Bibliotheca Polyglotta

sīn سين

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

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R₁

The letter s of the Arabic alphabet.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl shin, from Hbr šîn, from Phoen *šinn ‘tooth; twenty-first letter of the Phoen alphabet’, akin to Hbr šēn, Ar↗sinn ‘tooth’. (The use of the word for ‘tooth’ for this letter is the result of folk etymology and is based on the shape of the letter, which resembles a row of pointed teeth. The letter originally depicted a composite bow, a powerful kind of bow that is made of layers of different materials such as horn and wood and usually has the tips curving away from the archer when unstrung. The earlier name of the letter was *šann < *ṯann ‘composite bow’).

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SʔL سأل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʔL

“root”

▪ SʔL_1 ‘to ask, question, demand, interrogate; to beg’ ↗saʔala
▪ SʔL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘asking, inquiring, requesting, quest’

↗saʔala

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↗saʔala

▪ For Engl n.prop. Saul cf. ↗saʔala.

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saʔal‑ سأل , a (suʔāl , masʔalaẗ , tasʔāl)

ID 374 • Sw – • BP 325 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 15Apr2022

√SʔL

vb., I

to ask; to inquire; to ask, request, demand, claim; to pray to (God) | yusʔalᵘ he is responsible, answerable – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The vb. can be assumed rather safely to be ComSem. – Militarev&Stolbova2007 reconstruct Sem *š˅ʔal‑ ‘to ask’; Dolgopolsky2012 #2052 posits Sem *√ŠʔL ‘to ask (a question), ask for’, from Nostr ²*s̄˹Eʔ˺æw˹ü˺L˅ ‘to look for, search, ask’.
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eC7 more than 120 occurrences in the Q, all meaning ‘to ask, question, interrogate, inquire, query, seek clarification, etc; to beg; (pass.) to be taken to task, called to account’.

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to ask’) Akk išʔal, Hbr šʔl e (a), Syr šel, Gz sʔl a (a).
▪ Zammit2002: Akk šālu, šaʔālu, Ug šʔal, Phn šʔl, Pun [y]sl[ym] ‘to ask’, Hbr šāʔal ‘to ask, inquire’, BiblAram šᵉʔēl ‘to ask’, Syr šeʔl ‘to ask, interrogate, ask counsel’, SAr sʔl ‘to ask, request, demand, lay claim’, Gz saʔala ‘rogare; petere, poscere, postulare, expetere’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 #2052: Akk šaʔālu ~ šâlu ‘to ask (a question), inquire’, Hbr, Pun, TargAram, JudPal, JEA, Syr, SamAram, Mnd √ŠʔL, Ar, Gz √SʔL, Qat √ŠʔL ‘to ask’. Deriv.: Sab Min Qat mšʔl ‘oracle’; epigrHbr, JudAram, Syr, Mnd √ŠʔL G, Ar, Gz saʔala, səʔla, Sab √ŠʔL ‘ask for, beg, plead’, Sab Min √ŠʔL ‘to ask, seek, require’, Jib šɛ̄l (sbjn. yšɔ̄l) ‘to demand payment for a dept’, Soq hoʔol ‘do., to borrow’. – Outside Sem: [Berb] Tsh siggəl (3s pf. isuggʷəl) ‘to look for’, ? Ahg səssəǵǵəl ‘chercher’, as well as Mz səwwəl, yətsewwəl ‘to ask (a question)’ (borr. < Ar √SʔL?).
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▪ StarLing2007 reconstructs Sem *š˅ʔal‑ ‘to ask’ (only on the evidence of Ar).
▪ In form V, the vb. has taken the specialized meaning of ‘to beg’, attested already in the Q, overlapping with ↗tasawwala.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2052 reconstructs Sem *√ŠʔL ‘to ask (a question), ask for’ and (with due caution) Berb *√SWL ‘to look for’, all from a hypothetical Nostr ²*s̄˹Eʔ˺æw˹ü˺L˅ ‘to look for, search, ask’.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Saul, from Hbr šāʔûl ‘asked, requested’, PP of šāʔal ‘to ask’, cognate of Ar saʔala.

► sāʔala, vb. III, to ask, question, interrogate; to call s.o. to account:…
► ʔasʔala, vb. IV: ʔasʔalahū suʔlahū to fulfill s.o.’s wish, comply with s.o.’s request:…
► tasaʔʔala, and tasawwala, vb. V, to beg:…
► ^BP#1764tasāʔala, vb. VI, to ask; to ask o.s., wonder, ponder; to ask one another:…

► suʔl, n., demand, request, wish:…
► suʔlaẗ, n.f., demand, request, wish: n.un., from suʔl.
► ^BP#267suʔāl, pl. ʔasʔilaẗ, n., question; request; inquiry; demand, claim: lexicalized vn. I.
► saʔʔāl, adj., given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious: ints.
► saʔūl, adj., given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious: ints.
► ^BP#738masʔalaẗ, pl. masāʔilᵘ, n., question; issue, problem; affair, matter, case; request: lexicalized vn. I.
► musāʔalaẗ, n.f., questioning, interrogation: vn. III.
► tasawwul, n., begging, beggary: vn. V.
► ^BP#2176tasāʔul, pl. ‑āt, n., questions, doubts; self-questioning: vn. VI.
► ^BP#4273sāʔil, pl. ‑ūn, suʔʔāl, saʔalaẗ, adj., asking: PA I; n., questioner; petitioner; beggar: nominalized PA I.
► ^BP#354masʔūl, adj. official; responsible, answerable, accountable: PP I; pl. al-masʔūlūn, n., the bearers of responsibility; the functionaries: nominalized PP I.
► C ^BP#794masʔūliyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., responsibility, duty: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ, from masʔūl.
► mutasawwil, n., beggar: nominalized PA V.
► ^BP#4116mutasāʔil, adj., asking o.s., wondering: PA VI.

masʔūl مَسْؤُول / مَسْئُول

ID 375 • Sw – • BP 354 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʔL

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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masʔūliyyaẗ مَسْئوليّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 794 • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SʔL

n.f.

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▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

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SʔM سأم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√SʔM

“root”

▪ SʔM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʔM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʔM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be averse, to be weary, bored, to be fed up, to be disdainful; to tire’

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SB: (SBB) سبّ/سبب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√ SB: (SBB)

“root”

▪ SB: (SBB)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SB: (SBB)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SB: (SBB)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘reason; ladder, connection, rope; to revile; severance’

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sababiyyaẗ سَبَبيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SBː (SBB)

n.f.

causality

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ↗sabab ‘reason, cause’

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SBT سبت

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBT

“root”

▪ SBT_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SBT_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘resting, keeping the Sabbath’

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▪ For Engl Sabbath, sabbatical, Shabbat, cf. ↗sabt.

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sabt السبْت , pl. subūt

ID 376 • Sw – • BP 1148 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBT

n.

Sabbath, Saturday – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Pennacchio2011: 10: »‘Shabbat’, sabt in Ar and šābaṯ in Hbr, which can only come from Judaism. This argument could be sufficient to prove a Jewish origin«.

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▪ DBD 1906: Ass šabātu prob. ‘to cease, be completed’, Hbr šāḇaṯ ‘to cease, desist, rest’, Ar sabata ‘to cut off, interrupt’. – Hbr šabbāṯ, Aram šabṯā ‘Sabbath’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2215: Outside Sem: Hs šabta ‘to strike with a knife’ [?].

▪ Jeffery1938, 160-61: »(Sprenger and others would add to this subāt ‘rest’ in xxv, 49; lxxviii, 9.¹ ) – We find sabt only in relatively late passages and always of the Jewish Sabbath. The Muslim authorities treat it as genuine Ar from sabata ‘to cut’ [↗√SBT ], and explain it as so called because God cut off His work on the seventh day² (cf. Baiḍ. on ii, 61; and Masʕūdī, Murūǧ, iii, 423). – There can be no doubt that the word came into Ar from Aram ³ and probably from the Jewish šaḇtā rather than from the Syr šbtā. The verb sabata of vii, 163, is then denominative, as Fraenkel, Vocab, 21, has noted. It is doubtful if the word occurs in this meaning earlier than the Qurʔān.«
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2215: AfrAs *sebit‑ ‘to cut’ > Sem *š˅bit‑ /*š˅but‑ (secondary variant with u after a labial) ‘cut, shave’ > Ar sbt‑, i, u. Also AfrAs > WCh *syab˅t‑. – AfrAs *sebit‑ is in its turn derived from *sib‑ ‘to cut, strike’ (cf. ↗√SBː (SBB)).

1. Leben, ii, 430; Grunbaum, ZDMG, xxxix, 584, but see Horovitz, KU, 96. 2. It is curious that the Muslims object to deriving it from the sense of ʻto restʼ (šbt) on the ground of Sura 1, 37. See Grunebaum, ZDMG, xxxix, 585. 3. Geiger, 54; von Kremer, Ideen, 226 n.; Hirschfeld, New Researches, 104; Horovitz, KU, 96; JPN, 186; Fischer, Glossar, 52.

▪ Not from Ar sabt but from the same etymon are Engl Sabbath, sabbatical, Shabbat: EtymOnline: »oEngl sabat ‘Saturday as a day of rest,’ as observed by the Jews, from Lat sabbatum, from Grk sabbaton, from Hbr šabbaṯ, properly ‘day of rest,’ from šāḇaṯ ‘he rested.’ Spelling with ‑th attested from lC14, not widespread until C16. – The Babylonians regarded seventh days as unlucky, and avoided certain activities then; the Jewish observance might have begun as a similar custom. Among Eur Christians, from the seventh day of the week it began to be applied early 15c. to the first day (Sunday), “though no definite law, either divine or ecclesiastical, directed the change” [Century Dictionary], but elaborate justifications have been made. The change was driven by Christians’ celebration of the Lord’s resurrection on the first day of the week, a change completed during the Reformation. – The original meaning is preserved in Span Sabado, Ital Sabbato, and other languages’ names for ‘Saturday.’ Hung szombat, Rum simbata, Fr samedi, Ge Samstag ‘Saturday’ are from VulgLat sambatum, from Grk *sambaton, a vulgar nasalized variant of sabbaton. Sabbath-breaking attested from 1650s.«
▪ Kluge2002#Sabbat: The word entered Ge in c13 as mHGe sabbat. From Lat sabbatum, sabbata < nLat-Grk sábbaton < Hbr šabbāṯ. The genuinely Jiddish form entered Ge as Schabbes, an elder variant of which resulted in Samstag ‘Saturday’.

► sabata, u, vb. I, to rest; to keep the Sabbath: Jeffery1938 thinks the verb is denominative.
► ʔasbata, vb. IV, to enter on the Sabbath: denom. (acc. to Jeffery1938).

► sabtī, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Sabbatarian (Chr.): nsb-adj.
► subāt lethargy; slumber, sleep:.
► subātī, adj., lethargic: nsb-adj from subāt.
► musbit, adj., lethargic, inactive, motionless: PA IV.

SBḤ سبح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√SBḤ

“root”

▪ SBḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swim, to cover a long distance; to spread or disperse in the land, to dig or burrow in the earth; to be active, to toil; to be free, to declare as free from impurity’

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SBṬ سبط

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SBṬ

“root”

▪ SBṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗ʔasbāṭ
▪ SBṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

▪ [v1] BAH2008: asbāṭ ‘tribes of the children of Israel’ (occurring five times in the Qur’an, e.g., 7:160) is a borrowing from Hbr.
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SBʕ سبع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBʕ

“root”

▪ SBʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SBʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘number seven, to make up a group of seven, to be the seventh; animals and birds of prey (this meaning is said to be derived from seven, which is considered a perfect and powerful number)’

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘seven’) Akk (sību), Hbr šéḇaʕ, Syr šḇaʕ, Gz sabʕū́.
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▪ Several items in Eur langs derive from the Hbr cognate of Ar ↗sabʕ(aẗ). (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Shavuot, from Hbr šābûʕôt, pl. of šābûaʕ, ‘week’, from šebaʕ ‘seven’; shiva, from Hbr šibʕâ ‘seven’, f. of šebaʕ (see above)’. – Bathsheba, from Hbr bat šebaʕ ‘daughter of an oath’ (bat ‘daughter; cf. Ar bint); Elizabeth, from Hbr ʔĕlîšebaʕ ‘my God (is) an oath’ (ʔĕlî ‘my God; cf. Ar allāh); Beersheba, from Hbr bᵊʔēr šebaʕ ‘well of oath’ (bᵊʔēr ‘well’, cf. Ar biʔr); all from šebaʕ ‘oath’, from *šābaʕ ‘to swear’, possibly denom. from šebaʕ ‘seven’ (? < *‘to bind oneself with sevens’ in swearing oaths).

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ʔusbūʕ أُسْبُوع

ID 377 • Sw – • BP 393 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBʕ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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ʔusbūʕiyyaẗ أُسْبوعيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SBʕ

n.f.

weekly

▪ nominalized adj.f., nsb-formation, from ↗ʔusbūʕ ‘week’

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SBĠ سبغ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√SBĠ

“root”

▪ SBĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be ample, complete, abundant; (of garments and attire) to be long and overflowing; ease of living’

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SBQ سبق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√SBQ

“root”

▪ SBQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘being ahead, in front, outpacing, outstripping’

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SBL سبل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBL

“root”

▪ SBL_1 ‘path’ ↗¹sabīl
▪ SBL_2 ‘public fountain’ ↗²sabīl
▪ SBL_3 ‘clay pipe’ ↗³sabīl
▪ SBL_4 ‘ears (of cereals); to let hang down, let drop; mustache’ ↗sabal
▪ SBL_5 ‘manure, dung’ ↗sablaẗ
▪ SBL_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 road, highway; 2 cause; 3a (of rain) to fall down in heavy showers, (of clothes) to be down to the ankles; 3b (of wheat) to put forth its ears’

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sabal سَبَل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBL

n.

ears (of cereals) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Given that the cultivation of cerials was not very common among pre-Islamic Arabs (while an old practice in the Fertile Crescent), the word sunbulaẗ is quite likely to be a borrowing, probably from Aram (as already suggested by Jeffery and recently confirmed by Pennacchio). In Sem outside Ar, there are forms showing ‑n‑ as well as others that don’t, as in Ar sabal. Kogan2011 therefore reconstructs protSem *šu(n)bul‑at‑ ‘ear of corn’.
▪ Cf. also ↗sunbulaẗ.
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► ʔasbala, vb. IV, 1a to let (s.th.) hang down; 1b to let fall, drop (curtain, drape, etc., ʕalà over); 1c to close, shut (the eyes); 1d to shed (tears); 2 to ear, form ears: denom.

► sabalaẗ, pl. sibāl, n.f., mustache: n.un., fig. use (?)
► masbūl, adj., lowered, down: PP I (curtain)

sablaẗ سَبْلة

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBL

n.f.

manure, dung – WehrCowan1979.

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sabīl سَبِيل , pl. ¹subul, ²ʔasbilaẗ, ³siblān

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBL

n.

▪ sabīl_1 ‘way, road, path’ ↗¹sabīl
▪ sabīl_2 ‘public fountain’ ↗²sabīl
▪ sabīl_3 ‘clay pipe (bowl)’ ↗³sabīl

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See ↗¹sabīl and ↗²sabīl.

¹sabīl سَبِيل , pl. subul

ID 378 • Sw 85 • BP 543 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBL

n.m/f.

1a way, road, path; 1b access; 1c means, expedient, possibility (ʔilà to, for); – 2 ↗²sabīl. – 3 ↗³sabīl – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ eC7 Occurs frequently in the Q, cf. ii, 102 ‘way, road’, then metaphorically, a ‘cause’, or ‘reason’.
▪ eC7 1 (highway, road) Q 15:76 wa‑ʔinnahā la‑bi‑sabīlin muqīmin ‘indeed they [the towns of the people of Lot and Midian] are on a highway remaining [till now]’; *Q 2:177 wa‑’bna ’l‑sabīli ‘and the wayfarer’; *Q 9:5 fa‑ḫallū sabīlahum ‘set them free [lit., release their way]’; *Q 4:34 fa‑lā tabġū ʕalayhinna sabīlan ‘then do not act against them in any way’; *Q 4:88 fa‑lan taǧida la‑hū sabīlan ‘you will never find for him a way out’; *Q 29:29 taqṭaʕūna ’l‑sabīla ‘you waylay travellers [lit., you cut off the highway]’; *Q 40:11 yaǧʕala ’llāhu lahunna sabīlan ‘God gives them another way out’; 2 (cause) Q 61:11 wa‑tuǧāhidūna fī sabīli ’llāhi bi‑ʔamwālikum wa‑ʔanfusikum ‘and you struggle for His cause with your possessions and your persons’; 3 (with def.art.: the right path, the power of reasoning, the ability to discriminate between good and evil, the way of God) Q 76:3 ʔinnā hadaynāhu ’l‑sabīla ʔimmā šākiran wa‑ʔimmā kafūran ‘We guided him to the [right] way; then he is either thankful or ungrateful’; 4 (way of this life) Q 80:20 ṯumma ’l‑sabīla yassarahū ‘the He enabled him to find a way’.

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▪ Jeffery1938, 162: »In the Qurʔān it is used both of a road, and in the technical religious sense of ‘The Way’ (cf. Acts ix, 2), i.e. sabīl Allāh. The Muslim authorities take it as genuine Arabic, and Sprenger, Leben, ii, 66, agrees with them. It is somewhat difficult, however, to derive it from √SBL as even Rāġib, Mufradāt, 221, seems to feel, and the word is clearly a borrowing from the Syr šᵊḇīlā.⁴ As a matter of fact Hbr שׁביל and Aram שׁבילא mean both ‘road’ or ‘way of life’, precisely as the Syr šəḇīlā, but it is the Syr word which had the widest use and was borrowed into Arm as šawił,⁵ and so is the more likely origin. It occurs in the old poetry, e.g. in Nābigha v, 18 (Ahlwardt, Divans, p. 6), and thus must have been an early borrowing.«
▪ EALL (Retsö, »Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords«⁶ ): loaned from Syr šḇīl.ā ‘way, path’.
▪ How are the meanings ‘way, path’ and ‘public fountain’ related? Are they? Are there connections to other items of the root √SBL?
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4. Schwally in ZDMG, liii, 197, says: »Bei der Annahme, dass sabīl ‘Weg’ echt arabisch ist, scheint es mir auffallend zu sein, dass unter den verschiedenen Synonymen gerade dieses dem Aramaischen und Hebraischen gleiche Wort für den religiösen Sprachgebrauch ausgesucht ist. Ich kann mir diese Erscheinung nur aus Entlehnung erklären." 5. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 313; ZDMG, xlvi, 246. 6. following Jeffrey 1938.

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► ĭbn al-sabīl, n., 1a vagabond, tramp; 1b wayfarer, traveler
► fī sabīl…, prep., for the sake of, for, in behalf of, in the interest of
► bi‑ \ʕan sabīl…, prep., by means of, through, by
► fī sabīl allāh, expr., for the cause of God, in behalf of God and his religion
► ʕalà sabīl…, prep., by way of, for: e.g., ʕalà sabīl al‑taǧribaẗ, for a try, tentatively, ʕalà sabīl al‑fukāhaẗ, for fun, ʕalà sabīl al‑miṯāl, to quote s.th. as an example
► ḍāqat bihī ’l‑subul, expr., he was at his wit’s end
► laysa ʕalayya fī ḏālika sabīl, expr., there is nothing to keep me from doing that, I am free to do that, it is no sin if I do that

► sābil: ṭarīq sābilaẗ, n.f., a public, much‑frequented road
► al-sābilaẗ, n.f., the passers-by: PA I, f.

²sabīl سَبِيل , pl. ʔasbilaẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBL

n.

1 ↗¹sabīl. – 2 (pl. ʔasbilaẗ) public fountain; – 3 ↗³sabīl – WehrCowan1979.

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► sabbala, vb. II, to dedicate to charitable purposes

³sabīl سَبِيل , pl. siblān

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SBL

n.

1 ↗¹sabīl. – 2 ↗²sabīl. – 3 (pl. siblān) clay pipe bowl, clay pipe (of the Bedouins) – WehrCowan1979.

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STː (STT) ستّ / ستتـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√STː (STT)

“root”

▪ STː (STT)_1 ‘six’ ↗sittaẗ (s.r. √SDS)
▪ STː (STT)_2 ‘woman’ ↗sitt
▪ STː (STT)_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): Aas a result of a regressive assimilation the cardinal number sitt (six) and its derivatives are traditionally classified under root STT instead of root SDS.

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sitt سِتّ , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP 2881 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√STː (STT)

n.f.

lady – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to Youssef2003, the word is from Eg st ‘woman’, but this is little likely.
▪ So perhaps short for sayyidaẗ, via st.const. sayyidat‑ with a > i under the influence of yyi, ellipse of a/i in the ending, and assimilation of d to t.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2306: protSem *šitt‑ ‘lady’ < AfrAs *süt‑ ‘woman’.

▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2306: Ug št ‘lady’. – Outside Sem: (Berb) Kby suτ ‘woman’, (WCh) sut ‘sister’ in 1 lang), (CCh) suti ‘girl’) in 1 lang.

▪ According to Youssef2003, the word is from Eg st ‘woman’, but this is little likely.
▪ So perhaps short for sayyidaẗ (↗sayyid), via a st.const. form like sayyidaẗ-ī ‘my lady’ > *sīdaẗ-ī > *sīdẗ-ī > *sidẗ-ī > sitt-ī, without pron.suff. sitt ?
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2306: protSem *šitt‑ ‘lady’, protBerb *sut‑ ‘woman’, protWCh *sut‑ ‘sister’, CCh *sut‑ ‘girl’, all from AfrAs *süt‑ ‘woman’.

–

► sitt al-ḥusn, n., a variety of morning-glory (Ipomoea caïrica Webb; bot.); also = belladonna, deadly nightshade (bot.)

STR ستر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√STR

“root”

▪ STR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ STR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ STR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cover, conceal, hide; to take cover; veil, covering’

▪ …

–

.

–

SǦD سجد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SǦD

“root”

▪ SǦD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SǦD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘prostrating with the forehead touching the ground; submission; adoration; worship’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl masjid, mosque ↗masǧid.

–

saǧad‑ سجد

ID 379 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SǦD

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ For Engl masjid, mosque, cf. ↗masǧid.

►

masǧid مَسْجِد

ID 380 • Sw – • BP 852 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SǦD

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl masjid, mosque, from Ar masǧid ‘mosque’, from Aram *masgid ‘place of worship’, from sᵊged ‘to bow down, worship’. ↗

►

SǦR سجر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SǦR

“root”

▪ SǦR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SǦR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SǦR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to fill, flow, overflow; to stretch, elongate; to set on fire, fuel’

▪ …

–

.

–

SǦL سجل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 17Apr2023

√SǦL

“root”

▪ SǦL_1 ‘scroll; register; list, index; records, archives’ ↗siǧill (with saǧǧala ‘to register, record’, musaǧǧil ‘registrar, notary public; tape recorder’)
▪ SǦL_2 ‘to rival, contend; to dispute, debate; to contest’ ↗sāǧala

Other values, no obsolete, include (BK1860, Hava1899):

▪ ^†SǦL_3 ‘bucket filled with water; hence: share, portion; gift, present; bountiful man; great udder’: ^†saǧl (pl. siǧāl, suǧūl); cf. also ^†saǧala, u (saǧl), vb. I, ‘to pour out, spill (a liquid); jeter (bi‑ qc) de haut en bas’; ^†saǧǧala (II) ‘to pour down (bi‑ a liquid)’; ^†ʔasǧala (IV) ‘to give a bucket-full, fill a vessel or watering-trough; to give much, make large (gifts); to be rich; to set loose (cattle), set free, leave (a beast with its mother), leave alone, forsake; to leave (an affair, li‑ to s.o.), make free\allowable (s.th. li‑ to s.o.); to make (the speech, language) unrestricted, speak absolutely’; ^†saǧūl ‘tearful (eye); abundant (spring); abounding in milk (she-goat)’
▪ ^†SǦL_4 ‘stone of baked clay | pierre sur laquelle sera gravé le nom de l’infidèle qui doit en être frappé selon les arrêts de Dieu’: ^†siǧǧīl
▪ ^†SǦL_5 ‘flask-case | étui à flacon’: ^†sawǧal(aẗ), ^†sāǧūl
▪ ^†SǦL_ ‘...’: ...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘great buckets full to the brim with water, the amount of water contained in large buckets, large buckets at the mouth of a well; turn-taking in a duet and handling, in a relay’

▪ [v1] : siǧill ‘scroll, register, list, index, record, etc.’: from (Grksigíllon =) Lat sigillum ‘seal’, derived (dimin.) from sīgnum ‘sign, distinctive mark’ – Jeffery1938, Rolland2014
▪ [v2] : Accord. to ClassAr dictionaries, the value ‘to rival, contend’ of the assoc. L-stem (vb. III), sāǧala, is based on ^†[v3] ‘bucket filled with water’, the original meaning being *‘to compete in the drawing of water, each bringing forth one’s saǧl bucket [from a well], the like of what the other brought forth’ – Lane iv 1872.
▪ ^†[v3] : ^†saǧl ‘bucket filled with water, bucket-full’: of unknown etymology. – For related items, see ↗sāǧala, section HIST.
▪ ^†[v4] : ^†siǧǧīl ‘stone of baked clay’ is prob. a direct borrowing from mPers *sig u gil ‘stone and clay’ – Cheung2017rev; cf. already Jeffery1938 (mPers sang ‘stone’, gīl ‘clay’) or Rolland2014 (Phlv sang-gīl ‘pierre d’argile’). – For more details, see below, section DISC.
▪ ^†[v5] : The words ^†sawǧal and ^†sāǧūl seem to be (dimin.?) FawʕaL resp. FāʕūL formations from ^†saǧala ‘to pour down’, which looks as if it could be denom. from ^†[v3] ^†saǧl ‘bucket filled with water’. The original meaning would thus be *‘little bucket to pour down from’

▪ [v1] : ↗siǧill.
▪ [v2] : ↗sāǧala.
▪ ^†[v3] : ↗sāǧala.
▪ ^†[v4] : eC7 Q 11:82 fa-lammā ǧāʔa ʔamru-nā ǧaʕalnā ʕāliya-hā sāfila-hā wa-ʔamṭarnā ʕalay-hā ḥiǧāraẗan min siǧǧīlin manḍūdin ‘So when Our commandment came to pass We overthrew (that township) and rained upon it stones of clay, one after another’. – Q 15:74 fa-ǧaʕalnā ʕāliya-hā sāfila-hā wa-ʔamṭarnā ʕalay-him ḥiǧāraẗan min siǧǧīlin ‘And We utterly confounded them, and We rained upon them stones of heated clay’. – Q 105:4 tarmī-him bi-ḥaǧāraẗin min siǧǧīlin ‘Which pelted them with stones of baked clay’.
▪ ^†[v5] : ↗sāǧala.

▪ [v1] : – usually considered a loanword from Grk or Lat; but see DISC in entry ↗siǧill.
▪ [v2] : ↗sāǧala.
▪ ^†[v3] : ?
▪ ^†[v4] : – (loanword).
▪ ^†[v5] : ↗sāǧala.

▪ ^†[v4] : Jeffery1938: »The last of these passages [sc. Q 105:4, see above, section HIST] refers to the destruction of the army of the Elephant, and the others to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. In both cases the siǧǧīl is something rained down from heaven, and as the latter event is referred to in Sūra li, 33, we get the equivalence of ṭīn = siǧǧīl, which gives the Commentators their cue for its interpretation.⁷ / It was early recognized as a foreign word, and generally taken as of Pers origin.⁸ Ṭab. going so far as to tell us wa-huwa bi-’l-fārisiyyaẗ sank wa-kil, which is a very fair representation of sang and gil (Fraenkel, Vocab, 25; Siddiqi, Studien, 73). [Pers] sang meaning ‘stone’ is the Phlv sang from Av asan⁹ and gil ‘clay’ the Phlv gīl,¹⁰ related to Arm kiṙ (Horn, Grundriss, 207).¹¹ From mPers it passed directly into Ar. Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 164, 165, suggests SAr influence, but there seems [to be] nothing to support this.« – Rolland2014 adds that Phlv sang ‘stone’ is from IndEur *ak‑ ‘aigu, pointu’, and gīl ‘argile’ perh. (« hypothèse personnelle ») akin to Grk árgilos ‘id.’.
▪ For other values, see above, section CONC.
▪ ...

7. Others, however, would not admit this identification, and we learn from Ṭab. that some took it to mean the lowest heaven, others connected it with kitāb, and others made it a form FiʕʕīL from ʔasǧala meaning ʔarsala. Finally, Baiḍ. tells us that some thought it a variant of saǧīn meaning ‘hell’. 8. al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 81; Ibn Qutaiba, Adab al-Kātib, 527; al-Khafājī, 103; Rāghib, Mufradāt, 223; Baiḍ on xi, 84; al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 321; Muṭaw, 35, and see Horovitz, KU, 11; Siddiqi, 8, n., 2. 9. Bartholomae, AIW, 207. 10. PPGI, 120. 11. But see Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm., i, 172.

▪ [v1] : Engl seal etc. ↗siǧill.

–

sāǧal- ساجَلَ , ‑sāǧil‑ (siǧāl, musāǧalaẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Apr2023

√SǦL

vb., III

1a to rival, contend; b to dispute, debate (‑h with s.o.); c to contest (‑h s.o.’s right -h to s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to ClassAr dictionaries, the value ‘to rival, contend’ of the assoc. L-stem, sāǧala (in ClassAr attested also in the sense of ^†‘to emulate, imitate s.o.’), is based on ^†saǧl ‘bucket filled with water’ (↗^†SǦL_3), the original meaning of the denom. vb. III thus being ‘to compete with s.o. in the drawing of water [from a well], each bringing forth one’s saǧl bucket, the like of what the other brought forth’ – cf. Lane iv 1872. The etymology of ^†saǧl itself is unknown; it may be from ^†saǧala ‘to pour out, spill; to throw down from above’, unless the latter is denom. from the former.
▪ For related items, see section HIST.

▪ Historically attested related items include: ^†saǧl (pl. siǧāl, suǧūl) ‘bucket filled with water; hence also: share, portion; gift, present; bountiful man; great udder’. – Derived or perh. itself the etymon of ^†saǧl: ^†saǧala, u (saǧl), vb. I, ‘to pour out, spill (a liquid); jeter (bi‑ qc) de haut en bas’. – Deriv: ^†saǧǧala ‘to pour down (bi‑ a liquid)’; ^†saǧūl, adj., ‘tearful (eye); abundant (spring); abounding in milk (she-goat)’, ^†saǧīl ‘large, big (bucket, udder); share; hard’; – ^†ʔasǧala, vb. IV, ‘(1) denom.: to give a bucket-full, fill a vessel or watering-trough; to give much, make large (gifts); to be rich; (2) from vb. I, *‘to pour down, let flow’: to set loose (cattle), set free, leave (a beast with its mother), leave alone, forsake; to leave (an affair, li‑ to s.o.), make free\allowable (s.th. li‑ to s.o.); to make (the speech, language) unrestricted, speak absolutely’; ^†musǧal, adj. (PP IV), ‘pendant qu’on laisse pendre comme un seau; dont l’usage est permis à tous | allowable’; – ^†sawǧal, ^†sawǧalaẗ, ^†sāǧūl ‘flask-case | étui à flacon’
▪ ...

▪ ?

▪ The expressional-ḥarb siǧāl ‘war has various chances’ is explained in BK1860 as ‘La guerre est comme des seaux, pour dire que les armes sont journalières, que l’on a tantôt le dessus, tantôt le dessous, comme des seaux dont l’un descend dans le puits pendant que l’autre remonte’.
▪ As the expression just quoted shows, the ‘buckets’ one has to imagine here are buckets let down in a well to draw water from it. If the corresponding vb. I, ^†saǧala, is not denom. from ^†saǧl (in which case ^†saǧl would be deverb. from ^†saǧala), then ‘bucket’ would be based on ‘to pour down, throw down’, a notion that looks similar to that associated with many items pertaining to ↗√RǦL, such as ↗^†RǦL_8 ^†raǧil~raǧal ‘set free with its mother (suckling)’, ↗²riǧl‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’, ↗^†RǦL_9 ^†raǧil~raǧl~raǧal ‘somewhat curly (hair)’, ↗raǧǧala ‘to let fall down (hair), to comb’.
▪...

–

►sāǧala-hu l-ḥadīṯᵃ, to draw s.o. into a conversation, have a talk with s.o.

►siǧāl, n., contest, competition with alternate success: vn. III | kānat il-ḥarb bayna-hum siǧālᵃⁿ, expr., their battle had its ups and downs, they fought each other with alternate success: see above, section DISC.
►musāǧalaẗ, pl. -āt, 1a contest, competition; b discussion, talk: vn. III

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗siǧill (with musaǧǧil, musaǧǧal, etc.) as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗SǦL.

siǧill سِجِلّ , pl. ‑āt

ID 381 • Sw – • BP 3019 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 17Apr2023

√SǦL

n.

1 scroll; 2a register; b list, index; c pl. siǧillāt, records, archives – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Jeffery1938, Rolland2014: from (Grk sigíllon =) Lat sigillum ‘small picture, engraved figure, seal’, dimin. of sīgnum ‘sign, distinctive mark’ (see below, section WEST).

▪ eC7 (‘scribe, overseer of records; written scroll’) Q 21:104 yawma naṭwī ’l-samāʔa ka-ṭayyi ’l-siǧilli li-l-kutubi ‘The Day when We shall roll up the heavens as a recorder rolleth up a written scroll | on the Day, We roll up the skies the way a scribe rolls up scrolls (or, the way a folded up scroll rolls up/enfolds [its] writings)’

▪ – (loanword). – OrelStolbova1994 #2234 mention the parallel Eg (OK) sḏꜢw.t ‘stamp, seal’ [TLÆ: ‘Siegelung’; cf. also sḏꜢ ‘Halskette mit Siegelzylinder’], but think the item is probably a Sem loanword.
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »The meaning of sijill in this eschatological passage was unknown to the early interpreters of the Qurʔān. Some took it to be the name of an angel, or of the Prophet’s amanuensis, but the majority are in favour of its meaning some kind of writing or writing material. (Ṭab. and Bagh. on the passage, and Rāghib, Mufradāt, 223.) – There was also some difference of opinion as to its origin, some like Bagh. taking it as an Arabic word derived from musājalaẗ, and others admitting that it was a foreign word, of Abyssinian or Persian origin.¹² It is, however, neither Persian¹³ nor Abyssinian, but the Grk sigíllon = Lat sigillum, used in Byzantine Grk for an Imperial edict.¹⁴ The word came into very general use in the eastern part of the Empire, so that we find Syr sīgīlyūn (PSm, 2607)¹⁵ meaning ‘diploma’, and Arm sigel meaning ‘seal’.¹⁶ It may have come through Syr to Ar as Mingana, Syriac Influence, 90, claims, but the word appears not to occur in Arabic earlier than the Qurʔān, and may be one of the words picked up by Muḥammad himself as used among the people of NArabia in its Grk form. In any case, as Nöldeke insists,¹⁷ it is clear that he quite misunderstood its real meaning.«
▪ OrelStolbova1994 #2234 think Eg sḏꜢw.t ‘stamp, seal’ is probably a Sem loanword (< Lat sigillum). But if not, one would have to think of a shared origin of the Eg and Ar words in a hypothetical AfrAs *sigul- ‘stamp, seal’ (> Sem *šigil- ‘roll, scroll, register’).
▪ …
▪ …

12. al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 87; al-Khafājī, 104; as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 321; Mutaw, 41. W. Y. Bell in his translation of the Mutaw is quite wrong in taking the word rajul to mean ‘part, portion, blank paper’. It means ‘man’ as is clear from LA, xiii, 347. 13. Pers sijill meaning ‘syngrapha iudicis’, is a borrowing from the Ar, Vullers, Lex, ii, 231. 14. Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 611; li, 314; Bell, Origin, 74; Vacca, EI, sub voc.; Fraenkel, Vocab, 17; Fremdw, 251. 15. Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 27. 16. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 378. 17. Neue Beiträge, 27.

