre’, Jib ḏerret, Ḥrs ḏarr ‘fourmis’, Gz zarra, zarara, Amh zärrärä ‘étendre le grain pour le faire sécher’. –2. Syr darr ‘combattre’, darā ‘combat’, Ar ḏirār ‘colère violente’. – Cf. ḎRʔ, ḎRW/Y
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
… 
ḏarr‑, ذرّ , ḏarar‑, u (ḏarr ; ḏurūr
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎRː (ḎRR) 
vb., I 
(ḏarr) to strew, scatter, spread; to sprinkle; – (ḏurūr) to rise, come up, rise resplendent over the horizon (sun) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ The basic meaning seems to be either ‘to have children’ or ‘to scatter and spread’, more probably the latter.
▪ In DRS, a ḏarrar ‘maître d’école’, now obsolete, is mentioned as belonging to this item, but it seems difficult to relate this semantically to either ‘progeny’ or ‘to scatter, spread’.
ḏirār ‘colère violente’ obviously does not belong to ḏarra and therefore is likely to be from another, homonymous root.
▪ Cf. ḎRʔ, ḎRW/Y
▪ … 
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎRR–1. Syr dar ‘enfanter’, Ar ḏarra ‘répandre, saupoudrer; se lever (soleil), pousser (plantes)’, ḏuriyyaẗ ‘progéniture’, Mġr ḏərri ‘enfant’, Mhr dērē, Jib ḏərrit, Te zəryät ‘descendance’, Amh zärəyya ‘tribu’. – Ar ʔaḏarra, ʔaḏrara ‘épouser la veuve de son frère’, ḏarrar ‘maître d’école’, ḏarr ‘petites fourmis; atome’, ḏarūr ‘poudre’, Sab *hḏr ‘être arrosé (sol)’, ḏrm ‘à satiété’, Min mḏr ‘champ irrigué’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs ḏərr ‘s’éparpiller, se répandre’, Jib ḏerret, Ḥrs ḏarr ‘fourmis’, Gz zarra, zarara, Amh zärrärä ‘étendre le grain pour le faire sécher’. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
ḏarr, n., strewing, scattering, sprinkling: vn. I; n.coll., tiny particles, atoms, specks, motes: resultative.
BP#3972ḏarraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., atom; tiny particle; speck, mote: n.un. of ḏarr (n.coll.).
BP#3722ḏarrī, adj., atomic: nsb-adj from ḏarr / ḏarraẗ | qunbulaẗ ḏarriyyaẗ atomic bomb; al-našāṭ al-ḏ., ṭāqaẗ ḏarriyyaẗ atomic energy.
ḏarūr, n., powder:
ḏarūrī, adj., powdery, powdered, pulverized: nsb-adj from ḏarūr.
ḏarīraẗ, pl. ḏarāʔirᵘ, n., fragrant powder, cosmetic scented powder:.
ḏurayraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., subatomic particle, smallest structural unit of the atomic nucleus (phys.): dimin. of ḏarraẗ
ḏurrī, adj., of or pertaining to the offspring or progeny: nsb-adj from….
ḏurriyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, ḏarāriyy, n., progeny, descendants, children, offspring:…
 
ḏarraẗ , ذرّة , pl. ‑āt 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎRː (ḎRR) 
n.f. 
atom; tiny particle; speck, mote – WehrCowan1979. 
If akin to ↗ḏarā ‘to winnow, scatter’, then the item belongs to the complex of Sem *ḎRW ‘to winnow, scatter, disperse’ – Huehnergard2011. 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
qunbulaẗ ḏarriyyaẗ, n.f., atomic bomb.
al-našāṭ al-ḏ., ṭāqaẗ ḏarriyyaẗ, n.f., atomic energy.

BP#3722ḏarrī, adj., atomic: nsb-adj
ḏurayraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., subatomic particle, smallest structural unit of the atomic nucleus (phys.): dimin. of ḏarraẗ

ḎRʔ ذرأ 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎRʔ 
“root” 
▪ ḎRʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎRʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎRʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘first sprouts of a plant; offspring, to create, cause to increase in number; to spread; to produce’ 
▪ 
– 
– 
– 
ḎRʕ ذرع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎRʕ 
“root” 
▪ ḎRʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎRʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎRʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘arm, front legs of a four-legged animal; dextrous; a cubit, to measure in cubits; power, capability; pretext, means’ 
▪ From WSem *dirāʕ ‘arm’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …
 
– 
– 
– 
ḏuraẗ ذُرة 
ID 296 • Sw – • BP 5431 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎRW 
n.f. 
durra, a variety of sorghum – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
 
