Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ RQː (RQQ)_1 ‘to be(come) thin, delicate, fine, tender, soft; to have pity, feel compassion’ ↗raqqa; ‘flat bread; waffles’ ↗ruqāq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_2 ‘turtle’ ↗¹raqq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_3 ‘parchment’ ↗²raqq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_4 ‘Rakkah (city in N Syria)’ ↗al-Raqqaẗ
▪ RQː (RQQ)_5 ‘slavery, bondage’ ↗¹riqq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_6 ‘tambourine’ ↗(EgAr) ²riqq

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†RQː (RQQ)_7 ‘hot (day); desert’: ^†raqāq
▪ ^†RQː (RQQ)_ ‘...’: ^†...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘ownership, slavery; parchment, scroll, written record; thin, to thin out, be sheer, become tattered; to be weak, be tender; to be clear, glimmer’

▪ [gnrl] : With the exception of [v2] ‘turtle’ (and perh. ^†[v7] ‘hot (day); desert’), all other values attached to √RQː (RQQ) seem to go back to the one basic notion of [v1] *‘thinness, softness’. ▪ [v1] : from protSem *RQQ ‘(to be/become) thin, fine, soft, tender’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ [v2] : MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190 reconstruct Sem *raḳḳ‑ ‘turtle’
▪ [v3] : According to Jeffery1938 a borrowing from Gz raqq ‘parchment’, thus via Gz ultimately from the same origin as [v1] (parchment seen as the *‘thin material’).
▪ [v4] : The city name al-Raqqaẗ is from †raqqaẗ (pl. riqāq) ‘land regularly flooded by a river’,¹ obviously on account of its marshy surroundings; cf. also †ruqāq ‘shallow water, low sea’. The term is akin to [v1] *‘thinness, softness’ (sc. of the flooded land).
▪ [v5] : Accord. to Ar lexicographers, one of the terms for ‘slaves’, raqīq, is based on riqqaẗ in the (now obsol.) sense of ‘abjectness, meanness, paltriness, contemptibleness’ (Lane iii 1867, quoting from Tāǧ al-ʕArūs), thus based on [v1], with a development *‘thin > weak > mean, contemptible’.
▪ [v6] : In EgAr, the ‘tambourine’ is called ²riqq, obviously due to the instrument’s covering with a thin, parchment-like membrane.
▪ ^†[v7] : prob. akin to [v1], but the exact nature of the relation remains obscure.
▪ …

1. Lane iii 1867: ‘any land by the side of a valley, over which the water spreads in the days of the increase, and into which it then sinks, or disappears, and which therefore produces good herbage’.

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▪ [v1] BDB1906, Leslau2006 (CDG), Tropper2008: Akk raqāqu ‘to be thin’, Ug rq /raqqu/ ‘thin, fine’ (Tropper), ‘thin cake’ (Leslau), Hbr raq ‘thin’, Syr raqqᵊq (D) ‘to make thin’, Gz raqqa, raqaqa ‘to be subtle, soft, thin, slight’, raqīq ‘soft, subtle, minute, thin, slender, slight, immaterial’, Te räqqa, Tña räqäqä, Amh räqqäqä ‘to be thin, delicate’, Ar raqqa ‘to be thin; (fig.) to be weak, slender, scanty, etc.’, DaṯAr raqraqa ‘to render thin’.
▪ [v2] MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190: Akk (from oBab onwards) raḳḳu (f.pl. ruḳḳētu), Syr raqqā, Mnd riqa, ‘turtle’, Ar raqq ‘grande tortue; espèce d’amphibie resemblant au crocodile’ (BK1860)
▪ [v3] (inner-Sem borrowing) via Gz akin to ↗[v1].
▪ [v4] : ↗[v1]
▪ [v5] : ↗[v1]
▪ [v6] : ↗[v1]
▪ ^†[v7] : ↗[v1] ?
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

raqq- / raqaq- رَقَقْـ/رَقَّ , i (riqqaẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