▪ Not from Ar siǧill but from the same source is Engl seal ‘design stamped on wax’, especially an impressed figure attached to a document as evidence of authenticity, c. 1200, sel, sele, from oFr seel, seal ‘seal on a letter’ (modFr sceau), from VulgLat *sigellum (source of suggello, Span sello; also oFris mHGe sigel, Ge Siegel), from Lat sigillum ‘small picture, engraved figure, seal’, dimin. of sīgnum ‘identifying mark, token, symbol; signal, omen; sign in the heavens, constellation’ (EtymOnline). According to Watkins (cited ibid.), the latter is literally *‘standard that one follows’, from protIndEur *sekw-no-, from root *sekw- (1) ‘to follow’. »De Vaan has it from protIndEur *sekh-no- ‘cut’, from protIndEur root *sek- ‘to cut’. He writes: “The etymological appurtenance to seco ‘to cut’ implies a semantic shift of *sek-no- ‘what is cut out’, ‘carved out’ > ‘sign’.” But he also compares Hbr sakkīn, Aram sakkīn ‘slaughtering-knife’ [see Ar ↗sikkīn], and mentions a theory that “both words are probably borrowed from an unknown third source”«. Pfeifer (in DWDS) supports derivation of Lat sīgnum from *‘to cut’: »eigentlich wohl ‘eingeschnitzte Marke, geschnitztes Bild’ oder auch ‘auf Holzstäben eingekerbtes Zeichen beim Losorakel’, zu Lat secāre ‘schneiden’, auch ‘schnitzen’; [in Ge] zuerst [C14] in der Lat Kaufmannssprache der Hanse für ‘Firmenzeichen, Handelsmarke’ gebräuchlich, von da im [C16] in den allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch übergegangen für ‘(abgekürzte) Unterschrift, Namenszeichen, Monogramm’, seit dem [C18] übertragen ‘Kennzeichen, Merkmal, Stempel, Gepräge’.«
▪ ...

►al-siǧill al-tiǧārī, n., commercial register;
►al-siǧill al-ḏahabī, Golden Book;
►siǧill al-ziyārāt, visitors’ book, guest book;
►al-siǧill al-tašrīfāt, list of visitors (dipl.);
►siǧill (or siǧillāt) al-ʔaṭyān, cadastre, land register;
►al-siǧill al-ʕaqārī, do.

►^BP#877saǧǧala, vb. II, 1a to register, enter (‑h s.th.), make an entry (‑h of s.th.); b to note down, record, make a note of; c to put down, write down, book (s.th. ʕalà to s.o.’s debit); d to have (s.th.) recorded, put on record, make a deposition or statement for the official records; e to capture, catch (a scene); f to set (a record; athlet.); g to register (a letter); h to enter (s.th.) in the commercial register; i to have (an invention) patented, secure a patent (‑h on); j to record (said of an apparatus; also, e.g., fī l-šarāʔiṭ al-musaǧǧalaẗ on tape); 2a to document, prove by documentary evidence; b to give evidence (-h of s.th.); to score (s.th., e.g., ʔiṣābaẗ a hit): D-stem, denom. | saǧǧala ʕalà nafsi-h ʔan, expr., to go on record for (doing or being s.th.)
►^BP#1297tasǧīl, pl. ‑āt, n., 1a entering, entry, registration; b booking; c recording; d tape-recording; e registering (of mail) 2a documentation; b authentication: vn. II | tasǧīl ʕaqārī, n., entry in the land register; ʔālaẗ tasǧīl al-ṣawt, n.f., tape recorder
►^BP#2805musaǧǧil, pl. ‑ūn, 1a registrar; b notary public; 2 (pl. ‑āt) tape recorder: PA II | šarīṭ musaǧǧil, magnetic tape; musaǧǧil al-kulliyyaẗ, secretary of the faculty
►^BP#2956musaǧǧal, adj., registered, etc.: PP II. | risālaẗ musaǧǧalaẗ, registered letter; murāsalāt musaǧǧalaẗ, registered mail; ʔaṭnān musaǧǧalaẗ, register tons; haflaṭ musaǧǧalaẗ, concert of recorded music

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗sāǧala, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗SǦL.

^†siǧǧīl سِجِّيل

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 2Jun2023

√SǦL

n.

lumps of baked clay – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q xi, 84; xv, 74; cv, 4 – Jeffery1938..

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The last of these passages refers to the destruction of the army of the Elephant, and the others to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. In both cases the siǧǧīl is something rained down from heaven, and as the latter event is referred to in Sūra li, 33, we get the equivalence of ṭīn = siǧǧīl, which gives the Commentators their cue for its interpretation.¹⁸ / It was early recognized as a foreign word, and generally taken as of Pers origin.¹⁹ Ṭab. going so far as to tell us wa-kil wa-huwa bi’l-fārisiyyaẗ sank, which is a very fair representation of sang and gel (Fraenkel, Vocab, 25; Siddiqi, Studien, 73). sang meaning ‘stone’ is the Phlv sang from Av asan²⁰ and gel meaning ‘clay’, the Phlv gīl,²¹ related to Arm kir (Horn, Grundriss, 207).²² From mPers it passed directly into Ar. Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 164, 165, suggests SAr influence, but there seems [to be] nothing to support this.«

18. Others, however, would not admit this identification, and we learn from Ṭab. that some took it to mean the lowest heaven, others connected it with kitāb, and others made it a form FiʕʕīL from ʔasǧala meaning ʔarsala. Finally, Baiḍ. tells us that some thought it a variant of saǧīn meaning ‘hell’. 19. al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 81; Ibn Qutayba, Adab al-Kātib, 527; al-Ḫafāǧī, 103; Rāġib, Mufradāt, 223; Baiḍ on xi, 84; al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 321; Muṭaw, 35, and see Horovitz, KU, 11; Siddiqi, 8, n., 2. 20. Bartholomew, AIW, 207. 21. PPGI, 120. 22. But see Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm., i, 172.

.

tasǧīl تَسْجيل

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1297 • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SǦL

n.

.

▪ vn., II

.

SǦN سجن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SǦN

“root”

▪ SǦN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SǦN_2 ‘...’ ↗siǧǧīn
▪ SǦN_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘prison, imprisonment, confinement, detention’.

▪ Philologists who derive the Qur’anic word siǧǧīn from this root suggest ‘containment’ as the semantic link between the two, but it has also been suggested that it could be a borrowing from Lat insignia, the Roman emperor’s stamp which used to be affixed to important records. Also it has been suggested that this root was borrowed from Pers or Gz – BAH2008.

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

siǧn سِجْن

ID 382 • Sw – • BP 790 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SǦN

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

siǧǧīn سِجِّين

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√SǦN

n.

...

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q IxxxSi, 7, 8 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The early authorities differed widely as to what the Siǧǧīn of this eschatological passage might be. It was generally agreed that it was a place, but some said it meant ‘the lowest earth,’ al-ʔarḍ al-sābiʕaẗ, or a name for hell, or a rock under which the records of men’s deeds are kept, or a prison.²³ The Qurʔān itself seems to indicate that it means a document, kitāb marqūm, so al-Suyūṭī, Mutaw, 46,²⁴ tells us that some thought it was a Pers word meaning ‘clay’ (tablet). Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 163, thinks that it refers to the material on which the records are written, and compares with the Eth [Gz] ṣəngʷən or ṣəngūn meaning ‘clay writing tablets’. It is very probable, however, as Nöldeke, Sketches, 38, suggested long ago, that the word is simply an invention of Muḥammad himself. If this is so, then kitāb marqūm is probably an explanatory gloss that has crept into the text.«

23. See Vacca, EI, sub voc., who suggests that it was this idea that the word was connected with saǧǧana that gave rise to the theory that it was a place in the nethermost earth where the books were kept, rather than the books themselves. 24. See also Itq, 321.

–

SǦY سجي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SǦY

“root”

▪ SǦY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SǦY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SǦY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of the night) to become silent, quiet or still, calm down, become tranquil, placid’

▪ …

–

.

–

SḤB سحب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḤB

“root”

▪ SḤB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SḤB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to drag, to pull along the ground, to trail; cloud, cover, film’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

saḥāb سَحاب

ID 383 • Sw 80/21 • BP 2599 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḤB

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SḤT سحت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SḤT

“root”

▪ SḤT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḤT_2 ‘unlawful’ ↗suḥt
▪ SḤT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to eradicate, scrape off; unlawful gain, illicit earning’

▪ …

–

.

–

suḥt سُحْت

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√SḤT

adj.

unlawful – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q v, 46, 67, 68 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The reference is to usury and to forbidden foods. It is clearly a technical term, and the passages, it will be noted, are of the latest Madinan group. / Sprenger, Leben, iii, 40, n., suggested that it was a technical term borrowed from the Jews, and there certainly is an interesting parallel from the Talmud, Šabb, 140b, where śḥt is used in this technical sense. It is, however, the Syr šūḥtā ‘depravity, corruption’, etc., which gives us a nominal form from which suḥt may have been derived.«

–

SḤR سحر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SḤR

“root”

▪ SḤR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḤR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḤR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be turned from one’s course of action; to fascinate, enchant, magic, sorcery, conjuring, works of magic; the last third of the night, time just before the breaking of dawn; lungs, stomach, food and drink; nourishment’.

▪ siḥr ‘magic’ is considered by some scholars to be a borrowing from either Akk or Aram – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

SḤQ سحق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SḤQ

“root”

▪ SḤQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḤQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḤQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to grind into fine dust; to be far off, go very deeply’

▪ …

–

.

–

SḤL سحل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SḤL

“root”

▪ SḤL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḤL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḤL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to scrape off, strip off, slice; to strike; shore of a sea or a great river’

▪ …

–

.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Swahili, from Ar sawāḥilī ‘of the coast, Swahili’, from sawāḥil, pl. of sāḥil ‘coast’, PA of ↗saḥala ‘to scrape off, smooth, plane’; Sahel, from Ar ↗sāḥil ‘coast’, PA of saḥala.

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SḪR سخر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḪR

“root”

▪ SḪR_1 ‘to scoff, mock, ridicule; masquerad; irony’ ↗saḫira
▪ SḪR_2 ‘to subject, make subservient, employ, utilize; forced labour, corvée’ ↗saḫḫara
▪ SḪR_3 ‘to have a good wind (ship)’ ↗^†saḫara
▪ SḪR_4 ‘kind of Hyoscyamus, narcotic, henbane’ ↗^†suḫḫar

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to force, to constrain, to be made subservient, to use as a subject of forced labour; to ridicule’

With the exception of SḪR_4 ‘henbane’ (but perhaps also this value), all values of √SḪR may go back, as suggested by Huehnergard, to one primary Sem *ŠḪR ‘to be(come) fearful, intimidated, stock-still’. For details, see DISC below.

▪ See DISC below.
▪ For ClassAr, Badawi2008 gives the two main values of √SḪR as ‘[1] to force, to constrain, to be made subservient, to use as a subject of forced labour; [2] to ridicule’

▪ (following the suggestion in Huehnergard2011) CAD: Akk šuḫarruru (var. šaḫurruru, šuḫurruru, šuḫruru) ‘to become dazed, still, numb with fear; to abate, subside’, šaḫurratu (var. šuḫurratu, šuḫarratu) ‘awesome stillness’; cf. also šaḫrartu ‘deathly silence; devastation’, šuḫarriš (var. šuḫurriš) (adv.) ‘in numbed silence’.
▪ For [v2] cf. Aram šaḥēr ‘to confiscate, press into public service’, Syr šaḥar (Pa) ‘to levy forced service, compel, impress’, šaḥrūṯā ‘forced labour’.
▪ BDB1906 mentions [v1] Ar saḫara ‘to mock at, deride’ in the entry on Hbr sāḥar ‘to go around, travel about in’ (for which also cf. Syr sḫar ‘to go about as beggar, be beggar’, Akk saḫāru ‘to turn, surround; to return’). But letting an interrogation mark precede the juxtaposition, the authors obviously hesitate to accept this connection.
▪

▪ Without further explanation, Huehnergard2011 suggests a Sem šḫr ‘to be(come) fearful, intimidated, stock-still’ as the etymon of [v1], Ar saḫira ‘to jeer, scoff’. Obviously, he sees Akk šuḫarruru ‘to become dazed, still, numb with fear; to abate, subside’ as cognate to Ar saḫ˅ra. If he is right, then the primary meaning of the Ar vb. would be the one conserved in [v2] ‘to subject, make subservient’ (< *‘to intimidate’, caus. of vb. I, *‘to be fearful, numb with fear’) and [v3] ‘to have good wind (ship)’ (< *‘to make the wind subservient’, or *‘to obey to the wind’), while [v1] would probably be secondary, its semantics being derived from ‘to make subservient’ (‘to jeer, scoff, ridicule s.o.’ < *‘to make s.o. look as poor and ridiculous as if subjugated’, perhaps also in the special sense of ‘forced into corvée or doing compulsory labour’) or from *‘to intimidate’ (‘to jeer, scoff, ridicule’ < *‘to intimidate, make numb’ through mockery). In this case, however, one would have to assume Ar saḫara, not saḫira as the corresponding trans. vb. I (saḫira is constructed with min or bi‑ and, thus, intrans.). Another explanation could be that saḫira is a secondary formation, re-interpreted from vb. II., or denominative from one of the many vn.s meaning ‘forced labour, corvée’ which could be a borrowing from Syr, cf. ↗saḫḫara.
▪ [v2] is attested also in Aram Syr.
▪ [v3] is explained in some ClassAr dictionaries as being based on the notion of ‘making subservient’: a ship has a good wind ‘as though it makes the wind subservient, or submissive, to itself’, or ‘as though it obeys and runs the wind’s course’.
▪ [v4] If the plant is identical with ↗saykurān and, hence, toxic/narcotic, there may be a connection to (as in Akk) ‘to become dazed, still, numb’.
▪ Gabal2012 regards Ar √SḪR as an extension of a biconsonantal basis *SḪ ‘to be soft, smooth’. [v3] saḫara ‘to have a good wind’ is explained as *‘to let o.s. be drawn smoothly, without resistance’, something that implies a certain ‘lightness, ease’ (ḫiffaẗ). This ‘lightness’ is also to be found in [v1], ‘to jeer, scoff, mock’ actually meaning *‘to value lightly, disdain, look down upon, (hence also) not to take seriously’. As a lack of resistance is a result of a certain weakness, an extension of meaning into [v2] ‘to subject, make subservient (s.o. who is weak, does not show resistance’) is easily conceivable.

▪ For Engl mask, to mask, masked, masking, masque(erade), see ↗saḫira ‘to mock, ridicule’.

–

saḫir‑ سَخِرَ a (saḫar , saḫr , suḫur , suḫr , suḫraẗ , masḫar)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḪR

vb., I

to laugh, scoff, jeer, sneer (min or bi‑ at), mock, ridicule, deride, make fun (min or bi‑ of) – WehrCowan1979.

Perhaps originally *‘to humiliate’ (by forcing into a subservient position, making to perform corvée, etc.?). If so, the vb. is akin to ↗saḫḫara ‘to subject, make subservient’ (perhaps from *‘to intimidate, silence from fear’) and may go back to a Sem *ŠḪR ‘to be(come) fearful, intimidated, stock-still’.

▪ eC7 Q saḫira (to scorn, to ridicule) 49:11 lā yasḫar qawmun min qawmin ʕasā ʔan yakūnū ḫayran min-hum ‘no people should jeer at others, lest they be better than them’. – Cf. also siḫriyy (object of ridicule, laughing-stock) 38:63 ʔa-’ttaḫaḏnā-hum siḫriyyan ʔam zāġat ʕan-humu ’l-ʔabṣāru ‘Did we take them (wrongly) for a laughing-stock, or have our eyes missed them?’
▪

…

▪ Accord. to Huehnergard2011, the vb. goes back to Sem *ŠḪR ‘to be(come) fearful, intimidated, stock-still’ (cf. Akk šuḫarruru ‘to become dazed, still, numb with fear; to abate, subside’).
▪ If Huehnergard is right, then the primary meaning of Ar saḫ˅ra is the one conserved in ↗saḫḫara ‘to subject, make subservient’ (< *‘to intimidate’, caus. of vb. I, *‘to be fearful, numb with fear’), and probably also in ↗^†saḫara ‘to have good wind (ship)’ (< *‘to make the wind subservient’, or *‘to obey to the wind’). ‘To jeer, scoff, ridicule’ would then be secondary, derived from ‘to make subservient’ (< *‘to look down at s.o., despise s.o., because he has been subjugated’, perhaps in the special sense of ‘forced into corvée, or compulsory labour’) or from *‘to intimidate’ (‘to jeer, scoff, ridicule’ < *‘to intimidate, make numb’ through mockery). In this case, however, the intransitivity of saḫira becomes problematic (the vb. is constructed with min or bi‑). Could it be denominative from one the many vn.s that may have come into Ar from another language, e.g. Syr? The Pael forms and vn.s in Syr that are cognate to ↗saḫḫara would support this assumption.
▪ Gabal2012 regards Ar √SḪR as an extension of a biconsonantal basis *SḪ- ‘to be soft, smooth’. He explains saḫara ‘to have a good wind’ as *‘to let o.s. be drawn smoothly, without resistance’, something that implies a certain ‘lightness, ease’ (ḫiffaẗ), which is also to be found in saḫara ‘to jeer, scoff, mock’, the latter actually meaning *‘to value lightly, disdain, look down upon, (hence also) not to take seriously’.
▪ For a discussion of the “root” as whole, see ↗SḪR.

▪ Engl mask, 1530s, from mFr masque ‘covering to hide or guard the face’ (16c.), from Ital maschera, from mLat masca ‘mask, specter, nightmare’, perhaps (though not positively proven) from Ar masḫaraẗ ‘buffoon, mockery’, from saḫira ‘to mock, ridicule’.¹ – From the n. mask also the vb. to mask ‘take part in a masquerade; to disguise’, as well as masked, masking, masking tape, etc. (EtymOnline).

1. Another etymology that has been suggested is that mFr masque is related to Prov mascarar, Cat mascarar, oFr mascurer ‘to black (the face)’, perhaps from a Germ source akin to Engl mesh (q.v.). But compare Occit mascara ‘to blacken, darken’, derived from mask‑ ‘black’, which is held to be from a pIE language, and oOccit masco ‘witch’, surviving in dialects; in Beziers it means ‘dark cloud before the rain comes’.

► tasaḫḫara, vb. V, to scoff, jeer, sneer: self-reflexive of caus. – For another meaning, see deriv. of ↗saḫḫara.

► suḫraẗ, n.f., laughingstock, target of ridicule: specialisation of vn. I. For another meaning, see ↗saḫḫara.
► suḫriyy, var. siḫriyy, n., laughingstock, target of ridicule: nominalized adj. or a vn. (of a rare type)? – For another meaning, see ↗saḫḫara.
► ^BP#3267suḫriyyaẗ, n.f., scorn, derision, mockery, irony: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ; laughingstock, object of ridicule: specialisation of the preceding.
► masḫaraẗ, pl. ‑āt, masāḫirᵘ, object of ridicule, laughingstock: concretized vn. + ‑aẗ (n.un.?); ridiculous, droll, ludicrous: adjectivization; masquerade:.
► ^BP#3509sāḫir, adj., mocking, derisive; satirical: PA I.

saḫḫar‑ سَخَّرَ , ‑saḫḫir‑ (tasḫīr)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḪR

vb., II

to subject, make subservient (li‑ to or for the purpose of); to make serviceable (li‑ to), employ, utilize, turn to profitable account (li‑ for), make use; to exploit – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ C7 Q saḫḫara (to cause to be subservient) 14:33 wa-saḫḫara la-kumu ’l-šamsa wa’l-qamara dāʔibayni ‘and He made the night and day useful to you’. – Cf. also suḫriyy (forced labour; servitude; labour force) 43:32 wa-rafaʕnā baʕḍa-hum fawqa baʕḍin daraǧātin li-yattaḫiḏa baʕḍu-hum baʕḍan suḫriyyan ‘and We raised some of them above others in rank, so that some of them may take others in servitude’; musaḫḫar (subjected, made subservient, compelled to work or serve) 7:54 wa’l-šamsa wa’l-qamara wa’l-nuǧūma musaḫḫarātin bi-ʔamri-hī ‘the sun, the moon and the stars, all of which are made subservient by His order’.
▪ lC19 Hava1899 mentions also a value, now obsolete, ^†‘to appoint by law’, as in wakīl ^†musaḫḫar ‘advocate appointed by law’.

▪ Zammit2002: Aram šaḥēr ‘to confiscate, press into public service’, Syr šaḥar (Pa) ‘to levy forced service, compel, impress’. – Cf. also Syr šaḥrūṯā ‘forced labour’ – PayneSmith1903.

▪ …
▪ …

–

► tasaḫḫara, vb. V, to reduce to servitude, subjugate: autobenef.; for other meanings see deriv. of ↗saḫira.

► suḫraẗ, n.f., corvée, statute labor, forced labor: specialised vn. I. – For other meanings see ↗saḫira | riǧāl al-~, n.pl., serfs, bondsmen; ʔaʕmāl al-~, n.pl., forced labor, slave labor.
► suḫriyy, var. siḫriyy, n., corvée, statute labor, forced labor: vn. I (rare pattern!). – For other meanings see ↗saḫira.
► tasḫīr, n., subjugation, subjection; exploitation: vn. II.
► musaḫḫir, n., oppressor: PA II.

^†saḫar‑ سَخَر a (saḫr)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḪR

vb., I

to have a good wind and voyage (ship) – Hava1899, Lane4 (1872)

Dictionaries of ClassAr explain the semantics of this item as derived from a primary meaning of the vb. ‘to make subservient’. Ultimately it may thus goes back to a Sem *ŠḪR ‘to be(come) fearful, numb, stock-still’. For the whole picture, cf. ↗SḪR and ↗saḫḫara.

In ClassAr, the vb. is attested also as synonymous with ↗saḫira ‘to jeer, scoff, mock’ as well as with ↗saḫḫara ‘to subjugate, make subservient’.

↗SḪR and saḫḫara.

saḫarat il-safīnaẗ ‘the ship had a good wind’ is explained by some ClassAr lexicographers as based on the notion of ‘making subservient’: ‘as though it made the wind subservient, or submissive, to it’, or ‘it obeyed, and ran its (the wind’s) course’ – Lane iv (1872). If this is correct, the item belongs to ↗saḫḫara ‘to make subservient’.

–

►

^†suḫḫar سُخَّر

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḪR

n.

kind of Hyoscyamus, narcotic (Hava1899), a certain herb, or leguminous plant (in Khurāsān), accord. to some lexicographers identical with ↗saykurān, an ever-green plant (Lane), henbane (WehrCowan1979.)

Etymology unclear. The word may be a local variant of ↗saykurān, but it may also be the other way round; phonologically, neither of these hypotheses sounds convincing. Given the toxic/narcotic effect of henbane, a connection with the Sem root *ŠḪR ‘to be(come) fearful, numb, stock-still’ should not be excluded, see ↗SḪR.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

SḪṬ سخط

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SḪṬ

“root”

▪ SḪṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḪṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SḪṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wrath, anger, displeasure’

▪ …

–

.

–

SḪW/Y سخو/سخي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḪW/Y

“root”

▪ SḪW/Y_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SḪW/Y_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

saḫāʔ سخاء

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SḪW/Y

n.

liberality, munificence, generosity – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

► saḫā, saḫaw‑, ū; saḫiy-, à (saḫāʔ); saḫuw-, ū (saḫāwaẗ), vb. I, to be liberal, generous (bi‑ with s.th. ʕalà toward s.o.); to grant, award, confer, bestow (s.th. on s.o.): is the vb. denom. or vice versa?
► tasaḫḫà, vb. V, to show o.s. generous, display liberality: declar.; to endeavour to be liberal or generous: conat.
► tasāḫà, vb. VI, = V.

► saḫiyy, pl. ʔasḫiyāʔᵘ, adj., liberal, openhanded, generous; giving generously, being lavish: ints./pseudo-PP.
► saḫāwaẗ, n.f., generosity: a vn. I (of saḫuwa, ū).

SDː (SDD) سدّ / سدد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√ SDː (SDD)

“root”

▪ SDː (SDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SDː (SDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SDː (SDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘blocking, closing, plugging; to direct, be to the point, be correct’

▪ …

–

.

–

SDR سدر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SDR

“root”

▪ SDR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SDR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SDR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flowing down, continuing without interruption; lote tree’

▪ …

–

.

–

SDS سدس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SDS

“root”

▪ SDS_1 ‘six’ ↗sitt(aẗ)
▪ SDS_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SDS_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(see s-t-t) the number six is the basic concept associated with this root’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

sittaẗ سِتّة , f. sitt

ID … • Sw … • BP 591 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SDS

num.card.

six – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘six’) Akk šeššu, Hbr šēš, Syr šeṯ, Gz sessū́, SAr śdṯ.

…

► ^BP#2185sittūn, num.card., sixty
► ^BP#4676al‑sittīnāt, n.f.pl., the Sixties
► ^BP#1237sādis, num.ord., sixth

SDW/Y سدو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SDW/Y

“root”

▪ SDW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SDW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SDW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to stretch the hands forward, elongate, stride, do a favour to; to neglect, cast s.th. away’

▪ …

–

.

–

SRː (SRR) سرّ / سرر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

“root”

▪ SRː (SRR)_1 ‘umbilical cord; navel; centre, heart’: ↗surr, ↗surraẗ
▪ SRː (SRR)_2 ‘secret, to hide’: ↗sirr
▪ SRː (SRR)_3 ‘concubine’: ↗surriyyaẗ
▪ SRː (SRR)_4 ‘joy, happiness, to make glad’: ↗sarra
▪ SRː (SRR)_5 ‘bed, throne’: ↗sarīr
▪ SRː (SRR)_6 ‘line (of the palm or forehead), feature’: ↗surur, sirār
▪ SRː (SRR)_7 ‘last night (of the lunar month)’: ↗sarār

Other values, now obsolete, include:
▪ ^†SRː (SRR)_8 ‘holed, concave (piece of zand wood used as a touchwood); worn-out [and hence hollowed] (fire steel); galled in the breast (camel)’ (Hava1899): ʔasarrᵘ; cf. also sarra (sarr), vb. I, ‘to apply a piece of flammable wood (like tinder) to the zand touchwood, which is slightly hollowed’ (Kazimirski1860), sarar ‘hollowness (of a spear-shaft etc.)’ (Lane iv-1872)
▪ ^†SRː (SRR)_9 ‘bundle of scented herbs’: surūr (pl.); cf. also masarraẗ, n.f., ‘[perhaps as being a cause of pleasure] the extremities of sweet-smelling plants’ – Lane iv (1872); sarra, vb. I, ‘complimenter qn en lui présentant des herbes odoriférantes’ – Kazimirski1860
▪ ^†SRː (SRR)_10 ‘best/choice part of a race, (bottom) of a valley’: sarār(aẗ), also sirr (pl. ʔasirraẗ) ‘middle of the valley’; cf. also ʔasarrᵘ ‘good, excellent (soil, terrain)’ – Kazimirski1860, Hava1899.

▪ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 the inside, base (e.g., of the head or the navel), innermost part of an object; secrecy, secrets; 2 seat, bed; 3 pleasure, to please, delight

▪ The assumption, made by BAH2008, of three basic values in the root seems to be correct in principle, although perhaps not going far enough: probably, all the above values are dependent on only one or two: WSem (or CSem?) *šurr- *‘navel string’ and, perhaps, Sem *š/sar- / *s/car- ‘vertebral column, backbone’ (for [v5], as suggested by SED). The latter, however, is not really reliable, due to scarce attestation. For details of possible semantic relations see below, section DISC. For [v3] and [v7], too, other etymologies have been proposed, but none with reliable evidence.
▪ Zetterstéen1942 postulated (for the whole root) a »sense primitif« of *‘lier, serrer’ [based on ‘umbilical cord’?]. In the light of the Sem evidence, this assumption seems hardly tenable; cf., however, Dolgopolsky2012 #2106, who puts Sem *šurr- ‘navel (string)’ together with Berb *√sr˻w˼ ‘to bind, weave’ and NatIndEur *ser- ‘thread, string’ [cf. etymonline: IE *ser- ‘to line up’], all going back to a hypothetical Nostr *säR˹U˺ (= *säRo?) ‘sinew, fibre’.
▪ Regarding the ‘navel string’, not the ‘navel’ itself as the primary value makes sense in the light of the fact that Ar surraẗ ‘navel’ appears to be formed from surr ‘umbilical cord’, not the other way round. (Otherwise, surr would be a back formation from surraẗ, to distinguish the ‘navel string’ from the ‘navel’.)
▪ All other values in the root, however, seem to be dependent on ‘navel’ rather than on ‘navel string’. Therefore, one may assume that surraẗ, once derived from surr, started to live a life of its own, leaving the ‘navel string’ behind as a rather isolated value within the Ar root.

–

SRː (SRR)_1 (and perh. also all others):
▪ SED #254: Ug šr (?); Hbr šōr, postBiblHbr šārār ‘navel, umbilical cord’; JP šōrā ‘umbilical cord’, Syr šerrā, šurtā ‘umbilicus’, Mand šura ‘navel’; Ar surr, sarar, sirar ‘umbilical cord’; Mhr *šīrε̄ ‘navel’ (see comments below), Hrs šerā, Soq šíraḥ, pl. šireʕheten ‘nombril’, also ŝiraḥ. According to Kogan2015: 198-99 #54, Ug šr is not reliably attested epigraphically, so it is not clear whether one should stop reconstruction at the WSem level or whether the word might have a CSem dimension.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 #2106: Ug šr, BiblHbr šor* ‘navel string, navel’, JPA šôrā, JEA šûrâ, Syr šerrā, Mand šura, nMand šorra ‘navel’, Ar surr ‘navel string’; Mhr ŝīrε̄ ‘navel’, Hrs šerā, Jib s͗irᴐʕ, Soq ŝirᴐʕ ̃ širᴐʕ. – On the AfrAs level, the author sees cognates in (Berb) Izn/Rf asraw ‘fil de chaîne du métier à tisser’, Rf B/A fiřu usra ‘fil horizontal (trame)’, Tmz i-sirr (pl. i-sarr-ən) ‘fibre de bois\viande; fil de trame, fin pour le tissage des djellabas ou des burnous’. – For an assumed IE connection and, hence, a Nostr dimension, see DISC below.

SRː (SRR)_3 (unless dependent on [v1]):
▪ Leslau2006 (CDG) suggests to see Ar surriyyaẗ ‘concubine’ together with Gz tasarra ‘to be covered (female animal), be attacked’.

SRː (SRR)_5 (unless dependent on [v1]):
▪ SED #253: Ar sarīr ‘base de la tête, endroit où elle est jointe au cou’, sarāẗ ‘dos; milieu’ (< *saraw/y-aẗ-), ? Amh säräsär ‘vertebra, spinal cord, sinew’; also sərasəra ‘vertebrae’ (cf. šə(r)rət ‘fin of a fish’, Gur (Sel) särsär, (End) sässär ‘rib of the animal’).

SRː (SRR)_7 (unless dependent on [v1]):
▪ DelOlmoLeteSanmartín2003 postulate a connection with an Ug srr meaning ‘sunset’, from an alleged verbal root Ug √srr ‘to set, sink, hide’ (in its turn perh. cognate to Hbr swr, srr). But this rendering seems doubtful to Tropper2008.

▪ SRː (SRR)_1:
Given the broad attestation throughout Sem, it is safe to assume WSem *šurr- / *surr- ‘navel, navel string’ as the common origin of the Ar, Hbr, Aram and modSAr forms. There might even be a CSem dimension once Ug šr, currently not reliably attested epigraphically, should be established more firmly.
Dolgopolsky2012 #2106 goes beyond that in postulating not only an AfrAs but also a Nostr dimension. The evidence he puts forward for the AfrAs dimension is what he believes to be Berb cognates, all from protBerb *√sr˻w˼; he then sees the Sem and Berb forms together with NatIndEur *ser- ‘thread, string’ (cf. etymonline: IE *ser- ‘to line up’), justifying his reconstruction of Nostr *säR˹U˺ (= *säRo?) ‘sinew, fibre’.
‘Navel’ may well be the etymon from which most of the other values in the Ar root, perh. even all of them, are derived, by metaphorical or allegorical extension. The navel is both the centre of the belly and a small cavity in it. From ‘cavity’, both the ‘hollowness’ of ^†[v8] and the lines (“furrows, trenches”) of the palm or forehead and, hence, the notion of [v6] ‘(facial) features’ can easily be derived. Something having a navel-like cavity may also be regarded as deficient, hence the extended meaning ^†‘worn-out, galled’ (ʔasarrᵘ, formed along the ʔaFʕaLᵘ pattern for colours and bodily afflictions) of [v8]. The notion of ‘centre’ (obviously seen as primary value by BAH2008, which, however is hardly tenable, given the many “umbilical” cognates outside Ar) may then have become the starting-point for further semantic changes. The centre or middle can have been identified with [v5], originally meaning ^†‘the part where the head rests upon the neck’ (hence: ‘neck-rest > bed’); [v7] the ‘middle (of the lunar month)’ (later shifting in meaning to its ‘first, or last, night’; but cf. DISC on [v7] below); and ^†[v10] the ‘best/choice part of s.th.’, the ‘middle or bottom’ of a valley, offering ‘good soil, excellent terrain’, or the nobility of a social group, usually being regarded as its central representatives. Centre, however, is close also to the innermost part of an object, its essence, its very best, its ‘marrow’ (= again ^†[v10]), or (if it is, as usually is the navel, invisible, covered, concealed) its innermost [v2] ‘secret’, something ‘hidden’ from the viewer’s eyes. From here, the value ^†‘pudenda’ developed, to which belongs the [v3] ‘concubine’, as a woman whom a man may let see his pudenda (if the concubine is not the one whom he conceals from his wife, as another interpretation would have it). Along the same lines, ^†‘fornication’ as well as ^†‘marriage’ became attached to secrecy, intimacy. In modern usage, al-ʕādaẗ al-sirriyyaẗ ‘the secret habit’ is a common circumscription of ‘masturbation’. – Ultimately, even the [v4] ‘joy, happiness, to make glad’ may have arisen from the pleasures granted by the “meeting of the pudenda”, or the vision of the “hidden secret” of the latter, or the navel, or, simply, by being let into a secret. [v9] ‘bundle of scented herbs’ is said to belong to [v4], as sweet-smelling plants are a cause of pleasure.
The long distance between [v1] ‘navel’ and [v4] ‘happiness, joy’ seems to be the reason why BAH2008 separate the value ‘inside, base (e.g., of the head or the navel), innermost part of an object; secrecy, secrets’ from that of ‘pleasure, delight’. At the same time, by mentioning ‘base of the head’ alongside with ‘navel’, the authors appear to be open to derive also [v5] ‘bed, throne’ from the notion of centre, inside, base. In their list of basic values, they separate the value from the first by a semicolon; but there are others who think that the original meaning of sarīr is *‘the part where the head rests upon the neck’, hence (?) *‘neck-rest > place to rest > bed’.

▪ SRː (SRR)_2 ‘secret, to hide’: probably from [v1] ‘navel, centre, innermost part, essence’.

▪ SRː (SRR)_3 ‘concubine’: usually interpreted as *‘woman whom a man may let see his “secret parts”, i.e., his pudenda’ or *‘woman at whose vulva a man is allowed to look’, or *‘woman whose existence a man conceals from his wife’, all based on the idea of [v2] ‘secrecy, intimacy’. The shift in surriyyaẗ from sirr to surr is usually explained as phonologically motivated. But why such a far-fetched, little plausible explanation? It is easy to interpret the woman’s navel as the secret that the concubine reveals to a man or through which he is attracted to her; thus, [v3] can be derived directly from [v1] rather than from [v2]. – Leslau2006 (CDG) suggests regarding Ar surriyyaẗ as cognate to Gz tasarra ‘to be covered (female animal), be attacked’.

▪ SRː (SRR)_4 ‘joy, happiness, to make glad’: dependence of this value on [v2] ‘secret’ (*‘to experience joy on account of being let into a secret’) is more probable than on [v3] (*‘… being shown the navel/pudenda’). But the semantic distance is still rather great. Alternatively, one may think of ‘joy, happiness, tranquility of the mind’ as the result of ‘affluence, ease’, a value connected to [v5] ‘bed, throne’. But ClassAr lexicographers see it the other way round, see next paragraph. A dependence of ‘joy’ on [v6] ‘line of the forehead, facial feature’, as *‘emotion recognizable from facial expression’, is not considered anywhere.