ḎʕN ذعن 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎʕN 
“root” 
▪ ḎʕN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎʕN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎʕN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to submit, give in; to hurry up; to confess’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḎQN ذقن 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎQN 
“root” 
▪ ḎQN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎQN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎQN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘chin, beard; to place the hand under the chin, hit on the chin; to annoy’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḎKR ذكر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎKR 
“root” 
▪ ḎKR_1 ‘male’ ↗ḏakar
▪ ḎKR_2 ‘steel’ ↗ḏakīr
▪ ḎKR_3 ‘to remember’ ↗ḏakara
▪ ḎKR_4 ‘…’ ↗
▪ ḎKR_5 ‘…’ ↗

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘male, male organ, manhood, masculinity; weighty head of the axe; power; honour, renown, good name; to mention, to remember, to remind, to commit to memory, to learn by heart, to study, to investigate; to propose marriage; a record; to praise; to insult, to defame’ 
▪ Any connection between ḎKR_1 ‘male’, ḎKR_2 ‘steel’ and ḎKR_3 ‘to remember’ ? Lane gives the classical lexicographers’ opinion that ḏakar ‘male’ originally meant the one often ‘mentioned’ and much ‘talked of’. From the ‘much talked-of’ = the ‘male’, the idea of masculinity could then have been transferred to a sword, a cutting, sharp one being a ‘male’. DRS 4 (1993), too, groups ‘steel’ (attested only in Ar) together with ‘male’ as one item, as opposed to the ‘remember, mention’ complex. BDB, however, thinks that the original sense of ḎKR could have been ‘to be sharp’ (of which ḏakīr, ḏakar ‘steel’ would be some traces). 
– 
DRS #ḎKR-1 Akk zakāru ‘déclarer, mentionner, nommer, invoquer’, zikr‑ ‘discours, mention, ordre, renommée, serment’; CAN. ta. zakāru, Phoen *skr, Pun Hbr zākar, skr; EmpAram zkr, JudPal dᵊkar, Syr ʔeddᵊkar ‘se souvenir de’, Mand dkar ‘rappeler, commémorer’, zakar ‘réciter (une incantation)’; Can zēker ‘mention’, zikkārōn, Phoen skr, skrn, Pun skr; ancEmpAram zkrn, BiblAram dikrōn, dākrān, Nab Palm dkrn, JudPal Syr dūkrānā ‘souvenir, mémorial’, Nab Palm dkyr, Syr dᵊkīr ‘commémoré’; Syr zakkūrā ‘revenant, devin’; Ar ḏakara ‘se souvenir, rappeler, mentionner, raconter’, ḏikr ‘souvenir, mention, récit, renommée’; SAr ḏkr ‘mentionner, enregistrer; déclaration, notification’, Mhr Ḥars ḏēker, Jib ḏekər, Soq dekir ‘penser, se souvenir’; Gz zakara, Te zäkrä, ǧäkkärä, Tña zäkkärä, Amh täzäkkärä ‘se souvenir de’, Gz zəkr, tazkār ‘souvenir, mémoire’, Amh Gur zäkkärä ‘faire un repas funéraire’; Hbr ʔazkārāh, JudPal ʔadkārā ‘mémorial’. -2 Akk zikar‑, zakr‑ ‘mâle, viril’, zikrūt‑ ‘virilité’; Ug dakaru ‘homme’; Hbr zākār ‘homme, bélier’; EmpAram zkr, Nab Palm dkr, JudPal dikrā, Syr dekrā ‘mâle’, BiblAram *dᵊkar ‘bélier’; Ar ḏakar, SAr ḏkr, Ḥars ḏekar ‘mâle’, Jib mməḏkər ‘chevreau mâle’, Soq mišer ‘palmier mâle’; Ar ḏakar ‘acier’, ḏakkara ‘acérer le tranchant’.
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl n.prop. Zechariahḏakara
– 
ḏakar‑ ذكر , u (ḏikr , taḏkār
ID 298 • Sw – • BP 266 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎKR 
vb., I 
to remember, bear in mind, think of; to keep in mind; to recall, recollect; – (ḏikr) to speak, talk (of, about); to name, mention, cite, quote; to state, designate, indicate; to give (data, facts); to point, refer to; to report, relate, tell – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ From protSem *√ḎKR ‘to mention, remind, remember’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ For the classical lexicographers’ assumption of a connection between ‘to remember’, ‘male’, and ‘steel’ ↗√ḎKR. 
▪ … 
▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to remember’) Akk zkr (u) ‘to name’, Hbr zkr a (o), Syr (t-stem) dkr, Gz zkr a (e).
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎKR-1: Akk zakāru ‘déclarer, mentionner, nommer, invoquer’, zikr ‘discours, mention, ordre, renommée, serment’, Pun Hbr zākar, skr, EmpAram zkr, JP dᵉkar, Syr ʔeddᵉkar ‘se souvenir de’, Mand dkar ‘rappeler, commémorer’, zakar ‘réciter (une incantation)’, Can zēker ‘mention’, zikkārōn, Ph skr, skrn, Pun skr, oEmpAram zkrn, BiblAram dikrōn, dākrān, Nab Palm dkrn, JP Syr dukrānā ‘souvernir, mémorial’, Nab Palm dkyr, Syr dᵉkīr ‘commémoré’, Syr zakkūrā ‘revanant, devin’, Ar ḏakara ‘se souvenir, rappeler, mentionner, raconter’, ḏikr ‘souvenir, mention, récit, renommée’, SAr ḏkr ‘mentionner, enregistrer; déclaration, notification’, Mhr Ḥrs ḏēker, Jib ḏekər, Soq dekir ‘penser, se souvenir’; Gz zakara, Te zäkrä, ǧäkkärä, Tña zäkkärä, täzäkkärä ‘se souvenir de’, Gz zəkr, tazkār ‘souvernir, mémoire’, Amh Gur zäkkärä ‘faire un repas funéraire’, Hbr ʔazkārāh, JP ʔadkārāh ‘mémorial’. 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Zechariah, from Hbr zᵊkaryāh ‘Yahweh has remembered’, from Hbr zᵊkar, reduced form of zākar ‘he remembered’, akin to Ar ḏakara
BP#3198ḏakkara, vb. II, to remind: caus.1
ḏākara, vb. III, to parley, negotiate, confer, have a talk, take counsel; to memorize, commit to memory, learn, study.:.
ʔaḏkara, vb. IV, to remind, call to s.o.’s mind.: caus.
BP#1217taḏakkara, vb. V, to remember, bear in mind, think of: t-stem of II.
taḏākara, vb. VI, to remind each other, revive each other’s memory of; to confer, have a talk, take counsel: t-stem of III.
ĭddakara = V:.
ĭstaḏkara, vb. X, to memorize, commit to memory, learn, study; to remember, recall, keep in mind, know by heart: t-stem of IV, autoben.