vb., I

1a to be or become thin, delicate, fine; b to be tender, soft; 2 to be pure, clear, limpid (water); 3 to soften, relent (li‑ toward s.o.), have pity, feel compassion, have sympathy (li‑ for) – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protSem *RQQ ‘(to be\come) thin, flat, fine, soft, tender’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ The notion of *‘thinness, softness’ is the basis from which most other values attached to √RQː (RQQ) have developed, see in particular ↗¹raqq ‘parchment’ (via Gz < *‘thin material’), ↗al-Raqqaẗ (city in NSyr, lit. ‘land regularly flooded by a river’, i.e., covered by “thin”, ‘shallow water’), ↗¹riqq ‘slavery, bondage’ (< *‘contemptible < weak < thin’), ↗EgAr ²riqq ‘tambourine’ (covered with a thin, parchment-like membrane).
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ BDB1906, Leslau2006 (CDG), Tropper2008: Akk raqāqu ‘to be thin’, Ug rq /raqqu/ ‘thin, fine’ (Tropper), ‘thin cake’ (Leslau), Hbr raq ‘thin’, Syr raqqᵊq (D) ‘to make thin’, Gz raqqa, raqaqa ‘to be subtle, soft, thin, slight’, raqīq ‘soft, subtle, minute, thin, slender, slight, immaterial’, Te räqqa, Tña räqäqä, Amh räqqäqä ‘to be thin, delicate’, Ar raqqa ‘to be thin; (fig.) to be weak, slender, scanty, etc.’, DaṯAr raqraqa ‘to render thin’.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►raqqa la-hū qalbu-h, expr., he took pity on him

►raqqaqa, vb. II, 1a to make thin, thin out; b to refine, make fine, soft or tender, render delicate; c to flatten, roll out (esp. metal); 2 to polish, smooth, make elegant (one’s speech): D-stem, caus.
►ʔaraqqa, vb. IV, 1 to make thin, fine or tender, render delicate, refine; 2 to soften (the heart): *Š-stem, caus.
►taraqqaqa, vb. V, to soften, relent (li‑ toward s.o.), have pity, have sympathy (li‑ for), sympathize (li‑ with): tD-stem, intr. self-ref.
►ĭstaraqqa, vb. X, 1 to be thin, fine, delicate; 2 to soften; 3 ↗¹riqq: *Št-stem

►²raqq, var. ³riqq, n., parchment
►EgAr ²riqq, n., tambourine
►riqqaẗ, n.f., 1a thinness; b slenderness, slimness; 2 fineness, delicateness, delicacy; 3a gentleness, mildness; b amiability, graciousness, friendliness: vn. I | riqqaẗ al-ḥāšiyaẗ, n.f., friendliness, courteousness, amiability; riqqaẗ al-šuʕūr, n.f., sensitivity, delicacy of feeling, tact; riqqaẗ al-ṭabʕ, n.f., kindness, gentleness, mild temper, friendliness; riqqaẗ al-mazāǧ, n.f., gentleness, mild temper
►ruqāq, n., 1 flat loaf of bread; 2 waffles
►^BP#2695raqīq, pl. ʔariqqāʔᵘ, I n., 1 ↗¹riqq; 2 flat loaf of bread (neǧd); II adj., 1a thin; b slender, slim; 2 fine, delicate; 3a soft, tender, gentle; b sensitive, tactful, discreet, prudent | raqīq al-ḥāl, adj., poor, needy; raqīq al-ḥāšiyaẗ\al-ḥawāšī, adj., friendly, courteous, civil, amiable; raqīq al-šuʕūr, adj., sensitive; raqīq al-ṭabʕ, adj., kind, gentle, mild-tempered, friendly; raqīq al-mazāǧ, adj., gentlehearted
►raqīqaẗ, n.f., lamina, flake: nominalized quasi-PP I.f.
►ʔaraqqᵘ, adj., 1a thinner; b slimmer; 2 more delicate: el.
►mirqāq, n., rolling pin: n.instr.
►marqūq, n., thin, flaky pastry: nominalized PP I.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

¹raqq رَقّ, pl. ruqūq

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

turtle – WehrCowan1976

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190 reconstruct Sem *raḳḳ‑ ‘turtle’
▪ No obvious relation with any of the other values attached to ↗RQː (RQQ).
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190: Akk (from oBab onwards) raḳḳu (f.pl. ruḳḳētu), Syr raqqā, Mnd riqa, ‘turtle’, Ar raqq ‘grande tortue; espèce d’amphibie resemblant au crocodile’ (BK1860)
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

