Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ RǦM_1 ‘to curse; to stone; heap of stones’ ↗raǧama
▪ RǦM_2 ‘dragoman, to interpret’ ↗turǧumān (and ↗raǧama)
▪ RǦM_3 ‘shooting stars, meteorites’ ↗ruǧum (and ↗raǧama)
▪ RǦM_4 ‘diet’ ↗riǧīm

Other values, now obsolete, include:

RǦM_5 ‘cross-beams of a pulley’ : ^†riǧāmān (du. – Hava1899)
RǦM_6 ‘strong; battering (horse); sling’ : ^†mirǧam (Hava1899)

▪ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 stones, to stone, kill by stoning, heap up stones (on a grave), heap abuse (on); 2 to curse, drive out, expel; 3 to doubt, conjecture; 4 boycotting; 5 shooting stars; 6 to gauge the level of water in a well’

▪ The situation within the Sem root RGM is summarized by Kogan2015:218#28 as follows: »Hbr rgm, Syr rgm, Ar rǧm < protCSem *RGM ‘to stone’. ⇒ [This meaning] represents an extension of the more original [Sem] ‘to speak (emphatically), to curse’,¹ represented by Akk ragāmu ‘to call; to prophesy; to summon; to lodge a claim, sue’, Ug rgm ‘to say, tell, announce’, Ar rǧm ‘to revile, utter evil speech’, (III) ‘to plead in defense of someone’, Gz ragama ‘to curse, insult’, Jib s̃érégəm ‘to blame one another with harsh words’. Within this approach, Soq rígɛm ‘être lapidé’ can be plausibly explained as an Arabism. / The diachronic background of *rgm in modSAr remains problematic. Throughout modSAr, the basic meaning of this root is ‘to cover, protect’: Mhr rəgūm ‘to cover (usually food to keep the flies off it)’, Jib ɛrgúm ‘to cover, put a lid on’, Soq régom ‘couvrir, protéger’. As such, this meaning can hardly have anything to do with stoning, and it seems wise, therefore, to keep apart Soq rígɛm ‘to be stoned’ and régom ‘to cover, protect’ as different (homonymous) roots […]. At the same time, it is noteworthy that one of the prominent applications of rgm in Jib is connected with covering a dead body with stones: erógəm ‘to cover (a dead body, with stones and soil)’, rɔ́tgəm ‘(corpse) to be buried’, s̃ergím ‘to be covered, buried alive (as, e.g., a witch)’, rəgmún ‘stoned, covered by stones; covered by stones and soil (in the grave)’. The same semantic nuance is attested in Ar: raǧam ‘stones that are placed upon a grave’, rǧm (II) ‘to place a stone on one’s grave’. These facts may prompt one to abandon the traditional semantic explanation […], disconnecting the meaning ‘to stone’ from ‘to blame, curse’ and deriving it instead from ‘to cover (with stones).’² It is more likely, however, that the meaning ‘to cover with stones’ in Ar represents a secondary development from ‘to stone (as punishment)’, which, in its turn, influenced Jib rgm ‘to cover’, originally unconnected to the present root.«
▪ RǦM_1-3 seem to be etymologically related. As suggest by Leslau and substantiated by Kogan2015, the development within the Sem root seems to have been: Sem *RGM ‘to speak, say, shout’ > ‘to speak against, bring legal action against’ > ‘to abuse, curse’ > ‘to cast stones [while cursing]’ > ‘stone, tombstone; meteorites’; for ‘to interpret ’ see DISC below). – Cf., however, the fact that »[t]he lapidation and heaps of stones [as part of the ḥaǧǧ rituals] at Minā are called ǧamraẗ [↗√ǦMR, not √RǦM, i.e., with metathesis], [… traditionally derived from ǧamarāt al-ʕArab ‘groups of Bedouin tribes’, allegedly close to Ar ↗ǧamma and ↗ǧamaʕa ‘to reunite’]« – art. »radjm« (M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes / T. Fahd), in EI².
▪ In contrast, RǦM_4 is a borrowing from Fr régime ‘diet’.
▪ Value RǦM_5 ‘the two cross-beams of a pulley’, attested in ClassAr ^†riǧāmān, seems to be an extension of ^†riǧām ‘stone for cleansing a well; stone-work around a well’ (Hava1899), which clearly belongs to the ‘heap of stones’ of RǦM_1.
▪ Value RǦM_6 ‘strong; battering (horse); sling’, attested in ClassAr ^†mirǧam (Hava1899), has with all probability to be seen in connection with the ‘cursing’ and ‘casting (of stones)’ that is among the main ideas of RǦM_1.