BP#1002ḏikr, n.: vn. I. – See also ↗s.v..
ḏukraẗ, n.f., reputation, repute, renown:.
BP#960ḏikrà, pl. ḏikrayāt, n., remembrance, recollection, memory; pl. reminiscences, memoirs | ḏ. sanawiyyaẗ annual celebretion or commemoration ceremony:.
taḏkār, tiḏkār, n., remembrance; reminder, memento; memory, commemoration; souvenir, keepsake; memorial day:.
BP#3570taḏkiraẗ reminder; memento; (mostly pronounced taḏkaraẗ), pl. taḏākirᵘ, n., message, note; slip, paper, permit, pass; card; ticket; admission ticket | t. barīd postcard; t. ʔiṯbāt al-šaḫṣiyyaẗ, n., identity card:.
taḏkarǧī ticket seller, ticket clerk; (streetcar) conductor: n.prof., made of taḏkār + (Turk.) ‑ǧī.
BP#4411taḏkīr, n., reminding, reminder, memento: vn. II.2
muḏākaraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., negotiation, consultation, conference; deliberation (of a court; Syr.); (Mor.) conversation; learning, memorizing, memorization; study: vn. III.
taḏakkur, n., memory, remembrance, recollection: vn. V.
ĭstiḏkār, n., memorizing, memorization, committing to memory: vn. X.
BP#1306ḏākiraẗ, n.f., memory (human and computer): PA I, f. (*‘the remembering one’).
BP#2003maḏkūr, adj., mentioned; said, above-mentioned; worthy of mention; celebrated: PP I.
BP#2270muḏakkiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., reminder; note; remark; notebook; memorandum, memorial, aide-mémoire, (diplomatic) note; ordinance, decree; treatise, paper, report (of a learned society, = Fr. mémoires); official report (concerning an incident); official notice; pl. reminiscences, memoirs: PP II.
 

