Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ZYR_1 ‘large jar’ ↗zīr_1
▪ ZYR_2 ‘highest string (of stringed instruments)’ ↗zīr_2
▪ ZYR_3 (= ZWR_3) ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ ↗zīr_3, arranged under √ZWR
▪ ZYR_4 ‘to close (a button)’ ↗zayyar (MorAr)

Other values, now obsolete, include:

ZYR_5 ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, (Lane:) instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ : ^†ziyār, cf. ↗zayyar .
^†ZYR_6 ‘angry, and severing o.s. from one’s companion’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1e) : zīr, zayir, cf. ↗ZʔR ?
^†ZYR_7 ‘flax’ : zīr
^†ZYR_8 ‘use, custom’ : zīr

▪ ZYR_1 zīr ‘large jar’ : of unknown origin, probably Sem – Rolland2014a. Orel&Stolbova1994 see also an AfrAs dimension.
▪ ZYR_2 zīr ‘highest string (of stringed instruments)’ : from Pers zīr ‘smallest string of a lute, guitar, etc.’ (Steingass1892), from mPers azīr ‘under’ – Rolland2014a
▪ ZYR_3 (= ZWR_3) : According to Lane iii (1867), a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called zīr »because of his frequent visits to them [sc., women]«, so the word seems to be from ↗zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1).
▪ ZYR_4 MorAr zayyar ‘to close (a button)’: from a WSem root with the basic meaning of *‘to join, press together’.
▪ ZYR_5 ^†ziyār, the name of an ‘instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ (Lane) belongs to the same complex as also ↗zayyar (preceding item).
▪ ZYR_6 : ^†zīr, zayir ‘angry’: DRS (#ZW/YR-1e) includes this value in the big complex whose semantics stretch from ‘to incline, turn aside’ via ‘to lie, falsify’ and ‘one time, once’ until ‘to hate; enemy, stranger, foreigner’, ‘to visit’ and ‘phantom appearing in a dream’. In contrast, Lane thinks at least zayir is corrupted from zaʔir, see ↗√ZʔR.
▪ ZYR_7 ^†zīr ‘flax’ : semantics and etymology unclear.
▪ ZYR_8 ^†zīr ‘use, custom’ : semantics and etymology unclear.

–

▪ ZYR_1 : DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-3 Ar zīr, Mhr zayr, Jib zir ‘grande jarre à eau’, Sab zwyr (pl.) ‘distributeur d’eau’ ?
▪ ZYR_2 : Ø – borrowed from Pers.
▪ ZYR_3 : ↗zāra.
▪ ZYR_4 : DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-2 Hbr zār ‘presser, écraser’, nHbr məzōrā ‘pressoir’, māzōr ‘pansement’, TargAram zār ‘retenir’, zəyārā ‘pressoir’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘prendre, tenir; frapper du poing’, zəwārā ‘poing, poignée; main, pouvoir; massue’; Ar zayyara ‘serrer, presser, serrer les lèvres à un cheval avec des tenailles; attacher’, tazayyara ‘être mis à l’étroit, être embarrassé’, ziyār ‘tenailles, étau’, EgAr zayyar ‘attacher’, MġrAr ‘serrer, comprimer’, HispAr ziyār ‘bâillon’, EAr zawr ‘jointée, poignée’; IrqAr zōr ‘sous-bois, buisson dans un lieu marécageux’, Gz zawwara ‘garder, cacher’. – ? Hbr zēr ‘bordure’, JP zīrā ‘couronne, guirlande’.
▪ ZYR_5 : DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1 (a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b) zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c) zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f) zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.

▪ ZYR_1 : ↗zīr_1
▪ ZYR_2 : ↗zīr_2
▪ ZYR_3 : ↗zīr_3 , ↗zāra, ↗ZWR
▪ ZYR_4 : ↗zayyar

▪ ZYR_1 : Cf. Ital ziro ‘large jar’ – Lokotsch1927#2222.
▪ ZYR_2 : Cf. IE *ndʰer- ‘under’ (Skr adhas ‘below’ [cf. adhaḥ-stha ‘placed low, below’, adhaḥ-sthita ‘standing below’, ádhara-tas ‘below’], Av aṯara- ‘lower’, Lat infernus ‘lower’, infra ‘below’), Engl under.

Cf. also ↗zār and ↗ZWR.

zayyar‑ زَيَّر

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZYR

vb., II

(MorAr) to close (a button) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From a WSem root with the basic meaning of *‘to join, press together’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-2 (a) Hbr zār ‘presser, écraser’, nHbr məzōrā ‘pressoir’, māzōr ‘pansement’, TargAram zār ‘retenir’, zəyārā ‘pressoir’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘prendre, tenir; frapper du poing’, zəwārā ‘poing, poignée; main, pouvoir; massue’; Ar zayyara ‘serrer, presser, serrer les lèvres à un cheval avec des tenailles; attacher’, tazayyara ‘être mis à l’étroit, être embarrassé’, ziyār ‘tenailles, étau’, EgAr zayyar ‘attacher’, MġrAr ‘serrer, comprimer’, HispAr ziyār ‘bâillon’, EAr zawr ‘jointée, poignée’; IrqAr zōr ‘sous-bois, buisson dans un lieu marécageux’, Gz zawwara ‘garder, cacher’. – (b)? Hbr zēr ‘bordure’, JP zīrā ‘couronne, guirlande’.
▪ BadawiHinds1986: EgAr zayyar ‘to fasten, attach’, zayyār ‘rope attaching the rear end of the tiller to the rudder (naut.)’.