1. As already argued by Leslau, CompDictGz 465: »In view of the various meanings within Sem, the development seems to be: ‘to speak, say’ > ‘to speak against, bring legal action against’ > ‘to abuse, curse’ > ‘to cast stones’.« 2. »As actually done in HALOT 1187: “The basic meaning develops from ‘to heap up stones’ > ‘to stone’ > ‘to curse’ > ‘to make a statement’” (cf. already Nöldeke 1910:47: “Im Geez hat die Grundbedeutung ‘steinigen’ durchaus die übertragene Bedeutung ‘verfluchen’ angenommen… Das Verbum ist ein Denominativ von einem Worte, das ‘Stein’ bedeutet”). This reconstruction, presupposing a diametrical reversal of Leslau’s semantic hypothesis mentioned above, appears highly improbable, especially in its latter step (‘to curse’ > ‘to make a statement’).« – Kogan2015:218, n. 655.

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▪ RǦM_1 : CAD, Zammit2002, Tropper2008, Kogan2015: Akk ragāmu ‘to call, call out; to prophesy; to summon, convoke; to lodge a claim, sue, bring a legal complaint, claim s.th. by lawsuit’, rigmu ‘voice, sound; noise; call, proclamation; thunder; wailing, lamentation; complaint, request, legal complaint’ (from oAkk on), Ug rgm ‘to say, tell, announce, report, talk’, Ar raǧama ‘to revile, utter evil speech; (L-stem) to plead in defense of someone’, Gz ragama, Gur räggämä, (as)suraggämä, Amh täräggʷämä, räggämä ‘to curse, insult, revile’, Jib s̃érégəm ‘to blame one another with harsh words’. – Hbr rāgam ‘to stone, kill by stoning’, Aram Syr rᵉgam, Ar raǧama ‘to stone’, (? Ar > ) Soq rígɛm ‘to be stoned’. – ? Mhr rəgūm ‘to cover (usually food to keep the flies off it)’, Jib ɛrgúm ‘to cover, put a lid on’, Soq régom ‘to cover, protect’, Jib erógəm ‘to cover (a dead body, with stones and soil)’, rɔ́tgəm ‘(corpse) to be buried’, s̃ergím ‘to be covered, buried alive (as, e.g., a witch)’, rəgmún ‘stoned, covered by stones; covered by stones and soil (in the grave)’, Ar raǧam ‘stones that are placed upon a grave’, raǧǧama ‘to place a stone on one’s grave’.
▪ RǦM_2 : ↗turǧumān, prob. akin to RǦM_1 (via the Akk etymon).
▪ RǦM_3 : ↗ruǧum, akin to RǦM_1.
▪ RǦM_4 : Ø (no cognates, foreign word).
▪ RǦM_5 : as RǦM_1.
▪ RǦM_6 : as RǦM_1.