ḏikr ذِكْر , pl. ʔaḏkār 
ID … • Sw – • BP 1002 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎKR 
n. 
recollection, remembrance, reminiscence, memory, commemoration; reputation, repute, renown; naming, stating, mention(ing), quoting, citation; report, account, narration, narrative; invocation of God, mention of the Lord’s name; (pl. ʔaḏkār) collective liturgical exercises of Sufi orders, consisting in incessant repetition of certain words or formulas in praise of God, often accompanied by music and dancing – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ vn. of ↗ḏakara, vb. I ‘to remember; to mention’. 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
ḏakara 
ḏakar ذكر , pl. ḏukūr , ḏukūraẗ , ḏukrān 
ID … • Sw – • BP 2598 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎKR 
¹adj.; ²n. 
male; (pl. ḏukūr) penis – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ḏakar‑ ‘male’.
▪ For the classical lexicographers’ assumption of a connection between ‘male’, ‘steel’, and ‘to remember’ ↗√ḎKR.
▪ … 
▪ … 
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎKR-2: Akk zikar‑ , zakr‑ ‘mâle, virile’, zikrūt‑ ‘virilité’, Ug dakaru ‘homme’, Hbr zākār ‘homme, bélier’, EmpAram zkr, Nab Palm dkr, JP dikrā, Syr dekrā ‘mâle’, Ar ḏakar, SAr ḏkr, Ḥrs ḏekar ‘mâle’, Jib mməḏkər ‘chevreau mâle’, Soq mišer ‘palmier mâle’; Ar ḏakar ‘acier’, ḏakkara ‘acérer le tranchant’. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
ḏakkara, vb. II, to make masculine (gram.): caus., denom.

ḏakarī, adj., male: nsb-adj
muḏakkar, adj., masculine (gram.): PP II. 

ḏakīr ذكير 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎKR 
n. 
steel – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ For the classical lexicographers’ assumption of a connection between ‘steel’, ‘male’, and ‘to remember’ ↗√ḎKR. 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ḏākiraẗ ذاكِرَة 
ID 297 • Sw – • BP 1306 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎKR 
n.f. 
memory (human and computer) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Properly a PA I, f. *‘the remembering one’. For etymology see ↗ḏakara
▪ … 
ḏakara 
ḏakara 
– 
– 
ḎKW ذكو 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎKW 
“root” 
▪ ḎKW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎKW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎKW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the sun, (of fire) to burn strongly; intelligence; to be witty; to slaughter an animal in the ritually approved manner; to purify’ 
▪ From protSem *√ḎKW ‘to be(come) clean, pure’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …
 
– 
– 
– 
ḎLː (ḎLL) ذلّ/ذلل 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎLː (ḎLL) 
“root” 
▪ ḎLː (ḎLL)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎLː (ḎLL)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎLː (ḎLL)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mercy, kindness; to become humbled, become humiliated; to be tamed, become docile; to be within easy reach’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḎMː (ḎMM) ذمّ/ذمم 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ ḎMː (ḎMM) 
“root” 
▪ ḎMː (ḎMM)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎMː (ḎMM)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎMː (ḎMM)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pact, pledge, guarantee, protection; dirt, to revile, abuse’ 
▪ From CSem *√ḎMM ‘to blame, plot’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …
– 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl dhimmi, from Ar ↗ḏimmī, from ↗ḏimmaẗ ‘protected status of a dhimmi’, from ↗ḏamma ‘to blame’. 
– 
ḎNB ذنب 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎNB 
“root” 
▪ ḎNB_1 ‘tail’ ↗ḏanab
▪ ḎNB_2 ‘offense, sin, crime’ ↗ḏanb

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tail, tail end, consequence; guilt, crime, sin, to sin; the end of the valley, the place where floodwater gathers, a great bucket; share, portion’ 
▪ Apart from the two values ḎNB_1 and ḎNB_2, DRS 4 (1994)#ḎNB-3 mentions also a third one (#ḎNB-3), which, however, is realized only in HispAr ḏanab ‘fish glue’. 
– 
▪ ↗ḏanb
▪ ↗ḏanab 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ḏanb ذَنْب , pl. ḏunūb 
ID 299 • Sw – • BP 1998 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎNB 
n. 
offense, sin, crime, misdeed – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
DRS 4 (1994)#ḎNB-2: Ar ḏanb, Jib ḏenb, Ḥrs ḏenōb, Te zənub, ǧənub ‘péché, faute’; Ar ʔaḏnaba, Jib eḏnib ‘pécher’ 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
ʔaḏnaba, vb. IV, to do wrong, commit a sin, a crime, an offense; to be guilty, be culpable: denom.
ĭstaḏnaba, vb. X, to find or declare (s.o.) guilty of a sin, of a crime, of an offense: declarative, t-stem of ʔaḏnaba.
muḏnib, adj./n., culpable, guilty; sinner; evildoer, delinquent, criminal: PA IV. 
ḏanab ذنب , pl. ʔaḏnāb 
ID … • Sw –/160 • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎNB 
n. 
tail; appendage; follower, henchman; pl. ʔaḏnāb, dependents, clique of followers, following (of s.o.) 
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ḏanab‑ ‘tail’.
▪ Cf. also Som dábo ‘tail’?
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘tail’) Akk (zibbatu), Hbr zānāḇ, Syr dunḇā, Gz zanáb.
DRS 4 (1994)#ḎNB-1: Akk zibbat‑ , zimbat‑ , Ug ḏnb, Hbr zānāb, TargAram danbā, dunbā, gᵉnūbtā, Syr dūnbā, dūnbᵉtā, dᵉnūbtā, Mand dīnbā, Ar ḏanab, Mhr ḏenob, Ḥrs deneb, Jib ḏunub, Soq denob, Gz zanab, Te zänäb; Hbr zinnēb, Syr dannēb ‘annéantir l’arrière-garde’, Ar ḏanaba ‘suivre pas à pas’, Sab ḏnb ‘mettre en déroute’, Te zännäbä ‘rester en arrière’, Ar ḏānib, ḏunābaẗ ‘adhérent, partisan’. 
▪ Fronzaroli#2.79, DRS 4 (1994), Kogan2011: Sem *ḏanab‑.
▪ … 
– 
ḏawāt al-ʔaḏnāb, n.pl., comets.