▪ SRː (SRR)_5 ‘bed, throne’: ClassAr lexicographers tend to relate this value to the preceding, [v5] ‘joy, happiness’, deriving sarīr from surūr ‘pleasure, tranquility of the mind’ because »it [sc. a sarīr] generally belongs to persons of ease and affluence and of authority, and to kings« (hence also the values ‘throne; dominion, sovereignty, rule, authority | dignité royale, royauté; ease, comfort, affluence | bien-être’, with the expr. zāla ʕan sarīrih ‘déchu de son bien-être’, and, as an appellation of good omen, ‘bier, before the corpse is carried upon it’ – Lane iv (1872) | Kazimirski1860). However, as discussed under [v4], it may be the other way round, i.e., ‘bed, throne’ > ‘ease, happiness, peace of mind’. According to SED and Kogan2015, the original meaning of sarīr is ^†‘the part where the head rests upon the neck’ (a value given also by Freytag1833 and Kazimirski1860), which, actually, also is the value first attested in the sources (555 CE, according to HDAL). So one could think of a development *‘neck > neck-rest > place to rest > bed’. Given another early attestation of sarīr (590 CE – HDAL) as ‘middle (of a valley)’, the assumption made by BAH2008 that one should connect the ‘base of the head, neck’ to [v1] ‘centre, innermost part’, may be correct. In contrast, SED and Kogan2015 suggest for [v5] an origin different from that of [v1]. SED #253 tentatively assumes a Sem *š/sar- or *s/car- ‘vertebral column, backbone’ as the common source of the Ar and some EthSem forms. However, »[s]carce attestation in Ar and MEth only; neither of these languages distinguishes between *š and *s. Note doubling of the second radical and annexation of -w as a third radical in Ar and a full stem reduplication in Eth. See a derived term in Eth and Gur (Sel, Cha, Enn, End, Gye) särsär ‘instrument made of the ribs of a cow and used for leveling the floor’.« The idea, put forward in SED, that this complex is »likely related«, »with a meaning shift«, to modSAr forms meaning ‘behind’ is rejected by Kogan2015: 569 #97.

▪ SRː (SRR)_6 ‘line (of the palm or forehead), feature’: from *‘hollow, cavity’ (cf. [v8]), from [v1] ‘navel (cavity it in the belly)’.

▪ SRː (SRR)_7 ‘last night (of the lunar month)’: The meaning given in WehrCowan is only one of several other options, including ^†‘commencement\first night of the lunar month’, or its ‘middle’. We would assume that the latter is the original one, cf. also sirr al-šahr / al-layl ‘the middle of the month / the night’. If this is correct, [v7] is rather clearly derived from [v1] ‘navel (> centre, innermost part)’. – In contrast, DelOlmoLeteSanmartín2003 put Ar sarār, var. sarar, together with Ug srr ‘sunset, dawn’ (as in b srr špš ‘at the setting of the Sun’), from a verbal root Ug √srr ‘to set, sink, hide’ (seen as cognate to Hbr swr, srr); Tropper2008 seems to acknowledge that √srr can be a variant of √sw/yr ‘to go away, leave, disappear’ (cf. Ar ↗sāra), but doubts the rendering of Ug srr as ‘sunset, dawn’.

▪ ^†SRː (SRR)_8 ‘holed, concave’: The adj. ʔasarrᵘ is often applied to a piece of wood used as a touchwood to make fire, but also to a worn-out spear-shaft or a wound in a camel’s breast. The notion of concaveness, common to all of these values, is clearly derived from [v1] ‘navel (cavity in the belly)’.

▪ ^†SRː (SRR)_9 ‘bundle of scented herbs’: likely dependent on [v4] ‘joy, happiness’, as the herbs/flowers are seen as a cause of pleasure.

▪ ^†SRː (SRR)_10 ‘best/choice part of s.th., also of a race; good, excellent (soil, terrain)’: from [v1] ‘navel > centre, middle’, or [v8] ‘cavity, bottom’, as the ‘middle/bottom of a valley’ is the most copious and fertile of its parts. There may also be a relation to [v4] the ‘comfort, richness, ease, happiness’ that is usually connected with [v5] ‘bed, throne’.

▪ Dolgopolsky2012 #2106 sees Sem *šurr- ‘navel (string)’ together with Berb *√sr˻w˼ ‘to bind, weave’ and NatIndEur *ser- ‘thread, string’ [cf. EtymOnline: IE *ser- ‘to line up’] and postulates Nostr *säR˹U˺ (= *säRo?) ‘sinew, fibre’. If his hypothesis is true, the Sem words for ‘navel (string)’ and their derivatives are related to all what has sprung off IE *ser- ‘to line up’, e.g., Engl series, etc.

–

sarr‑ / sarar‑ سرّ / سرر , u (surūr, tasirraẗ, masarraẗ)

ID 384 • Sw – • BP 5554 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

vb., I

to make happy, gladden, delight, cheer; pass. surra (surūr) to be happy, glad, delighted (li‑ or min at), take pleasure (in) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The value ‘joy, happiness, to make glad’ of √SRː (SRR) seems to be dependent on ↗sirr ‘secret’, originally signifying the *‘joy experienced when let into a secret’, or, with a more specific sense of sirr, the *‘pleasure experienced when being shown the pudenda’ or the ‘navel’ (↗surraẗ, from ↗surr ‘umbilical cord’; cf. also ↗surriyyaẗ ‘concubine’). But the semantic distance is still rather great. Alternatively, one may think of ‘joy, happiness, tranquility of the mind’ resulting from ‘affluence, ease’, a value connected to ↗sarīr ‘bed, throne’. ClassAr lexicographers, however, would see it the other way round, deriving sarīr ‘bed, throne’ from surūr ‘pleasure, tranquility of the mind’ because »it [sc. a sarīr] generally belongs to persons of ease and affluence and of authority, and to kings« – Lane iv (1872). In contrast, a dependence of ‘joy’ on ↗surur, sirār ‘line of the forehead, facial feature’ (as *‘emotion recognizable from facial expression’) is not discussed anywhere. Moreover, on a few occasions, surūr is also interpreted as a pl., meaning ‘bundle of scented herbs’ (or flowers), so that the vb. sarra sometimes also takes the specific sense of ‘complimenter qn en lui présentant des herbes odoriférantes’ – Kazimirski1860. The values of sarra and surūr appear as specifications here; but couldn’t it be the other way round, so that ‘joy, happiness, pleasure’ could be read as a generalisation of ‘bundle of scented herbs’?
▪ Extra-Ar evidence that could help sort things out is scarce and perh. irrelevant, as the “cognates” suggested by some scholars probably aren’t genuine cognates or are based on weak textual evidence.

▪ Lane iv (1872) also has: ^†sarr ‘man who rejoices, or gladdens, another, makes him happy’ (also in the connection with barr: raǧul^un sarr^un barr^un ‘man who treats his brethren with goodness, affection, gentleness, rejoices them’)

▪ According to Leslau2006 (CDG), C. Rabin (in Hamito-Semitica, 1975: 90) connected Ar sarra ‘to rejoice’ with the complex Akk šarāru ‘to sway, vacillate’, Ug m-srr ‘bird’ (from srr ‘fly’), Aram srsr ‘to fly’, Gz sarara, śarara ‘to fly, fly forth, leap up in the air, leap upon, rush upon, spring forth, assault, cover (of male animal), roam’. Leslau himself would be reluctant to accept such a relation and rather connect the items put forward by Rabin to Ar ↗sāra ‘to leap, mount’.
▪ Zammit2002: cf. Ug mšr (< šrr) ‘Gegenstand der Freude’?
▪ For cognates of ↗surr, ↗surraẗ, or ↗sarīr on which sarra most likely is dependent, see s.v., and, for the general picture, ↗√SRː (SRR).

▪ See above, section CONC and, for the overall picture, ↗√SRː (SRR).

–

► sarrara, vb. II, to make happy, gladden, delight, cheer: caus.
► ʔasarra, vb. IV, 1 to make happy, gladden, delight, cheer: caus.; 2 ↗sirr.

► ^BP#3830surūr, n., joy, happiness, delight, pleasure; glee, gaiety, hilarity, mirth: vn. I.
► sarrāʔᵘ, n., happiness, prosperity: | fī ’l-sarrāʔ wa’l-ḍarrāʔᵘ, expr., in good and bad days, for better or for worse.
► masarraẗ, pl. āt, n.f., joy, happiness, delight, pleasure; glee, gaiety, hilarity, mirth: vn. I.
► sārr, adj., gladdening, gratifying, joyous, glad, cheering, delightful: PA I.
► masrūr, adj., glad, happy, delighted (bi at), pleased (bi with): PP I.
► musirr, adj., gratifying, delightful, pleasant: PA IV.

sirr سِرّ , pl. ʔasrār

ID … • Sw – • BP 792 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

n.

1 secret; secret thought; secrecy; mystery; 2 underlying reason (of s.th.); 3 sacrament (Chr.); 4 heart, inmost – WehrCowan1979

▪ The value ‘secret, to hide’ of √SRː (SRR) seems to be dependent on ‘navel’ (↗surraẗ, from ↗surr ‘umbilical cord’), either directly (the navel being interpreted as a pudendum or s.th. secret), or via the sense of ‘centre, middle’ and, hence, ‘innermost’ part of s.th., that surraẗ also can take (and thereby itself become equivalent to sirr which in its turn can signify the ‘heart, inmost’).
▪ Extra-Ar evidence that could help sort things out is scarce and perh. irrelevant, as the “cognates” suggested by some scholars probably aren’t genuine cognates. Thus neither the Ug srr (Gt) ‘to confide (?)’ nor Ug sr ‘false’ (Akk sarru), mentioned by Tropper2008, nor Ug šrr ‘in secret’ (Zammit2002) seem to be reliable enough to build a well-founded hypothesis on. Dillmann1865: 384 suggested to assume a kinship betw. Ar sārra, vb. III, ‘to confide a secret’, and Gz sawwara, śawwara ‘to hide, conceal, cover over, shield, screen, protect’, səwwər, səwwur ‘hidden, concealed, covered, secret, obscure’, (pl.) səwwərāt ‘mysteries’ (values given in Leslau2006-CDG; cf. also Aram swyr ‘hide’ and, ultimately, perh. also the complex treated under Ar ↗sūr ‘wall’). But this, too, is highly speculative.
▪ Possibly from sirr is derived ↗surriyyaẗ ‘concubine’, as *‘woman whom a man may show his “secret”, i.e., his penis, or who shows a man her pudenda, or whose existence a man tends to conceal, i.e., keep as a secret, from his wife’. In line with this are attestations of sirr in ClassAr as ^†‘penis, vulva’, then also ^†‘concubitus, cohabitation’ as well as ^†‘marriage’ and ^†‘adultery, fornication’ (see section HIST, below). Where the ‘secret’ has no sexual connotation it can take the meaning of *‘innermost, best part, essence’ and then signify, for instance, the ^†‘marrow, pure\choice\best part of s.th.’, or the ^†‘inmost = best\most fruitful part (of a valley, etc.)’, hence also ‘goodness, excellence’ in general.
▪ From ‘to let into a secret, confide s.th. to s.o.’, the meaning ‘to reveal (a secret)’ has developed, giving rise to counting sarra among the so-called ʔaḍdād, i.e., words that can take contradictory meanings—sometimes sparking hermeneutical controversies about the meaning of certain Qur’anic passages (see ↗surriyyaẗ).

▪ For sirr, Kazimirski1860 and Lane iv (1872) have also the values (now obsolete):

^†‘penis, vulva, external portion of the organs of generation’, hence the expr. ĭltaqà ’l-sirrān ‘the two pudenda met’; hence also
^†‘concubitus | cohabitation avec une femme; hence also marriage’, cf. expr. wāʕadahā sirran ‘he promised her marriage, she promising him the same’; but also ^†‘adultery, fornication’ (cf. walad al-sirr ‘bastard’)
^†‘commencement\first night of the lunar month’, or its ‘middle’, e.g., sirr al-šahr / al-layl ‘the middle of the month / the night’;
^†‘marrow, pure\choice\best part of s.th.’;
^†‘the low\depressed part of a valley, its best\most fruitful part, or its middle’; cf. also ʔarḍ^un sirr^un ‘fruitful\good land’, hence also ‘goodness; excellence’ in general

Moreover, there is ^†sarar ‘secret discourse, secret communication (betw. two persons or parties)’
▪ Due to the ambiguity in meaning of vb. IV, a controversy arouse around Q 10:54 (and 34:33) wa-ʔasarrū ’l-nadāmaẗa lammā raʔaw-u ’l-ʕaḏāba. While some interpreted this as ‘and they will be openly remorseful when they see the chastisement’, others read it as ‘▪ … secretly remorseful▪ …’

▪ ?Tropper2008: Ug sr** ‘falsch’, Akk sarru.
▪ Tropper2008: Ug srr (Gt) ‘anvertrauen (?)’, Ar srr III, IV ‘jdm e Geheimnis anvertrauen, heimlich mitteilen’.
▪ Zammit2002: cf. Ug šrr ‘in secret’.
▪ Leslau2006 (CDG): Gz sawwara, śawwara ‘to hide, conceal, cover over, shield, screen, protect’, səwwər, səwwur ‘hidden, concealed, covered, secret, obscure’, (pl.) səwwərāt ‘mysteries’. Cf. Aram swyr ‘hide’, (Dillmann 1865: 384 suggests) Ar sārra ‘to confide a secret’.

▪ Kogan2015: 396-7 #12: »The only immediate cognate of protAram *šūr ‘wall’ is Ar ↗sūr with the same meaning. The Ar term has often been considered an Aramaism (Fraenkel 1886: 237-8), which becomes less evident in view of Sab ms₁wrt (pl.) ‘wall,’ h-s₁r ‘to build a wall’, Qat s₁wr ‘to build a wall around’ and Te sor ‘wall, partition wall’ (unless an Arabism). Hbr šūr, although probably autochthonous in such passages as Ps 18:30 = 2S 22:30 and Gn 49:22, is a rare poetic synonym of the standard Hbr terms for wall, such as ḳīr, ḥōmā and gādēr. No fully persuasive verbal origin for *šūr- is at hand, but an ultimate connection with Gz sawwara ‘to hide, conceal, shield, screen, protect’ (CDG 520, with cognates in other EthSem langs) and Mhr sər, Jib serr ‘to cover’ cannot be excluded (cf. Marrassini 1971:76-9)«.
▪ Nöldeke1904 counts sarra among the ʔaḍdād, meaning, allegedly, not only ‘to hide, conceal’ but also ‘to reveal’, developed from *‘to deal with the hidden in such a way that it is brought to light’. The two contrary significations are mentioned also in Lane iv (1872), following Zabīdī’s Tāǧ; however, Lane thinks that the attribution of the sense of ‘to reveal’ to sarra is due to a »mistranscription«, where it actually should be vb. IV, ʔasarra ‘to tell confidentially, confide (bi or h s.th. ʔilà to s.o.)’, hence ‘to reveal (s.th. to s.o.)’.

–

► sirran, adv., secretly, privately
► sirran wa-ʕalaniyyaẗan, adv., secretly and publicly
► sirr al-layl, n., watchword, password
► ʔasrār al-qurʔān, n.pl., the secret meaning of the Koran
► kātib al-sirr and kātim al-sirr, n., secretary
► kalimaẗ al-sirr, watchword, password
► bi-sirrikum or fī sirrikum, expr., to your health!, cheerio! skoal!
► fī sirrihī, adv., secretly, inwardly, in his heart
► ʔatʕaba sirrahū, vb. IV, to trouble [s.o.’s heart], worry, bother, harass s.o.
► ʔaǧrà sirran, vb. IV, to dispense a sacrament (Chr.)
► qaddasa ’llāhu sirrahū, expr., may God hallow his secret/heart/soul! (eulogy after the name of a deceased Muslim saint)

► sārra, vb. III, to confide a secret (-h to s.o.): assoc. | sārrahū fī ʔuḏnih, expr., to whisper in s.o.’s ear.
► ʔasarra, vb. IV, 1 ↗sarra; 2 to keep secret, hide, conceal, disguise (s.th.); to tell confidentially, confide (bi‑ or -h s.th. ʔilà to s.o.); to tell under one’s breath, whisper: denom. | ʔasarra fī ʔuḏnih, expr., to whisper in s.o.’s ear (s.th.).
► ĭstasarra, vb. X, 1 to try to hide; to hide, be hidden (ʕan from): conat.; 2 ↗surriyyaẗ

► ^BP#1848sirrī, adj., 1 secret; private; confidential; mysterious, cryptic; 2 sacramental (Chr.): nisba formation. | al-ʔamrāḍ al-sirriyyaẗ, n.pl., venereal diseases.
► ^BP#2744sirriyyaẗ, n.f., secret; secretiveness, secrecy: abstr. formation in iyyaẗ for abstract concepts.
► sarīraẗ, pl. sarāʔirᵘ, n.f., 1 secret; secret thought; 2 mind, heart, soul:… | ṣafāʔ al-sarīraẗ, n., clearness of conscience; ṭayyib al-sarīraẗ, adj., guileless, simplehearted.
► misarraẗ, pl. masārrᵘ, n.f., 1 speaking tube; 2 telephone: n.instr., cf. the old value ^†‘instrument in which one speaks secretly, like a roll, or scroll’ – Lane iv (1872): vn. I.
► mustasarr, n., place of concealment: n.loc.

surriyyaẗ سُرِّيّة , pl. sarāriyy

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

n.f.

concubine – WehrCowan1979

▪ Related to / derived from ‘secret’ (↗sirr) or ‘navel’ (↗surraẗ, from surr ‘umbilical cord’), as *‘woman who shows her secret parts/navel, or to whom a man shows his secrets/navel’, or from ‘to please’ (↗sarra), as *‘woman who gives pleasure’?
▪ Is the ambiguity in the corresponding vb.s between tasarrara and tasarrà (V), or ĭstasarra and ĭstasarrà (X), simply due to phonological reasons, the long vowel in tasarrà / ĭstasarrà compensating the loss of a syllable or facilitating pronunciation, or should one suspect the lexicographers’ explanation and rather assume some other—hitherto obscure—reason, an indication of an origin that is different from both ‘secret’ and ‘to please’? But what could that be?

▪ First attestation, according to HDAL, in a ḥadīṯ (tentatively dated 632 by HDAL) in which the Prophet talks to his wife Ḥafṣaẗ bt. ʕUmar (Sunan al-Bayhaqī) telling her that he will regard a certain surriyyaẗ as taboo.

▪ ?Leslau2006 (CDG): Gz tasarra ‘to be covered (female animal), be attacked’

▪ Lane iv (1872) reports the controversy among the ClassAr lexicographers around the two versions of vb. V, tasarrara and tasarrà. While some regard the latter simply as a variant owing to the difficulty of pronunciation of forms like tasarrartu (with -rr-r- > rr-y, giving tasarraytu), others thought that tasarrà was not only an alleviating form, but the correct root.
▪ Lane iv (1872) also reports that surriyyaẗ is generally thought to derive from sirr as signifying ^†‘concubitus’ or, alternatively, ‘concealment’ »because a man often conceals and protects her from his wife«, the change of vowel from i to u in the nisba being a phenomenon known also from dahr/duhrī, sahlaẗ/suhlī, etc.; others think it is u »to distinguish it from sirriyyaẗ which is applied to ‘a free woman with whom one has sexual intercourse secretly’, or ‘one who prostitutes herself’; others think it is not from sirr ^†‘concubitus’ but from surr in the sense of surūr ‘joy’ »because her owner rejoices in her«.

–

► tasarrà (and tasarrara), vb. V, to take (bi‑ or -hā a woman) as concubine (surriyyaẗ): denom.?
► ĭstasarra, vb. X, 1 ↗sirr; 2 to take as concubine (-hā a woman): request., denom.?

► tasarrin, det. -ī, n., concubinage: vn. V.
► ĭstisrār, n., concubinage: vn. X.

surr سُرّ , pl. ʔasirraẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

n.

umbilical cord – WehrCowan1979

▪ From WSem (or CSem?) (Kogan2011: protSem, best attested in CSem) *šurr‑ ‘navel (string)’.
▪ Zetterstéen1942 postulated (for the whole root √SRR) a »sense primitif« of *‘lier, serrer’ [? based on ‘umbilical cord’]. In the light of the Sem evidence, this assumption seems hardly tenable; cf., however, Dolgopolsky2012 #2106 who puts Sem *šurr- ‘navel string’ together with Berb *√sr˻w˼ ‘to bind, weave’ and NatIndEur *ser- ‘thread, string’ [cf. etymonline: IE *ser- ‘to line up’], all going back to a hypothetical Nostr *säR˹U˺ (= *säRo?) ‘sinew, fibre’. Regarding the navel string, not the navel itself as the primary value makes sense in the light of the fact that in Ar, the n.f. surraẗ ‘navel’ appears to be formed from the n.m. surr ‘umbilical cord’, not the other way round. All other values in the root, however, seem to be derived from ‘navel’ rather than from ‘navel string’ which continued to live a rather isolated life while ‘navel’ began to develop several new meanings.

▪ HDAL: no attestation given yet

▪ Cf. ↗surraẗ, n.f., 1 navel, umbilicus; 2 centre

▪ See ↗surraẗ, and ↗√SRː (SRR) for the general picture.

–

► surrī, adj., umbilical | al-ḥabl al-surrī, n., umbilical cord
► surur and sirar, n., umbilical cord: var. of surr.
► surraẗ, pl. -āt, surar, n.f., 1 navel, umbilicus; 2 centre: derived from surr, or is the latter a back-formation? See ↗surraẗ.

surraẗ سُرّة , pl. ‑āt, surar

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

n.f.

1 navel, umbilicus; 2 centre – WehrCowan1979

▪ From WSem (or CSem?) (Kogan2011: protSem, best attested in CSem) *šurr‑ ‘navel (string)’.
▪ Zetterstéen1942 postulated (for the whole root √SRR) a »sense primitif« of *‘lier, serrer’ [? based on ‘umbilical cord’]. In the light of the Sem evidence, this assumption seems hardly tenable; cf., however, Dolgopolsky2012 #2106, who puts Sem *šurr- ‘navel (string)’ together with Berb *√sr˻w˼ ‘to bind, weave’ and NatIndEur *ser- ‘thread, string’ [cf. etymonline: IE *ser- ‘to line up’], all going back to a hypothetical Nostr *säR˹U˺ (= *säRo?) ‘sinew, fibre’. Regarding the navel string, not the navel itself as the primary value would make sense in the light of the fact that Ar surraẗ ‘navel’ appears to be formed, by adding f. aẗ, from the m. ↗surr ‘umbilical cord’, not the other way round. (Otherwise, surr would be a back formation from surraẗ, to distinguish the ‘navel string’ from the ‘navel’.)
▪ However, all other values in the root seem to be dependent on ‘navel’ rather than on ‘navel string’ – see ↗√SRː (SRR) for the wider picture. Therefore, one may assume that surraẗ, once derived from surr, started to live a life of its own, leaving the ‘navel string’ behind as a rather isolated value.

▪ For surraẗ, Lane iv (1872) has also

^†‘small cavity, or hollow, of the belly, in the middle thereof’, hence also
^†surraẗ al-faras ‘[the navel of the horse =] the star, of Pegasus, that is in the head of Andromeda’, and
^†masrūraẗ n.f., ‘the kind of jar termed muzammalaẗ, having a surraẗ, meaning a perforation in the middle, in which is fixed a tube of silver or lead, whence one drinks’.

▪ For surraẗ, Kazimirski1860 not only gives ‘navel’ but also

^†‘milieu, fond d’une vallée, la partie la plus encaissée’ and
^†‘qui égaye, qui cause de la joie (femme)’.

▪ First attestations of several values in HDAL: 528 ‘navel’, 554 (surraẗ al-wādī) ‘the best part of the valley’ (cf. ↗sirr), 632 (surraẗ al-šahr) ‘the middle of the month’ (cf. ↗sarār), 811 ‘affluence, ease, well-being’ (cf. ↗sarīr)

▪ SED #254, Kogan2015: 198-99 #54: Ug šr (epigraphically unreliable); Hbr šōr, postBiblHbr šārār ‘navel, umbilical cord’; JP šōrā ‘umbilical cord’, Syr šerrā, šurtā ‘umbilicus’, Mand šura ‘navel’; Ar surr, sarar, sirar ‘umbilical cord’; Mhr *šīrε̄ ‘navel’ (see comments below), Hrs šerā, Soq šíraḥ, pl. šireʕheten ‘nombril’, also ŝiraḥ.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 #2106: Ug šr, BiblHbr šor* ‘navel string, navel’, JPA šôrā, JEA šûrâ, Syr šerrā, Mand šura, nMand šorra ‘navel’, Ar surr ‘navel string’; Mhr ŝīrε̄ ‘navel’, Hrs šerā, Jib s͗irᴐʕ, Soq ŝirᴐʕ ̃širᴐʕ. – On the AfrAs level, the author sees cognates in (Berb) Izn/Rf asraw ‘fil de chaîne du métier à tisser’, Rf B/A fiřu usra ‘fil horizontal (trame)’, Tmz i-sirr (pl. i-sarr-ən) ‘fibre de bois\viande; fil de trame, fin pour le tissage des djellabas ou des burnous’. – For an assumed IE connection and, hence, a Nostr dimension, see DISC below.

▪ According to Kogan2015: 198-99 #54, Ug šr is not reliably attested epigraphically, so it is not clear whether one should stop reconstruction at the WSem level or whether the word might have a CSem dimension.
▪ Kogan2015: 198-99 #54: »The origin of protCSem *šurr- ‘navel (string)’ is uncertain, its attribution to the hypothetical biconsonantal element *Sr(S) “clustering about the notion of strength and stability” (Faber 1984: 213-215) is scarcely convincing, although an eventual connection with the verbal root *šrr ‘to be firm, hard,’ represented by Hbr šərīrūt ‘stubbornness’ (HALOT 1658) and Syr šar ‘convaluit, firmatus est’ (LSyr 802, SL 1611), cannot be ruled out. Possible modSAr cognates discussed in SED I #254 are rather unreliable«.

▪ If Dolgopolsky2012 is right in assuming a Nostr dimension, then Ar surr, surraẗ ‘navel (string)’ and its derivatives may be akin to all the descendants of IE *ser- ‘to line up’ (Dolgopolsky: ‘thread, string’), such as, e.g., Engl assert(ion), as-, con-sort, desert (vb., ‘to leave one’s duty’), dissertation, insert, sermon, sorcer-y, -er, series, sort.

► surrī, adj., umbilical: nisba formation. | al-ḥabl al-surrī, n., umbilical cord.
► surur and sirar, n., umbilical cord: var.s of surr.
► surr, pl. -āt, surar, n.f., 1 navel, umbilicus; 2 centre: f. formation

surur سُرُر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

n.

line of the palm or forehead – WehrCowan1979

▪ The meaning seems to have developed from the notion of *‘hollowness, cavity’ associated with the ‘navel’ (*‘cavity in the belly’). surur and the synonymous sirār therefore belong to the complex treated under ↗surr ‘umbilical cord’ and ↗surraẗ ‘navel’ and, as a whole, in the root entry ↗√SRː (SRR).
▪ But is perh. also surūr ‘joy’ (↗sarra) dependent on surur ‘line of the forehead, facial feature’, as *‘emotion recognizable from facial expression’?

▪ Earliest attestations according to HDAL: surur not attested yet; var. sirār: 536 (sirār al-baṭn etc.) ‘wrinkles and folds in the belly’ (cf. ↗sarār).

…

–

► sirār, pl. ʔasirraẗ, ʔasārīrᵘ, n., line of the palm or forehead; pl. features, facial expression, air, also ʔasārīr al-waǧh.

sarār سَرار

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

n.

sarār al-šahr, n., last night of the lunar month – WehrCowan1979

▪ Probably from *‘best part, choice’, from *‘middle, centre’, from ‘navel’ (↗surraẗ), from ‘navel string’ (↗surr), from WSem (?CSem) *šurr- ‘umbilical cord’, ultimately perh. from a hypothetical Nostr *säR˹U˺ (= *säRo?) ‘sinew, fibre’.
▪ Another etymology is considered by DelOlmoLeteSanmartín2003, where Ar sarar ‘last night of the lunar month’ is seen as cognate to Ug srr ‘to set, sink, hide’, in its turn allegedly cognate to Hbr swr, srr. Tropper2008, however, is not sure about the reading of the underlying Ug phrase b srr špš as ‘at the setting of the Sun’ (as the phrase is rendered in DelOlmoLeteSanmartín2003); he also leaves it open where the vn. srr should be derived from: from sw/yr ‘to leave’ (Hbr √swr) or its »Wurzelvariante« √srr.

▪ …

▪ If dependent on Ar ↗surraẗ ‘navel’, cf. there for cognates.
▪ If from another etymon, then cf. perh. DelOlmoLeteSanmartín2003, who translate the Ug b srr špš as ‘at the setting of the Sun’, seeing Ar the Ug √srr ‘to set, sink, hide’ (Hbr swr, srr) as cognate forms.

▪ The meaning ‘last night of the lunar month’ is probably secondary, the result of regarding the last night as the most important, or best, or essential, one. In ClassAr texts, one equally finds sarār (and also sirr) al-šahr in the sense of ^†‘commencement\first night of the month’, or its ‘middle’, and sarār (or sirr) al-layl meaning ‘the middle of the the night’ – Lane iv (1872). Given the overall picture, ‘middle’ or ‘best part of’ seems to be the primary meaning.
▪ In contrast, DelOlmoLeteSanmartín2003 postulate a connection with an Ug word meaning ‘sunset’ (see section CONC, above); but this rendering seems doubtful to Tropper2008.
▪ For semantic development and relation to other items in the root, cf. ↗√SRː (SRR).

–

sarīr سّرير , pl. ʔasirraẗ, surur, sarāyirᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP 1951 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRː (SRR)

n.

1 bedstead, bed; 2 throne, elevated seat – WehrCowan1979

▪ ‘Bed, throne’ is usually seen to derive from surūr ‘joy, happiness, pleasure, tranquility of the mind’ (↗sarra).
▪ However, the primary meaning may have been ‘the part where the head rests upon the neck’ (Freytag1833, Kazimirski1860, SED) so that one could imagine a semantic development along the line *‘neck > neck-rest > place to rest > bed; throne’. For this ‘part where the head rests upon the neck’, SED #253 tentatively assumes a Sem *š/sar- or *s/car- ‘vertebral column, backbone’ as the common source of the Ar and some EthSem forms. However, such an assumption rests only of scarce attestations. A relation of this complex to modSAr forms meaning ‘behind’ is rejected by Kogan2015.
▪ One could also think of the ‘base of the head, neck’ as a value having arisen from the interpretation of [v1] the navel (↗surraẗ) as ‘centre, innermost part’, hence ‘base’.

▪ Lane iv (1872) has ‘the part where the head rests upon the neck’, »said to be derived from surūr [joy, pleasure, tranquility of the mind] because it generally belongs to persons of ease and affluence and of authority, and to kings« (> ‘dominion, sovereignty, rule, authority; ease, comfort, affluence’). – Hence, and as an appellation of good omen, ‘bier, before the corpse is carried upon it’
▪ Kazimirski1860 not only gives ‘bed’ and ‘throne’, but also (from the former) ‘brancard (avant qu’on y ait mis le cadavre)’ and ‘base de la tête, endroit où elle est jointe au cou’ (= Freytag1833: ‘radix capitis, qua cohaeret cum collo’), as well as (from the latter) ‘dignité royale, royauté’ and ‘bien-être’
▪ HDAL: 555 ‘place where the head rests upon the neck’, 569 ‘bier’, 575 ‘throne’, 590 ‘middle (of a valley)’, 621 ‘place to sit or sleep on’, 791 ‘well-off, affluent’

▪ Zammit2002: lists sarīr, but without cognates in Sem.

▪ ClassAr lexicographers tend to relate derive sarīr ‘bed, throne’ from surūr ‘joy, happiness, pleasure, tranquility of the mind’ (↗sarra) because »it [sc. a sarīr] generally belongs to persons of ease and affluence and of authority, and to kings« (hence also the values ^†‘throne; dominion, sovereignty, rule, authority | dignité royale, royauté; ease, comfort, affluence | bien-être’, as well as the expr. ^†zāla ʕan sarīrih ‘déchu de son bien-être’, and, as an appellation of good omen, ‘bier, before the corpse is carried upon it’ – Lane iv (1872) | Kazimirski1860). However, it may be the other way round, i.e., ‘bed, throne’ > ‘ease, happiness, peace of mind’.
▪ According to SED and Kogan2015, the original meaning of sarīr is ^†‘the part where the head rests upon the neck’ (value given also by Freytag1833 and Kazimirski1860), which, actually, also is the value first attested in the sources (555 CE, according to HDAL). So one could think of a development *‘neck > neck-rest > place to rest > bed; throne’. Given another early attestation of sarīr (590 CE – HDAL) as ‘middle (of a valley)’, the assumption made by BAH2008 that one should connect the ‘base of the head, neck’ to ↗surraẗ ‘centre, innermost part’ (originally ‘navel’), may be correct. In contrast, SED #253 tentatively assumes a Sem *š/sar- or *s/car- ‘vertebral column, backbone’ as the common source of the Ar and some EthSem forms. However, the authors are aware of the fact that such an assumption is based on »[s]carce attestation in Ar and MEth only; neither of these languages distinguishes between *š and *s. Note doubling of the second radical and annexation of -w as a third radical in Ar and a full stem reduplication in Eth. See a derived term in Eth and Gur (Sel, Cha, Enn, End, Gye) särsär ‘instrument made of the ribs of a cow and used for leveling the floor’.« The idea, put forward in SED, that this complex is »likely related«, »with a meaning shift«, to modSAr forms meaning ‘behind’ is rejected by Kogan2015: 569 #97: »The origin of prot-modSAr *sar [> Mhr sār, Jib ser, Soq sɛr] ‘behind’ is uncertain. Contra W. Leslau and M. Bittner (1914:15), any connection with protSem *ʔaṯar- ‘trace’ can be safely excluded for phonological reasons. Quite far-fetched is the comparison between the modSAr terms and Ar sarīr ‘the part where the head rests upon the neck’ (Lane 1339), sarāt- ‘back’ (ibid. 1353), Amh säräsär ‘vertebra, spinal cord’ (AED 487) suggested in SED I #253. Shall one rather compare Hbr swr ‘to turn aside’ (HALOT 748), assuming a semantic development from the more original meaning ‘to turn back’?«

–

SRB سرب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRB

“root”

▪ SRB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SRB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to seep in, to leak out, to flow out; an underground passage; to flock, a flock; to be blurred’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

tasarrab‑ تسرّب

ID 385 • Sw – • BP 6242 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRB

vb., V

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SRBL سربل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SRBL

“root”

▪ SRBL_1 ‘shirt; coat of mail; garment’ ↗sirbāl
▪ SRBL_ ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wrapping, garment, a coat of mail; to crumble’.

▪ sirbāl is considered as an early borrowing from Pers – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

sirbāl سِرْبال , pl. sarābīlᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SRBL

n.

1 shirt; 2 coot of mail; 3 garment – WehrCowan1976

▪ Cheung2017rev: ultimately of Ir origin, but prob. borrowed indirectly, via BiblAram sarbāl ‘tunics’¹ < oIr/Scyth *šarabāra-, cf. Grk gloss sarábara ‘Scythian trousers’, Pers šalwār ‘trousers’. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ Rolland2014: (both sirbāl and sirwāl) «du même étymon Phlv que le Pers šalvār ou šulvār ‘calçon, pantalon de marin et de voyageur’, composé de s šal ‘cuisse’, IE *(s)kel ‘crochu, tortueux’, et de vār ‘comme’.² sirbāl est probablement transité par l’Aram. / La différence sémantique entre les deux mots trouve peut-être son explication dans le fait que le costume deux-pièces oriental s’appelle en persan šalvār qamīṣ, littéralement ‘pantalon-chemise’. L’arabe sirbāl semble être ce qui reste de cette appellation. Ainsi, pendant que le persan šalvār devenait l’arabe sirwāl et continuait à ne désigner que le bas du costume, šalvār qamīṣ se réduisait à sirbāl (sous-entendu qamīṣ) pour n’en désigner que le haut. (Hypothèse personnelle.) »
▪ …

1. Gesenius1915: ‘Name eines Kleidungsstückes’, prob. ‘Mantel’, like also JudAram sarbālā, whence Ar sirbāl; according to others: ‘Beinkleider’, pers. šalwār, whence Ar sirwāl and prob. JudAram širwāl ‘Arbeitsärmel’. 2. Également issue de šalvār, le Grk sarábara ‘large pantalon porté par les Skythes’ (Chantraine).

...

.

►sarbala, vb. I, to clothe (s.o.) with a sirbāl; to clothe, dress (s.o. bi in or with); to cover, wrap (bi with)
►tasarbala, vb. II, to put on a sirbāl; to put on, wear ( h a garment); to be clothed, clad, garbed (bi in, also fig. ); to wrap o.s. (bi in); to dress up (bi in)
►mutasarbil: mutasarbil bi’l-šabāb, blessed with youthfulness, evincing youthful freshness

SRǦ سرج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SRǦ

“root”

▪ SRǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘saddle, saddle making; lantern, to light up a lantern’

▪ sirāǧ is considered by some philologists to be a borrowing from Pers – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

SRḤ سرح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SRḤ

“root”

▪ SRḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go to pasture, to set free’

▪ …

–

.