▪ RǦM_1 and RǦM_3 : Semantics in this Sem root oscillate between ‘to shout, etc.’, ‘to curse’, ‘to stone’, and ‘to cover with stones’. Which was first? According to Huehnergard2011, the primary meaning of Sem *RGM is ‘to say, speak, call, shout, contest, lay claim to’ (as in Akk, Ug, and partly also Ar)—this opinion is substantiated by Kogan2015, cf. above, section CONC. According to Huehnergard, there may also have been a t-stem *t-RGM ‘to speak to one another, translate’ already in protSem times. – The value ‘to curse, damn, revile’ (Ar, Gz) would then be a special development from ‘to shout, contest, lay claim to’, and ‘to stone; stones, missiles’ a transfer of meaning based on the fact that the throwing of stones often accompanied the condemnation of a person or an idol (cf. the symbolic stoning of Satan as part of the ḥaǧǧ rites). The fact, however, that Can (Hbr, Aram) only has ‘to stone’ makes this theory slightly questionable. Nöldeke thought that Ar, which shows both ‘stoning’ and ‘cursing’, had loaned the latter value from Gz, interpreting the epithet of Satan, Gz rəgūm ‘the cursed one’, as belonging to Ar rǧm which, according to this theory, only meant ‘to stone’ but then also came to mean ‘to curse’.
▪ RǦM_2 : Most previous research tends to see Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret’ and turǧumān ‘interpreter’ as—ultimately—dependent on the Akk targumannu and thus on Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, shout, call, etc.’ (RǦM_1) < Sem ] ‘to speak (emphatically), to curse’. Huehnergard2011 would not exclude the possibility of the t-stem *t-RGM ‘to speak to one another, translate’ going back as far as into protSem times. In contrast, Wellhausen1897 thought that the value ‘to explain, interpret’ is a generalisation of a more specific type of explanation, namely interpreting the stones/pebbles that used to been thrown (in the sand) as a heathen mantic practice, the notion of ‘interpreting’ thus being dependent on ‘to throw stones (with the aim of foretelling the future or getting advice)’.
▪ RǦM_3 : Ar ruǧum ‘shooting stars, meteorites’ seems to be the result of a transfer of meaning from the stones that are cast (at s.o. as a punishment, or at the Devil to curse him) on the *‘stones’ that *‘are cast through the sky’.
▪ RǦM_4-6 : See above, section CONC.

▪ For Engl dragoman and Targum cf. entry tarǧama.

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raǧam‑ رَجَمَ , u (raǧm)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RǦM

vb., I

1 to stone; 2 to curse, damn, abuse, revile – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The traditional opinion, put forward, among others, by Lane, was that the ‘throwing, casting of stones’ was the »primary meaning« and [v2] thus dependent on [v1]. However, this view is contested by Kogan who, sorting out the difficult semantic entanglements within the Sem root, comes to the conclusion that the overall evidence seems to speak against the traditional theory. Following Leslau, Kogan assumes a semantic development along the line *‘to speak, say > to speak against, bring legal action against > to abuse, curse > to cast stones > heap of stones > stone(s)’.

▪ eC7 raǧama (to stone) Q 18:20 ʔin yaẓharū ʕalay-kum yarǧumū-kum ‘if they should discover you, they will stone you’. – raǧm (the act of stoning) Q 18:22 raǧman bi’l-ġaybi ‘conjecturing, guessing in the dark, guessing at what is being kept hidden, shooting in the dark [lit., throwing stones without seeing, blindly)’. – ruǧūm (pl. of raǧm : materials for stoning, rocks, projectiles, missiles) Q 67:5 wa-ǧaʕalnā-hā ruǧūman liš-šayāṭīni ‘and We have made them [the stars] rocks for stoning the devils’. – raǧīm (quasi-PP: stoned, cast out) Q 15:17 wa-ḥafiẓnā-hā min kulli šayṭānin raǧīmin ‘and guarded it from every outcast devil’; (epithet of Satan) Q 16:98 al-~ ‘the outcast, the stoned’. – marǧūm (stoned, castaway, outcast) Q 26:116 la-takūnanna min-a ’l-marǧūmīna ‘you will be among those stoned’.
▪ Lane describes two series of semantic values attached to raǧm in ClassAr: (1) ‘throwing, casting of stones’ > ‘slaying (in any manner, but generally:) stoning, putting to death’ > ‘beating, battering’ (al-ʔarḍ the ground, said of camels); (2) act of ‘cursing, reviling’ > ‘driving away; expelling; putting, or placing, at a distance, away, or far away; cutting off from friendly, or loving communion or intercourse; forsaking; abandoning’
▪ Hava1899 has still raǧama u (raǧm) in the sense, among others, of ‘to put a stone on (DO a tomb)’, the L-stem ^†rāǧama ‘to throw stones (DO at s.o.); to contend (DO with s.o., fī in words); to protect (ʕan)’, the tL-stem ^†tarāǧama ‘to throw stones at one another’, as well as the PP II ^†muraǧǧam ‘doubtful (news)’ and the (PA III, nominalized adj.?) ^†murāǧim ‘foul speech’.