▪ The MorAr vb. II zayyar ‘to close (a button)’ belongs to a larger semantic complex that has its origin in a WSem root with the basic meaning *‘to join, press together’, cf. ClassAr ^†zayyara ‘to twist the lips (of a horse, of an animal) with a ziyār ’, ^†ziyār ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’, ^†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, and the obsol. vb. I, ^†zāra (ū, zawār) ‘to bind the fore to the hind-girth of a camel, (Lane:) to bind upon it the rope called ziwār ’.
▪ DRS does not think that the complex ‘to compress’ is etymologically related to ↗zūr_2 ‘force’, which is treated as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon and believed to be (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, etc.’.
▪ There seems to be frequent overlapping with √ZR: (ZRR), cf. ↗zarra ‘to button up’ (ClassAr: ‘to draw forcibly together, button, button up’), ↗zirr ‘button’.
▪ From its morphology, EgAr ^†tazyīraẗ, pl. -āt, tazāyīr, n.f., a ‘black robe formerly worn by middle-class women’ (BadawiHinds1986), looks as if it belongs to zayyar as a vn. II. But semantics are not clear. Is this black robe called tazyīraẗ because it is buttoned up? Cf. however also EgAr mizayyaraẗ, n.prop., ‘evil spirit believed to appear in the form of a woman clad in white garb’ (BadawiHinds1986): so called after the ^†tazyīraẗ, or is there any connection to the ↗zār ritual?

▪ ^†ziyār ‘instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ is the etymon of Span acial ‘id’ -- JC Rolland (personal communication, 28Mar2016).

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zīr زِير (disambig.)

√ZYR

▪ zīr_1 ‘large jar’ ↗¹zīr
▪ zīr_2 ‘highest string (of stringed instruments)’ ↗²zīr
▪ zīr_3 (= ZWR_3) ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ ↗³zīr, arranged under √ZWR.

–

¹zīr زِير , pl. ʔazyār , ziyār (EgAr, MġrAr)

√ZYR

large jar – WehrCowan1979. / large handle-less earthenware jar used for storing and filtering water (BadawiHinds1986), wide in the upper part and nearly pointed at the bottom (Lane).

Of unknown origin, probably Sem – Rolland2014a.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-3: Ar zīr, Mhr zayr, Jib zir ‘grande jarre à eau’, Sab zwyr (pl.) ‘distributeur d’eau’?.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2629: (outside Sem) Eg i͗ḏr.t ‘kind of vessel’.

▪ On account of the Ar and Eg evidence, Orel&Stolbova1994#2629 reconstruct Sem *zīr- ‘big vessel’, Eg i͗ḏr.t (ḏ- <*ʒ- before a front vowel?) ‘kind of vessel’ (TLA: ‘ein Ölgefäß’), from AfrAs *ʒir- ‘vessel’. TLA, however, following Hoch1994, thinks the Eg word is a borrowing from Sem.
▪ In EgAr, the zīr figures in some proverbs/popular sayings, like ʔādi z-zīr wi-ʔādi ġaṭā-h (lit., here is the zīr and here is its cover – part of a children’s rhyme) ≈ ‘here is what clinches it!’ (in presenting proof); dawwar iz-zīr ʕala ġaṭā-h lamma ltaqā-h (lit., the zīr search for its cover, so/until it found it) ≈ ‘he met his match’; kasar zīr warā-h (lit., he broke a zīr behind him) ≈ ‘he said good riddance to him’ – BadawiHinds1986.

▪ Lokotsch1927#2222: Ar zīr ‘large jar’ [similar in form to the Lat dolium, Grk píthis; ZDMG 50: 631] > Ital ziro ‘id.’.

► EgAr mazyaraẗ, pl. mazāyir, n.f., cupboard-like stand on which a zīr is placed: n.loc. – BadawiHinds1986.

For other values connected to the root, cf. ↗zīr (disamb.), ↗zīr_2, ↗zīr_3, and ↗ZYR; cf. also ↗zār and ↗ZWR.

²zīr زِير

√ZYR

highest string (of stringed instruments) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Lane specifies the meaning as ‘slender watar [or bow-string]: or the most slender (of such cords) and the most firmly twisted; hence the zīr [or smallest string] of muzhir [or lute]’. In this sense, he adds, zīr is apparantly of Pers origin. Rolland2014a gives the etymology as: from Pers zīr ‘smallest string of a lute, guitar, etc.’ (Steingass1892), from mPers azīr ‘under’, ultimately from IE *ndʰer‑ ‘under’.

▪ …

–

See above, section CONC.

▪ Cf. IE *ndʰer- ‘under’ (Skr adhas ‘below’ [cf. adhaḥ-stha ‘placed low, below’, adhaḥ-sthita ‘standing below’, ádhara-tas ‘below’], Av aṯara- ‘lower’, Lat infernus ‘lower’, infra ‘below’), Engl under.

For other values connected to the root, cf. ↗zīr (disamb.), ↗zīr_1, ↗zīr_3, and ↗ZYR; cf. also ↗zār and ↗ZWR.

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