ḏanabī, adj., caudal, tail (in compounds); appendaged, appendant, dependent: nsb-adj.
ḏunayb, n., petiole, leafstalk (bot.): dimin.
muḏannab, n., comet: nominalized PP II. 

ḎHB ذهب 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎHB 
“root” 
▪ ḎHB_1 ‘gold’ ↗ḏahab
▪ ḎHB_2 ‘to go’ ↗ḏahaba

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gold; to go, to go away, to set out; to take away; creed, faction, sect, to adopt as a conviction’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
In addition to the values ‘gold’ (ḎHB_1, ↗ḏahab) and ‘to go’ (ḎHB_2, ↗ḏahaba, DRS 4 (1993) lists a third item: #ḎHB-3: Ar ḏihbaẗ ‘pluie fine’, oYemAr ḏahab ‘champ’, anc. mod.: mesure de capacité, SAr ḏhb ‘vallée alluvial; irrigation semi-annuelle’, mḏhbẗ ‘terre alluviale’, Mhr Ḥrs ḏehēb, Jib ḏhēb ‘être inondé’, Mhr Ḥrs ḏehib, Jib ḏheb ‘inondation’. 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl dahabeahḏahab
– 
ḏahab‑ ذَهَبَ , a (ḏahāb , maḏhab
ID 301 • Sw 65 • BP 489 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎHB 
vb., I 
to go; to betake o.s., travel; to go away, leave, depart; to disappear, vanish, decline, dwindle; to perish, die, be destroyed; with bi‑ : to carry s.th. off, take s.th. away, abduct, steal s.th., sweep s.th. or s.o. away, annihilate, destroy s.th. or s.o.; ḏ. bihī ʔilā to lead or conduct s.o. to, take s.o. along to; to think, believe, hold the view, be of the opinion (ʔilà that); to escape (ʕan s.o.; fig.), slip (ʕan s.o.’s mind), ḏ. ʕanhu ʔanna to lose sight of the fact that…, forget that …; to ignore, skip, omit (ʕan s.th.); (with imperf.) to prepare to …, be about to… | ḏ. wa-ǧāʔa to go back and forth, walk up and down; ḏ. ʔilà ʔabʕada min… to go beyond… (fig.); mā yaḏhabu fī nazʕatih what follows along these lines; ʔayna yuḏhabu bika! the idea of it! you can’t mean it! ḏ. sudàn to be futile, be in vain, be of no avail; ḏ. ʔadrāǧa ‘l-riyāḥ to go the ways of the winds, i.e., to pass unnoticed, without leaving a trace; to end in smoke, come to nothing, be futile, be in vain; ḏ. ka-ʔamsi ‘l-dābir to vanish into thin air, disappear without leaving a trace (lit.: like yesterday gone by; ḏ. bi-bahāʔih to take the glamor away from s.th.; ḏ. bi-nafsihi to kill s.o. (joy, terror, etc.); ḏ. bi-ḫayālih to let one’s imagination wander; ḏ. maḏhabahū to embrace s.o.’s maḏhab (see below); to follow s.o.’s teaching, make s.o.’s belief one’s own, embrace s.o.’s ideas; to adopt s.o.’s policy, proceed exactly like s.o.; ḏ. kulla maḏhabin to do everything conceivable, leave no stone unturned, go to greatest lengths – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2672 reconstruct AfrAs *ǯ˅hab‑ ‘to go, trot’ as the ancestor of Sem *ḏ˅hab‑ ‘to go away’ and WCh *ǯ˅H˅b‑ ‘to trot’. But reconstructions are based on evidence in one language only in each case. 
▪ … 
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎHB-2: no cognates in Sem.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2672: no cognates in Sem. -- Outside Sem: WCh *ǯ˅H˅b‑ (ǯōp) ‘trot’. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
ʔaḏhaba, vb. IV, to cause to go away, make disappear, remove, eliminate; to take away: caus.
tamaḏhaba, vb. II, to follow, adopt, embrace (<~a teaching, a religion, etc.): denom. from maḏhab.