–

masraḥ مَسْرَح , var. ^†marsaḥ

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1211 • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SRḤ ~ √RSḤ

n.

theatre

▪ n.loc. of ↗saraḥa ‘to stroll around freely’

.

masraḥiyyaẗ مَسْرَحيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1211 • APD … • © SG | created 5Jun2023

√SRḤ ~ RSḤ

n.f.

.

▪ n.f., nsb-formation from ↗masraḥ ‘theatre’, n.loc. of ↗saraḥa ‘to stroll around freely’

.

SRD سرد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SRD

“root”

▪ SRD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to put things in a consecutive manner, relating in a sequence; to interweave; coat of mail, to make a coat of mail’

▪ It has been suggested that the sense of ‘coat of mail’ is a borrowing from Pers – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

SRDQ سردق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SRDQ

“root”

▪ SRDQ_1 ‘large tent, canopy, pavilion’ ↗surādiq
▪ SRDQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRDQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tent and awning’

▪ [v1] It has been suggested that this root is a borrowing from Pers – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

surādiq سُرادِق, pl. -āt

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 27Mar2023

√SRDQ

n.

large tent, canopy, pavilion – WehrCowan1976

▪ Cheung2017rev: (‘awning, tent cover’) may have been borrowed directly from Pers, or via Aram, cf. eParth / mPers *srādak, but also Mnd sradqa ‘canopy, awning’. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 18:29 ʔinnā ʔaʕtadnā liẓ-ẓālimīna nāran ʔaḥāṭa bi-him surādiqu-hā ‘We have prepared for disbelievers Fire. Its tent encloseth them’

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The passage [Q 18:29] is eschatological, descriptive of the torments of the wicked, for whom is prepared a fire ‘whose awning shall enwrap them’. The exegetes got the general sense of the word from the passage, but were not very sure of its exact meaning as we see from Bayḍ’s comment on the verse. – It was very generally recognized as a foreign word. Rāghib, Mufradāt, 229, notes that the form of the word is not Arabic, and al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 90, classes it as a Persian word,²⁵ though he is not very certain as to what was the original form. Some derived it from sarādar, meaning an ‘antechamber’, others from sarāpardaʰ ‘curtains’, others from sarāṭāq,²⁶ and yet others from sarāče.²⁷ – Pers sarāpardaʰ is the form from which we must work. It is defined by Vullers as ‘velum magnum s. auleum, quod parietis loco circum tentorium expandunt’,²⁸ and is formed from pardaʰ ‘veil, curtain’ (Vullers, i, 340), and an oPers √srāδa,²⁹ from which came the Arm srah³⁰ and the Judaeo-Persian srāh,³¹ both meaning ‘forecourt’ ([Grk] aulḗ or stoá). From some mPers formation from this √srāδa with the suffix [?] was borrowed the Arm srahak meaning ‘curtain’,³² and the Mandaean srādqā ‘roof of tent’ or ‘awning’.³³ The word occurs in the old poetry, e.g. in Labīd (ed. Chalidi, p. 27), and was thus an early borrowing, but whether directly from Iranian or through Aram it is impossible now to say.«

25. So as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 321, and Siddiqi, Studien, 64. 26. al-Khafājī, 105. On the form sarāparda see Nöldeke, Mand. Gramm, xxxi, n. 3. 27. Lagarde, Übersicht, 176n. 28. Lex, ii, 257. 29. Hübschmann, Persische Studien, 199. Cf. the Phlv srāītan and Pers sarāy, Horn, Grundriss, 161. 30. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 241, and see Lagarde, Arm. Stud, §2071. 31. Lagarde, Persische Studien, 72. 32. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 241. 33. Nöldeke, Mand. Gramm, xxxi; Lagarde, Übersicht, 176 n.; Fraenkel, Fremdw, 29. It may be argued, however, that the Mand form is from Arab.

–

SRṬN سرطن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRṬN

“root”

▪ SRṬN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SRṬN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

saraṭān سَرَطان

ID 386 • Sw – • BP 2134 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SRṬN

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

SRʕ سرع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SRʕ

“root”

▪ SRʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘speed, to hasten, fast, quick’

▪ …

–

.

–

SRF سرف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SRF

“root”

▪ SRF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be heedless or negligent, pass by or leave behind, exceed all bounds, be extravagant or immoderate’

▪ …

–

.

–

SRQ سرق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Apr2023

√SRQ

“root”

▪ SRQ_1 ‘to steal’ ↗saraqa
▪ SRQ_2 ‘dung, manure’ ↗sirqīn (arranged s.r. ↗√SRQN)
▪ SRQ_

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to steal, pilfer and to take away by stealth’

▪ [v1] Kogan2015: 237: from protSem *šrḳ ‘to steal,’ broadly present outside NWSem. – In NWSem, *šrḳ has been completely ousted by protNWSem *gnb (> Hbr gnb, Syr gnb) ‘to steal’, which »is likely related to the anatomical term *ganb ‘side’, with a semantic shift from ‘to put aside’ or similar« (cf. Ar ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, as well as ↗taǧannaba ‘to avoid’).
▪ …

–

▪ [v1] Kogan2015: 237: Akk šarāḳu, Ar srq, Sab s₁rḳ, Gz saraḳa, Mhr hərūḳ, Jib šɛŕɔ́ḳ, Soq yhéraḳ

.

–

saraq- سَرَقَ , i (saraq, sariq, saraqaẗ, sariqaẗ, sarqān)

ID – • Sw – • BP 3005 • APD … • © SG | 28Apr2023

√SRQ

vb., I

to steal, pilfer, filch (s.th., min from s.o.); to rob – WehrCowan1976

▪ Kogan2015: 237: from protSem *šrḳ ‘to steal,’ broadly present outside NWSem. – In NWSem, *šrḳ has been completely ousted by protNWSem *gnb (> Hbr gnb, Syr gnb) ‘to steal’, which »is likely related to the anatomical term *ganb ‘side’, with a semantic shift from ‘to put aside’ or similar« (cf. Ar ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, as well as ↗taǧannaba ‘to avoid’).
▪ …

.

▪ Kogan2015: 237: Akk šarāḳu, Ar srq, Sab s₁rḳ, Gz saraḳa, Mhr hərūḳ, Jib šɛŕɔ́ḳ, Soq yhéraḳ
▪ ...

.

►sarraqa, vb. II, to accuse of theft, call a thief: D-stem, appell.
►sāraqa, vb. III: L-stem, assoc., fig. use: sāraqa ’l-naẓarᵃ ʔilayh, to steal a glance at s.o., glance furtively at s.o.; sāraqa ’l-nawmᵃ, to take a short nap
►ĭnsaraqa, vb. VII, pass. of I: N-stem
►ĭstaraqa, vb. VIII, 1a to steal, filch, pilfer (s.th. min from); b to steal (ʔilà into): Gt-stem, self-ref. | ĭstaraqa ’l-samʕᵃ, to eavesdrop; to monitor (radio, telephone, etc.); ĭstaraqa ’l-naẓarᵃ ʔilayh = sāraqa ’l-naẓarᵃ ʔilayh; ĭstaraqa ’l-ʔanfās, to gasp, pant

►^BP#2798sariqaẗ, n.f., 1a stealing, filching, pilfering; b robbery; c (pl. ‑āt) theft, larceny: vn. I / n.vic.
►sarrāq, n., thief
►sāriq, pl. -ūn, saraqaẗ, surrāq, n. (f. sāriqaẗ, pl. sawāriqᵘ), thief: PA I
►masrūqāt, non-hum.pl., stolen goods: PP I, f.pl.
►munsariq: munsariq al-quwwaẗ, debilitated, exhausted

SRMD سرمد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SRMD

“root”

▪ SRMD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRMD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRMD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be continuous, be incessant’

▪ Philologists consider this root a further derivation from root ↗SRD, but Penrice suggests that sarmad is “apparently of mixed Pers and Arab origin” – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

SRWL سرول

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SRWL

“root”

▪ SRWL_1 ‘trousers, pants, drawers, panties’ ↗sirwāl

▪ …

–

.

–

sirwāl سِرْوال , var. sirwīl, pl. sarāwīlᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SRWL

n.

1a trousers, pants; b drawers; c panties – WehrCowan1976

▪ Cheung2017rev: [on ↗sirbāl] ultimately of Ir origin, but prob. borrowed indirectly, via BiblAram sarbāl ‘tunics’³ < oIr/Scyth *šarabāra-, cf. Grk gloss sarábara ‘Scythian trousers’, Pers šalwār ‘trousers’. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ Rolland2014: [on both ↗sirbāl and sirwāl] «du même étymon Phlv que le Pers šalvār ou šulvār ‘calçon, pantalon de marin et de voyageur’, composé de s šal ‘cuisse’, IE *(s)kel ‘crochu, tortueux’, et de vār ‘comme’.⁴ sirbāl est probablement transité par l’Aram. / La différence sémantique entre les deux mots trouve peut-être son explication dans le fait que le costume deux-pièces oriental s’appelle en persan šalvār qamīṣ, littéralement ‘pantalon-chemise’. L’arabe sirbāl semble être ce qui reste de cette appellation. Ainsi, pendant que le persan šalvār devenait l’arabe sirwāl et continuait à ne désigner que le bas du costume, šalvār qamīṣ se réduisait à sirbāl (sous-entendu qamīṣ) pour n’en désigner que le haut. (Hypothèse personnelle.) »
▪ …

3. Gesenius1915: ‘Name eines Kleidungsstückes’, prob. ‘Mantel’, like also JudAram sarbālā, whence Ar ↗sirbāl; according to others: ‘Beinkleider’, pers. šalwār, whence Ar sirwāl and prob. JudAram širwāl ‘Arbeitsärmel’. 4. Également issue de šalvār, le Grk sarábara ‘large pantalon porté par les Skythes’ (Chantraine).

...

.

–

SRY سري

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SRY

“root”

▪ SRY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SRY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to seep, (of liquids) spread unobtrusively; to remove; to travel by night’

▪ From protSem *√ŠRY ‘to loosen, remove, begin’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

SṬḤ سطح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SṬḤ

“root”

▪ SṬḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SṬḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SṬḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be flat, flattened, to spread out, upper side’

▪ …

–

.

–

SṬR سطر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SṬR

“root”

▪ SṬR_1 ‘line, row; to draw lines, rule’ ↗saṭr
▪ SṬR_2 ‘cleaver’ ↗sāṭūr
▪ SṬR_3 ‘fable, legend, saga, story’ ↗ʔusṭūraẗ
▪ SṬR_4 ↗SYṬR
▪ …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘row of trees, palm trees, objects arranged in a sequence; written words in rows; falsehood; stories with no foundations’. – It has, however, been suggested that the root originated from a borrowing either from Grk or Pers.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

saṭr سَطْر, var. saṭar, pl. suṭūr, ʔasṭur, ʔasṭār

ID … • Sw – • BP 2901 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SṬR

n.

1a line; 1b row – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q yasṭurūna 68:1, masṭūr 17:58, 33:6, 52:2; 54:53 [also the forms muṣayṭir 88:22, and muṣayṭirūn 52:37] ‘to write’, ‘to inscribe’. They are all early passages save 33:6, and possibly all refer to the same thing, the writing in the Heavenly Scrolls – Jeffery1938.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »Nöldeke as early as 1860³⁴ drew attention to the fact that the noun saṭr seemed to be a borrowing from [Syr] šᵊṭārā = [Aram] šᵊṭrā,³⁵ so that the verb, as Fraenkel, Fremdw, 250, notes, would be denominative. The Aram šᵊṭrā = [Syr] šᵊṭārā means a ‘document’, and is from a root connected with Akk šaṭāru ‘to write’. It occurs as šṭr in Nab and Palm inscriptions,³⁶ and in the SAr inscriptions we have sṭr ‘to write’, and ʔsṭr ‘inscriptions’.³⁷ D. H. Müller, WZKM, i, 29, thinks that the Ar may have been influenced both by the Aramaeans of the north, and the Sabaeans of the south, and as a matter of fact as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 311, tells us that Ǧuwaybir in his comment on 17:58, quoted a tradition from Ibn ʕAbbās to the effect that masṭūr was the word used in the Ḥimyaritic dialect for maktūb.³⁸ The presence of the Phlv stūrē, as, e.g., in the phrase ???? = ‘in lines’ (PPGl, 205), makes us think, however, that it may have been Aramaic influence which brought the word to SArabia.³⁹ In any case the occurrence of the word in the early poetry shows that it was an early borrowing.«
▪ …

34. Geschichte des Qorans, p. 13. 35. Cf. Horovitz, KU , 70. 36. Lidzbarski, Handbuch, 374. 37. Lidzbarski, Ephemeris, ii, 381; Hommel, Chrest, 124; Müller, Epigr. Denkm. aus Arabien, lii, 2; liv, 2; Glaser, Altjemenische Nachrichten, 67 ff.; Rossini, Glossarium, 194. 38. Vide Sprenger, Leben, ii, 395. 39. Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 29, takes the Ar form as derived from Aram.

–

► saṭara u (saṭr), vb. I, and saṭṭara, vb. II, 1 to rule (s.th.), draw lines (on a sheet of paper); 2 to write, jot down, record; 3 to draw up, compose: prob. denom.

► sāṭūr, pl. sawāṭīrᵘ, n., cleaver: …
► ʔusṭūraẗ, pl. ʔasāṭīrᵘ, n.f., fable, legend, saga, myth; fabulous story, yarn: ↗s.v.
► ʔusṭūrī, adj., mythical, legendary, fabulous: nisba formation, from ↗ʔusṭūraẗ.
► misṭaraẗ, pl. masāṭirᵘ, n.f., 1 ruler: n.instr.; 2 underlines, guideline sheet | misṭaraẗ al-ḥisāb, n.f., slide rule; see also ↗s.v..
► misṭār, n., trowel: n.instr. I.
► masṭarīn, n., (EgAr) trowel.
► tasṭīr, n., writing down, recording: vn. II.
► musaṭṭar, n., piece of writing, paper, document: PP II.

SṬW سطو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SṬW

“root”

▪ SṬW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SṬW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SṬW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to assail, assault, pounce upon, attack violently’

▪ …

–

.

–

SʕD سعد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʕD

“root”

▪ SʕD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SʕD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘happiness, fortune; assistance; arm, power’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

saʕid‑ سَعِدَ

ID 387 • Sw – • BP 4503 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʕD

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

saʕīd سَعِيد

ID 389 • Sw – • BP 1295 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʕD

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

saʕūdī سَعُودِيّ

ID 388 • Sw – • BP 479 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʕD

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SʕR سعر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SʕR

“root”

▪ SʕR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʕR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʕR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘intense burning of fire, to kindle a fire, intensity of thirst; madness; to fix a price to; fatigue, distress’

▪ …

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.

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SʕF سعف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʕF

“root”

▪ SʕF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SʕF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ʔisʕāf إِسْعاف

ID 390 • Sw – • BP 3663 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SʕF

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SʕY سعي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SʕY

“root”

▪ SʕY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʕY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SʕY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘time span; strife, work, effort, to go about (one’s livelihood), to go to; a portion’

▪ …

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.

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SĠB سغب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 28Mar2023

√SĠB

“root”

▪ SĠB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SĠB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SĠB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘debilitating hunger, fatigue, famine; thirst’

▪ …

–

.

–

SFḤ سفح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SFḤ

“root”

▪ SFḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘base, bottom or lower part of a mountain; side of a mountain along which rain water pounds down unchecked; pouring down of water, spilling of blood; fornication’

▪ …

–

.

–

SFR سفر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SFR

“root”

▪ SFR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SFR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to reveal; to sweep away; to travel; (of daylight) to come or break’

▪ (BAH2008): Philologists classify ‘books’ and ‘scribes’ under this root on the strength of shared radical consonants. The latter two concepts are, in fact, borrowings from Aram and/or Syr.
▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

▪ Engl safari ↗safar.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl sofer, from Hbr sōpēr ‘scribe’, PA of sāpar ‘to count’; akin to Ar ↗sifr ‘book’.

–

safar سَفَر

ID 391 • Sw – • BP 1027 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SFR

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl safari, from Ar safariyyaẗ ‘journey’, from safar ‘departure, journey’, akin to the denom. vb. sāfara ‘to travel’.

►

safīr سَفِير

ID 392 • Sw – • BP 1015 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SFR

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SFʕ سفع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SFʕ

“root”

▪ SFʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to taint black with other colours (in particular white); to slap with the open hand or (of a bird) with a wing; to drag along’

▪ …

–

.

–

SFK سفك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SFK

“root”

▪ SFK_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFK_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFK_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to shed tears or blood, to cause to flow’

▪ …

–

.

–

SFL سفل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SFL

“root”

▪ SFL_1 ‘lower/lowest part of s.th., bottom’ ↗sufl
▪ SFL_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SFL_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be low, to go low; to be base, to be vile’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

sufl سُفْل

ID … • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SFL

n.

lowest part of s.th., bottom – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘low’) Akk šaplu ‘unterer’, Hbr šāp̄āl, Syr šap̄lā, SAr śfl; (Ar safala, safila, vb. I).

…

►safala, u (sufūl, safāl), and safila, a, vb. I, to be low, be below s.th. (‑h)
►safala, u, vb. I, to turn downward
►safula, u (safālaẗ), and safala, u (safl), vb. I, to be low, base, despicable.
►tasaffala, vb. V, 1 to abase o.s., sink low, go from bad to worse; 2 to act in a base manner: Dt-stem.
►suflī, adj., lower, at the bottom; low: nisba formation, from sufl.
►siflaẗ: siflaẗ al‑nās, n.f., lowly people, riffraff.
►safālaẗ, n.f., 1 lowness; 2a lowliness; 2b baseness, ignominy, despicableness: vn. I.
►sufālaẗ, n.f., lowest part.
► ^BP#2267ʔasfalᵘ, f. suflà, pl. ʔasāfilᵘ, adj., lower; lowest; lower or lowest part, bottom | ʔasfalᵃ, (quasi‑)prep., under, underneath, below.
►sāfil, pl. safalaẗ, adj., 1 low; 2a lowly; 2b base, mean, despicable: PA I.

SFN سفن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SFN

“root”

▪ SFN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SFN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to peel off, to bare; ship, ark, boat’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

safīnaẗ سَفِينَة

ID 393 • Sw – • BP 1781 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SFN

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SFH سفه

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SFH

“root”

▪ SFH_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFH_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SFH_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be ignorant, foolish, impulsive, weak in the mind; to be base’

▪ …

–

.

–

SQR سقر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SQR

“root”

▪ SQR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SQR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SQR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘heat of the sun, sunburn, sunstroke’

▪ …

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.

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SQṬ سقط

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SQṬ

“root”

▪ SQṬ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SQṬ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘falling, falling down, falling off; to stumble upon; to deviate from; the low, base, reject’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ʔisqāṭ إِسْقاط

ID 394 • Sw – • BP 3337 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SQṬ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SQF سقف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SQF

“root”

▪ SQF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SQF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SQF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘roof, ceiling, covering, roofing, thatching; (of a man) to be tall and bent’

▪ …

–

.

–

SQLB سقلب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 26Feb2023

√SQLB

“root”

▪ SQLB_1 ‘to throw down’ ↗saqlaba
▪ SQLB_2 ‘Slav(ic)’ ↗saqlabī
▪ ...

▪ [v1] : an archaic *Š-stem (< *sa-qalaba ‘to cause to fall, make turn upside down’?) that has preserved (or re-imported?) the sa- prefix instead of the usual causative ʔa-? – For possibly similar cases, cf., e.g., ↗sabaqa (< *sa-bqà < *sa-baqiya?) or ^†salaqa (< *sa-lqà < *sa-laqiya? – see ↗^†SLQ_12).
▪ [v2] : from ByzGrk sklábos ‘Slav’. The origin of the latter is a matter of discussion, see ↗saqlabī.
▪ …

–

▪ [v1] : ? ↗qalaba ?
▪ [v2] : – (loanword).
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

▪ [v2] : Not from Ar saqlab but from the same source are also Eur words for ‘Slavs’ (later contaminated also with ‘slaves’).
▪ ...

–

saqlab‑ سَقْلَبَ , yusaqlibᵘ (saqlabaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 26Feb2023

√SQLB

vb., I

to throw down – WehrCowan1976

▪ An archaic *Š-stem (< *sa-qalaba ‘to cause to fall, make turn upside down’?) that has preserved (or re-imported?) the sa- prefix instead of the usual causative ʔa-? – For possibly similar cases, cf., e.g., ↗sabaqa (< *sa-baqiya?) or ^†salaqa (< *sa-lqà, sa-laqiya? – see ↗^†SLQ_12).
▪ …

▪ Wahrmund1886: ‘niederwerfen (ṣaraʕa), umwerfen, umhauen; (modern usage) umwenden, umdrehen’
▪ ...

▪ ? Cf. ↗qalaba ?
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

▪ Not from Ar saqlab but from the same source, ByzGrk Skláboi, are also Eur words for ‘Slavs’ (later contaminated also with ‘slaves’).
▪ ...

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗saqlabī, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗SQLB. See also ↗ṣaqlab.

saqlabī سَقْلَبيّ , pl. saqālibaẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 26Feb2023

√SQLB

n./adj.

1a n., Slav; b adj., Slavic – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to Rolland2014, Ar saqlab and var. ṣiqlāb (↗ṢQLB) are from ByzGrk sklábos (pl. skláboi) ‘Slav’. – The origin of the ByzGrk ethnonym is a matter of controversial scholarly discussion. Some authors trace it back to proto-Slavonic *slava ‘glory, fame’; others regard it as ultimately from prot-Slav *slovo ‘word, speech’, used by the Slavs to mark themselves as *‘the speaking ones, those with clear language’, as opposed to *‘the dumb ones’, cf. oChSlav Nemici ‘Germans’; see below, section WEST.
▪ The var. ↗ṣaqlab is prob. from saqlab, with partly retrograde assimilation (ṣ‑ < s‑ under the influence of following q).
▪ Rolland2014: The var. sulāf seems to be a transcription of the Fr or Engl terms (slave, Slav).
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ Due to the association of Slavs with slave trade, the ethnonym later also took the meaning of ‘slave’, a notion that seems to have reached Arabic, too (at least for the var. with initial ṣ‑ instead of sa-, see ↗ṣaqlab): BK1860 mentions the expr. ^†ṣaqālibaẗ al-zanǧ, lit., *‘the negro\black Slavs’, for the ‘Ethiopians’, a meaning that must have emerged due to the fact that, for Arab slave traders, East Africa fulfilled a similar function as a reservoir of slaves as the Balkans and its hinterlands did in the North.⁴⁰ . Cf. also Golden [et al.] in EI²: »The Ṣaḳāliba lands and peoples were intimately associated ... with the slave trade, so much so that their name became synonymous with it. Slaving raids aimed at the Ṣaḳāliba were largely carried out by the Hungarians and the Rūs. Ibn Rusta [C10], [Kitāb al-ʔaʕlāq al-nafīsaẗ, ed. de Goeje, Leiden: Brill, 1892] 142, has a particularly full notice. He reports that the “Maǧġariyya” [Magyar] rule over their Ṣaḳāliba neighbours. “They require of them raw materials (muʔan ġalīẓa) (as tribute)” and treat them like prisoners of war. They raid them regularly and take their captives to “Karǧ” (Kerč) in the Crimea. This, presumably, was their point of entry into the Byzantine world.«⁴¹
▪ ...

40. Cf. art. »ʿAbd«, in EI² (R. Brunschvig). 41. Art. »al-Ṣaḳāliba« in EI² (P.B. Golden, C.E. Bosworth,P. Guichard, and M. Meouak).

▪ Not from Ar saqlab but from the same source, ByzGrk Skláboi, are Eur words for ‘Slavs’, such as Engl Slav, Fr slave, Ge Slawe, etc. – Sources disagree on the origin of the etymon itself, the ByzGrk ethnonym Skláboi. Rolland2014 follows those who think it is an emic term based on Slavonic *slava ‘glory, fame’ (< IE *kleu‑ ‘to hear, reknown’), an idea that, accord. to EtymOnline, is explicitly rejected by »Max Vasmer, the authority for Slavic etymologies«.² Pfeiffer1993 (in DWDS), too, does not trace ByzGrk Skláboi (var. Stʰláboi) back to prot-Slav *slava ‘glory, fame’; rather, he thinks that it is shortened from ByzGrk Sklavēnoí (older also *Stʰlabēnoí) ‘Slavs from the Balkanic hinterland’, from the prot-Slav *slověne (pl.) ‘Slavs’ (sg. *slověninъ), accord. to EtymOnline prob. an emic ethnonym related to prot-Slav *slovo ‘word, speech’, which suggests that the name originally identified a member of a speech community (compare oChSlav Nemici ‘Germans’, related to nemu ‘dumb’, > Ar ↗nimsā, today ‘Austria’). – Some scholars also hold that, in Europe, ByzGrk Stʰlábos > Sklábos later also gave the words for ‘slave’: > medLat Sclavus ‘slave’ > oFr (C13) esclave > Engl (c. 1300) sclave, esclave ‘person who is the chattel or property of another’ (also mHGe slave ‘Unfreier, Knecht’, cf. DWDS). The same scholars think that the secondary sense is due to the fact that »many Slavs [were] sold into slavery by conquering peoples« (EtymOnline). In contrast, Kluge2002 proposes a different etymology for ‘slave’ (C13 Ge Sklave ‘slave’ < mHGe sklafe, slave, from mLat sclavus < *scylavus, akin to Grk skyleúō, skyláō ‘to make war-booty’, from skŷlon ‘war-booty’³ ), adding, however, that this word later merged with the Grk ethnonym for the ‘Slavs’, mGrk sklabēnói, which gave rise to »inappropriate etymological speculation«.
▪ ...

2. Accord. to Vasmer, Slavonic *slava ‘glory, fame’ may have influenced Slav only »via folk etymology«. *slava ‘glory, fame’ (perh. from prot-IE root *kleu- ‘to hear’) is the ‑slav in personal names, such as Ru Miro‑slav, lit. ‘peaceful fame’, Msti‑slav ‘vengeful fame’, Jaro‑slav ‘famed for fury’, Cz Bohu‑slav ‘God’s glory’, Latinized Wence‑slas ‘having greater glory’ – EtymOnline. 3. Beekes2016: Grk skŷla (n.pl.) ‘war-booty, esp. weapons’, also skŷlon ‘spoil, booty’. > Denom. vb. skyleúō ‘to rob a slain enemy of his weapons’. Etym: »The root specifically refers to the stripping of a slain enemy of his weapons and armor. Probably a derivative of the root of skýllō ‘to lacerate, tear up, flay’, even though the meaning of skŷla may have influenced the aorist skŷlai ‘to plunder’. Other etymlologies ... are less attractive.«

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗saqlaba as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗SQLB. See also ↗ṣaqlab.

SQM سقم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SQM

“root”

▪ SQM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SQM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SQM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sickness, to be sick, be ill-disposed, be troubled’

▪ …

–

.

–

SQY سقي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SQY

“root”

▪ SQY_1 ‘to give to drink, make s.o. drink; to water, irrigate’ ↗saqà
▪ SQY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to give to drink, to water (animals, plants or land), to make drink’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

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saqà/ saqay‑ سقيْـ/سَقَى, i (saqy)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SQY

vb., I

to give to drink, make s.o. drink; to water (cattle, plants) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *šḳy ‘to irrigate, quench one’s thirst, provide enough water’ – Kogan 2011, 2015: 30, 537. According to Huehnergard, who also assumes Sem *šḳy, this word for the ‘watering of animals (and irrigation of fields)’ belongs to the oldest proto-Semitic layer of agricultural terminology that can be reconstructed (2011: 2068). Militarev/Stolbova’s reconstruction (*š˅ḳ- ‘to drink, give to drink’ < AfrAs *s˅ḳʷ- ‘to drink’) (2007) is supported by the extra-Semitic evidence, but little convincing inside Semitic itself. – Any connection with the IE theme ‘to suck’?

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser 1928, Zammit 2002: Akk šaqū ‘tränken, bewässern’, Ug šqy ‘to drink’, Hbr šāqā (hif.) ‘to cause to drink; to water’, Aram (af.) šᵉqā ‘to give drink; to water’, Syr (af.) ʔašqī ‘to water, irrigarte’, SAr sqy ‘to irrigate; to provide with water’, Gz saqaya ‘rigare, irrigare’, Ar saqā (y) ‘to water, give drink to’
▪ Militarev 2006 #1469 (< Orel/Stolbova 1994 #2220): Akk šaqû ‘to give a drink’, Ug šqy ‘to drink’, Hbr (hi) hi-šqâh, Jib šeḳe ‘to give a drink’. – Outside Semitic, Militarev / Stolbova 2007 (< Stolbova 2006) quote the forms soke ‘to give water (to a child)’) in a WCh language, and sexwì, sɛgwi, sakwù ‘to drink’ in some CCh idoms.
▪ For ClAr √SQY and Hbr √ŠQY ‘to give to drink’, Almedlaoui 2012 also compares Ber swa ‘to drink’.

▪ Militarev / Stolbova 2007 reconstruct Sem *š˅ḳ- ‘to (give to) drink’, WCh *suḳ- / *swaḳ- ‘to give water (to a child)’ and CCh *s˅ḳwa- ‘to drink’, and from these AfrAs *s˅ḳʷ- ‘to drink’.
▪ Dolgopolsky 2012 #2031 even connects Sem *šḳy ‘to give to drink’ with IE *seu̪g- (~ *°seu̪k-?) ‘to suck’ (> nHGe saugen, Engl suck, etc.) and reconstructs Nostr *s̄ük˅ʔa ‘to drink, suck’. Usually, however, the IE root is believed to be *seuə- ‘to take liquid’ (Kluge 2002 s.v. saugen, Harper s.v. suck, sup), without *‑g‑, so that Dolgopolsky’s equation of Sem *‑ḳ‑ and IE *‑g‑ remains without basis.

–

► saqy, n., watering; irrigation: vn. I.
► saqawī, adj., (maghr.) irrigational: nisba formation from the preceding
► siqāʔ, pl. ʔasqiyaẗ, ʔasqiyāt, ʔasāqin (det. ‑ī), n.f., waterskin, milkskin
► saqqāʔ, pl. -ūn, n., water carrier; – pelican (zool.): n.prof.
► siqāyaẗ, n.f., irrigation, watering; office of water supplier (spec., the traditional office of one in charge of providing water for Mecca pilgrims); watering place; drinking vessel: vn. I and specialized use.
► misqan, det. ‑à, pl. masāqin (det. ‑ī), n., (Eg.) irrigation canal: n.instr.
► musāqāẗ, n.f., sharecropping contract over the lease of a plantation, limited to one crop period (Isl. Law): vn. III.
► ĭstisqāʔ, n., dropsy; (Mor.) irrigation: vn. X
► ĭstisqāʔī, dropsical, hydropic: nisba formation, from the preceding.
► sāqin, det. sāqī, pl. suqāẗ, n., cupbearer, Ganymede, saki: PA I.
► sāqiyaẗ, n.f., 1. barmaid; 2. (pl. sawāqin, det. sawāqī) a. rivulet; irrigation ditch, irrigation canal; b. water scoop; c. sakieh, water wheel: PA f.

SKː (SKK) سكّ / سكك

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKː (SKK)

“root”

▪ SKː (SKK)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SKː (SKK)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sikkaẗ سِكّة

ID 395 • Sw – • BP 7023 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKː (SKK)

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SKT سكت

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKT

“root”

▪ SKT_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SKT_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘being silent, becoming silent, silence, to stop talking, to stop moving; to abate’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sakat‑ سَكَتَ

ID 396 • Sw – • BP 2975 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKT

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SKR سكر

ID 397 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKR

“root”

▪ SKR_1 ‘to shut, close, lock, bolt’ ↗sakar u (sakr).
▪ SKR_2 ‘intoxicating drink’ ↗sakar .
▪ SKR_3 ‘hendbane’ ↗saykurān .
▪ SKR_4 ‘sugar’ ↗sukkar .
▪ SKR_5 ‘cigar(ette)’ ↗sīgār

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘intoxicating drinks, intoxication, drowsiness, unconsciousness; blocking a gap, corking a bottle’. – It has been suggested that intoxication, along with its derivatives, are borrowings from either Gz or Aram.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Probably no relation between SKR_1 and the rest.
▪ SKR_3 probably related to SKR_2.
▪ SKR_4 and SKR_5 are loan-words.

–

sakar‑ سكر , u (sakr)

ID 398 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKR

vb., I

to shut, close, lock, bolt (s.th.) (chiefly syr., leb.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …..

Ass sekēru (sakāru) ‘to dam up; close, clog (a canal, a watercourse); to block (part of the body, e.g., to stop ears)’, sikkūru (sukkūru, sukīru) ‘bar, bolt (as locking device)’, Hbr sāḵar ‘to shut up, stop up’, Aram səḵar, Syr səḵar ‘to shut up, stup up, dam up’.

▪ BDB 1906/2010: apparently kindr. with [Hbr] sgr‑ ‘to shut, close’. – Cf. Klein1987: Ug sgr‑ ‘to shut, close’, AramSyr səḡar‑ ‘to shut up, confine, seclude’, Akk sakāru‑ ‘to close’, šigaru‑ (sigaru) ‘door lock; cage’ (cad : ‘part of a lock; probably the bolt or bar’). – Cf. Ar ↗√SǦN.
▪ BDB 1906/2010: > Eg t’akar‑ ‘barrier’.
▪ Apparently not related to the theme ‘intoxicating drink, drunkenness’ (↗√SKR, ↗sakar).

–

►

sakar سكر

ID 399 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKR

n.

an intoxicant; wine – WehrCowan1979.

As ‎most other wine terms, also sakar may have entered Arabic via Syriac (Syr šiḵrā ʻdate ‎wine’). Most probably, however, it is older and goes back to a common Sem n. *šikar‑ ~ *šakar‑ ‘intoxicating/alcoholic drink’ (Kogan2011). In Q 16:67 it is still considered lawful and a generous gift given by God to man. Later in the Q, the attitude towards sakar changes.

▪ eC7 Q 16:67 wa-min ṯamarāti ’l-naḫīli wa’l-ʔaʕnābi tattaḫiḏūna minhu sakaran wa-rizqan ḥasanan ‘And of the fruits of the date-palm, and grapes, whence ye derive strong drink and (also) good nourishment’ (Pickthal) / ‘Und (wir geben euch) von den Früchten der Palmen und Weinstöcke (zu trinken), woraus ihr euch einen Rauschtrank macht, und (außerdem) schönen Unterhalt’ (Paret).

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘intoxicating drink’) Akk šikaru, Hbr šēḵār, Syr šeḵrā, Gz sekā́r.
▪ BDB1906: cf. also Gz səkār ‘drunkenness’, sakra ‘to drink, get drunk’, sakārī ‘drunkard’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2032: BHbr šēḵār, Akk šikāru, šikru ‘alcoholic drink, beer’, Syr šaḵrā (abs. šəḵar) ‘sicera (alcoholic drink other than wine, esp. a liquor made from dates or from honey)’, JudAram [Trg] šiḵrā ‘alcoholic drink’.

▪ Jeffery1938: 172-173: »With this should be associated all the other forms ‎‎[occurring in the Qurʔān] derived therefrom and connected with drunkenness, e.g. iv, 46; xv, 15, ‎‎72; xxii, 2. – as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 321 (Mutaw, 40), tells us that some early authorities considered it ‎an Ethiopic word. It is possible that the Eth [Gz] sakra is the origin of the Ar word, but the ‎word is widely used in the Semitic languages, e.g. Akk šikaru (cf. [Hbr] ‎šāḵar ‎; [Syr] šəḵar) ‘‎beer’;¹ and Grk, e.g. síkera.⁴² Thus while it may have come into Ar from Syr as ‎most other wine terms did, on the other hand it may be a common derivation from early Semitic ‎‎(Guidi, Della Sede, 603).«
▪ Huehnergard2002 reconstructs a Common Sem n. *šikar‑ ‘intoxicating drink’. Similarly Dolgopolsky2012#2032: Sem *šikar‑ ~ *šakar‑ ‘alcoholic drink’.
▪ On account of what he thinks are ‘cognates’ in Korean (MKor sù ͉ìr ~ sù ͉ùr, NKor su˥‑ < proto-Kor *sù ͉ìr ‘wine, alcoholic drink’), Dolgopolsky reconstructs Nostr *s̄2˅˹k˺˅R˅ (or *s̄˅Ḳ˅R˅) ‘intoxicating drink’ ([in descendant languages] ↗‘alcoholic drink’) – Dolgopolsky2012#2032.
▪ Any relation to ↗SKR‑ ‘’?