▪ CAD, Zammit2002, Tropper2008, Kogan2015: (a) [Sem *RGM ‘to speak (emphatically), to curse’] Akk ragāmu ‘to call, call out; to prophesy; to summon, convoke; to lodge a claim, sue, bring a legal complaint, claim s.th. by lawsuit’, rigmu ‘voice, sound; noise; call, proclamation; thunder; wailing, lamentation; complaint, request, legal complaint’ (from oAkk on), Ug rgm ‘to say, tell, announce, report, talk’, Ar raǧama ‘to revile, utter evil speech; rāǧama ‘to plead in defense of s.o.’, Gz ragama, Gur räggämä, (as)suraggämä, Amh täräggʷämä, räggämä ‘to curse, insult, revile’, Jib s̃érégəm ‘to blame one another with harsh words’. – > (b) [protCSem *RGM ‘to stone’] Hbr rāgam ‘to stone, kill by stoning’, Aram Syr rᵉgam, Ar raǧama ‘to stone’, (? Ar > ) Soq rígɛm ‘to be stoned’. – > (c) [non-Eth SSem (Ar SAr)] Jib erógəm ‘to cover (a dead body, with stones and soil)’, rɔ́tgəm ‘(corpse) to be buried’, s̃ergím ‘to be covered, buried alive (as, e.g., a witch)’, rəgmún ‘stoned, covered by stones; covered by stones and soil (in the grave)’, Ar raǧam ‘stones that are placed upon a grave’, raǧǧama ‘to place a stone on one’s grave’. – ? [SAr] Mhr rəgūm ‘to cover (usually food to keep the flies off it)’, Jib ɛrgúm ‘to cover, put a lid on’, Soq régom ‘to cover, protect’.

▪ In their EI² entry on »radjm«, M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes and T. Fahd still seem to put forward the traditional opinion that the primary value of raǧm is ‘the casting of stones’: »r-ǧ-m is a Sem root, derivatives from which are found in the O[ld]T[estament] with the meaning of ‘to stone, to drive away or kill by throwing stones’ an abominable creature; raǧmaẗ is ‘a heap of stones, an assembly of men, cries, tumult’. / In Arabic, the root means ‘to stone, to curse’; raǧm ‘heap of stones’, also means simply the ‘stones placed upon tombs’ either as flagstones or in a heap, a custom which ḥadīṯ condemns, recommending rather that a grave should be level with the surface of the ground. In the ḥadīṯ of ʕAbd Allāh b. Muġfal, it is discussed whether lā turaǧǧimū qabrī means ‘do not build my grave in a mound’ or ‘do not utter imprecations there’.«
▪ However, the same entry also states that »[t]he lapidation and heaps of stones at Minā are called [with metathesis] ǧamraẗ [√ǦMR, not √RǦM!], and ǧamarāt al-ʕArab means ‘the groups of Bedouin tribes’; we find there the two old meanings of the root which can be taken back to ǧ-m-, in Ar ↗ǧamma and ↗ǧamaʕa ‘to reunite’. The Arab grammarians derive ǧamraẗ ‘lapidation’ from ǧamarāt al-ʕArab. / In addition to the meaning of ‘ritual stoning as a punishment for fornication’, raǧm means the casting of stones at Minā, which is one of the pre-Islamic rites preserved by Muḥammad and inserted among the ceremonies of the pilgrimage« (op.cit. supra).
▪ For the most recent analysis cf. Kogan2015, quoted above in section CONC and, in more detail, in “root” entry ↗RǦM.

▪ Tu recm (<1500) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü : from Ar raǧm ‘a stoning, killing by stoning’, akin to Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, call, lodge a claim at court’ – Nişanyan14Oct2014.

► raǧama bi’l-ġayb, vb. I, 1 to talk about s.th. of which one knows nothing; 2 to guess, surmise, make conjectures; 3 to predict the future: from the pre-Isl mantic practice of casting pebbles in the sand to predict the future; see raǧǧama, next paragraph.