BP#1594ḏahāb, n., going; passing, passage, falling away, decrease, dwindling, loss, disappearance; leave, departure; trip, journey; outward-bound trip or journey (as opposed to ʔiyāb return trip; railroad); opinion, view (ʔilà ʔan that): vn. I | ḏ-an ʔiyāban there and back; back and forth, up and down; taḏkaraẗ ḏ. wa-ʔiyāb round-trip ticket.
ḏuhūb, n., going: vn. I | ḏ. wa-maʔāb coming and going; fī ǧīʔaẗ wa-ḏ. coming and going, in a state of fluctuation, having its ups and downs.
BP#2488maḏhab, pl. maḏāhibᵘ, n., going, leave, departure; way out, escape; manner followed, adopted procedura or policy, road entered upon; opinion, view, belief; ideology; teaching, doctrine; movement, orientation, trend (also pol.); school; mazhab, orthodox rite of fiqh (Isl. Law); religious creed, faith, denomination: vn. I | m-uhū fī ‘l-ḥayāẗ his philosophy of life, his Weltanschauung; al-m. al-tārīḫī historism; m. al-rūḥiyyaẗ spiritualism; al-m. al-riwāqī stoicism; al-m. al-sulūkī behaviourism; al-m. al-ʔiṣlāḥī reformism; al-m. al-ṭabīʕī naturalism; al-m. al-ʕaqāʔidī dogmatism; m. al-laḏḏaẗ hedonism; m. al-miṯāliyyaẗ idealism; al-m. al-māddī the materialistic ideology, materialism; al-m. al-wāqiʕī realism; ḏahaba m-an baʕīdan to go very far, be very extensive.
BP#4026maḏhabī, adj., denominational, confessional; doctrinaire; following or representing a particular doctrine; sectarian: nsb-adj from maḏhab.
maḏhabiyyaẗ, n.f., doctrinaire attitude, devotion to an ideology; sectarianism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from maḏhab.
ḏāhib: ḏ. al-lawn, adj., faded, colorless, discolored: PA I.
maḏhūb bihī and maḏhūb al-ʕaql, adj., out of one’s mind, demented: PP I. 

ḏahab ذَهَب 
ID 300 • Sw – • BP 1904 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎHB 
n.m. and n.f. 
gold; gold piece, gold coin – WehrCowan1979. 
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎHB-1: From protSem (Huehnergard2011: CSem) *ḏahab‑ ‘gold’.
 
▪ … 
DRS 4 (1993)#ḎHB-1: Hbr zāhāb, oAram zhb, EmpAram Palm dhb, BiblAram TargAram Syr dᵉhab, Mand dahba, zahba, Ar ḏahab ‘or’; SAr ḏhb ‘or, encens’, Mhr Jib ḏehēb, Soq dheb, Te Tña dähab ‘or’. – SAr ḏhb : aromate, sorte d’encens, ETH dähob ‘encens, fumigation’, dähabä ‘encenser’. 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl dahabeah, from Ar ḏahabiyyaẗ ‘the Golden One’ (name of the gilded barge of the Muslim rulers of Egypt), from ḏahab ‘gold’. 
ḏahab ʔabyaḍ, n., platinum.

ḏahhaba, vb. II, to gild (* s.th.): caus. denom.

BP#1692ḏahabī, adj., golden, of gold; precious, excellent, apposite (e.g., advice, saying, etc.): nsb-adj | ʔāyaẗ ḏ-iyyaẗ golden word, maxim, epigram.
ḏahabiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, dahabeah, a long light-draft houseboat, used on the Nile:….
muḏahhab, adj., gilded: PP II.
muḏhab, adj., gilded: PP IV. 