42. Levy, Fremdw, 81, and ‎Lagarde, Mittheilungen, ii, 357.

▪ Sem (Hbr, Aram?) > Grk síkera ‘fermented liquor, strong drink’ – Dolgopolsky2012 #2032. According to Huehnergard2002, the Sem n. is, via Grk síkera, the ancestor of the Engl cider.

► sakira, a (sakar, sukr). vb. I, to be drunk; to get drunk, become intoxicated: probably denominative.
► ʔaskara, vb. IV, to make drunk, intoxicate, inebriate : causative of I.
► tasākara, vb. VI, to pretend to be drunk : denominative..
► sukr, n., intoxication, inebriety, drunkenness : vn. I..
► sakraẗ, n.f., pl. sakarāt, inebriety, intoxication, drunkenness : | s. al-mawt agony of death..
► sakrānᵘ, adj., f. sakrā, pl. sukārā, sakārā drunk, intoxicated; a drunk: ints.adj. | s. ṭīnaẗ (colloq.) dead drunk; s. bi’l-naṣr drunk with victory.
► sikkīr, adj., drunkard, heavy drinker: ints.adj..
► muskir, n., pl. ‑āt alcoholic beverage, intoxicating liquor: nominalized PA IV.

sukkar سُكَّر , pl. sakākirᵘ

ID 400 • Sw – • BP 1683 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKR

n.

sugar; pl. sakākirᵘ sweetmeats, confectionery, candies – WehrCowan1979.

The word entered Ar either via Pers šä(k)kär (Waines, Kluge), mInd sakkharā (Vennemann) or, less specifically, from some Indo-Aryan source difficult to identify (Dolgopolsky). Ultimately it goes back to Skr śarkarā ‘grit, pebbles, gravel’.
»The origin of sugar cane and its early domestication cannot be precisely determined, but it evidently derived from the family of large Saccharum grasses which grow in India and Southeast Asia« and which produce silicious concretions in their internodes. »From India, cultivation of the plant spread westward. Clear references to cultivation in Persia belong to the period immediately following the Islamic conquest, but it was possibly known somewhat earlier; papyrus evidence indicates that sugar cane was grown in Egypt by the mid-2nd/8th century and diffusion across North Africa was steady although its entry into areas of the Iberian peninsula under Muslim domination may not have occurred until the 5th/11th century. From Crusader times, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean and later Cyprus, were important; sources of supply for Christian Europe« – Waines1997.

▪ …

Since the word is a loan from an Indo-Aryan source, there are no real cognates. For a possible relation of the ancestor of sukkar, Skr śarkarā ‘grit, pebbles, gravel’, with Cush words for ‘gravel, small stone, coarse sand’ as well as possible parallels within Nostr, see next paragraph.

▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1131: Nostr *ḳär˅ (ḳa) (= *ḳärU (ḳa)?) ‘small stone’ > AfrAs: Cush: ECush: pOr {Bl.} *ḳirr‑ ‘gravel, small stone’ > Or č̣írr-ačča {Grg.} ‘coarse sand’, {Bl.} ‘small stone(s)’, Kns qírr-itta ‘small stone’, qírr-a ‘gravel’ || Kauk: GZ *ḳurḳa‑ > G ḳurḳa - ‘stone of a fruit’, Lz ḳurḳa id., ‘grain’ || IndoEur: NaIE *k̑orkā ‘gravel’ > OInd śarkarā f. ‘grit, pebbles, gravel’, OInd Ep śarkara > Pali sakkharā -, Prkr sakara ‑, Hindi sakkar ‘granulated sugar’ (an Indo-Aryan source ↗Grk sákkhar (on), NPer šä(k)kär, Ar sukkar - ‘sugar’, and the words for ‘sugar’ in the European languages [Ital zucchero, nHG Zucker, Fr sucre, NEngl sugar, Russ saxar, etc.]) ‖ Grk krókē, krokálai ‘abgerundeter Kieselstein am Meeresufer’ || Drav *kar˅c̉‑ ({ϑGS} *g‑) ‘gravel’ > Kn garasu, garusu, Tl garusu id., Tu karṅkallu id., ‘hard sand’.
▪ Unrelated to other items of the root ↗√SKR.

▪ Pāli sakharā‑ > (Hellenistic period?) Grk sákkhar, sákkhari > Per šakar. Grk sákkharon > Lat saccharum. Ar sukkar > Ital zucchero, Fr sucre, Ge Zucker – Chantraine1977.

► sukkar al-banǧar, n., beet sugar.
► sukkar al-ṯimār, n., fructose, levulose, fruit sugar.
► sukkar al-šaʕīr, n., maltose, malt sugar.
► sukkar al-ʕinab, n., dextro-glucose, dextrose, grape sugar.
► sukkar al-qaṣab, n., saccharose, sucrose, cane sugar.
► sukkar al-laban, n., lactose, milk sugar.
► sukkar al-nabāt, n., sugar candy, rock candy.
► qaṣab al-sukkar, n., sugar cane.
► maraḍ al-sukkar, n., diabetes (med.).

► sakkara, vb. II, to sugar, sprinkle with sugar; to candy, preserve with sugar: denominative.
► sukkarī, adj., sugar (adj.), sugary, like sugar, saccharine: nsb-adj.; pl. sukkariyyāt confectionery; sweetmeats, candy | maraḍ al-bawl al-s. and al-maraḍ al-s. diabetes (med.).
► sukkariyyaẗ, n.f., sugar bowl : nominalized nsb-adj. f.
► musakkarāt, n.f.pl., confectionery, sweetmeats, candy : nominalized PP II, denominative.

saykurān سيْكُران , var. saykarān

ID 401 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKR, SYKR

n.

henbane [Schwarzes Bilsenkraut, Hexenkraut] (Hyoscyamus niger; bot.‑ ) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …..

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Any relation with ↗sakar‑ ‘intoxicating drink’ ?

–

SKN سكن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKN

“root”

▪ SKN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SKN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be quiet, to be still, to be tranquil, to inhabit, to dwell; to be poor; knife’. – It is possible that sikkīn is a borrowing from Syr or Aram and sakīnaẗ from Hbr.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sakan‑ سَكَنَ

ID 402 • Sw – • BP 1328 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKN

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …..

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

sikkīn سِكِّين

ID 403 • Sw – • BP 4794 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKN

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

sakīnaẗ سكينة

ID 404 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SKN

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SL سل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 16Apr2022

√SL

reduced “root” (< SʔL)

▪ SL_1: ‘ask!’ ↗sal
▪ SL_2: cf. also ↗SLː (SLL), ↗SLW/Y, ↗SWL, ↗SYL

▪ SL_1: result of reduction, from ↗SʔL (imperative only)
▪ …

▪ …

▪ SL_1: ↗saʔala
▪ …

▪ see above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

sal سَلْ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 16Apr2022

√SL (for *SʔL)

imperative

ask! : short imperative of ↗saʔala – WehrCowan1976.

▪ from *ĭsʔal, with omission of syllable-constituitive initial ĭ after elision of ʔ in postconsonantal position (*ĭsʔal > *ĭsal > sal).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ ↗saʔala
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

*SL‑ سلـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Feb2022

√*SL-

2-cons. root nucleus

▪ *to draw out or off – Ehret1989 #21.

▪ According to Ehret1989 #21, we may assume the existence of a pre-protSem 2-rad. root *SL with the meaning ‘to draw out or off’. In the author’s view, this root is preserved most ‘purely’ in Ar ↗salla (u, sall) ‘to draw out slowly’. For extensions with modifying R₃ cf. below, section DERIV.

…

–

According to Ehret1989 #21, the pre-protSem nucleus *SL is preserved most ‘purely’ in
▪ ↗salla (u, sall) ‘to draw out slowly’, while other extensions with modifying R₃ include:

▪ »concisive« *‑ʔ: ↗salaʔa (a, salʔ) ‘to purify butter, press sesame oil’
▪ »finitive fortative« *‑b: ↗salaba (u, salb) ‘to take from with violence, rob, plunder, steal’
▪ »durative« *‑t: ↗salata (i u, salt) ‘to draw one thing from another’
▪ »iterative« *‑ḥ: ↗salaḥa (a, salḥ) ‘to drop excrement’
▪ »extendative fortative« *‑ḫ: ↗salaḫa (a u, salḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; to undress’
▪ »sunderative« *‑ʕ: ↗saliʕa (a, salaʕ) ‘to split, cleave’
▪ »iterative« *‑p: ↗salafa (u, salf) ‘to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land)’
▪ »intensive (effect)« *‑ḳ: ↗salaqa (u, salq) ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’

SLː (SLL) سلّ/سلل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Feb2022, last update 4Jul2022

√SLː (SLL)

“root”

▪ SLː (SLL)_1 ‘to pull out, withdraw, remove gently’ ↗salla
▪ SLː (SLL)_2 ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’ ↗tasallala
▪ SLː (SLL)_3 ‘consumption, tuberculosis’ ↗sill
▪ SLː (SLL)_4 ‘basket’ ↗¹sallaẗ
▪ SLː (SLL)_5 ‘progeny, offspring; family; race’ ↗sulālaẗ
▪ SLː (SLL)_6 ‘large needle; obelisk’ ↗misallaẗ
▪ SLː (SLL)_7 ‘offprint’ ↗ (IrqAr) mustallaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899, Lane iv 1872):

▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_8 ‘to steal; to aid in stealing’: ^†ʔasalla; cf. also ^†²sallaẗ, n.f., ‘secret theft’, ^†sallāl, n., ‘thief; horse-stealer’
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_9 ‘losing one’s teeth’: ^†sall (Lane); ?cf. also ^†sallà (sic!) ‘to lose the teeth’ (only Hava1899)
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_10 ‘pure wine’: ^†²salīl
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_11 ‘brain of the horse’: ^†³salīl
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_12 ‘spinal cord’ : ^†⁴salīl
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_13 ‘slice of flesh, (Lane:) sinew, portion of flesh having streaks, oblong portion of flesh of the part on either side of the backbone […]’: ^†¹salīlaẗ
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_14 ‘long fish, (Lane:) a certain long fish, having a long beak-like snout’: ^†²salīlaẗ
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_15 ‘cotton; wool upon the spindle’: ^†³salīlaẗ
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_16 ‘bottom of a valley; stream in a valley’: ^†sāll (pl. sawāll), ^†⁵salīl (pl. sullān)

▪ SLː (SLL)_17 : Some dictionaries, both ClassAr and MSA, group under SLː (SLL) also the complex treated in EtymArab s.v. ↗silsilaẗ.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘to extract gently and unobtrusively, to pull out strands of wool; pedigree, breed; to move about stealthily’

▪ SLː (SLL)_1 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21, geminated salla is the direct reflex (without extensions) of a pre-protSem 2-rad. root ↗*√SL ‘to draw out or off’. In addition, also many extensions with slightly modified meaning exist; they include: ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa. – OrelStolbova1994 #2274 reconstruct Sem *šul < AfrAs *sol ‘to pull’ (on account of assumed cognates in WCh and CCh). – Any relation to (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246) protSem *ša/ily(-at)- / *sa/ily(-at)‑ ‘afterbirth, fetal membrane’, (Fronzaroli, Studi, 37-8) *šily(-at)- ‘placenta’ (see SLː (SLL)_5, below; < s.th. *‘drawn out slowly’)? If valid, a more general basic meaning (*‘to pass gently through a narrow opening’) should prob. be assumed (cf. Gabal2012).
▪ SLː (SLL)_2 : prob. akin to SLː (SLL)_1. If so, this, too, could point to a more general basis, *‘to (make) pass through a narrow opening’, supplementing the one-directional ‘pulling, drawing’ of SLː (SLL)_1 by a movement away from the speaker, or not necessarily directed towards him/her.
▪ SLː (SLL)_3 : Accord. to Rolland2014 from Pers sil ‘consumption, tuberculosis’, perh. akin to sal, sull ‘lungs’. – Cf., however, below, section DISC.
▪ SLː (SLL)_4 : accord. to Fraenkel1886 a borrowing from Aram sallā ‘basket’, accord. to Corriente2008 from Eg (cf. Copt salo). But perhaps *‘the pierced one, thing with punctures’, as sallaẗ also could mean ^†‘awl, big needle’ (like misallaẗ, see SLː (SLL)_6) and ^†‘chink in a tank, fault\defect in a watering-trough or in a jar, breach, fissures in the ground that steal the water’. If valid, the ‘basket’ may be related to SLː (SLL)_1/2 and, via these, also to SLː (SLL)_5.
▪ SLː (SLL)_5 : prob. akin to ^†salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay ), ¹salīl ‘male foetus, embryo; descendant, scion, son’, from protSem *ša/ily(-at)- / *sa/ily(-at)‑ ‘afterbirth, fetal membrane’ – MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) #246. – Perh. related to SLː (SLL)_1 ‘to draw out slowly, remove gently’.
▪ SLː (SLL)_6 : accord. to Fraenkel (1886: 75) from a root with the basic meaning *‘to pierce’, but perh. related to SLː (SLL)_1/2 (and with the latter to SLː (SLL)_5); see below, section DISC.
▪ SLː (SLL)_7 : obviously a PP from ĭstalla, vb. VIII, ‘to pull out or remove gently; to withdraw gently’, Gt-stem of SLː (SLL)_1. Thus, the ‘offprint’ is, basically, a copy *‘drawn out smoothly’ of/from the original’. – Cf. also SLː (SLL)_5 ‘progeny, offspring’ with which ‘offprint’ shares the notion of a reproduction from an original source.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_8 : The notions of ‘(aiding in) stealing’, ‘secret theft’, etc. are based on the *‘gentle passing through a narrow opening’ that can be assumed as the basic value of SLː (SLL)_1/2, showing a development from ‘gently’ to ‘secretly’, as already in SLː (SLL)_2 ‘to sneak, invade, infiltrate’.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_9 ‘to lose one’s teeth’: The value is prob. based on SLː (SLL)_1 ‘to draw/pull out gently’.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_10-15 : Given that the values [v10] ‘pure wine’, [v11] ‘brain of the horse’, and [v12] ‘spinal cord’ all are homonymous with ¹salīl ‘male foetus, embryo; descendant, scion, son’, and that the corresponding f. form, salīlaẗ, morphologically a quasi-PP, too, shows a similarly broad spectrum of meanings, from [v13] ‘(Hava:) slice of flesh, (Lane:) sinew, portion of flesh having streaks, oblong portion of flesh of the part on either side of the backbone […]’, over [v14] ‘(Lane:) a certain long fish, having a long beak-like snout’, to [v15] ‘cotton; wool upon the spindle’, it is likely that all are based on ¹salīl ‘male foetus, embryo; descendant, scion, son’, though the exact nature of such a dependence remains unclear so far. – Cf., however, Dolgopolsky2012#2057, who regards [v15] salīlaẗ ‘wool upon the spindle’ as akin not only to Ar ↗silkaẗ ‘spun thread’, but also to some extra-Sem (Chad and Heth!) items, all of which going back, in his opinion, to a hypothetical Nostr *sül̄˻w˼˅ ‘thread, string’.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_16 ‘bottom of a valley; stream in a valley’: of obscure etymology, perh. *‘passing gently through (sc. the two sides of a valley)’ (^†sāll) or *‘spread’ (^†salīl), i.e., PA or quasi-PP, respectively, of salla in the sense of *‘to pass gently through s.th (SLː (SLL)_1) and then *spread (SLː (SLL)_2)’. – In contrast, Dolgopolsky2012#2047 considers (though with caution) an AfrAs and even a Nostr dimension (< Nostr ²*Sil˅ ‘hole’).
▪ SLː (SLL)_17 : Some dictionaries, both ClassAr and MSA, group under SLː (SLL) also the complex ‘1 to drip, dribble, fall in drops, flow down, trickle; 2 (hence?:) chain’, treated in EtymArab s.v. ↗SLSL (with ↗tasalsala and ↗silsilaẗ).

…

▪ 1 [v1] (OrelStolbova1994 #2274): Hbr šly, Ar salla ‘to pull out, withdraw, remove gently’, Jib sell ‘to drag away’. – Outside Sem: [WCh] šwal, sol, šollu, [CCh] 1 səl , 1 sisal (with partial redupl.), all ‘to pull’. –?2 [v2] Ar tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’. –?3 [v5] (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246): Akk (oBab, SBab) silītu, šelītu, šalitu ‘afterbirth; womb (poet.)’, Hbr šilyā ‘afterbirth’, postBiblHbr šālīl ‘embryo’, JudAram šilyətā, šilyā; silyətā, sīlətā ‘afterbirth’; šillūlā ‘embryo, birth’, Syr šəlītā ‘secundina; membrana foetum tegens’, Mnd šulita ‘membrane enveloping the foetus’, Ar salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay); salīl ‘fils; foetus male’, Gz sayl ‘foetus, embryo’ (metathesis of y!), Te səlät ‘placenta, afterbirth’, Tña šəlät ‘placenta o seconda delle bestie’; šəl ‘feto ancora nel ventre della madre’, Amh šəl ‘foetus, embryo, conception’, (Gur) Msq šəl šäkkätä ‘to be in the first stage of pregnancy’ (šäkkätä ‘to arrange, make, do, etc.’, Muh šər, Gye šīr (<*sil), Cha Eza Enn šərər (< *silil) ‘embryo’. – Note s- instead of the expected š- in part of Akk and JudAram forms. –?4 Ar misallaẗ ‘large needle; obelisk’. –?5 [v8] IrqAr mustallaẗ ‘offprint’. –?6 [v4] Aram sallā (> Ar sallaẗ ‘basket’). –7 [v3] Ar sill ‘consumption, tuberculosis’, (>?) Gz salla, salala, Amh sällälä ‘to be paralyzed, be withered’. –8 ‘(aiding in) stealing’, ‘secret theft’, etc. < [v1/2] *‘gentle passing through a narrow opening’? –9 ‘to lose one’s teeth’ < [v1] ‘to draw/pull out gently’? –10-15 [v10] ‘pure wine’, [v11] ‘brain of the horse’, [v12] ‘spinal cord’, [v13] ‘(oblong?) slice of flesh having streaks, sinew’, [v14] ‘certain long fish’, [v15] ‘cotton; wool upon the spindle’: all homonymous with (and hence based on?) #3 [v5] ¹salīl ‘male foetus, embryo; descendant, scion, son’? If so, how? – For 15 cf., however, Dolgopolsky2012 #2057: (from SLː + ext. in K) silkaẗ ‘spun thread’; outside Sem: [CCh] Mbara sílé ‘rope, corde’, Mln sā̀ā̀lú, Bcm sàlaké ‘rope’; [IE] Heth sue|il- ‘Faden, Band’. –16 (Dolgopolsky2012 #2047): Akk (from oBab onwards) šīlu(m) ‘Vertiefung (Eindruck auf Leber, Magen usw. in Omina; Vertiefung im Gelände)’, ? Ar sāll ‘bottom of a valley’; outsided Sem: [ECush] Kns silla ‘small hole’, Rn sī́l ‘vagina, birth canal’; [SCush (Omot)] Kz silimbayo ‘cave’; [CChad] Ms sùllà, Bnn sùldà, BnnM sula ‘hole’. –17 ↗SLSL.
▪ …

▪ SLː (SLL)_1 (OrelStolbova1994 #2274): from Sem *šul , with cognates in WCh *sol and CCh *s˅l , all ‘to pull’, all from AfrAs *sol ‘to pull’ (Fraenkel1886: *‘to draw’). – For Ehret’s view, cf. above, section CONC. – Based on, or akin to, SLː (SLL)_5 *‘placenta, afterbirth’ (< *‘what slips out, or is drawn out, gently’)? If such a relation is valid, one should prob. assume for the vb. (with Gabal2012) a wider basic meaning like *‘to (make) pass gently through a narrow opening’, including both directions of passing, i.e., a drawing/pulling out/off and pushing/squeezing in – in which case also SLː (SLL)_2 ‘to spread; to slip, sneak, invade, etc.’, SLː (SLL)_6 ‘large needle’ (perh. < *‘instrument used to make a thread pass through s.th.’) and SLː (SLL)_4 ‘basket’ (perh. < *‘perforated, punctured, pierced’) may be explained as deriving from SLː (SLL)_1.
▪ SLː (SLL)_2 tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’: If SLː (SLL)_1 is not only *‘to draw/pull out gently’, but also *‘to push, squeeze in gently’, the notion of ‘slipping, sneaking, invading, etc.’ can easily be seen as deriving from SLː (SLL)_1. Similarly, ‘to spread, extend’ may be explained as resultative of ‘pulling out gently’ (*< ‘to spread, extend o.s. after having been drawn out gently’), perh. *‘like the placenta/afterbirth’ (SLː (SLL)_5). – Influenced by ↗tasalsala ‘to drip, dribble, fall in drops, flow down, trickle’?
▪ SLː (SLL)_3 sill ‘consumption, tuberculosis’: accord. to Rolland2014 a borrowing from Pers; if this is valid, the EthSem cognates (Gz salla, salala, Amh sällälä ‘to be paralyzed, be withered’ – Leslau2006) must be in turn borrowed from Ar.
▪ SLː (SLL)_4 sallaẗ ‘basket’: Fraenkel (1886: 75) thinks that several names for baskets in Ar are taken from Aram. »For some of them it is not easy to decide whether they are indigenous or foreign, see, e.g., sall, sallaẗ.« Accord. to the author, the term can neither be explained from SLː (SLL)_1 *‘to draw out’ nor from SLː (SLL)_6 *‘to pierce’. »It is also suspicious that f. sallaẗ is more common than m. sall (as is Aram kylth). The word is absent also from Gz.« – Corriente2008 holds that sallaẗ ‘basket’ is »indeed a cognate of Copt salo (Crum 330), but its presence in other NWSem tongues (cf. Aram sallā) means that it must have been borrowed from much older Egyptian.« – Should one, however, compare the homophonous ^†sallaẗ ‘(Hava1899:) awl [small pointed tool used for piercing holes, esp. in leather], (Lane iv 1872:) one’s sewing (a skin, hide, etc.) with two thongs in a single puncture, or stitch-hole’; also ‘(Hava:) chink in a tank, (Lane:) fault\defect in a watering-trough or in a jar, breach, fissures in the ground that steal the water’? If related, the sallaẗ type of ‘basket’ would originally be a *‘thing with punctures, perforated’, thus akin to ↗misallaẗ ‘large needle’, so that a relation to the idea of *‘piercing’ should not be excluded.
▪ SLː (SLL)_5 sulālaẗ ‘progeny, offspring; family; race’: MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) #246 reconstruct protSem *ša/ily(-at)- / *sa/ily(-at)‑ ‘afterbirth, fetal membrane’, protSem *šalīl/*salīl (postBiblHbr, JudAram, Ar, part of Gur) ‘embryo’. – Fronzaroli, Studi, 37-8 had *šily(-at)- ‘placenta’, *šalīl‑ ‘embrione’.
▪ SLː (SLL)_6 misallaẗ ‘large needle; obelisk’: accord. to Fraenkel (1886: 75) from a root with the basic meaning *‘to pierce’. But this would be without cognates in Sem, which is why it may be safer to assume a relation with SLː (SLL)_1 in the more general sense of ‘to (make) pass gently through’, so that misallaẗ would be the *‘instrument making (a thread, etc.) glide/pass smoothly through s.th.’. – The value ‘obelisk’ is, of course, the result of a transfer of the original meaning to a stone object *‘looking like a large needle’.
▪ SLː (SLL)_7 (IrqAr) mustallaẗ ‘offprint’: see above, section CONC.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_8: see above, section CONC.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_9: see above, section CONC. – For the form ^†sallà, given only by Hava1899 and, strangely enough, grouped under SLː (SLL), not SLY, I would suspect a misreading of ^†salaqa (see SLQ_26) or ^†salaġa (↗SLĠ), or, most probably, a misspelling for ^†salla (impf. i) which BK1860 has as ‘perdre ses dents’ (cf. also Lane iv 1872 who has ^†sall ‘losing one’s teeth’).
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_10 ‘pure wine’: < *‘extract, best choice, essence’, based on SLː (SLL)_5 salīl ‘progeny’?
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_11 ‘brain of the horse’: use as simile, based on ^†salīl ‘placenta, afterbirth’ (SLː (SLL)_5)?
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_12 ‘spinal cord’: Should one compare ↗silsilaẗ al-ẓahr, silsilaẗ faqriyyaẗ ‘backbone, vertebral column’? – Cf. also the fact that [v12] shares with [v13] and [v14], and perh. also [v15] and [v16], the notion of *‘long, drawn out’, which may point to a relation with SLː (SLL)_1 < SLː (SLL)_5.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_13-14: see above, section CONC, and preceding paragraph on [v12].
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_15: Is the value ‘cotton; wool upon the spindle’ originally *‘s.th. drawn gently out’, thus akin to ^†salīl ‘placenta, afterbirth’ (SLː (SLL)_5)? Cf. also above, section CONC, and [v12] in this section. – Dolgopolsky2012#2057 draws a parallel to ↗silkaẗ ‘spun thread’ (from Sem *°√Š|SLK, perh. /*°š|silak-/, which he thinks may be an extension in K, based on Sem *°√Š|SLL ‘wool upon the spindle’, whence Ar salīlaẗ ‘dto.’). On account of the AfrAs (CChad) and IE (Heth) ‘cognates’ he reconstructs hypothetical Nostr *sül̄˻w˼˅ ‘thread, string’.
▪ ^†SLː (SLL)_16: Like possibly also the preceding, also ‘bottom of a valley; stream in a valley’ may be a semantic extension going back to a basic *‘drawn out’. – Cf. however also above, section CONC. – Dolgopolsky2012 #2047 would not exclude a relation with Akk šīlu(m) ‘Vertiefung (Eindruck auf Leber, Magen usw. in Omina; Vertiefung im Gelände’ and thus consider a deeper Sem dimension. Moreover, he sees cognates also outside Sem and reconstructs ECu *sill- ‘small hole’, SCu [Omot] *sila ‘cave’, CCu *? ‘hole’, all from a hypothetical Nostr ²*Sil˅ ‘hole’. »The deviant vowel *u [in some forms] may be due to the contamination with the reflex of Nostr *šuʕ̱l˹ê˺ ‘throat, mouth’ (q.v.) [cf. Ar ↗saʕala ‘to cough’].«

▪ SLː (SLL)_17 : It is not clear whether also the complex ‘to drip, dribble, fall in drops, flow down, trickle’ (↗SLSL, esp. ↗tasalsala) should be seen together with SLː (SLL)_1 *‘to pass gently through an opening’, or whether it is based on unrelated (?) ‘chain’ (↗silsilaẗ).

…

sall‑ / salal‑ سَلّـ / سَلَلْــ , u (sall)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 4Feb2022, last updated 4Jul2022

√SLː (SLL)

vb., I

1 to pull out, withdraw, or remove gently; 2 pass. sulla, to have pulmonary tuberculosis, be consumptive – WehrCowan1976

▪ This entry is on [v1] only. For [v2], see ↗sill.
▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21, geminated salla is the direct reflex (without extensions) of a pre-protSem 2-rad. root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’. In addition, many extensions in a third radical exist, each with slightly modified meaning, see ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ OrelStolbova1994 #2274 reconstruct Sem *šul < AfrAs *sol ‘to pull’ (on account of assumed cognates in WCh and CCh).
▪ Any relation to (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246) protSem *ša/ily(-at)- / *sa/ily(-at)‑ ‘afterbirth, fetal membrane’, (Fronzaroli, Studi, 37-8) *šily(-at)- ‘placenta’ (see ↗sulālaẗ)? If valid, the vb. could be denom.; otherwise, the placenta/afterbirth could be imagined as *‘what is drawn out slowly’.
▪ Probably, also the Dt-stem ↗tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’ is related, so that one may have to assume a more general basic meaning *‘to (make) pass through a narrow opening’, supplementing the one-directional ‘pulling, drawing’ with a movement away from the speaker.
▪ If valid, a more general basic meaning (*‘to pass gently through a narrow opening’) should prob. be assumed (cf. Gabal2012), in which case also ↗misallaẗ ‘large needle’ can be regarded as a derivative (n.instr.).
▪ …

…

▪ 1 (OrelStolbova1994 #2274): Hbr šly, Ar salla ‘to pull out, withdraw, remove gently’, Jib sell ‘to drag away’. – Outside Sem: [WCh] šwal, sol, šollu, [CCh] 1 səl , 1 sisal (with partial redupl.), all ‘to pull’. –?2 Ar tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’. –?3 (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246): Akk (oBab, SBab) silītu, šelītu, šalitu ‘afterbirth; womb (poet.)’, Hbr šilyā ‘afterbirth’, postBiblHbr šālīl ‘embryo’, JudAram šilyətā, šilyā; silyətā, sīlətā ‘afterbirth’; šillūlā ‘embryo, birth’, Syr šəlītā ‘secundina; membrana foetum tegens’, Mnd šulita ‘membrane enveloping the foetus’, Ar salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay); salīl ‘fils; foetus male’, Gz sayl ‘foetus, embryo’ (metathesis of y!), Te səlät ‘placenta, afterbirth’, Tña šəlät ‘placenta o seconda delle bestie’; šəl ‘feto ancora nel ventre della madre’, Amh šəl ‘foetus, embryo, conception’, (Gur) Msq šəl šäkkätä ‘to be in the first stage of pregnancy’ (šäkkätä ‘to arrange, make, do, etc.’, Muh šər, Gye šīr (<*sil), Cha Eza Enn šərər (< *silil) ‘embryo’. – Note s- instead of the expected š- in part of Akk and JudAram forms. –?4 Ar misallaẗ ‘large needle; obelisk’. –?5 IrqAr mustallaẗ ‘offprint’. –6–15 […].
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►ĭstalla, vb. VIII, 1a to pull out or remove gently (‑h s.th.); b to withdraw gently (‑h s.th., e.g., kaffahū one’s hand, ʕan from); c to unsheathe, draw (‑h the sword); 2 to wrest, snatch (‑h s.th., min from s.o.): Gt-stem, self-ref.

►salīl, n., 1 drawn (sword): quasi-PP; 2 descendant, scion, son ↗sulālaẗ; may, however, also be a direct derivation, in the sense off *‘what come out, originates from (the same womb)’.
►mustallaẗ, pl. ‑āt, offprint (IrqAr): PP VIII, < *‘drawn out smoothly’ of/from the original’.

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗tasallala, ↗sill, ↗sallaẗ, ↗sulālaẗ, and ↗misallaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).

tasallal‑ تَسَلَّل (tasallul)

ID … • Sw – • BP 3974 • APD … • © SG | 19Mar2022

√SLː (SLL)

vb., V

1 to spread, extend, get (ʔilà to), reach (ʔilà 1.th.); 2a to steal away, slink away, slip away, escape; b to slip, slink, sneak, steal ʔilà into); c to betake o.s., go (ʔilà to, with secret designs); d to invade, infiltrate, enter (ʔilà s.th.); e to penetrate (ʔilà to, so far as) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Prob. akin to, or directly derived (as Dt-stem) from ↗salla which, normally, only means ‘to pull out, withdraw, or remove gently’ but may be based on the more general notion of *‘to (make) pass through a narrow opening’, itself prob. akin to the protSem *ša/ily(-at)- / *sa/ily(-at)‑ ‘afterbirth, fetal membrane, placenta’, see ↗sulālaẗ.
▪ …

…

▪ 1 (OrelStolbova1994 #2274): Hbr šly, Ar salla ‘to pull out, withdraw, remove gently’, Jib sell ‘to drag away’. – Outside Sem: [WCh] šwal, sol, šollu, [CCh] 1 səl , 1 sisal (with partial redupl.), all ‘to pull’. –?2 Ar tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’. –?3 (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246): Akk (oBab, SBab) silītu, šelītu, šalitu ‘afterbirth; womb (poet.)’, Hbr šilyā ‘afterbirth’, postBiblHbr šālīl ‘embryo’, JudAram šilyətā, šilyā; silyətā, sīlətā ‘afterbirth’; šillūlā ‘embryo, birth’, Syr šəlītā ‘secundina; membrana foetum tegens’, Mnd šulita ‘membrane enveloping the foetus’, Ar salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay); salīl ‘fils; foetus male’, Gz sayl ‘foetus, embryo’ (metathesis of y!), Te səlät ‘placenta, afterbirth’, Tña šəlät ‘placenta o seconda delle bestie’; šəl ‘feto ancora nel ventre della madre’, Amh šəl ‘foetus, embryo, conception’, (Gur) Msq šəl šäkkätä ‘to be in the first stage of pregnancy’ (šäkkätä ‘to arrange, make, do, etc.’, Muh šər, Gye šīr (<*sil), Cha Eza Enn šərər (< *silil) ‘embryo’. – Note s- instead of the expected š- in part of Akk and JudAram forms. –?4 Ar misallaẗ ‘large needle; obelisk’. –5–15 […].
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

►ĭnsalla, vb. VII, 1a to steal away, slink away, slip away, escape; b to slip, slink, sneak, steal (ʔilà into); c to infiltrate (ʔilà s.th., also pol.); d to advance singly or in small groups (troops in the field; mil.); 2 to have pulmonary tuberculosis, be consumptive ↗sill

►^BP#4290tasallul, n., 1 infiltration (pol.); 2 offside position (in football, hockey, etc.)
►ĭnsilāl, n., infiltration (pol.)

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salla, ↗sill, ↗sallaẗ, ↗sulālaẗ, ↗misallaẗ, and ↗mustallaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).

sill سِلّ , var. sull سُلّ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 19Mar2022, last update 4Jul2022

√SLː (SLL)

n.

consumption, phthisis, tuberculosis – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Rolland2014 from Pers sil ‘consumption, tuberculosis’, perh. akin to sal, sull ‘lungs’.
▪ …

–

▪ (Leslau2006: Ar salla ‘to be consumptive’, Gz salla, salala, Amh sällälä ‘to be paralyzed, be withered’.)
▪ …

▪ If Rolland2014 is right and the word is from Pers, then the EthSem parallels given by Leslau2006 must be in turn borrowed from Ar.
▪ …

–

►al-sull al-tadarrunī, tuberculosis;
►al-sull al-riʔawī, pulmonary tuberculosis

►ĭnsalla, vb. VII, 1 ↗tasallala; 2 to have pulmonary tuberculosis, be consumptive: N-stem, denom., pass./intr.

►maslūl, adj., consumptive, affected with pulmonary tuberculosis: PP I, denom.< /p> For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salla, ↗tasallala, ↗sallaẗ, ↗sulālaẗ, ↗misallaẗ, and ↗mustallaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).

sallaẗ سَلّة , pl. silāl

ID … • Sw – • BP 2188 • APD … • © SG | 19Mar2022

√SLː (SLL)

n.f.

basket – WehrCowan1976

▪ Earlier theories argued for a foreign origing (Aram, Copt), though the word may be genuin Ar.
▪ Fraenkel1886 from Aram sallā ‘basket’; accord. to Corriente2008 a borrowing from Eg (cf. Copt salo) (but, prob., the inverse is the case).
▪ Any relation to the homophonic ^†sallaẗ ‘(Hava1899:) awl [small pointed tool used for piercing holes, esp. in leather], (Lane iv 1872:) one’s sewing (a skin, hide, etc.) with two thongs in a single puncture, or stitch-hole’; also ‘(Hava:) chink in a tank, (Lane:) fault\defect in a watering-trough or in a jar, breach, fissures in the ground that steal the water’? If connected, the sallaẗ type of basket may originally have been a *‘thing with punctures’, thus related to ↗misallaẗ ‘large needle’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ? ^†sallaẗ ‘awl; sewing with two thongs; chink in a tank, fault\defect in a watering-trough\jar, breach’, misallaẗ ‘large needle’? – (If loanword: cf. Aram sallā, Copt salo ‘basket’).
▪ …

▪ Fraenkel (1886: 75) thinks that several names for baskets in Ar are taken from Aram. »For some of them it is not easy to decide whether they are indigenous or foreign, see, e.g., sall, sallaẗ.« Accord. to the author, the term can neither be explained from ↗salla *‘to draw out’ nor from salla *‘to pierce’. »It is also suspicious that f. sallaẗ is more common than m. sall (as is Aram kylth). The word is absent also from Gz.«
▪ Corriente2008 holds that sallaẗ ‘basket’ is »indeed a cognate of Copt salo (Crum 330), but its presence in other NWSem tongues (cf. Aram sallā) means that it must have been borrowed from much older Egyptian.« – In contrast, both Crum and, after him, Černy1976, think it is the other way round, i.e., that the Copt word is a loan from Sem.
▪ Cf., however, section CONC above, for the possibility of a connection with ^†sallaẗ ‘awl; sewing with two thongs; chink in a tank, fault\defect in a watering-trough\jar, breach’. – If connected, one would have to assume a long chain of semantic development: *‘to (make) pass through a narrow opening’ (↗salla) > * ‘to pierce, sew’ (↗misallaẗ) > *‘opening, puncture’ > *‘basket with small openings, as though punctured by a needle’.
▪ …

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►sallaẗ al-muhmalāt, n.f., wastepaper basket;
►kuraẗ al-sallaẗ, n.f., basketball

►sall, n., basket
►sallāl, n., basketmaker, basket weaver

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salla, ↗tasallala, ↗sill, ↗sulālaẗ, ↗misallaẗ, and ↗mustallaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).

sulālaẗ سُلالة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19Mar2022, last updated 4Jul2022

√SLː (SLL)

n.f.