► raǧǧama, vb. II, 1 to talk about s.th. of which one knows nothing; 2 to guess, surmise, make conjectures; 3 to predict the future: denom. from ruǧmaẗ ‘pile of pebbles’ or ruǧūm ‘materials for stoning’. As already noted by Wellhausen1897, Ar tarǧīm has the same meaning as ḍarb bi’l-ḥaṣy, the art of prophesy from throwing pebbles. From this, the sense of ‘to assume, conjecture’ could be derived: *‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, try to give them a meaning > to make conjectures, assume’. ↗tarǧama, too, may be dependent on the heathen practice: *‘to throw stones > to (try to) interpret the results, solve the riddle > to interpret (in general)’

► raǧm, n., 1 stoning: vn. I; 2 (pl. ruǧūm) missile: transfer of meaning from the act of stoning to anything that is thrown. – Cf. also ruǧmaẗ, below. | raǧm bi’l-ġayb, n., conjecture, guesswork; prophecy: see preceding paragraphs.
► ruǧum, n., shooting stars, meteorites: transfer of meaning (*‘s.th. thrown, missile > what looks like missiles in the sky’)? See also ↗s.v.
► ruǧmaẗ, pl. ruǧam, riǧām, n.f., tombstone: prob. deverb., resultative (originally *‘heap of pebbles’, piling up when stones are thrown, hence also: ‘heap of stones on a tomb’). – Cf. Wellhausen1897: 111-2: »Bei gewissen Heiligtümern war eine eigentümliche Sitte mit dem Umlauf [i.e., the ↗ṭawāf ritual] verbunden, nemlich das ĭrtiǧām, das Werfen kleiner Steine. In einem Verse des ʔAʕšà heisst es: “sie läuft um sie herum und geht hin und her zu ihnen, so wie ein Steinwerfender um einen Steinhaufen den Umlauf macht”.¹ Die Sitte ist uns namentlich daher bekannt, dass sie am zehnten Tage des ↗ḥaǧǧ und an den drei folgenden Tagen bei den drei ǧamarāt von Mina ausgeübt wird. Das Heiligtum, die ruǧmaẗ oder ǧamraẗ, ist in diesem Fall kein einzelner Stein, sondern ein Steinhaufen. Auch bei den Hebräern (Gal, Gen. 31:51s., nicht Gilgal) und bei den Aramäern (Igura) hat es solche Steinhaufen gegeben, ebenso bei den Saracenen des Nilus. Hieronymus übersetzt [Hbr] ki-ṣrôr ʔ^äḇän bᵊ-margēmāh Prov[erbs] 26:8 mit ‘mittere lapidem in acervum Mercurii’;² er denkt an die griechische Sitte der [Grk] hérmakes, auf die jeder Vorübergehende einen Stein warf. Der Steinhaufen kann aber auch ein ‘Grab’ bezeichnen, und auch dann kommt es vor, dass die Vorübergehenden neue Steine hinzu werfen.³ Im Islam war das allerdings eine Entehrung des Toten,⁴ ursprünglich aber wol eine Verehrung, wie die Analogie vermuten lässt und das Beispiel des Abu Righal von Tâif (BHisham 32,20) zu beweisen scheint.⁵ «
► raǧīm, adj., 1 stoned; 2 cursed, damned: quasi-PP I; see also ↗s.v. – 3 For another value, see ↗riǧīm.

1. Freytag, Hamasae versio 1, 371. 2. Cf. the translation ‘as a small stone in a heap of stones’, in The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text, JPS Tanakh 1917. The English Standard Version, however, has renders the Hbr text as ‘Like one who binds the stone in the sling’. 3. Aġānī 14: 131,26; BHišām 32,20. Die gewöhnliche Bedeutung von ruǧmaẗ und raǧm ist: ‘Steinhaufe über einem Grabe’. 4. BAṯīr 3: 144,25; Aġānī 14: 144,12s.; Bakrī 679. 5. Ein ähnlicher Brauch kommt bei den Juden vor, und V. A. Huber bezeugt ihn für die Iren. – Vgl. Hamlet, Act 5, Sc. 1.

raǧīm رَجيم

√RǦM

adj.

1 stoned; 2 cursed, damned. – 3 For another value, see var. ↗riǧīm – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Although the vb. raǧama is known in Ar, Jeffery1938 follows Rückert and Nöldeke in assuming that raǧīm in the meaning ‘the cursed one’ is a borrowing from Gz and thus secondary. This assumption, however, is contested by Kogan who thinks the value ‘to stone’ is secondary to that of ‘to curse’; cf. ↗RǦM, ↗raǧama.