maḏhab مَذْهَب , pl. maḏāhibᵘ 
ID 302 • Sw – • BP 2488 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎHB 
n. 
going, leave, departure; way out, escape; manner followed, adopted procedura or policy, road entered upon; opinion, view, belief; ideology; teaching, doctrine; movement, orientation, trend (also pol.); school; mazhab, orthodox rite of fiqh (Isl. Law); religious creed, faith, denomination – WehrCowan1979. 
vn. I of ↗ḏahaba
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
ḏahaba
– 
maḏhabuhū fī ‘l-ḥayāẗ, his philosophy of life, his Weltanschauung.
al-maḏhab al-tārīḫī, historism.
maḏhab al-rūḥiyyaẗ, spiritualism.
al-maḏhab al-riwāqī, stoicism.
al-maḏhab al-sulūkī, behaviourism.
al-maḏhab al-ʔiṣlāḥī, reformism.
al-maḏhab al-ṭabīʕī, naturalism.
al-maḏhab al-ʕaqāʔidī, dogmatism.
maḏhab al-laḏḏaẗ hedonism.
maḏhab al-miṯāliyyaẗ idealism.
al-maḏhab al-māddī, the materialistic ideology, materialism.
al-maḏhab al-wāqiʕī, realism.
ḏahaba maḏhaban baʕīdan, to go very far, be very extensive.

tamaḏhaba, vb. II, to follow, adopt, embrace (<~a teaching, a religion, etc.): denom.

BP#4026maḏhabī, adj., denominational, confessional; doctrinaire; following or representing a particular doctrine; sectarian: nsb-adj.
maḏhabiyyaẗ, n.f., doctrinaire attitude, devotion to an ideology; sectarianism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from maḏhab

ḎHL ذهل 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎHL 
“root” 
▪ ḎHL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎHL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎHL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘part of the night; to become distracted, be bewildered, forget’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḎWʕ ذوع 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎWʕ 
“root” 
▪ ḎWʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗
▪ ḎWʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗
↗ḎYʕ 
Items from this root like ḏāʕa, vb. I, ‘to loose, dilapidate’ or ʔaḏāʕa, vb. IV, ‘to lift, carry away, drink everything’ have become obsolete in MSA. – Acc. to DRS, one has to compare ↗ḎYʕ
– 
DRS 4 (1993): – [No cognates in Sem]. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ḎWQ ذوق 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Mar2023
√ḎWQ 
“root” 
▪ ḎWQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎWQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḎWQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to taste, cause to taste, experience, experiences, learning’ 
▪ … 
– 
– 
– 
ḏawq ذَوْق 
Sw – • NahḍConBP 2450 • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023
√ḎWQ 
n. 
taste 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ … 
ḎYʕ ذيع 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎYʕ 
“root” 
▪ ḎYʕ_1 ‘to spread, be(come)/make public’ ↗ḏāʕa, ī (ḏuyūʕ)
▪ ḎYʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to declare, to announce, to divulge, a telltale; to take away’ 
▪ Acc. to DRS, one has to compare (the now obsolete) ↗ḎWʕ
– 
DRS 4 (1993): – [No cognates in Sem]. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ḏāʕ‑ ذاع , ḏiʕ‑ , ī (ḏuyūʕ
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎYʕ 
vb., I 
to spread, get about, circulate, be spread, be disseminated, be or become widespread; to leak out, become public, become generally known – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
DRS 4 (1993): – [No cognates in Sem]. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
ʔaḏāʕa, vb. IV, to spread, spread out, disseminate, propagate; to make known, announce, make public, publicize, publish; to promulgate; to show, manifest, display, give evidence; to reveal, disclose, divulge; to emit (electric waves); to broadcast, transmit (radio) | ʔ. bi’l-talfazaẗ to telecast; ʔ. barnāmaǧan to broadcast a program: caus.
ḏuyūʕ, n., widespreadness, commonness; spreading, spread, dispersion, diffusion; circulation (of news): vn. I.
miḏyāʕ, pl. maḏāyīʕᵘ, n., telltale, talebearer, tattler; communicative, indiscreet; radio set; microphone; O transmitter: n.instr.
BP#1919ʔiḏāʕaẗ, n.f., spreading, dissemination, propagation; announcement, proclamation; publication; revelation, disclosure; playback (of a tape; as opposed to recording); broadcasting, radio; (pl. ‑āt) (radio) broadcast, transmission: vn. IV | ʔ. al-ʔaḫbār, n., newscast, news (radio); ʔ. talfaziyyaẗ, n., television broadcast, telecast; ʔ. lā-silkiyyaẗ and rādyūfūniyyaẗ, n., radio broadcast; broadcasting, radio; ʔ. al-būlīs, n., police radio; al-ʔ. al-marʔiyyaẗ (Lib.), n., television; maǧallaẗ al-ʔ., n., radio magazine.
ʔiḏāʕī, adj., radio, television, TV (in compounds): nsb-adj from ʔiḏāʕaẗ | ḥadīṯ ʔ., n., radio talk; radio interview; maḥaṭṭaẗ ʔiḏāʕiyyaẗ, n., radio station:.
ḏāʔiʕ, adj., widespread, common, general; circulating, in circulation; widely known: PA I | ḏ. al-ṣīt, adj., famous, noted, renowned, widely known.
BP#4304muḏīʕ, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., spreader, disseminator, propagator, proclaimer; broadcasting, transmitting (used attributively); (radio) transmitter; radio announcer; speaker (at a microphone): PA IV.
muḏīʕaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., (radio and TV) announcer (f.): PA IV, f. 
ʔiḏāʕaẗ إذاعة , pl. ‑āt 
ID 303 • Sw – • BP 1919 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎYʕ 
n.f. 
spreading, dissemination, propagation; announcement, proclamation; publication; revelation, disclosure; playback (of a tape; as opposed to recording); broadcasting, radio; (pl. ‑āt) (radio) broadcast, transmission – WehrCowan1979. 
vn. IV of ↗ḏāʕa ‘to spread’. 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
ḏāʕa 
– 
ʔiḏāʕaẗ al-ʔaḫbār, n., newscast, news (radio).
ʔiḏāʕaẗ talfaziyyaẗ, n.f., television broadcast, telecast.
ʔiḏāʕaẗ lā-silkiyyaẗ and rādyūfūniyyaẗ, n.f., radio broadcast; broadcasting, radio.
ʔiḏāʕaẗ al-būlīs, n., police radio.
al-ʔiḏāʕaẗ al-marʔiyyaẗ (Lib.), n., television.
maǧallaẗ al-ʔiḏāʕaẗ, n.f., radio magazine.