1a descendant, scion; b progeny, offspring; c family; 2a race; b strain, stock, provenience (of economic plants) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The word is with all probability akin to salīl ‘male foetus, embryo; descendant, scion, son’, ^†salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay , √SLY), from protSem *ša/ily(-at)- / *sa/ily(-at)‑ ‘afterbirth, fetal membrane’ – MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) #246.
▪ The latter may in itself be related to ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly, remove gently’ (unless the vb. is denom.).
▪ …

▪ Cf. also ^†salīl, n., ‘colt’, and ^†salīlaẗ, n.f., ‘filly’ – Hava1899.
▪ …

▪ 1 (OrelStolbova1994 #2274): Hbr šly, Ar salla ‘to pull out, withdraw, remove gently’, Jib sell ‘to drag away’. – Outside Sem: [WCh] šwal, sol, šollu, [CCh] 1 səl , 1 sisal (with partial redupl.), all ‘to pull’. –?2 Ar tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’. –?3 (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246): Akk (oBab, SBab) silītu, šelītu, šalitu ‘afterbirth; womb (poet.)’, Hbr šilyā ‘afterbirth’, postBiblHbr šālīl ‘embryo’, JudAram šilyətā, šilyā; silyətā, sīlətā ‘afterbirth’; šillūlā ‘embryo, birth’, Syr šəlītā ‘secundina; membrana foetum tegens’, Mnd šulita ‘membrane enveloping the foetus’, Ar salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay); salīl ‘fils; foetus male’, Gz sayl ‘foetus, embryo’ (metathesis of y!), Te səlät ‘placenta, afterbirth’, Tña šəlät ‘placenta o seconda delle bestie’; šəl ‘feto ancora nel ventre della madre’, Amh šəl ‘foetus, embryo, conception’, (Gur) Msq šəl šäkkätä ‘to be in the first stage of pregnancy’ (šäkkätä ‘to arrange, make, do, etc.’, Muh šər, Gye šīr (<*sil), Cha Eza Enn šərər (< *silil) ‘embryo’. – Note s- instead of the expected š- in part of Akk and JudAram forms. –?4 Ar misallaẗ ‘large needle; obelisk’. –5–15 […].
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC, as well as, for more details, ↗salla and root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).
▪ …

–

►sulālī, adj., family… (adj.): nisba formation.
►salīl, n., 1 drawn (sword) ↗salla; 2 descendant, scion, son: quasi-PP I.
►salīlaẗ, pl. salāʔilᵘ, n.f., (female) descendant: f. or preceding item.

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salla, ↗tasallala, ↗sill, ↗sallaẗ, ↗misallaẗ, and ↗mustallaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).

misallaẗ مِسَلّة , pl. ‑āt, masāllᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19Mar2022, last updated 4Jul2022

√SLː (SLL)

n.f.

1 large needle, pack needle; 2 obelisk – WehrCowan1976

▪ The modern use in the sense of ‘obelisk’ is the result of a transfer of meaning from the earlier ‘large needle’ which, accord. to Fraenkel (1886: 75), would be from ↗salla in the sense of *‘to pierce’; more likely, however, is a dependence on salla with an assumed basic value of *‘to pass gently through a narrow opening’ (as suggested by Gabal2012). Morphologically a n.instr., misallaẗ is thus prob. orig. an *‘instrument making (a thread, etc.) glide/pass smoothly through s.th. (tissue, skin, etc.)’.
▪ For a possible dependence of the underlying vb. salla on protSem *ša/ily(-at)- / *sa/ily(-at)‑ ‘placenta, afterbirth, fetal membrane’, see ↗salla and root entry ↗SLː (SLL).
▪ …

–

▪ 1 (OrelStolbova1994 #2274): Hbr šly, Ar salla ‘to pull out, withdraw, remove gently’, Jib sell ‘to drag away’. – Outside Sem: [WCh] šwal, sol, šollu, [CCh] 1 səl , 1 sisal (with partial redupl.), all ‘to pull’. –?2 Ar tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’. –?3 (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246): Akk (oBab, SBab) silītu, šelītu, šalitu ‘afterbirth; womb (poet.)’, Hbr šilyā ‘afterbirth’, postBiblHbr šālīl ‘embryo’, JudAram šilyətā, šilyā; silyətā, sīlətā ‘afterbirth’; šillūlā ‘embryo, birth’, Syr šəlītā ‘secundina; membrana foetum tegens’, Mnd šulita ‘membrane enveloping the foetus’, Ar salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay); salīl ‘fils; foetus male’, Gz sayl ‘foetus, embryo’ (metathesis of y!), Te səlät ‘placenta, afterbirth’, Tña šəlät ‘placenta o seconda delle bestie’; šəl ‘feto ancora nel ventre della madre’, Amh šəl ‘foetus, embryo, conception’, (Gur) Msq šəl šäkkätä ‘to be in the first stage of pregnancy’ (šäkkätä ‘to arrange, make, do, etc.’, Muh šər, Gye šīr (<*sil), Cha Eza Enn šərər (< *silil) ‘embryo’. – Note s- instead of the expected š- in part of Akk and JudAram forms. –?4 Ar misallaẗ ‘large needle; obelisk’. –5–15.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salla, ↗tasallala, ↗sill, ↗sallaẗ, ↗sulālaẗ, and ↗mustallaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).

mustallaẗ مُسْتَلّة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19Mar2022, last updated 4Jul2022

√SLː (SLL)

n.f.

offprint (IrqAr) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Morphologically a f. PP from ĭstalla, vb. VIII, ‘to pull out or remove gently’, Gt-stem of ↗salla ‘to draw/pull out gently’. Thus, a mustallaẗ ‘offprint’ is, basically, a copy *> smoothly drawn out’ of/from an original. – Cf. also ↗sulālaẗ ‘progeny, offspring’ with which ‘offprint’ shares the notion of a reproduction from an original source.
▪ For the etymology of the underlying vb. salla cf. ↗s.v..
▪ …

–

▪ 1 (OrelStolbova1994 #2274): Hbr šly, Ar salla ‘to pull out, withdraw, remove gently’, Jib sell ‘to drag away’. – Outside Sem: [WCh] šwal, sol, šollu, [CCh] 1 səl , 1 sisal (with partial redupl.), all ‘to pull’. –?2 Ar tasallala ‘to spread, extend; to slip, sneak, invade, infiltrate, penetrate’. –?3 (MilitarevKogan2005 SED I #246): Akk (oBab, SBab) silītu, šelītu, šalitu ‘afterbirth; womb (poet.)’, Hbr šilyā ‘afterbirth’, postBiblHbr šālīl ‘embryo’, JudAram šilyətā, šilyā; silyətā, sīlətā ‘afterbirth’; šillūlā ‘embryo, birth’, Syr šəlītā ‘secundina; membrana foetum tegens’, Mnd šulita ‘membrane enveloping the foetus’, Ar salaⁿ ‘membrane qui enveloppe le foetus’ (*salay); salīl ‘fils; foetus male’, Gz sayl ‘foetus, embryo’ (metathesis of y!), Te səlät ‘placenta, afterbirth’, Tña šəlät ‘placenta o seconda delle bestie’; šəl ‘feto ancora nel ventre della madre’, Amh šəl ‘foetus, embryo, conception’, (Gur) Msq šəl šäkkätä ‘to be in the first stage of pregnancy’ (šäkkätä ‘to arrange, make, do, etc.’, Muh šər, Gye šīr (<*sil), Cha Eza Enn šərər (< *silil) ‘embryo’. – Note s- instead of the expected š- in part of Akk and JudAram forms. –?4 Ar misallaẗ ‘large needle; obelisk’. –5 IrqAr mustallaẗ ‘offprint’. –6–15 […].
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salla, ↗tasallala, ↗sill, ↗sallaẗ, ↗sulālaẗ, and ↗misallaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLː (SLL).

SLʔ سلأ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Feb2022, last update 16Apr2022

√SLʔ

“root”

▪ SLʔ_1 ‘to purify butter, press sesame oil’ ↗salaʔa

Other values, now obsolete, include (Lane iv 1872, Hava1899):

▪ ^†SLʔ_2 ‘prickles of palm-trees; (hence also: ) arrow-head; a certain bird, dust-colored, and long-legged’: ^† sullāʔ; cf. also (denom.?) ^†salaʔa, vb. I, ‘to pluck off the (prickles of a tree)’
▪ ^†SLʔ_3 ‘to pay (promptly, quickly, ready money) to s.o.’: ^†salaʔa
▪ ^†SLʔ_4 ‘to inflict (many, a hundred) lashes (on s.o.)’: ^†salaʔa
▪ ^†SLʔ_5 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ SLʔ_1 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »concisive« * ʔ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ ^†SLʔ_2 : Any relation between ‘(to pluck off) prickles of a palm-tree’ and SLʔ_1 ‘to clarify butter’? – See DISC, below.
▪ ^†SLʔ_3 : Identity of terminology with SLʔ_1 ‘to clarify butter\oil’ and ^†SLʔ_2 ‘to pluck off the prickles (of a palm-tree)’ suggests semantic kinship, though the exact nature of this relation remains obscure.
▪ ^†SLʔ_4 : Is the ‘infliction of lashes’ derived from ^†SLʔ_2 ‘to pluck off the prickles (of a palm-tree)’ (as lashing s.o. with palm fronds would make the latter lose their prickles)?
▪ …

▪ …

▪ SLʔ_1 : See above, section CONC, and discussion below s.v. SLʔ_2.
▪ ^†SLʔ_2 : Should the notions of ‘(to pluck off) prickles of a palm-tree’ and SLʔ_1 ‘to clarify butter’ be seen together? If the vb. is not denom. from ^† sullāʔ ‘prickles’ and the latter rather dependent on the vb., then ‘plucking off prickles’ and ‘clarifying butter’ may have the *‘removal of unwanted bubbles, prickles, or similar’ in common.
▪ ^†SLʔ_3 : See above, section CONC.
▪ ^†SLʔ_4 : See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

salaʔ‑ سَلَأ , a (salʔ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 4Feb2022, last updated 25Feb2022

√SLʔ

vb., I

to clarify (butter) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989#21 an extension in »concisive« *-ʔ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis include ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ Any relation with other, now obsolete values (see HIST)? – See below, section DISC.

▪ Other meanings of salaʔa, now obsolete, include ^†‘to pluck off the (prickles of a tree)’ (↗^†SLʔ_2), ‘to pay (promptly, quickly, ready money) to s.o.’ (↗^†SLʔ_3), and ^†‘to inflict (many, a hundred) lashes (on s.o.)’ (↗^†SLʔ_4).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ For cognates in the wider sense (accord. to Ehret), see sections CONC and DISC.

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »concisive« * ʔ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ The identity of verbal terminology for ‘clarifying butter\oil’ and other, now obsolete values (see HIST) suggests some kind of kinship between the clarification of butter\oil and the other activities designated earlier by salaʔa, such as ‘plucking off the prickles (of a palm-tree)’, ‘inflicting lashes upon s.o.’, and ‘paying ready money to s.o.’. But the exact nature of this relation, if valid, would remain to be explained.
▪ …

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►silāʔ, pl. ʔasliʔaẗ, n., clarified butter

SLB سلب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, updated 5Jul2022

√SLB

“root”

▪ SLB_1 ‘to take way, steal, rob, plunder, loot’ ↗salaba
▪ SLB_2 ‘to put on or wear mourning, be in mourning’ ↗saliba
▪ SLB_3 ‘negative’ ↗salbī
▪ SLB_4 ‘spoils\hide, shanks and belly of a slaughtered animal’ ↗²salab
▪ SLB_5 ‘ropes, hawsers’ ↗EgAr ³salab
▪ SLB_6 ‘method, way, manner, mode, style’ ↗ʔuslūb

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899, Lane iv 1872, Wahrmund1887):

▪ ^†SLB_7 : ^†ʔaslaba, vb. IV, ‘to lose its leaves (tree)’, ^†sallabat and ^†ʔaslabat, vb. II/IV (f.), ‘to become deprived of one’s young one (she-camel); to lose one’s child (woman)’
▪ ^†SLB_8 : ^†¹salib, adj., ‘light, active, quick’; ^†ĭnsalaba, vb. VII, ‘to walk quickly, go at a very quick pace (horse, camel)’
▪ ^†SLB_9 : ^†²salib, adj., ‘long, tall’
▪ ^†SLB_ 10 : ^†²salaba, vb. I, ‘rohe Seide spinnen’, ^†²salb, n., ‘gesponnene Rohseide | (LevAr) spun silk’
▪ ^†SLB_11 : ^†silb, n., ‘Pflugsterz | plough-handle, (Lane:) the longest thing of the apparatus of the plough, piece of wood that is joined to the base of the […] ploughshare, its end being inserted in the hole\perforation of the latter’
▪ ^†SLB_12 : ^†⁴salab, n., ‘bark of reeds; tree-fibres’
▪ ^†SLB_13 : ^†⁵salab, n., ‘kind of hyacinth’
▪ ^†SLB_14 : LevAr ^†⁶salab, n., ‘moorings’
▪ ^†SLB_15 : ^†ʔuslūb, n., ‘neck of a lion | cou du lion’
▪ ^†SLB_16 : LevAr ^†salbīn? al-ḥimār, n., ‘cotton-thistle’
▪ ^†SLB_ : ‘…’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘to strip, peel off; to plunder, carry off by force; a row of palm trees, road’

▪ SLB_1 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »finitive fortative« * b from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’,⁵ preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’ (for other such extensions, see below, section DISC). – In contrast, MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) CXIV reconstruct protSem *šlṗ ‘to draw, pull out, unsheathe’. Dolgopolsky2012 #2058 has Sem *√Š|SLB ~ *√ŠLP < Nostr *śal˅b˅ ‘to cut out, pull out’. – Most of the values assembled in the root √SLB seem to go back to a basic *‘drawing out, taking away, depriving s.o. of s.th.’ (see below, section DISC).
▪ SLB_2 : The value ‘to put on or wear mourning, be in mourning’ is based on [v1] ‘to take away, strip, deprive s.o. of s.th.’, either (as in BK1860) 1 être privé d’un member de sa famille, et de là 2 porter le deuil’ or (as in Lane iv 1872 for tasallaba, vb. V) ‘to abstain from the wearing of ornaments, and the use of perfumes, and dye for the hands &c., and put on the garments of mourning’.
▪ SLB_3 salbī ‘negative’: < [v1] *‘to take away, strip, deprive of’: cf. (BK1860) ^†¹salab ‘absence de tout rapport entre les choses; absence de telles ou telles qualités ou attributs’
▪ SLB_4 ²salab ‘spoils\hide, shanks and belly of a slaughtered animal’: accord. to Lane (iv 1872) »[apparently] so called because given to the slaughterer, as though they were his spoil; or, in the case of an animal of the chase, to the dog/s«, i.e., from [v1] *‘to take away, strip, deprive of’; one may also think of an original meaning of *‘what is drawn out (sc. of the slaughtered animal)’.
▪ SLB_5 EgAr ³salab ‘ropes, hawsers’; cf. also ^†salabaẗ, n.f., ‘string\cord that is tied to the muzzle\nose of the camel; sinew that is bound upon an arrow’: prob. based on ^†[v12] ^†⁴salab ‘bark of reeds; tree-fibres’, esp. perh. ^†[v13] ^†⁵salab ‘kind of hyacinth’ (prob. identical with ^†[v16] ^†salbīn (al-ḥimār) ‘cotton-thistle’); ultimately prob. related to [v1] *‘to take away, strip, deprive of’, as the fibres from which the ropes\hawsers are twisted are ‘taken out’ of the plant. – From ³salab is also ^†²sallāb, n., ‘seller\manufacturer of ropes or baskets made of ³salab’.
▪ SLB_6 ʔuslūb ‘method, way, manner, mode, style’: In addition to the modern meanings, there is (Hava1899 and others) also the older ‘road’ as well as (Lane iv 1872, BadawiAbdelHaleem2008) ^†‘row of palm-trees’. Lane thinks the latter »is app[arently] the primary signification, as seems to be indicated by its occupying the first place in the TA [Tāǧ al-ʕArūs]«. – Relations to the large ‘[v1] and derivatives’ complex cannot be excluded but would be difficult to prove; perh. either from *‘way of twisting ropes’ (↗SLB_5) or *‘way of (cleverly) getting away with s.th.’ (↗SLB_1). For more details see section DISC in entry ↗ʔuslūb.

▪ ^†SLB_7 : The common denominator in all these items is *‘to lose, be deprived of’, i.e., a derivation from [v1] ‘to take away s.th. from s.o., deprive s.o. of s.th.’: ‘to lose its leaves (tree)’, ‘to become deprived of one’s young one (she-camel); to lose one’s child (woman)’; cf. also the quasi-PP I, ^†²salīb, adj./n. ‘woman whose husband has died [see v2]; she-camel\gazelle despoiled\deprived of her young one’.
▪ ^†SLB_8 : Accord. to ClassAr lexicographers as quoted by BK1860 or Lane iv 1872, the meaning ‘light, active, quick’ of the adj. ^†¹salib can be explained as dependent on [v1] * ‘to take away, take off, deprive’, cf., e.g., vb. VII ĭnsalabat-i l-nāqaẗᵘ ‘the she-camel went so quick a pace that she was as though she went forth from her skin, or she outstripped’ (Lane iv 1872), ^†salib ‘léger et agile, dégourdi, dégagé ou qui dégage et lance facilement qc’ (BK1860). According to Lane, a vb. I belonging to ^†¹salb ‘going\journeying, lightly and quickly (Lane); quick step (Hava)’ is not mentioned in the lexica; cf., however, the iḍāfa adj./n.s ^†salib al-yadayn ‘qui a de l’adresse dans les mains, qui travaille vite | light-handed’, and ^†(faras) salib al-qawāʔim ‘swift runner | cheval dégagé des jambes, rapide à la course’. – In Wahrmund1887, [v8] ‘light, active, quick’ is regarded as one with [v9] ‘long, tall’ (see below).
▪ ^†SLB_9 : ^†²salib, adj., ‘tall | (BK1860:) long, particulièrem. lance très-longue’: prob. identical with (extended meaning from ^†¹salib, see preceding item). Wahrmund1887 has ‘langgestreckt und leicht’, combining [v8] and [v9].
▪ ^†SLB_10 : LevAr ^†²salb ‘spun silk’ and the corresponding vb. I, ^†²salaba ‘rohe Seide spinnen’ (Wahrmund1887) are prob. special usage of [v5] ³salab ‘ropes, hawsers’ < [v12] ‘bark of reeds; tree-fibres’, esp. perh. ^†[v13] ‘kind of hyacinth’/^†[v16] ^†salbīn (al-ḥimār) ‘cotton-thistle’), ultimately prob. related to [v1] *‘to take away, strip, deprive of’ (see above).
▪ ^†SLB_11 : The etymology of ^†silb ‘plough-handle’ remains obscure so far.
▪ ^†SLB_12 : Accord. to Lane iv 1872, ^†⁴salab means »[particularly] the bark\rind of a kind of tree, well known in El-Yemen, of which ropes [see v5] are made, and which is coarser and harder than the fibres of the Theban palm-tree; hence it is that a well-known kind of [thick] rope [made of the fibres of the common palm-tree] is called by the vulgar salabaẗ; bark of a kind of tree of which are made [baskets of the kind called] silāl [↗sallaẗ]; there is a market called sūq al-sallābīn [see v5, above] in El-Medeeneh […] , as being the market [of the sellers, or manufacturers, of what are made] of salab; […] accord. to Forskål (Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, […]) this name is applied in El-Yemen to a species of hyacinth, which he terms hyacinthus aporus]«. If these data are reliable we may assume that [v5] ‘ropes, hawsers’ is from [v12] ‘bark of reeds; tree-fibres’, esp. perh. ^†[v13] ‘kind of hyacinth’/^†[v16] ‘cotton-thistle’), ultimately prob. related to [v1] *‘to take away, strip, deprive of’ (see above), because in the fabrication process, fibres needed for twisting a rope are isolated (*‘drawn out’) from the plant.
▪ ^†SLB_13 : The ^†⁵salab ‘kind of hyacinth’ is prob. the plant the fibres of which are used to twist the [v5] type of ropes, cf. LandbergZetterstéen1942: »salab est aussi le nom d’une plante, Sanseviera Ehrenbergii⁶ (Hyacinthus aporus, Forsk[ål], Lane [et al.]), dont les feuilles contiennent des fibres [↗v12], employées pour la fabrication de cordes [↗v5], […] et c’est pourquoi ce mot est usité dans le sens de ‘cordes | Stricke’ (Schäfer, Lieder eines ägypt. Bauern n° X, 1,3 […]).«
▪ ^†SLB_14 : Is Lev^†⁶salab ‘moorings’ dependent on [v5] ‘ropes, hawsers’?
▪ ^†SLB_15 : The value ‘neck of a lion’ of ^†ʔuslūb is prob. some kind of metaphorical usage, but how would it be derived? Obscure semantics.
▪ ^†SLB_16 : LevAr ^†salbīn? al-ḥimār ‘cotton-thistle’ is, with all likelihood, identical with [v13], i.e., the ‘kind of hyacinth’ that is prob. the plant the fibres of which are used to twist the [v5] type of ropes.
▪ …

5. So also Landberg/Zetterstéen1942: »salaba, de √SL, ‘tirer dehors’«. 6. Identified in en.wiki with Dracaena hanningtonii, (…) (blue sansevieria, sword sansevieria, oldupai, or East African wild sisal).

▪ …
▪ …

▪ 1 MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) CXIV and Dolgopolsky2012 #2058: Akk šalāpu ‘to draw from a sheath, tear out, pull out, rescue’ (from oBab on); Hbr šālap ‘to pull out, pull off, take out’; JudAram šlp ‘to loosen, pull, draw’, TargAram √ŠLP G ‘to loosen, pull, draw’, JEAram √ŠLP G ‘to pull off\out, remove, draw’, ChrPalAram √ŠLP G ‘to draw from a sheath’, SamAram √ŠLP G ‘do.; to remove’, Syr šlap ‘extraxit, evellit’, Mnd šlp ‘to pull out, draw out, extract, unsheath, pluck out’ ~ Ar salaba ‘arracher qc de vive force a qn; voler, piller qn; tirer, extraire (le sabre du fourreau) | to carry off forcibly, plunder’; (?) Sab s₃lb ‘to draw water improperly (?)’; Gz salaba ‘to take off, strip off, take away, remove, deprive, take spoils, plunder’, Te sälbä ‘to castrate’, saläbä ‘to rob, snatch away’, Tña säläbä ‘evirare; disarmare nemici in guerra’, Amh sälläbä ‘to castrate, evirate; to take away s.o.’s property by sorcery’, End Sel Wol säläbä, Muh Msq Gog Sod sälläbä ‘to castrate a man’; Mhr səlūb ‘to disarm s.o., take s.o.’s arms by force, steal s.o.’s arms’, Hrs selōb ‘to disarm; to abort (camel)’, Jib. sɔ́lɔ́b ‘to take (s.o.’s gun) by force’.
▪ …

▪ SLB_1 : MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) CVI: »The first treatment of irregular correspondences between p and b in various Semitic languages is [Barth ES 23-9]. Among the most convincing of Barth’s etymologies are Hbr and Syr pšṭ vs. Ar bsṭ [↗basaṭa] ‘to spread’; Hbr parʕōš, Syr purtaʕnā vs. Ar ↗burġūṯ ‘flea’; Hbr JudAram šlp vs. Ar and Gz slb ‘to draw’, etc. Adducing these and other examples, most of them convincing, Barth makes an important observation: in most cases, p is found in NSem (esp. Hbr) and b in SSem (incl. Ar). Barth suggests no explanation for this peculiar phenomenon, but his examples and ideas constitute a foundation for later scholars, some of whom have suggested that the apparent irregularity may reflect a protSem emphatic ṗ. […]« – Based on the Sem evidence, Dolgopolsky2012#2058 reconstructs protSem *√Š|SLB ~ *√ŠLP; on account of what he believes to be extra-Sem cognates, he even postulates Nostr *śal˅b˅ ‘to cut out, pull out’.
▪ SLB_1 : According to Ehret1989, other extensions from the same 2-rad. pre-protSem root basis ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’ include ↗salaʔa, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa. – Most of the values assembled in the root √SLB seem to go back to the basic notion of *‘drawing out, taking away, depriving of s.th.’: [v2] ‘to put on or wear mourning, be in mourning’ is prob. orig. *‘to be deprived of one’s husband’ or from *‘to abstain from dressing nicely, wearing ornaments, etc. (as a sign of mourning)’; [v3] ‘negation; negative’ is from *‘to be deprived of all attributes’; [v4] ‘spoils\hide, shanks and belly of a slaughtered animal’ is *‘what is drawn out’; [v5] ‘ropes, hawsers’ seem to be *‘fibers taken out (from a certain plant, see v12/13/16) and twisted’ (hence perh. also the LevAr ^†v14 ‘moorings’); [v7] assembles several types of *‘depravation’: losing leaves, a child or young one, clothes, one’s senses, or taking away one’s life; ^†[v8] ‘light, active, quick’ is explained in ClassAr dictionaries as metaphorical use, from *‘running to fast that it seems as if one left one’s skin behind’ (hence prob. also ^†[v9] ‘long, tall’); ^†[v10] ‘to spin raw silk; spun silk’ is with all likelihood a LevAr specialisation of [v5] ‘ropes, hawsers’, which seems to be based on ^†[v12] ‘bark of reeds; tree-fibres’, esp. ^†[v13] ‘kind of hyacinth’, which in turn is prob. identical with ^†[v16] ‘cotton-thistle’. – The only values that are problematic to assign to the *’taking out/away, depravation’ etymon are [v6] ‘method, way, manner, mode, style’, ^†[v11] ‘Pflugsterz | plough-handle’ and ^†[v15] ‘neck of a lion’.
▪ SLB_2 : cf. also ^†silāb, n., ‘mourning clothes of a woman’; cf. also ^†²salīb, adj./n. (quasi PP I) ‘woman whose husband has died’
▪ …
▪ ^†SLB_10 : Cf. Landberg/Zetterstéen1942: »En Syrie salaba a aussi pris le sens de ‘filer la soie écrue’; de là salb ‘soie filée’«.
▪ …

–

salab‑ سَلَب , u (salb)

ID - • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 4Feb2022, last updated 6Jul2022

√SLB

vb., I

1a to take away, steal, wrest, snatch (s.o., min s.th.), rob, strip, dispossess, deprive (s.o. min of s.th.); b to plunder, rifle, loot; c to strip of arms and clothing (‑h a fallen enemy); 2 to withhold (2x DO s.th. from s.o.), deny (s.o. s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21, salaba is an extension in »finitive fortative« * b from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’,⁷ preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’ (for other such extensions, see below, section DISC). For other extensions from the same 2-rad. pre-protSem root see ↗salaʔa, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) cxiv reconstruct protSem *šlṗ ‘to draw, pull out, unsheathe’. Dolgopolsky2012 #2058 has Sem *√Š/SLB ~ *√ŠLP < Nostr *śal˅b˅ ‘to cut out, pull out’.
▪ Most of the values assembled in the root √SLB prob. go back to a basic *‘drawing out, taking away, depriving s.o. of s.th.’. Thus, ↗saliba ‘to put on or wear mourning, be in mourning’ is prob. orig. *‘to be deprived of one’s husband’ or from *‘to abstain from dressing nicely, wearing ornaments, etc. (as a sign of mourning)’; salb ‘negation’ (↗salbī ‘negative’) is from *‘to be deprived of all attributes’; ↗²salab ‘hide, shanks and belly of a slaughtered animal’ is *‘what is drawn out’ (from the animal after slaughtering); ↗³salab ‘ropes, hawsers’ seems to be a semantic extension from *‘fibers taken out (from a certain plant, see ↗SLB_12/13/16) and twisted’. For other derivations, now obsolete, see root entry ↗SLB.
▪ …
▪ Landberg/Zetterstéen1942: In DaṯAr, the vb. I salab has taken the sense of ‘to arm o.s.’, sc. with the salab (pl. ʔaslāb) ‘arms’ plundered from the enemy.
▪ …

7. So also Landberg/Zetterstéen1942: »salaba, de √SL, ‘tirer dehors’«.

▪ eC7 (to plunder, snatch away, rob, carry off) Q 22:73 wa-ʔin yaslubu-humu ḏ-ḏubābu šayʔan lā yastanqiḏū-hu min-hu ‘and if the flies rob them of something, they can not rescue it from them’.
▪ …

▪ 1 MilitarevKogan2005 (SED I) CXIV and Dolgopolsky2012 #2058: Akk šalāpu ‘to draw from a sheath, tear out, pull out, rescue’ (from oBab on); Hbr šālap ‘to pull out, pull off, take out’; JudAram šlp ‘to loosen, pull, draw’, TargAram √ŠLP G ‘to loosen, pull, draw’, JEAram √ŠLP G ‘to pull off\out, remove, draw’, ChrPalAram √ŠLP G ‘to draw from a sheath’, SamAram √ŠLP G ‘do.; to remove’, Syr šlap ‘extraxit, evellit’, Mnd šlp ‘to pull out, draw out, extract, unsheath, pluck out’ ~ Ar salaba ‘arracher qc de vive force a qn; voler, piller qn; tirer, extraire (le sabre du fourreau) | to carry off forcibly, plunder’; (?) Sab s₃lb ‘to draw water improperly (?)’; Gz salaba ‘to take off, strip off, take away, remove, deprive, take spoils, plunder’, Te sälbä ‘to castrate’, saläbä ‘to rob, snatch away’, Tña säläbä ‘evirare; disarmare nemici in guerra’, Amh sälläbä ‘to castrate, evirate; to take away s.o.’s property by sorcery’, End Sel Wol säläbä, Muh Msq Gog Sod sälläbä ‘to castrate a man’; Mhr səlūb ‘to disarm s.o., take s.o.’s arms by force, steal s.o.’s arms’, Hrs selōb ‘to disarm; to abort (camel)’, Jib. sɔ́lɔ́b ‘to take (s.o.’s gun) by force’.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

NB: Only ‘direct’ derivations are given here. For others, see above, section CONC, and cross-referenced items at the end of this section.

►ĭstalaba, vb. VIII = salaba: Gt-stem, self-ref.

►^BP#3392salb, n., 1 spoliation, plundering, looting, pillage, robbing; 2 negation | ʕalāmaẗ al-salb, minus sign (math.): vn. I.
►^BP#1236salbī, adj., 1 negative (also el.); 2 passive: from salaba or ↗saliba? | difāʕ salbī, muqāwamaẗ salbiyyaẗ, passive resistance
►salbiyyaẗ, n.f., negativism, negative attitude: abstr. formation in iyyaẗ, based on salbī.
►salab, pl. ʔaslāb, n., 1 loot, booty, plunder, spoils; 2 ↗²salab; — 3 ↗EgAr ³salab
►¹sallāb, n., robber, plunderer, looter: ints. formation / n.prof.
►¹salīb, adj., stolen, taken, wrested away: quasi-PP I.
►ĭstilāb, n., spoliation, plundering, looting, pillase, robbing: vn. VIII.
►sālib, adj., negative; (pl. sawālibᵘ), n., negative (phot.): PA I.
►maslūb, adj., unsuccessful: PP I.

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗saliba, ↗salbī, and ↗ʔuslūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLB.

salib‑ سَلِبَ , a (salab)

ID - • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2022, last updated 7Jul2022

√SLB

vb., I

to put on or wear mourning, be in mourning – WehrCowan1976

▪ The value ‘to put on or wear mourning, be in mourning’ is based on ↗salaba ‘to take away, strip, deprive s.o. of s.th.’, either (as in BK1860) 1 être privé d’un member de sa famille, et de là 2 porter le deuil’ or (as in Lane iv 1872 for tasallaba, vb. V) ‘to abstain from the wearing of ornaments, and the use of perfumes, and dye for the hands &c., and put on the garments of mourning’.
▪ For the etymology of the underlying salaba see ↗s.v.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ No direct cognates in Sem. For cognates of underlying salaba see ↗s.v.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ Cf. also ^†silāb, n., ‘mourning clothes of a woman’ and ^†²salīb, adj./n. (quasi PP I) ‘woman whose husband has died’.
▪ …

–

►tasallaba, vb. V, to be in mourning: Dt-stem, self-ref.

►silāb, pl. sulub, black clothing, mourning (worn by women)

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salaba, ↗salbī, ↗²salab, ↗EgAr ³salab, and ↗ʔuslūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLB.

salbī سَلْبِيّ

ID - • Sw … • BP 1236 • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2022, last updated 7Jul2022

√SLB

adj.

1 negative (also el.); 2 passive – WehrCowan1976

▪ From ↗salaba ‘to take away, strip, deprive of’, cf. (BK1860) ^†¹salab ‘absence de tout rapport entre les choses; absence de telles ou telles qualités ou attributs’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ See ↗salaba.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►difāʕ salbī, n., and muqāwamaẗ salbiyyaẗ, n.f., passive resistance

►salbiyyaẗ, n.f., negativism, negative attitude: abstr. formation in iyyaẗ
►sālib, adj., negative; (pl. sawālibᵘ), n., negative (phot.): PA of obsol. vb. I.
►maslūb, adj., unsuccessful: PP of obsol. vb. I.

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salaba, ↗saliba, ↗²salab, ↗EgAr ³salab, and ↗ʔuslūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLB.

²salab سَلَب

ID - • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 6Jul2022

√SLB

n.

hide, shanks and belly of a slaughtered animal – WehrCowan1979

▪ Accord. to Lane iv 1872, ²salab ‘spoils\hide, shanks and belly of a slaughtered animal’ is »[app(arently)] so called because given to the slaughterer, as though they were his spoil; or, in the case of an animal of the chase, to the dog/s«, i.e., from ↗salaba ‘to take away, strip, deprive of’. One may also think of an original meaning of *‘what is drawn out (sc. of the slaughtered animal)’.
▪ For the etymology of salaba see ↗s.v.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ ↗salaba.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salaba, ↗saliba, ↗salbī, ↗EgAr ³salab, and ↗ʔuslūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLB.

EgAr ³salab سَلَب

ID - • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 6Jul2022

√SLB

n. (coll.)

ropes, hawsers – WehrCowan1976

▪ The value ‘ropes, hawsers’ for the n. salab is marked as specifically »EgAr« in WehrCowan, but as the ClassAr attestation in Lane iv 1872 (see below, section HIST) shows, it is prob. more widespread.
▪ ³salab is with all likelihood based on the obsol. ^†⁴salab ‘bark of reeds; tree-fibres’ (i.e., ^†SLB_12 in root entry ↗SLB), esp. perh. the fibres of (^†SLB_13) ^†⁵salab, a ‘kind of hyacinth’, which in turn is prob. identical with (^†SLB_16) ^†salbīn (al-ḥimār) ‘cotton-thistle’, i.e., the material from which the ropes\hawsers were produced.
▪ Ultimately, all the above are prob. related to ↗salaba ‘to take away, strip, deprive of’, as the fibres from which the ropes\hawsers are twisted are ‘taken out’ of the plant.
▪ …

▪ ^†salabaẗ, n.f., ‘string\cord that is tied to the muzzle\nose of the camel; sinew that is bound upon an arrow’ – Lane iv 1872.
▪ From ³salab is also ^†²sallāb, n., ‘seller\manufacturer of ropes or baskets made of ³salab’.
▪ …

▪ No direct cognates. For the prob. underlying salaba see ↗s.v.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ Prob. related are also the obsol. (^†SLB_10) LevAr ^†²salb ‘spun silk’ and the corresponding vb. I, ^†²salaba ‘rohe Seide spinnen’ (Wahrmund1887); cf. Landberg/Zetterstéen1942: »En Syrie salaba a aussi pris le sens de ‘filer la soie écrue’; de là salb ‘soie filée’«.
▪ …

-

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salaba, ↗saliba, ↗salbī, ↗²salab, and ↗ʔuslūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLB.

ʔuslūb أُسْلُوب , pl. ʔasālībᵘ

ID 405 • Sw – • BP 1017 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 6Jul2022

√SLB

n.