²raqq رَقّ , var. ³riqq

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

parchment – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to Jeffery1938 a borrowing from Gz raqq ‘parchment’, thus via Gz ultimately of the same origin as ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’ (parchment seen as the *‘thin material’).
▪ EgAr ²riqq ‘tambourine’ is prob. called so due to the instrument’s covering with a thin, parchment-like membrane.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘volume, scroll of parchment’) Q 52:(1-)3 wa-ṭ-ṭūri | wa-kitābin masṭūrin | fī raqqin manšūrin ‘By the Mount | And a Scripture inscribed | On fine parchment unrolled’
▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa
▪ ...

▪ Jeffery1938: »The Lexicons take the word from ↗raqqa ‘to be thin’ (LA, xi, 414), which is plausible enough, but there can be little doubt that it is a foreign word borrowed from the Eth [Gz],¹ where raqq means ‘parchment’ (charta pergamena, membrana, Dillmann, Lex, 284), which translates Grk membránai in 2 Tim. iv: 13. It was an early borrowing and occurs many times in the old poetry.«
▪ ...

1. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 246. [Gz] raqq is from raq(a)qa ‘to be thin’; cf. Hbr raq and Syr raq, so that [Gz] raqīq corresponds to [Ar] raqīq.

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

al-Raqqaẗ الرّقّة

√ RQː (RQQ)

n.prop.geogr.

Rakka, name of a NSyr city on the Middle Euphrates

▪ The city name al-Raqqaẗ is from †raqqaẗ (pl. riqāq) ‘land regularly flooded by a river’,² obviously on account of its marshy surroundings; cf. also ^†ruqāq ‘shallow water, low sea’. With this, the name is akin to ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’ (sc. referring to the ‘thin’ layers of ‘soft’ soil that covers flooded land).
▪ …

2. Lane iii 1867: ‘any land by the side of a valley, over which the water spreads in the days of the increase, and into which it then sinks, or disappears, and which therefore produces good herbage’.

▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa ▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

¹riqq رِقّ

√ RQː (RQQ)

quality or condition of being a slave, slavery, bondage – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Ar lexicographers, one of the terms for ‘slaves’, raqīq, is based on riqqaẗ in the (now obsol.) sense of ‘abjectness, meanness, paltriness, contemptibleness’ (Lane iii 1867, quoting from Tāǧ al-ʕArūs), thus based on ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’, with an assumed development *‘thin > weak > mean, contemptible’.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►ĭstaraqqa, vb. X, 1-2 ↗raqqa; 3 to enslave, make a slave: *Št-stem, desiderative
►^BP#2695raqīq, pl. ʔariqqāʔᵘ, I n., 1 slave, slaves (sg. and coll.) | tiǧāraẗ al-raqīq, n.f., slave trade; 2 ↗raqqa); II adj., ↗raqqa

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

EgAr ²riqq رِقّ

√ RQː (RQQ)

tambourine – WehrCowan1976

▪ In EgAr, the ‘tambourine’ is called ²riqq, obviously due to the instrument’s covering with a thin, parchment-like membrane, see ↗²raqq ~ ³riqq ‘parchment’, all dependent on ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’, and ‘parchment, membrane’ seen as *‘thin material’.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa ▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

ruqāq رُقاق

√ RQː (RQQ)

1 flat loaf of bread; 2 waffles – WehrCowan1976

▪ From ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, flat, fine, soft’, from protSem *RQQ ‘id.’
▪ …

▪ ...

↗raqqa ▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►raqqaqa, vb. II, 1a to make thin, thin out; b to refine, make fine, soft or tender, render delicate; c to flatten, roll out (esp. metal); 2 to polish, smooth, make elegant (one’s speech): D-stem, caus. of ↗raqqa
►ʔaraqqa, vb. IV, 1 to make thin, fine or tender, render delicate, refine; 2 to soften (the heart): *Š-stem, caus. of ↗raqqa
►raqīqaẗ, n.f., lamina, flake: nominalized quasi-PP I.f. of ↗raqqa
►mirqāq, n., rolling pin: n.instr., from ↗raqqa
►marqūq, n., thin, flaky pastry: nominalized PP I ↗raqqa

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

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