▪ (quasi-PP: ‘stoned, cast out’) Q 15:17 wa-ḥafiẓnā-hā min kulli šayṭānin raǧīmin ‘and guarded it from every outcast devil’; (epithet of Satan) Q 16:98 al-~ ‘the outcast, the stoned’.
▪ Cf. also Q 3:36, 15:34, 38:77, 81:25 ‘stoned, pelted, driven away by stones, execrated’.

▪ The narrower context is provided by Gz ragama, Gur räggämä, (as)suraggämä, Amh täräggʷämä, räggämä ‘to curse, revile’. For the general frame, however, see ↗raǧama.

▪ Jeffery1938: »We find it used only of Satan and his minions, and it is said to derive from the tradition that the demons seek to listen to the counsels of Heaven and are pelted away by the angels¹ (cf. Sura 67:5). / The Muslim authorities naturally take it as a pure Ar word, a form faʕīl from ↗raǧama which is used several times in the Qurʔān. As a technical term associated with Satan, however, it would seem to be the Eth [Gz] rəgūm and mean ‘cursed’ or ‘execrated’ rather than ‘stoned’. [Gz] ragama means ‘to curse’ or ‘to execrate’ and is used of the serpent in Gen. iii: 14, and of those who are delivered over to the fire prepared for the devil and his angels in Matt. xxv: 41. Rückert, in his notes to his translation of the Qurʔān (ed. A. Müller, p. 440),² had noted this connection with the Eth [Gz], and Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 25, 47, thinks that Muḥammad himself in introducing the Eth word [Gz] šayṭān = [Ar] šayṭān introduced also the epithet rəgūm, but not knowing the technical meaning of the word treated it as though from raǧama […] ‘to stone’³ (Cf. Ahrens, Christliches, 39).«
▪ Jeffery’s argument is taken up also by Nişanyan⁴ . But Kogan2015’s findings seem to make the old theory obsolete; ↗RǦM, ↗raǧama.

1. There is, however, reason to believe that the epithet belongs to a much older stratum of Sem belief in regard to demons, cf. Wellhausen, Reste, 111. 2. See also Müller’s statement in ThLZ for 1891: 348. 3. Wellhausen, Reste, 232; Pautz, Offenbarung, 49; Margoliouth, Chrestomathia Baidawiana, 160. Praetorius, ZDMG, 61: 620 ff., argues against this derivation, but unconvincingly. See also Van Vloten in the Feestbundel aan de Goeje, pp. 35, 42, who thinks that it was used in pre-Islamic Arabia in connection with pelting snakes. 4. »Habeşçe sözcük Kutsal Kitap çevirisinde Tekvin 3:14 ve Matt 25:41’de şeytanın sıfatı olarak zikredilir. Arapça raǧm ‘taşlama, taşlayarak öldürme’ fiiliyle anlam bağı kurulamaz. Nöldeke NB 25, 47; Jeffery 140.« – Nişanyan01Apr2013.

▪ Tu racim (<1400) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü , < Ar raǧīm ‘1 taşlanan, recmedilen, 2 lanetli (şeytanın sıfatı)’ < Gz ragīm ‘lanetli (şeytanın sıfatı)’ < Eth √rgm ‘lanetlemek, mahkûm etmek’ – Nişanyan01Apr2013.

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riǧīm رِجيم

√RǦM

diet – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Fr régime ‘course of diet, exercise’, from Lat regimen ‘rule, guidance, government, means of guidance, rudder’, from reg-ere ‘to rule, direct, keep straight, guide’, IE *reg- ‘to move in a straight line’, hence, ‘to direct in a straight line, rule, guide’ – Rolland2014a.

▪ …

▪ Skr raǧ- ‘king, leader;’ Av razeyeiti ‘directs’; Pers rāst ‘right, correct’; Lat regere ‘to rule’, rex ‘king, leader’, rectus ‘right, correct’; oIr ri, Gael righ ‘king’; Gaul -rix ‘king’, in personal names, such as Vircingetorix; Goth reiks ‘leader’; oEngl rice ‘kingdom’, -ric ‘king’, rice ‘rich, powerful’, riht ‘correct’; Goth raihts, oHGe recht, oSwed reht, oNo rettr ‘correct’) – EtymOnline .

▪ See above, section CONC.

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