1a method, way, procedure; b course; c manner, mode, fashion; d style (esp. literary); e stylistic peculiarity (of an author) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Etymology obscure, perh. either *‘way of twisting ropes’ (↗³salab ‘ropes, hawsers’) or *‘way of (cleverly) getting away with s.th.’ (↗salaba ‘to take away, steal, wrest, snatch’). See below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ No obvious cognates.
▪ …

▪ The etymology of ʔuslūb ‘method, way, manner, mode, style’ is rather unclear. As there are no obvious foreign terms on which the word could have been modelled, it seems to be genuine Ar. Accord. to Barth1894: 225, the morphological pattern ʔuFʕūL on which ʔuslūb is formed, has almost no parallels outside Ar either.
▪ In ClassAr dictionaries, ʔuslūb is attested also with several other meanings. Most lexica have ‘road’ as a more concrete value than the modern abstract ‘method, mode, style’. Both Lane iv 1872 and BadawiAbdelHaleem2008 also register the meaning ^†‘row of palm-trees’ which Lane thinks »is app[arently] the primary signification, as seems to be indicated by its occupying the first place in the TA [Tāǧ al-ʕArūs]«. Based on this remark, one may feel tempted to assume a development along the line *‘row of palm-trees > row > road, way > way of doing things, method’. Such a development is not attested, however, nor would the assumption solve the question of the origin of the value ‘row of palm-trees’.
▪ Apart from the above values, there are at least five others to be found in the ClassAr lexica, none of them however providing unambiguous hints as to the word’s etymology. Accord. to DHDA, ʔuslūb is first attested (in a Huḏaylī poem, dated pre-581 CE) as ‘type of tree, growing symmetrically and becoming high, among the plants that give the best material for twisting ropes’. Here, ʔuslūb seems to be close in meaning, or even identical with, the type of plant (a hyacinth, sansiveria, or cotton-thistle, East African wild sisal) mentioned s.v. ↗³salab ‘ropes, hawsers’. Based on this evidence, a hypothetical line of semantic development could be *‘sansiveria type of plant > fibres of this plant > to twist ropes/hawsers from these fibres > way of twisting ropes/hawsers > way, method’, hence also ‘literary style’, as *‘way of “twisting” words/sentences’. Not unconceivable. – Lane iv 1872 registered also a f. var.,ʔuslūbaẗ , meaning ‘a certain game of the Arabs of the desert, or some action that they perform among them; one says bayna-hum ʔuslūbaẗ “among them is a performance of what is termed ʔuslūbaẗ”’. As the type of game or performance is not specified, no conclusions can be drawn from this data either. However, one could imagine that the activity had s.th. to do with ↗salaba ‘to take away, steal, wrest, snatch, rob, strip, etc.’, in which case ʔuslūb(aẗ) would originally mean the methods of *‘(playfully) snatching s.th. from an opponent, trying to strip the opponent of s.th. (arms, clothing, etc.)’. Not unconceivable either, esp. in light of the fact that some SLB items show a connection to the idea of legerity, quickness, nimbleness, for instance, ^†¹salib ‘light, active, quick’. – Yet another older/extinct meaning of ʔuslūb is (BK1860) ‘toute la longueur du nez’; to this, we should perh. put (due to its length or being stretched out?) the ‘neck of the lion (Lane iv 1872) | cou du lion (BK1860)’. If the modern ʔuslūb should be connected to this notion of ‘length, extension’, the explanation would be in line with Gabal2012: 1079 who interprets ʔuslūb as »any extended way/road’ (kull ṭarīq mumtadd), in this way building a bridge to the above-mentioned ‘row of palm-trees’. – Lane iv 1872 has also ‘aperture of a watering-trough\tank through which the water flows’, but this seems to be a contamination (or misreading?) from ↗sallaẗ, now mostly ‘basket’, but also attested as ‘(Hava1899:) chink in a tank, (Lane iv 1872:) fault\defect in a watering-trough or in a jar, breach, fissures in the ground that steal the water’.
▪ In all the above cases, a semantic relation between modern ʔuslūb ‘method, way, manner, mode, style’ and the most productive general root meaning *‘to draw out, take away, deprive s.o. of s.th.’ (see ↗SLB and ↗salaba) can only be established with big caveats.
▪ …

–

►ʔuslūb kitābī, n., literary style

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗salaba, ↗saliba, ↗salbī, ↗²salab, and ↗EgAr ³salab, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLB.

SLT سلت

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2022

√SLT

“root”

▪ SLT_1 ‘to draw one thing from another’ ↗salata
▪ SLT_2 ‘…’ ↗slt

▪ SLT_1 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »durative« *‑t from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ SLT_2 : ‘…’ ↗slt

–…

–

salat‑ سَلَت , i, u (salt)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2022

√SLT

vb., I

to draw one thing from another

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »durative« *‑t from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.

…

–

…

SLḤ سلح

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 25Feb2022

√SLḤ

“root”

▪ SLḤ_1 ‘to void excrement, drop dung’ ↗salaḥa
▪ SLḤ_2 ‘arm(s), weapon(s)’ ↗silāḥ
▪ SLḤ_3 ‘apostle (Chr.)’ ↗salīḥ
▪ SLḤ_ ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SLḤ_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘arms, arming, fortifications; (of camels) to become fleshy; excreting’

▪ SLḤ_1 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in + »iterative« *‑ḥ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ SLḤ_2 : ‘…’ ↗slḥ
▪ SLḤ_3 : ‘…’ ↗slḥ

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

salaḥ‑ سَلَح , a (salḥ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLḤ

vb., I

to drop excrement

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »iterative« *‑ḥ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.

…

–

…

silāḥ سِلاح

ID 406 • Sw – • BP 514 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLḤ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

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►

SLḤF سلحف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 10Feb2022

√SLḤF

“root”

▪ SLḤF_1 ‘turtle, turtoise’ ↗sulaḥfāẗ
▪ SLḤF_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SL_ ‘…’ ↗…

▪ SLḤF_1 : from protSem *šalaḥpaw/y-, *šalapḥaw/y- / *salaḥpaw/y-, *salapḥaw/y- ‘turtle’ – MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #202.
▪ …

–

SLḤF 1 Akk šeleppû (šelappû, šelippû) ‘turtle; a snake’, šeleppûtu ‘she-turtle’ (from oAkk on), Ebl ša-la-pù-um, interpreted as /šalaḥpuyum/ ‘taratuga’ in Conti 1990:67 (cf. also Civil 1984b:90), Ar sulaḥfà, sulḥafà, sulaḥfāʔ, sulaḥfāẗ, sulaḥfiyaẗ ‘turtle’; Mhr salefḥōt ‘turtle’ (poss. < Ar); ? Syr slwpytʔ ‘testudo’: likely an Akkadism – MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #202.
▪ …

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sulaḥfāẗ سُلَحْفاة , var. silaḥfāẗ, pl., salāḥifᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 10Feb2022

√SLḤF

n.f.

turtle, tortoise – WehrCowan1976.

▪ From protSem *šalaḥpaw/y-, *šalapḥaw/y- / *salaḥpaw/y-, *salapḥaw/y- ‘turtle’ – MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #202.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #202: Akk šeleppû (šelappû, šelippû) ‘turtle; a snake’, šeleppûtu ‘she-turtle’ (from oAkk on), Ebl ša-la-pù-um, interpreted as /šalaḥpuyum/ ‘taratuga’ in Conti 1990:67 (cf. also Civil 1984b:90), Ar sulaḥfà, sulḥafà, sulaḥfāʔ, sulaḥfāẗ, sulaḥfiyaẗ ‘turtle’; Mhr salefḥōt ‘turtle’ (poss. < Ar); ? Syr slwpytʔ ‘testudo’: likely an Akkadism.
▪ …

▪ Cf. also a number of forms with z- in Ar dialects: zəḥəlfa ‘turtle’, zaḥlīfe ‘lizard’, zíləḥfe, zilḥifa ‘turtle’ – MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #202.
▪ …

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►sulaḥfāʔiyyaẗ, n.f., dawdling, dilatoriness: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ.

SLḪ سلخ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2022

√SLḪ

“root”

▪ SLḪ_1 ↗salaḫa (a u, salḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; to undress’
▪ SLḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SLḪ_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘to strip off the hide, or skin, of an animal, to pull off; to bone, to extricate; (of months) to pass away, to depart’

▪ SLḪ_1 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »extendative fortative« *‑ḫ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ SLḪ_2 : ‘…’ ↗slḫ

…

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salaḫ‑ سَلَخ , a, u (salḫ)

ID – • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2022, last updated 25Feb2022

√SLḪ

vb., I

1a to pull off, strip off ( h s.th.); 2 to detach (s.th. ʕan from); 3 to skin, flay ( h an animal); 4 to end, terminate, conclude, bring to a close ( h a period of time); 5 to spend ( h a period of time, fī doing s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »extendative fortative« *‑ḫ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ …

…

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…

SLSBL سلسبل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SLSBL

“root”

▪ SLSBL_1 ‘a spring in Paradise; spring, well’ ↗salsabīlᵘ
▪ SLSBL_ ‘...’ ↗...

▪ …

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.

–

salsabīlᵘ سَلْسَبيلُ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 29Mar2023

√SLSBL

n.

1a name of a spring in Paradise; b spring, well – WehrCowan1976

▪ A quintupal word, occurring once in the Qur’an. It is also classified under various other roots: ↗SLS ‘to be smooth, easy flowing, soft, easy of manner’, ↗SLSL ‘to be sweet and thirst quenching’, and ↗SLː (SLL) ‘to extract gently and unobtrusively’. Also said to be a borrowing – BAH2008
▪ …

▪ eC7 (palatable and easy on the gullet; choicest of wine; proper name for a spring in Paradise) Q 76:17-18 wa-yusqawna fī-hā kaʔsan kāna mizāǧuhā zanǧabīlan ʕaynan fī-hā tusammà salsabīlan ‘and they will be given a drink infused with ginger from a spring called Salsabīl’
▪ ...

.

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SLSL سلسل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2021

√SLSL

“root”

▪ SLSL_1 ‘to flow down, trickle; to drip, dribble, fall in drops’ ↗tasalsala
▪ SLSL_2 ‘(iron) chain; series’ ↗silsilaẗ
▪ SLSL_3 ‘…’ ↗slsl

▪ …–

…–

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tasalsal‑ تَسَلْسَلَ (tasalsul)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2021

√SLSL

vb., II

1a to flow down, trickle (in a continuous stream); b to drip, dribble, fall in drops (water); 2a to form a chain or series, be continuous; b to be interlinked, interlocked, linked together, concatenate – WehrCowan1976

▪ …–

…–

–

►salsala, vb. I, 1ab ↗silsilaẗ; 2 to pour (al-māʔ fī water into)

►salsal, n., cool fresh water

For other values of the root, cf. ↗silsilaẗ. as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLSL.

silsilaẗ سِلْسِلة , pl. salāsilᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP 1719 • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2021

√SLSL

n.f.

1a iron chain; b chain (also fig.); 2 series (of essays, articles, etc.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘chain’) Q 69:32 ṯumma fī silsilatin ḏarʕu-hā sabʕūna ḏirāʕan ‘And then [insert him] in a chain whereof the length is seventy cubits’; Q 76:4 ʔinnā ʔaʕtadnā li-l-kāfirīna salāsila wa-ʔaġlālan wa-saʕīran ‘Lo! We have prepared for disbelievers manacles and carcans and a raging fire’
▪ …

▪ (Jeffery1938:) Akk šaršarratu (?), Aram ŠLŠLTā, Syr šīšLTā, Gz sənsəl, lHbr šalšäläṯ, possibly also in Safaite.
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »It is used only in connection with descriptions of the torments of hell and may be a technical term in Muḥammad’s eschatological vocabulary, borrowed in all probability from one of the Book religions. – In any case it cannot be easily explained from an Ar root, and Guidi, Della Sede, 581, already suspected it as non-Arabic. – Fraenkel, Fremdw, 290,⁴³ relates it to the Aram ŠLŠLTā, Syr šīšLTā,⁴⁴ which is the origin of the Eth [Gz] sənsəl (Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 42), and possibly of the late Hbr šalšäläṯ.⁴⁵ The borrowing from Aram would doubtless have been early, and it is possible that we find the word in Safaite (cf. Ryckmans, Noms propres, 151).«
▪ …

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silsilaẗ ǧibāl, mountain chain;
silsilaẗ al-ẓahr, or silsilaẗ faqriyyaẗ, backbone, vertebral column;
silsilaẗ ʔakāḏīb, fabric of lies;
silsilaẗ al-nasab, lineage, line of ancestors

►salsala, vb. I, 1a to link together, concatenate, interlink, interlook, connect, unite (bi‑ with); b to chain up, enchain, fetter, shackle (s.o.); 2 ↗tasalsala | salsalahū ʔilà, to trace s.o.’s lineage back to s.o.
►tasalsala, vb. II, 1 ↗tasalsala; 2a to form a chain or series, be continuous; b to be interlinked, interlocked, linked together, concatenate: prob. denom.

►tasalsul, n., sequence, succession: vn. II., denom.(?) | bi’l-tasalsul, adv., without interruption, successively, consecutively, continuously; našarahū bi-tasalsul, to serialize s.th., publish s.th. in serial form
►musalsal, adj., 1 chained; 2 continuous (numbering); ^BP#17043 n., serial show, soap opera: PP I. | radd fiʕl musalsal, n., chain reaction (phys.); al-marʔaẗ al-musalsalaẗ, Andromeda (astron.)
►mutasalsil, adj., continuous (numbering): PA II.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗tasalsala as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLSL.

SLṬ سلط

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLṬ

“root”

▪ SLṬ_1 ‘…’ ↗…, ‘power, authority (Grk exousía)’ ↗sulṭān
▪ SLṬ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘power, authority, mastery; to prevail, to predominate; being hard; argument’.

▪ [v1] : A foreign origin for the word sulṭān has been suggested, either through Syr or Aram – Jeffery1938.

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl soldan, sultan, sultana ↗sulṭān.

–

sulṭaẗ سُلْطَة

ID 407 • Sw – • BP 328 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLṬ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

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►

sulṭān سُلْطان

ID 408 • Sw – • BP 950 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLṬ, SLṬN

n.

▪ power, authority (Grk exousía) – Jeffery1938
▪ … – WehrCowan1979

▪ …

▪ eC7 Of very frequent occurrence in the Q, cf. iii, 144; iv, 93; vi, 81 – Jeffery1938.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »The denominative verb sallaṭa ‘to give power over’, occurs in iv, 92; lix, 6. The primitive verb salaṭa ‘to be hard, strong’ occurs frequently in the old poetry⁴⁶ but not in the Qurʔān. It is cognate with Eth [Gz] śalaṭa ‘to exercise strength’,⁴⁷ and with a group of NSem words, but in NSem the sense of the root has developed in general to mean ‘to domineer, have power over’, e.g. Akk šalāṭu ‘to have power’,⁴⁸ Hbr šālaṭa ‘to domineer, be waster of’,⁴⁹ Aram šlaṭ, Syr šlaṭ ‘to have mastery over’. Under this Aram influence the Eth [Gz] śalaṭa later comes to mean ‘potestatem habere’.
The Muslim philologers were entirely at sea over the Qurʔānic sulṭān which they wish to derive from salīṭ (cf. LA, ix, 193), and Sprenger, Leben, i, 108, rightly took it as a borrowing from the Aram.⁵⁰ In BiblAram, šālṭān occurs several times, with the meaning ‘sovereignty, dominion’, like the Rabbinic šwlṭʔnʔ and šlṭnwt. In the Nab inscriptions also we find šlṭwn ‘rule, dominion’ (cf. Lidzbarski, Handbuch, 376), but it is in Syr that we find the word most widely used. In particular šūlṭanā is used in precisely the same senses as sulṭān is used in the Qurʔān, and it was doubtless from this source that both the Arab sulṭān and Eth [Gz] śəlṭān were derived.⁵¹ «
▪ …
▪ …

46. Aʕšà in Geyer, Zwei Gedichte, i, 163; Dīwān, iv, 41; v, 60; Aṣmaʕiyyāt, vi, 17. 47. Cf. also Gz salaṭa and Nöldeke’s note, Neue Beiträge, 39, n. 3. 48. Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 7. 49. It is only a late word in Hbr and possibly a borrowing from Aramaic. 50. So Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 39, n. 3; Wellhausen, ZDMG, lxvii, 633; Massignon, Lexique technique, 52. 51. Fischer, Glossar, 56, gives it from Aramaic.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl soldan, sultan, from Ar sulṭān ‘power, authority, ruler, sultan’, from Aram šulṭānā ‘power, authority, rule, ruler’, from šᵊlaṭ ‘to dominate, rule, prevail’; sultana, from Ar sulṭānaẗ, f. of sulṭān.

►

SLṬN سلطن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLṬN

"root"

▪ SLṬN_1 ‘power, authority (Grk exousía)’ ↗sulṭān (arranged s.r. ↗√SLṬ)<
▪ SLṬN_ ...

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.

Engl sultan etc.: see s.r. ↗√SLṬ

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SLʕ سلع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 25Feb2022

√SLʕ

“root”

▪ SLʕ_1 ‘to crack, split, cleave, become cracked’ ↗saliʕa
▪ SLʕ_2 ‘commodity, commercial article’ ↗¹silʕaẗ
▪ SLʕ_3 ‘sebaceous cyst, wen’ ↗²silʕaẗ
▪ SLʕ_ ‘…’ ↗…

▪ SLʕ_1 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »sunderative« *‑ʕ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ SLʕ_2 : ‘…’ ↗slʕ

…

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saliʕ‑ سَلِع , a (salaʕ)

ID – • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2022

√SLʕ

vb., I

to crack, become cracked – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »sunderative« *‑ʕ from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗salafa, ↗salaqa.
▪ …

…

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…

SLF سلف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2022, last update 25Feb2022

√SLF

“root”

▪ SLF_1 ‘to be over, past, bygone; to precede, antecede’ ↗salafa; ‘predecessors; ancestors, forefathers’ ↗¹salaf; ‘advance payment; loan’ ↗²salaf
▪ SLF_2 ‘brother-in-law’ ↗silf, f. silfaẗ ‘sister-in-law’
▪ SLF_3 ‘choicest wine’ ↗sulāf
▪ SLF_4 ‘to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land); harrow (n.)’ ↗mislafaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include:

▪ SLF_x ‘...’ ↗slf

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go past, to precede, to come to an end; to go over; to level up; to give an advance; previous generations’

▪ SLF_1 : ‘to be over, past, bygone; to precede, antecede’ ↗salafa
▪ SLF_2 : ‘…’ ↗slf
▪ SLF_3 : ‘…’ ↗slf
▪ SLF_4 : Accord. to Ehret1989 #21, ^†salafa (u, salf) ‘to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land)’ is an extension in »iterative« * p from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salaqa.

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▪ SLF_1 : Engl Salafi ↗salaf.
▪ …

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salaf‑ سَلَف , u (salf)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2022

√SLF

vb., I

to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land)

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21 an extension in »iterative« *‑p from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root ↗*SL ‘to draw out or off’, preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’. Other extensions from the same basis would include ↗salaʔa, ↗salaba, ↗salata, ↗salaḥa, ↗salaḫa, ↗saliʕa, ↗salaqa.
▪ …

…

–

…

salaf سَلَف

ID 409 • Sw – • BP 2888 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLF

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Salafi, from Ar salafī ‘of the forbears, of the predecessors’, from salaf ‘forbear, predecessor’.

►

SLFT سلفت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9Feb2022

√SLFT

“root”

▪ SLFT_1 ‘sulfate’ ↗sulfāt
▪ SLFT_2 ‘to asphalt’ ↗salfata
▪ SLFT_ ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

…

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…

SLQ سلق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, last update 1Oct2022

√SLQ

“root”

▪ SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin ( h of s.o.; with a whip)’ ↗¹salaqa
▪ SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ ↗²salaqa
▪ SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ ↗³salaqa
▪ SLQ_4 ‘to scald (plants; said of excessive heat)’ ↗⁴salaqa
▪ SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ ↗⁵salaqa, ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’ ↗salāqaẗ; cf. also ^†sallāq, ^†mislaq, ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp’
▪ SLQ_6 ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’ ↗¹tasallaqa; ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ ↗sullāq
▪ SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’ ↗(EgAr) salq͗
▪ SLQ_8 ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr)’ ↗¹salīqaẗ; cf. also (Wahrmund1887) ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’
▪ SLQ_9 ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ ↗²salīqaẗ
▪ SLQ_10 ‘red lead, minium’ ↗salaqūn
▪ SLQ_11 ‘saluki, greyhound, hunting dog’ ↗¹salūqī

Other values, now obsolete, include (Kazimirski1860, Lane1872, Wahrmund1887, Hava1899):

▪ ^†SLQ_12 ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’: ^†⁶salaqa, u (salq), and ^†salqà (silqāʔ)
▪ ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’: ^†⁷salaqa, u (salq)
▪ ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’: ^†⁸salaqa, u (salq); cf. also ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl., from sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by the feet of men and by the hoofs of horses or the like on the road (and to these the marks made by the [plaited thongs called] ʔansāʕ upon the belly of the camel are likened)’; also prob. belonging here: DaṯAr slq, u, ‘to cultivate, plough, till’, sāliq pl. sawāliq, ‘sillon (où se trouve déjà la semence du ṭaʕām)’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’ (LandbergZetterstein1942).
▪ ^†SLQ_15 ‘to oil, grease (a leathern water-skin, etc.), to smear (a camel all over with tar)’: ^†⁹salaqa, u (salq)
▪ ^†SLQ_16 ‘(al-ǧuwāliqᵃ) to insert one of the two loops of the sack called ǧ. into the other’; ‘(al-ʕūd fī ’l-ʕurwaẗ) to insert the stick into the loop [of the ǧ.]’: ^†¹⁰salaqa, u (salq)
▪ ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity); to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’ : ^†¹¹salaqa, u (salq) ; cf. also ^†¹silqaẗ (pl. sulqān, silqān, silq) and sāliqaẗ (pl. sawāliqᵘ) ‘weeping loudly (woman), slapping her face; long-tongued and vehemently clamorous, foul, evil, lewd’
▪ ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run’: ^†¹²salaqa, u (salq); cf. also ^†saylaq ‘quick, swift (she-camel)’
▪ ^†SLQ_19 ‘to collect herbs’: sallaqa
▪ ^†SLQ_20 ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’: ^†²tasallaqa
▪ ^†SLQ_21 ‘red garden-beet’: ^†¹silq (pl. sulqān)
▪ ^†SLQ_22 ‘wolf’: ^†²silq (pl. sulqān, silqān); f. ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’
▪ ^†SLQ_23 ‘female lizard; female locust, when she has laid her eggs’: ^†³silqaẗ
▪ ^†SLQ_24 ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’: ^†⁴silqaẗ
▪ ^†SLQ_25 ‘even plain, smooth, even, tract, of good soil, depressed, even plain in which are no trees; low tract, or portion, of land, that produces herbage, meadow’: ^†salaq (pl. ʔaslāq, sulqān)
▪ ^†SLQ_26 ‘pimples, pustules that come forth upon the root \ on the tip of the tongue (Lane); Lösung d Zahnfleischs (Wahrmund1887); lippitude of the eyelids (Hava) | 1 Tumeur qui se forme sur les bords des paupières et fait tomber les cils; 2 déchaussement des dents, maladie des gencives, qui fait que les dents n’étant plus retenues par les gencives tombent; 3 tubercule à la racine de la langue; 4 enflure’: ^†sulāq. – Cf. also ^†al-ʔasāliq ‘what is next to the lahawāt [pl. used as sg., meaning the ‘uvula’] of the mouth, internally, or the upper parts of the interior of the mouth, those to which the tongue rises’ (BK); also vb. I, pass., ^†suliqat il-ʔafwāh… ‘the mouths broke out with pimples, or small pustules’; and ^†ĭnsalaqa, vb. VII, ‘[…]; to be(come) affected with what is termed sulāq’.
▪ ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’: ^†²salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_28 ‘honey which the bees build up along the length of their hive, or habitation’: ^†³salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_29 ‘pot herbs | Kücherkräuter’: ^†⁴salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_30 ‘side of a road’: ^†⁵salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_31 ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’: ^†²salūqī
▪ ^†SLQ_32 ‘sitting-place of the rubbān [or captain] of a ship, sitting-place of a pilot’: ^†salūqiyyaẗ
▪ ^†?SLQ_33 ‘natte de folioles de palmier’: DaṯAr salqaẗ (pl. salaq), ʕAdanAr ḤaḍramawtAr silqaẗ (pl. silaq) (LandbergZetterstein1942)
▪ ^†?SLQ_34 ‘ruines’: DaṯAr mislāq (LandbergZetterstein1942)
▪ ^†SLQ_35 ‘natural, untaught, incorrect (speech)’: ( kalām) ^†salīqī ‘natural, or untaught (speech); (speech whereof) the desinential syntax is not much attended to, but which is chaste and eloquent respect of what has been heard, though often tripping, or stumbling, in respect of grammar; speech which the dweller in the desert utters according to his nature and his proper dialect, though his other speech be nobler and better’, ^†salīqiyyaẗ ‘dialect in which the speaker thereof proceeds loosely, or freely, according to his nature, without paying much attention to desinential syntax, and without avoiding incorrectness’ (Lane1872)
▪ ^†SLQ_36 ‘…’ …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘to throw on the back; to flay with a whip; to insult; to scald; to lacerate the skin; boiling, cooking lightly by boiling; intrinsic nature’

▪ The stunning semantic diversity within the root seems to be the result of a merger of at least two Sem roots (*√ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’, and *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’, possibly from *ŚḲ ‘to be\grow high’), perh. a third (with metathesis *QLS > SLQ), in addition perh. to contamination from Ar ↗√SLḪ ‘to skin, flay’ (Sem *šlḫ ‘skin, hide’) and ^†√ṢLQ ‘to shout, shriek; to writhe about’, combined, on the one hand, with semantic extensions and, on the other, borrowings from other languages (SLQ_10 salaqūn, SLQ_7, SLQ_21 silq) as well as derivations from proper names (SLQ_11, SLQ_31 and SLQ_32 salūqī, salūqiyyaẗ) and other – still unclear – developments.
▪ SLQ_1 : accord. to Ehret1989 #21, ¹salaqa may be analyzed as an extension in * ḳ (»intensive (effect)«) from pre-protSem *√SL⁸ ‘to draw out or off’; so also ↗salaḫa (< *sl + »extendative fortative« * ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough’; perh. contamination of overlapping senses. – Leslau2006 thinks that Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ has cognates in Akk šalāqu ‘to cut open, split’ to cut’ (CAD) and EthSem (e.g., Gz śalaqa~salaqa ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’); if this is valid, one may reconstruct protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (see SLQ_3), rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of wide attestation (Kogan2011). – Or is ‘to lacerate the skin’ a development from SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’, in its turn perh. result of semantic extension from ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ (SLQ_3), perh. under the influence of ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’?
▪ SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’: specialization from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, overlapping with SLQ_1 ‘to peel of the skin, loosen flesh from the bones’?
▪ SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’: from protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (widely attested in Sem; Dolgopolsky2012: »CSem«). – Accord. to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, CSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’ is akin to (and extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’), with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’.
▪ SLQ_4 ‘to scald (plants; said of excessive heat)’: most likely special use of SLQ_3, perh. in its earlier meaning of ‘to burn’; see SLQ_3, above.
▪ SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (s.o., with one’s tongue), insult’ (esp. Q 33:19): Accord. to ClassAr lexicography, this is fig. use of ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’; but why not of SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’)? – Parallels with initial ṣ instead of s may also point to a contamination with, or influence from, ^†ṣalaqa ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike’. – Cf., however, Zammit2002 and Leslau2006 who tend to regard Ar ⁵salaqa (and Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, etc.) as cognate (via metathesis) to NWSem *QLS (Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’, with Ug and Aram parallels).
▪ SLQ_6 ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’: The common opinion is that Ar ¹tasallaqa is denom. from sullāq ‘Ascension (of Christ)’, itself with all likelihood a borrowing from Aram sūlqā ‘do.’, slaq ‘to ascend’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277). Based on these data, some authors would reconstruct an old (C)Sem root *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’. – Kogan2015: 386 #15 tends to explain protAram *SLḲ as the result of a splitting of an original lateral *ś- into the combination sl- at an early stage, so that the Aram forms (together with the Hbr and Ar ones that are borrowed from Aram) should be seen together with with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’ etc. – For another speculation (BDB1906), see below, section DISC.
▪ SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’ (and ^†SLQ_21 ‘red garden-beet’): perh. (via Aram?) from Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’ (with metathesis ḳ-l > l-q), thus *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’, but this is rather uncertain and not unproblematic (see DISC).
▪ SLQ_8 ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’: from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, or SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’.
▪ SLQ_9 ‘inborn disposition, instinct’: prob. from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin’ or SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water / through boiling in water’, thus properly *‘what remains, or comes out, after “skinning” or “peeling off” the outer layers of s.th.’.
▪ SLQ_10 ‘red lead, minium’: prob. akin to ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’. Or *‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, from Grk συρικόν syrikón (suggested by Nişanyan_1Jul2017)?
▪ SLQ_11 ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’: nominalized nsb-formation, from the place name Salūq, of uncertain identity and location (Yemen, Armenia, Iran, …?; ultimately, perh. based on “Seleucia”).
▪ ^†SLQ_12 ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down’: prob. reflex of an archaic *Š-stem, caus. of ↗√LQY, cf. the var. ^†salqà (prob. < *ša-lqà) (meaning the same as ʔalqà, vb. IV).
▪ ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’: may be a special use of SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’). But contamination from, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (ṣ !) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’ is not unconceivable. - Borg2021#327 compares Eg śrq ‘(Gk) die Feinde schlachten, sie töten’ (Calice 1936: 80; Wb IV 204).
▪ ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’: The quasi-PP pattern of related ^†salāʔiqᵘ (sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by the feet/hoofs on the road’ suggests interpretation of the latter as *‘scratchings, carvings’, based on special use of SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’, foot/hoof prints being likened to scars on the skin due to laceration, esp. after lashing. DaṯAr slq ‘semer; to cultivate, plough, till’ (with sāliq ‘sillon’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’) (LandbergZetterstein1942) is prob. from *‘to make furrows in the soil, “scratch, lacerate” the earth’. – Cf. also homonymous ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ (SLQ_9), prob. likewise based on SLQ_1 though with different semantics, due to fig. use in another domain. – See also below, SLQ_22 ‘wolf’ and SLQ_25 ‘even plain’.
▪ ^†SLQ_15 ‘to oil, grease (a leathern water-skin, etc.), to smear (a camel all over with tar)’: etymology obscure; a misreading of ^†salafa ‘to grease (a skin)’? – For more options, see below, section DISC.
▪ ^†SLQ_16 ‘to insert one of the two loops of the sack called ǧuwāliq into the other’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity); to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’: akin to SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’? Perhaps also influence from ^†ṣalaq (wie ṣ ) ‘shriek of distress’?
▪ ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run; quick, swift (she-camel)’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_19 ‘to collect herbs’ (^†sallaqa, vb. II): prob. denom. from ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†²salīq) or ^†SLQ_29 ‘pot herbs’ (^†⁴salīq), both of of obscure etymology (perh. *‘peeled, scratched off’, from SLQ_1?). – In contrast, OrelStolbova1994 find what they believe to be cognates in Eg sꜣḳ and CCh *caḳal ‘to gather, collect’ and reconstruct Sem *s˅l˅ḳ < AfrAs *calaḳ ‘to gather’ – highly speculative.
▪ ^†SLQ_20 ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’ (^†²tasallaqa, vb. V): perh. due to confusion with ^†taṣallaqa (with ṣ) ‘do.’, unless the reverse is the case. The latter item is prob. denom. from ^†ṣalaq ‘shriek of distress’, without reliable etymology either.
▪ ^†SLQ_21 ‘red garden-beet’ (^†¹silq): accord. to Fraenkel1886 a borrowing from Aram Syr silqā ‘do.’, itself of unknown origin. ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ is prob. identical with SLQ_7 silq, EgAr salq ‘a variety of chard’, as both are varieties of the same plant, beta vulgaris. – Accord. to some (Fraenkel, Dozy, et al.), Aram Syr silqā is prob. from Grk sikelós, thus *‘the Sicilian (plant)’. But shouldn’t one also consider the Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’ as a possible source? See below, section DISC.
▪ ^†SLQ_22 ‘wolf’ (^†²silq, ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’): prob. fig. use, either *‘the mangy one’ (from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’) or, more likely, *‘the howling one’ (akin to ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently’). – Or of foreign origin? If so, perh. (with metathesis) from Grk λύκος lúkos ‘wolf’?