ʔiḏāʕī, adj., radio, television, TV (in compounds): nsb-adj | ḥadīṯ ʔ., n., radio talk; radio interview; maḥaṭṭaẗ ʔiḏāʕiyyaẗ, n., radio station. 

ḎYL ذيل 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎYL 
“root” 
▪ ḎYL_1 ‘…’ ↗
▪ ḎYL_2 ‘…’ ↗
 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ḏayl ذَيْل , pl. ḏuyūl , ʔaḏyāl 
ID 304 • Sw 35/160 • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḎYL 
n. 
1 tail; 2a lappet, coat tail; b the lowest or rearmost part of s.th., lower end; c hem, border (of a garment); d train (of a skirt); e bottom, foot, end (of a page); 3a appendage, appendicle; b addenda, supplement, appendix (of a book); 4a retinue, attendants, suite; b dependent; c result, consequence – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
DRS 4 (1993): Syr dāl ‘être humble’, Ar ḏāla ‘trainer par terre (vêtement); être peu estimé, bas’, ḏayl ‘partie inférieure, bas, queue’, PalAr tḏāyal ‘tourner autour’. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
fī ḏaylihī, adv., immediately thereafter.
ṭāhir al-ḏayl, adj., innocent, blameless, upright, honest.
ṭahāraẗ al-ḏayl, n., innocence, moral integrity, probity, uprightness, honesty.
ṭawīl al-ḏayl, adj., long, lengthy, extensive.
ḏayl ḥiṣān, n., ponytail.
šorbaẗ ḏayl al-ṯawr, n., oxtail soup.
tamassaka bi-ʔaḏyālih, vb. V, to cling to s.o.’s coat tails, hold on to s.o.
ǧarra ʕalayhi ḏayl al-ʕafāʔ, vb., to wipe out s.th., bring about the doom of s.th., let s.th. sink into oblivion.
lāḏa bi-ʔaḏyāl al-šayʔ, vb. I, to resort to s.th.

ḏayyala, vb. II, to furnish (esp. a book) with an appendix, add a supplement; to provide at the end (bi‑ with); to extend; pass.: to have a sequel of aftereffect; not to be at an end, be continued: denom., caus.
ʔaḏāla, vb. IV, to trample underfoot, degrade, debase: denom., caus.

taḏyīl, n., addition of a supplement, of an extension: vn. II.
muḏayyal, adj., extended (by an addition, supplement, etc.): PP II. 

taḏyīl تَذْييل 
Sw – • NahḍConBP … • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023
√ḎYL 
n. 
▪ vn. of ḏayyala, vb. II, ‘to attach’, denom. from ↗ḏayl ‘tail’ 
taḏyīlī تَذْييليّ 
Sw – • NahḍConBP … • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023
√ḎYL 
adj. 
▪ nsb-formation, from ↗taḏyīl, vn. of ḏayyala, vb. II ‘to attach’, denom. from ↗ḏayl ‘tail’ 
Go to Wiki Documentation
Enhet: Det humanistiske fakultet   Utviklet av: IT-seksjonen ved HF
Login