▪ ^†SLQ_23 ‘female lizard; female locust, when she has laid her eggs’ (^†³silqaẗ): of obscure origin. – Any relation to Eg snḥm (> Copt sanneḥ) ‘locust’, itself borrowed from Sem (cf. Hbr sālʕām ‘kind of locust’, hapax in the Bible; slʕm ‘to swallow, consume, devour’, Aram salʕem ‘to swallow, destroy’ – ErmanGrapow1921: 147, Klein1987)?
▪ ^†SLQ_24 ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’ (^†⁴silqaẗ): etymology obscure; perh. from *‘furrow carved in the earth\soil (by the running water)’ < SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, scratch’; or akin to ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run; quick, swift (she-camel)’ or ^†SLQ_25 ‘even plain, low tract that produces herbage, meadow’; see DISC below.
▪ ^†SLQ_25 ‘even, plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, depressed land, meadow’ (^†salaq): either contamination from ^†ṣalaq (with initial ṣ ) ‘do.’ (itself of obscure etymology) or akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave (foot\hoof) prints (on the soil)’, i.e., orig. *‘tract of land from which most vegetation on the surface has been “scraped off”, “lacerated” region’.
▪ ^†SLQ_26 ‘tumor/swelling/pustule on the edges of the eyelids or on the gum, causing eyelashes or teeth to fall out’ (^†sulāq): the basic notion of ‘falling out’ (eyelashes, teeth) due to a disease/swelling/pustule may be related to ^†SLQ_27 ‘falling off (of leaves, etc.) from trees’, itself prob. akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, peel off, etc.’.
▪ ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†²salīq): prob. *‘what has been scratched off (from a tree) (and left it bare, like lacerated skin)’, (like SLQ_26 ‘falling off eyelids, teeth, etc.’?) from (or at least akin to) SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, (Ehret1989: to loosen the flesh from the bones)’. – Does also DaṯAr salqaẗ ‘natte de folioles de palmier’ (SLQ_33) belong here?
▪ ^†SLQ_28 ‘honey which the bees build up along the length of their hive, or habitation’ (^†³salīq): etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_29 ‘pot herbs’ (^†⁴salīq): etymology obscure; identical with SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, or akin to SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’, or prop. *‘what is (going to be) cooked in hot water’ (from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’)?
▪ ^†SLQ_30 ‘side of a road’ (^†⁵salīq): etymology obscure; perh. properly *‘the bare (slopes) along a road’? Or should one see it together with ^†salaq ‘even plain, low tract, depressed land, meadow’ (^†SLQ_25)?
▪ ^†SLQ_31 ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’ (^†²salūqī): like ¹salūqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’ (SLQ_11) orig. *‘the one from ^†Salūq’, i.e., from a town of uncertain location (Yemen, Armenia, …?), perh. related to ancient Seleukia for the Seleucids. – Cf., however, below, section DISC.
▪ ^†SLQ_32 ‘sitting-place of the captain\pilot’ (^†salūqiyyaẗ): like SLQ_11 and SLQ_31 a nisba from salūq, though details remain obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_33 (DaṯAr ʕAdan Ḥaḍramawt) ‘natte de folioles de palmier’: Cf. perh. ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’.
▪ ^†SLQ_34 (DaṯAr ʕAdan Ḥaḍramawt) ‘ruines’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_35 ‘natural, untaught, incorrect (speech)’: according to Olivieri2020 borrowed from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’.
▪ ^†SLQ_ ‘…’: …

8. In the light of oscillation of cognates between š and s probably better *√ŠL/SL.

▪ SLQ_5 : for Qurʔānic use, see ↗⁵salaqa

▪ 1 From pre-protSem *SL¹ ‘to draw out or off’ (> Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’) + *-Ḳ (Ehret1989 #21)? If valid, cognate extensions could be ↗salaʔa ‘to purify butter, press sesame oil’, ↗salaba ‘to take from with violence, rob, plunder, steal’, ↗salata ‘to draw one thing from another’, ↗salaḥa ‘to drop excrement’, ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; undress’, ↗saliʕa ‘to split, cleave’, ↗salafa ‘to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land)’; perh. partial overlapping/merger with salaḫa. – Or akin to #2 (<#3?), perh. influenced by salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’. – Cf. also Leslau2006: Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’, Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. – 2 based on #3? – 3 Akk salāḳu, JudAram (> postBiblHbr) Syr šlḳ, Ar ³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, DaṯAr slq ‘griller de façon que la viande ne soit ni crue ni à point, mais entre les deux; donner au pain une caisson légère’; prob. also Tña šäläḳä ‘to be burned; to simmer’ (Kogan2011). – ?Cf. also (Dolgopolsky2012#2053), (without extension in ḳ?) BiblHbr c̣ālā (√C̣LY), JudPalAram, JEA c̣əlā (√C̣LW|Y) ‘to roast (meat)’, SamAram √ṢLY ‘to roast’, Ar ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn (intr.), be exposed to the blaze (bi of’), Gz √ṢLW ‘to broil, roast’; outside Sem: [Berb] Kab əsli ‘cuire rapidement’; [ECush] Brj sal- ‘to cook by boiling, bake’, Kmb šol-, Hd sar ‘id.; to fry, roast’; Sa sōl- ‘braten, rösten auf dem brennenden Feuer’, sōˈlā ‘Fleisch auf heißen Steinen gebraten; Feuerbrand’, Af sola ‘campfire for roasting meat’, Som sol- ‘to grill, toast, roast’; Som šīl- ‘to fry’, Or sil-awu ‘affumigarsi, arruginirsi, ossidarsi’. – 4 prob. special use of #3 (in the earlier sense of ‘to burn’). – 5 perh. fig. use of #13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (ClassAr lexicographers), but perh. special use of #1 (with ‘to lacerate the skin’ > ‘to hurt’ > ‘to insult’). – ?Cf. also ^†ṣalaqa (initial ṣ!) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’; cf. similar ambivalence also in the adj./n.s ^†mislaq, ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp (tongue)’ (prob. < *‘hurting (tongue)’ vs. ^†miṣlaq, miṣlāq) ‘eloquent (speaker)’ (Lane1872, Hava1899). – In contrast, Zammit2002, Leslau2006: Ug qlṣ ‘verhöhnen’, Aram qallāsā ‘shouting, derision’, Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’, (with metathesis) Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, make fun of, make fun of one another’ (> QurAr ⁵salaqa ‘to abuse, insult’). – 6 Aram slaq, Palm slq, Syr sleq ‘to ascend’, sūlqā ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ > Ar sullāq ‘id.’ (> ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, climb’) (Fraenkel1886: 277 and others after him). – ?Cf. (BDB1906) Hbr (< Aram) *śālaq ‘to kindle, burn’, (*Š-stem) hissîq ~ hiśśîq ‘to make a fire, burn’, Aram slq (*Š-stem:) ‘to cause to go up (in flame), offer sacrifice’. – In another theory: (Kogan2015: 386 #15) Ar < Aram < protAram *slḳ ‘to go up’ < (dissociation sl- < ś- ) *ŚḲ, cognate to Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’, Ar ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’. – 7 = #21 ‘red garden-beet’? If so, borrowed from Aram Syr silqā ‘id.’ (? with metathesis < Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’, < Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’). – ?Akin to #27 ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, #29 ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’, or #19 ^†sallaqa ‘to collect herbs’? – 8 prob. orig. *‘boiled food; what is cooked with hot water (herbs, leguminous plants, and the like’ < #3. – 9 Ar ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’: prob. < #1 or #2 (< #3), i.e., *‘what remains, or comes out, after “skinning” or “peeling off” the outer layers concealing/covering the inner nature of s.th.’; cf. also #14 ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road, or by thongs upon the belly of a camel etc.’, from ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil; foot, hoof)’, akin to/from #1. – Is modHbr salqāh ‘natural (music)’ a cognate? – 10 Ar salaqūn ‘red lead, minium’, also saliqūn , sariqūn , EgAr salaq͗ōn, zalaq͗ōn: prob. akin to Ar zarqūn ‘bright red’ (? < Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’ or Grk συρικόν syrikón, i.e., *‘Syrian’ mineral, red substance *‘from Syria’). – 11 < town name ^†Salūq (< Grk?)? Cf. #31 and #32. – 12 and var. ^†salqà ‘to prostrate, throw down’: perh. archaic *Š-stem, from √LQY ‘to find’, i.e., orig. caus. *‘to make to be found (lying on earth). – 13 prob. dependent on #1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’), or contamination from, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’. – 14 ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’, ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl.) ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road’, ^†salq ‘mark\scar (of a gall, a thong), sore, on the skin of a camel’: perh. orig. *‘the scratched ones’, from #1 ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’; so prob. also DaṯAr slq ‘semer; to cultivate, plough, till’, sāliq ‘sillon’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’. – ?Cf. also #22 ‘wolf’ and #25 ‘even plain’? – 15 ? Misreading of ^†salafa ‘to grease (a skin)’? Or cf. #25 ‘even plain, smooth, even tract, of good soil, etc.’? Or akin to Hbr ²šālaq ‘to make smooth, trim’, perh. šiphʕel formation from ḥālaq ‘to be smooth’ (Klein1987)? – 16 ? – 17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity)’ is prob. secondary meaning, from ‘to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’, thus similar to #5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ < #1. – ?Cf. also (with initial ṣ ): ^†ṣalaqa ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently; to raise one’s his voice on the occasion of a calamity\death’, ^†ṣalaq ‘shriek of distress’, ^†taṣallaqa ‘to scream in child-birth’ (Lane1872)̀; see also #20. – 18 ? – Barth1902 thinks ‘to run’ is special use of #6, reading saylaq ‘swift, quick (she-camel)’ as *‘the climbing one’. – 19 vb. II (‘to collect herbs’) is prob. denom., from #29 ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ or #27 ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, both perh. *‘peeled, scratched off’, i.e., < #1. – Cf., however, OrelStolbova1994’s view that Ar slq ‘to gather’ has no cognates in Sem, but outside: Eg sꜣḳ (*-l > -ꜣ ) ‘to gather’, CCh caḳal (metathesis) ‘to gather, collect’. – 20 prob. result of confusion with ^†taṣallaqa (with ṣ) ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’ , itself prob. denom. from ^†ṣalaq ‘shriek of distress’, cf. #17. – 21 According to Fraenkel1886 a loan from Aram Syr silqā ‘red garden-beet’ (prob. identical with #7 ‘a variety of chard’; botanically, both are varieties of Beta vulgaris), itself perh. (with metathesis) from Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’ (Fraenkel, Dozy, et al.). – ?Cf. also Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’ (via Tu? from Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’? – 22 ? – Is ‘wolf’ *‘the mangy one’ (< #1 ‘to lacerate the skin’, #14 ‘mark\scar, sore, on the back of a camel’), or *‘the howling one’ (< #17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently’). Or a borrowing? From Grk? – 23 ?Cf. Eg snḥm (> Copt sanneḥ) ‘locust’ (ErmanGrapow1921: < Sem, cf. Hbr sālʕām; cf. also Hbr slʕm ‘to swallow, consume, devour’, Aram salʕem ‘to swallow, destroy’ – Klein1987)? – 24 ? Is ‘water-course’ orig. perh. *‘the carved\carving one, leaving a furrow in the soil’ (#14), or *‘the running one, the quick, swift one’ (#18), or akin to ‘even plain, low tract, meadow’ (#25)? – 25 Contamination of ^†ṣalaq (of obscure etymology)? Or is ‘even plain, low land, depression, meadow’ from #1 ‘to lacerate the skin, loosen the flesh from the bones’, i.e., ‘even plain’ < *‘tract of land from which most vegetation on the surface has been “scraped off”, “lacerated” region’? – 26 prob. akin to #1 (‘falling out, loosening’ of eyelashes, teeth, etc., due to a disease ≈ #27 ‘falling off’ of leaves from trees’, akin to #1 ‘to lacerate the skin, peel off, etc.’). – 27 prob. orig. *‘what has been scratched off (from a tree) (and left it bare, like lacerated skin)’, i.e., based on #1 ‘to lacerate the skin, (Ehret1989: to loosen the flesh from the bones)’. – 28 ? – 29 ? – Perh. ‘pot herbs’ < #27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (< #1)? Or < #7 ‘a variety of chard’? Or *‘what is going to be cooked in hot water’ (< #3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’)? – 30 ? – Perh. properly *‘the bare (slopes) along a road’ (< #1)? Or akin to #25 ‘even plain, low tract, depressed land, meadow’? – 31 < town name ^†Salūq ? Cf. #11 and #32. – Any relation to modHbr sᵊlîq ‘arms cache’, (*Š-stem) hislîq ‘to hide (arms) in a cache’ (Klein1987)? 32 < town name ^†Salūq ? Cf. #11 and #31. – … 33 Cf. perh. #27 (< #1). – … 34 ? – 35 lw., from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’. – … ▪ …

1. In the light of oscillation of Hbr and Aram cognates between š- and s- perh. better *√ŠL/SL.

▪ SLQ_1 : Ehret1989 #21 suggests to analyse ¹salaqa (u, salq) ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’ as an extension in »intensive (effect)« *-ḳ from a pre-protSem 2-rad. basis *SL⁵² ‘to draw out or off’. Semantic proximity to other such assumed extensions, like ↗salaḫa (a u, salḫ, from *sl + »extendative fortative« * ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; undress’, is indeed striking. – Alternatively, one may interpret the meaning ‘to lacerate the skin’ as a development from SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’, which in its turn may be a semantic extension based on SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’. Such a development may have happened under the influence of ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’. – Cf., however, Leslau2006 who thinks that one may have to compare Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ to Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. It is tempting to reconstruct from these forms a protSem root *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (see SLQ_3), rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of fairly wide attestation (Kogan2011).
▪ SLQ_2 : The value ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ is perh. a specialization, developed from one of the primary meanings of salaqa, namely SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’: value attested in major branches of Sem (Akk, Aram, Ar, ?EthSem), which allows reconstruction of protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (Kogan2011). — According to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, ³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ is based on CSem *šlḳ ‘to cook, broil, boil’, akin to (and extension from?) WSem *c̣ly (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ [> Ar ↗ṣalà (yaṣlī, ṣaly) ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya (yaṣlà, ṣalan/ à, ṣulīy, ṣalāʔ) ‘to burn (intr.), be exposed to the blaze (bi of’)], with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’.
▪ SLQ_4 ‘to scald (plants; said of excessive heat)’, in ClassAr also said of harsh cold ‘burning’ plants: with all likelihood special use of SLQ_3, perh. in an earlier meaning of ‘to burn’, cf. SLQ_3, above.
▪ SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (s.o., bi-lisānih with one’s tongue)’: ClassAr lexicographers interpret this meaning as fig. use of ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’, but it is not inconceivable that both depend on SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’). – Or perh. contamination with, or influenced by, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’? The adj.s ^†mislaq and ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp (tongue)’ which seem to belong to ‘hurting (tongue)’, both exist in a variant with initial ṣ : ^†miṣlaq, miṣlāq (pl. maṣālīqᵘ) ‘eloquent (speaker)’ (Lane1872, Hava1899)… – In contrast, Leslau2006 puts the value together with Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, make fun of, make fun of one another’, remarking that Margoliouth (JRAS 1939: 61) derived Ar salaqa in Surah 33:19 from this Gz (ta)sālaqa and that »the root represents a metathesis in relation to Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’. Zammit2002 shares this view, adding Ug and Aram parallels to the Hbr and Gz forms as alleged ‘cognates’ of Qur’anic Ar salaqa (interpreted as ‘to abuse’).
▪ SLQ_6 : As Kogan2015 remarks, the isolated position of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’ (as also of ClassAr ^†salaqa ‘do.’, now obsol.) within Ar »makes one wonder about a possible Aram origin« of these items. If so, ¹tasallaqa may be denom. from sullāq ‘Ascension (of Christ)’, almost certainly borrowed from Aram sūlqā ‘do.’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277). – Given the Hbr and Aram ‘cognates’, Dolgopolsky2012#300 reconstructs a CSem *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’ (in his view ancestor not only of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘do.’, but also of ^†SLQ_18 ^†salaqa ‘to run’, but perh. – deglottalization? – even ↗salaka ‘to travel, go along’), to which he juxtaposes IndEur (NaIE) *slenk (~ *sleng ) ‘to creep, crawl, trudge, amble’ (> , e.g., AngSax slincan ‘to creep’ > nEngl ‘to slink’, oHGe slango, nHGe Schlange ‘snake’; oHGe zuo-slingan ‘to slide away’, mHGe slingen ‘to crawl along’, etc.), all ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *c'oLḲ˅ (~ *c'oLk˅) ‘to advance with effort (to creep, to crawl, to climb etc.)’. – Another view is put forward in BDB1906 where the authors interpret values SLQ_6 ‘to ascend’ and SLQ_4 ‘to scald, burn’ as interdependent, associating Hbr *śālaq ‘to kindle, burn’, (*Š-stem) hissîq ~ hiśśîq ‘to make a fire, burn’ with Aram slaq ‘to ascend’, (*Š-stem) ‘to cause to go up (in flame), offer sacrifice’, Syr sleq, Palm slq , Ar salaqa ‘to ascend’. – In contrast, Kogan2015: 386 #15 points to the scarcity of the Hbr vb. (a hapax in the Bible) and the isolated position of ‘ascending’ within Ar and concludes that both with all likelihood are Aramaisms, i.e., neither the Hbr nor the Ar item can count as genuine cognates, and Aram SLḲ is itself isolated within Sem. Speculating about the obscure origin of protAram *slḳ ‘to go up’ Kogan then »wonders whether a clue to the etymology of this root can be found in its highly peculiar morphological behavior, viz. the unexpected assimilation * sl- > ss- [Ps 139:8 shows a 1sg.impf Hbr ʔässaq instead of *ʔäslaq], probably betraying the secondary origin of l . It is, therefore, tempting to follow P. Haupt (1910: 712‒713) who compared protAram *slḳ with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗šqy ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’. If valid, this comparison would imply that the lateral *ś was split into the combination s-l at some early stage of the linguistic history of Aramaic.⁵³ – ProtAram *slḳ has replaced protSem *ʕly/*ʕlw ‘to go up’ [> Ar ↗ʕalā], which is only marginally preserved in Aram.«
▪ SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’: EgAr salq, also salqāyaẗ (BadawiHinds1986), ClassAr silq looks as if it could be identical with ^†SLQ_21 ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ (now obsolete) (see below). – The remark, made in ar.wiki, that the plant, popular all over the Mediterranean, originally came from Sicily, makes it tempting to assume a relation to this island, although the Ar name of Sicily most often shows initial ṣ (Ṣiqilliyaẗ, Ṣiqilliyyaẗ) rather than s (Siqilliyyaẗ) (both from Grk Σικελία) and q ll instead of l q (result of metathesis?); moreover, one would have to explain the faʕl/fiʕl pattern that would be rather unusual if ‘chard’ originally was *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’. – Any relation to ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (SLQ_27), ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (SLQ_29), or to ^†sallaqa ‘to collect herbs’ (SLQ_19, prob. denom.)? – The specifications silq al-barr ‘Rumex, sour-dock’ and silq al-māʔ ‘Potamogeton, pond-weed’ certainly belong here.
▪ SLQ_8 : In today’s SyrAr, ¹salīqaẗ is known as the name for a ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’. Originally, the word is a pseudo-PP from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ and thus simply meant ‘boiled food; what is cooked with hot water (herbs, leguminous plants, and the like’. However, also more specific usage is attested already in ClassAr; e.g., in addition to the general meaning, Lane1872 also mentions ‘millet bruised and dressed by being cooked with milk; a preparation of dried curd with which are mixed certain plants’, and Wahrmund1887 has ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’.
▪ SLQ_9 : There is no self-evident semantic connection betw. ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ and any of the other values represented in the root. However, given that, morphologically, salīqaẗ is (the f. form of) a quasi-PP, one may think of ‘inborn disposition, instinct, natural trait’ as fig. use of either SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin’ or SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water / through boiling in water’ (< SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’), implying that it is what remains, or comes out, after ‘skinning’ or ‘peeling off’ the outer layers concealing/covering the inner nature of s.th.; cf. also ^†SLQ_14, below, with the pl. ^†salāʔiqᵘ ‘marks made by the feet of men and by the hoofs of horses or the like on the road (or marks made by thongs upon the belly of a camel etc.)’, from ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil; foot, hoof)’ , which is akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, flay, skin’ (and thereby leave marks on the body).
▪ SLQ_10 ‘red lead, minium’: Ar salaqūn is found also as saliqūn or sariqūn and in EgAr also as salaq͗ōn and zalaq͗ōn. Given the variability of R₁ (s/z) and R₂ (l/r), a relation to Ar ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’ does not seem unlikely. BadawiHinds1986 thinks the EgAr words may be from Tu sülüğen/süleğen ‘do.’, but the reverse is prob. the case, i.e., the Tu words are from Ar (or both from Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’). In contrast, Nişanyan_1Jul2017 (s.v. Tu süleğen) would not exclude an origin in Grk συρικόν syrikón, which would suggest an interpretation of minium as ‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, an idea that could be corroborated by the Ru Ukr name for minium, súrik. But Nişanyan adds himself that such an etymology is rather uncertain. (The mineral is first mentioned in Tu sources in the anon. Câmiʕü'l-Fürs, 1501, as sülegen.)
▪ SLQ_11 : The term ¹salūqī for a specific kind of greyhound or hunting dog, as ‘saluki’, derives from the place name Salūq, a town located by ClassAr lexicographers either in Yemen or Armenia. But there are also other places that may be identified with this Salūq; ultimately, there may be a connection to the Seleucia and the Seleucid Empire. For details see s.v.
▪ ^†SLQ_12 : ^†⁶salaqa, u (salq) ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’ is the first value mentioned in BadawiAbdelHaleem2008 as well as in Lane1872, as though it was a/the primary one. It can, however, not be related to any of the other values, nor does it seem to have cognates in Sem or outside. A clue to its etymology may be the fact that the verb appears with this meaning not only in the form ^†salaqa, but also with the variant ^†salqà (vn. silqāʔ). This latter may be the reflex of an archaic *Š-stem, a causative from ↗√LQY, giving more or less the same meaning as the common vb. IV, ʔalqà (vn. ʔilqāʔ), see ↗laqiya. Cf. also the corresponding intr. vb.s, as rare and unusual as ^†salqà itself: ClassAr ĭslanqà (pattern ĭFʕanLà) ‘to lie, or sleep prostrate on one’s back’, with the var. ĭstalqà, which latter can be analysed as a t-stem of both ^†salqà and ʔalqà (<*šalqà).
▪ ^†SLQ_13 : The value ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ of ^†⁷salaqa (u, salq) may be a specialized development from dependent on SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’). Or should we assume contamination from, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’? – In its turn, ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ seems to have given rise to value SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’, still in use in MSA, prob. due to its Qur’anic origin (see above).
▪ ^†SLQ_14 : ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’: ^†⁸salaqa, u (salq); cf. also ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl., from sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by the feet of men and by the hoofs of horses or the like on the road’. The pseudo-PP FaʕīLaẗ pattern of ³salīqaẗ suggests an interpretation of those ‘marks’ as *‘the scratched ones’ so that the value can be related to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’. One detailed explanation of the meaning of SLQ_1 also connects the latter with ‘traces’: ‘to peel off (flesh from the bone), remove its hair or fur (with hot water, leaving the traces thereof remaining [!])’ (Lane iv 1872). The old n. ^†salq ‘mark\scar (of a gall), sore, on the back of a camel, when it has healed, and the place thereof has become white; mark made by the [plaited thong called] nisʕ upon the side of the camel, or upon its belly, from which the fur becomes worn off’ (Lane1872) matches very well here, too. ClassAr lexicographers would explain the latter as secondary, an extension from ‘marks left on the road’, but the reverse is more likely to be the case. – DaṯAr slq ‘semer; to cultivate, plough, till’ is prob. based on *‘to make furrows in the soil’ (< * ‘to “scratch” the earch’); note, however, that ‘furrow’ in DaṯAr is sāliq (PA, i.e., ‘the carving\scratching one’), not *salīq (quasi-PP). – See also below, SLQ_22 ‘wolf’ and SLQ_25 ‘even plain’.
▪ ^†SLQ_15 ‘to oil, grease (a leathern water-skin, etc.), to smear (a camel all over with tar)’: etymology obscure. A misreading for ^†salafa (u, salaf) ‘to grease (a skin)’? Or akin to, or dependent on, ^†SLQ_25 ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even tract, of good soil, etc.’? The latter also exists in a variant with initial ṣ : ^†ṣalaq, pl. ʔaṣlāq, ʔaṣālīqᵘ, ‘even plain’; cf. also ^†ṣalīq, ‘even, smooth’. – Or should one consider Hbr ²šālaq ‘to make smooth, trim’ (Klein1987) as a cognate? According to Klein1987, the item is of uncertain origin, perh. a šiphʕel formation from ḥālaq ‘to be smooth’.
▪ ^†SLQ_16 ‘(al-ǧuwāliqᵃ) to insert one of the two loops of the sack called ǧ. into the other’; ‘(al-ʕūd fī ’l-ʕurwaẗ) to insert the stick into the loop [of the ǧ.]’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_17 : As in SLQ_15, the value that ClassAr lexicography often gives as the secondary one – ‘to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’ – may in fact be the primary one from which the other meaning – ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity)’, which tends to be given first – is derived. – Cf. also ^†¹silqaẗ (pl. sulqān, silqān, silq) and sāliqaẗ (pl. sawāliqᵘ) ‘weeping loudly (woman), slapping her face; long-tongued and vehemently clamorous, foul, evil, lewd’ (whence [^†SLQ_22 ] ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’, m. ^†²silq ‘wolf’?). With the latter notion, SLQ_17 comes close to SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’. – Influenced by ^†ṣalaq, pl. ʔaṣlāq, ‘shriek of distress’ (> denom. ^†taṣallaqa ‘to scream in child-birth’) and ^†ṣalaqa (i, ṣalq), vb. I, ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently; to raise one’s his voice on the occasion of a calamity, and of a death’ (Lane1872)̀?
▪ ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run’ (^†¹²salaqa), ‘quick, swift (she-camel)’ (^†saylaq): etymology obscure. – Barth1902 is convinced that the value »certainly« has to be seen together with tasallaqa ‘to climb’ (i.e., SLQ_6), interpreting saylaq as, properly, *‘the climbing one’ (»‘stark laufende (eigentl. ‘steigende Kamelin’«), but this is little convincing.
▪ ^†SLQ_19 : ^†sallaqa, vb. II, in the sense of ‘to collect herbs’ is prob. denominative from ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†SLQ_27) or ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (^†SLQ_29), both of which are of obscure etymology (perh. *‘peeled, scratched off’, from SLQ_1?). – OrelStolbova1994#380, finding ‘cognates’ of Ar slq ‘to gather’ in Eg sꜣḳ (*-l > -ꜣ ) ‘do.’, and CCh caḳal (metathesis) ‘to gather, collect’, dare to assume Sem *s˅l˅ḳ ‘to gather’ and even reconstruct AfrAs *calaḳ ‘to gather’. But the basis for such reconstruction seems too weak.
▪ ^†SLQ_20 : The value ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’ of the form V vb. ^†²tasallaqa is perh. due to confusion with ^†taṣallaqa (with ṣ) ‘do.’, unless the reverse is the case (^†taṣallaqa seems to be denom. from ^†ṣalaq, pl. ʔaṣlāq, ‘shriek of distress’; but this item, too, is without proper etymology).
▪ ^†SLQ_21 : According to Fraenkel (1886: 143), the Ar term ^†¹silq (pl. sulqān) for ‘red garden-beet’ is from Aram Syr silqā ‘do.’, in itself of unknown origin. The word looks as if it could be identical with the term, still in use, EgAr salq or salqāyaẗ and ClassAr MSA silq for ‘a variety of chard’ (see SLQ_7, above). For Aram Syr silqā, some have argued that it might be a borrowing (with metathesis) from Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’ – see, e.g., Fraenkel, as also Dozy, s.v., where the author remarks that already »Théopraste dit que la variété blanche de la Beta vulgaris s’appelle sicilienne«. – On another note, there are also Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’, Tu şalgam, Arm šoġkam ‘do.’, which, accord. to Nişanyan_13Apr2015, all go back to Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’ – could also Ar salq~silq be akin to, or even derive, from this Pers word?
▪ ^†SLQ_22 : The term ^†²silq (pl. sulqān, silqān) for ‘wolf’ and ^†²silqaẗ for ‘she-wolf’ looks as if it was a very basic word. However, the common Sem term for ‘wolf’ is protSem *ḏiʔb (> Ar ↗ḏiʔb), so that ^†²silq, f. ^†²silqaẗ prob. is fig. use pointing to a characteristic feature of the animal. From among the value spectrum covered by √SLQ , two values could be promising candidates: a ‘wolf’ may either be *‘the mangy one’, from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’ (see also ^†salq ‘mark\scar, sore, on the back of a camel, when it has healed; mark left on the skin by a thong making the fur looking worn off’, cf. SLQ_14), or *‘the howling one’, akin to ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently’. The latter seems to be more likely, as ClassAr has the proverbial expr. ʔaslaṭᵘ min silqaẗ ‘more clamorous than a she-wolf’ where ‘shouting, howling’ is regarded as a characteristic, ‘proverbial’ feature; moreover, some ClassAr lexicographers would even regard silqaẗ in the sense of ‘clamorous (woman), shouting vehemently, long-tongued, foul, evil, lewd’ as dependent on ‘she-wolf’ (Lane1872: »she-wolf… hence[!], a woman…«). – However, if none of these options should be valid and ^†²silq be of foreign origin nevertheless, the only non-Sem candidate for the place of the etymon seems to be Grk λύκος lúkos ‘wolf’. Unprovable, but also unfalsifiable. If valid, one would have to assume a metathesis *(lks >) lḳs > slq.
▪ ^†SLQ_23 ‘female lizard; female locust, when she has laid her eggs’: ^†³silqaẗ. – Of obscure etymology. Should one consider Eg snḥm (> Copt sanneḥ) ‘locust’, itself borrowed from Sem (cf. Hbr sālʕām ‘kind of locust’, hapax in the Bible; slʕm ‘to swallow, consume, devour’, Aram salʕem ‘to swallow, destroy’ – ErmanGrapow1921: 147, Klein1987)?
▪ ^†SLQ_24 ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’: ^†⁴silqaẗ. – Etymology obscure. Perhaps *‘furrow carved in the earth\soil by flowing water’, thus perh. related to ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave prints (on the soil\road: foot, hoof)’ (< SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, scratch’). Any relation to ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run (^†¹²salaqa); quick, swift (she-camel)’ (^†saylaq) or ^†SLQ_25 ‘even plain, low tract that produces herbage, meadow’ (^†salaq)?
▪ ^†SLQ_25 : The value ‘even plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, in which are no trees; low tract, depressed land that produces herbage, meadow’ (Lane1872) is represented in ClassAr by both ^†salaq (pl. ʔaslāq, sulqān) and a form with initial ṣ : ^†ṣalaq (pl. ʔaṣlāq, pl.pl. ʔaṣālīqᵘ) (Hava1899); for the latter, cf. also ^†ṣalīq ‘even, smooth’ and the n.f. (nominalized adj.?) ^†ṣalīqaẗ (pl. ṣalāʔiqᵘ) ‘thin bread; slice of roasted meat’ (Hava1899). Thus, we can think of ^†salaq either as a contamination of ^†ṣalaq (which in itself is of obscure etymology) or as akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave (foot\hoof) prints (on the soil)’, as well as the old n. ^†salq ‘mark\scar, sore, on the back of a camel, mark made by a thong upon the skin where the fur becomes worn off’. If such a ‘kinship’ is valid, the ‘even plain’ would originally be *‘tract of land from which most vegetation on the surface has been “scraped off”, “lacerated” region’.
▪ ^†SLQ_26 : For ClassAr ^†sulāq we find several descriptions, the most comprehensive perh. in BK1860: ‘1 tumeur qui se forme sur les bords des paupières et fait tomber les cils (tumor that forms on the edges of the eyelids and causes the eyelashes to fall out; Hava1899: lippitude of the eyelids); 2 déchaussement des dents, maladie des gencives, qui fait que les dents n’étant plus retenues par les gencives tombent (loosening of teeth, gum disease, which causes teeth no longer held by the gums to fall out: Wahrmund1887: Lösung d Zahnfleischs); 3 tubercule à la racine de la langue (tubercle at the root of the tongue; Lane1872, Hava1899: pimples, pustules that come forth upon the root \ on the tip of the tongue); 4 enflure (swelling)’; cf. also ^†al-ʔasāliq ‘what is next to the lahawāt [pl. used as sg., meaning the ‘uvula’] of the mouth, internally, or the upper parts of the interior of the mouth, those to which the tongue rises’ (Lane1872). – The basic notion here is prob. the ‘falling out’ or ‘loosening’ of s.th. (eyelashes, teeth) due to a disease, an idea that is similar to the ‘falling off (of leaves, etc.) from trees’ (^†SLQ_27) and which seems to be akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, peel off, etc.’.
▪ ^†SLQ_27 : Morphologically a quasi-PP, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ may well be *‘what has been scratched off (from a tree) (and left it bare, like lacerated skin)’. If this is true, the value, like also the preceding, SLQ_26, developed from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, (Ehret1989: to loosen the flesh from the bones)’.
▪ ^†SLQ_28 ^†³salīq ‘honey which the bees build up along the length of their hive, or habitation’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_29 ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs | Kücherkräuter’: etymology obscure. Identical with SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’? Or akin to SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’? Or, properly meaning *‘what is going to be cooked in hot water’ (from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’)?
▪ ^†SLQ_30 ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’: etymology obscure. – Perh. properly *‘the bare (slopes) along a road’? Or should one see it together with ^†salaq ‘even plain, low tract, depressed land, meadow’ ( ^†SLQ_25)?
▪ ^†SLQ_31 : Like ¹salūqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’ (SLQ_11), also ^†²salūqī, a term for ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’, seems to be related to ^†Salūq, the name of a town of uncertain location (Yemen, Armenia, …?). For Fraenkel1886: 242 it is clear that this is ancient Seleukia (as already assumed by Yāqūt). – Cf., however, Hbr (*Š-stem) hislîq ‘to hide (arms) in a cache’ and modHbr sᵊlîq ‘arms cache’, which Klein1987 would regard as belonging to Hbr √SLQ ‘to go up, ascend’ (< Aram slaq ‘to come up’), Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb’ (SLQ_6).
▪ ^†SLQ_32 : One could be tempted to connect ‘sitting-place of the rubbān [or captain] of a ship, sitting-place of a pilot’ to SLQ_1, as *‘place left free (< “scraped off”) for the captain\pilot)’, but the form of ^†salūqiyyaẗ – obviously a f. nisba formation from salūq – does not seem to allow such an interpretation. Thus it looks as if ^†salūqiyyaẗ is based on the same town name ^†salūq from which ¹salūqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’ (SLQ_11) and ^†²salūqī ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’ (^†SLQ_31) prob. are derived. Further details obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_33 (DaṯAr) ‘natte de folioles de palmier’: perh. < *‘leaves falling off (or taken from) the trees’ (SLQ_27), thus based on SLQ_1.
▪ ^†SLQ_34 ‘ruines’ (DaṯAr mislāq): obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_35 (kalām) ^†salīqī ‘natural, untaught, uninflected (speech)’: borrowed from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’, in analogy to ↗ʔiʕrāb (prob. calqued on Grk hellēnismós) ‘use of desinential inflection, thereby producing correct, clear, sound Arabic’; (nominalisation:) ^†salīqiyyaẗ ‘dialect in which the speaker thereof proceeds loosely, or freely, according to his nature, without paying much attention to desinential syntax, and without avoiding incorrectness’ (Lane1872)
▪ ^†SLQ_ ‘…’: …
▪ …

52. In the light of Akk and JudAram cognates of Ar ↗salla showing unexpected s- instead of regular š-, a reconstruction as *√SL/ŠL would probably reflect this uncertainty. 53. A fine illustration of such a split is provided by JBA ʕarsəlā ‘hammock’ < protSem *ʕarś , extensively discussed in Steiner 1977:130‒136.

▪ (ad #35): From the same source as ^†salīqī is Engl solecism ‘gross grammatical error’; loosely ‘a small blunder in speech; any absurdity or incongruity, a violation of the conventional rules of society’, 1570s, from Fr solécisme (C16), from Lat soloecismus ‘mistake in speaking or writing’, from Grk soloikismós ‘a speaking (Greek) incorrectly’, from soloikos ‘speaking incorrectly, using provincialisms’, also ‘awkward or rude in manners’, said to have meant originally ‘speaking like the people of Soloi’, a Grk colony in Cilicia (modern Mezitli in Turkey), whose dialect the Athenians considered barbarous -- EtymOnline (as of 26Sept2022).

–

¹salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

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√SLQ

vb., I

1 to lacerate the skin (‑h of s.o.; with a whip); 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 ↗³salaqa; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ The meaning ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ seems to go back to an original sense of ‘to loosen\peel off the flesh from the bones’, well attested in ClassAr.
▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21, ¹salaqa ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’ may be analyzed as an extension in * Ḳ (»intensive (effect)«) from pre-protSem *√SL⁹ ‘to draw out or off’; so also ↗salaḫa (< *SL + »extendative fortative« * Ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough’.
▪ Leslau2006 thinks that Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ has cognates in Akk (šalāqu ‘to cut open, split’) and EthSem (e.g., Gz śalaqa~salaqa ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’); if this is valid, one may reconstruct protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’, rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of wider attestation (Kogan2011) (cf. ↗³salaqa) – rather unlikely, esp. so in light of the semantic distance between ‘cutting, splitting’ and ‘scraping, peeling’. Therefore, it would probably make more sense to see the Akk and EthSem items together with Ar ↗šalaqa (u, šalq) ‘to split lengthwise’ (< protSem *ŚLḲ?) rather than with ¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, flay, etc.’.
▪ Or is ‘to lacerate the skin’ a development from ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ (↗²salaqa), in its turn perh. the result of semantic extension from ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ (↗³salaqa), perh. under the influence of ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’?
▪ The basic meanings attached to ¹salaqa, i.e., ‘to loosen\peel off (the flesh from the bones)’, ‘to lacerate, skin, scrape off’ etc., seem to have given rise to a number of semantic extensions building on them either literally or figuratively – see below, section DISC.
▪ …

9. In the light of the oscillation of Akk and JudAram cognates between initinal s and š (see Ar ↗ salla) Ehret’s reconstruction of an underlying biconsonantal nuclear root “*√SL” should perhaps be modified into “*√SL/ŠL”. Cf. in this context also OrelStolbova1994’s reconstruction (#2274) of protSem *šul (< AfrAs *sol ) ‘to pull’.

▪ ^†ʔaslaqa, vb. IV, ‘1 (said of a man) his camel’s back became white after the healing of galls; 2 to hunt, snare, trap, a she-wolf (silqaẗ), to hunt wolves’ – Lane iv 1872, Hava1899 (and Wahrmund1887).

▪ Ar SLQ: 1 From pre-protSem *SL ‘to draw out or off’ (> Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’) + * Ḳ (Ehret1989 #21)? If valid, cognate extensions could be ↗salaʔa ‘to purify butter, press sesame oil’, ↗salaba ‘to take from with violence, rob, plunder, steal’, ↗salata ‘to draw one thing from another’, ↗salaḥa ‘to drop excrement’, ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; undress’, ↗saliʕa ‘to split, cleave’, ↗salafa ‘to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land)’; perh. partial overlapping/merger with salaḫa. – Or akin to #2 (<#3?), perh. influenced by salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’. – ?Cf. also Leslau2006: Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’, Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. – ?2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ ↗²salaqa. – ?3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ ↗³salaqa. – 4–33 […].
▪ …

▪ Ehret1989 #21 suggests to analyse ¹salaqa ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’ as an extension in »intensive (effect)« *-Ḳ from a pre-protSem 2-rad. basis *SL⁵⁴ ‘to draw out or off’ (preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’). Semantic proximity to other such assumed extensions, like ↗salaḫa (from *SL + »extendative fortative« * Ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; to undress’, is indeed striking.
▪ Cf., however, Leslau2006 who thinks that one may have to compare Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ to Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. It is tempting to reconstruct from these forms a protSem root *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (see SLQ_3), rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of fairly wide attestation in Sem (cf. ↗³salaqa). Leslau’s etymology would not contradict Ehret (see above) if we assume pre-protSem *√ŠL instead of Ehret’s *√SL as the 2-rad. basis from which protSem *ŠLḲ would be an extension in * Ḳ. But Leslau’s hypothesis is perh. not valid, as Akk šalāqu ‘to cut open, split’ rather belongs to Ar ↗šalaqa ‘to split lengthwise’ than to ¹salaqa ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’; taking together Akk šalāquand Ar šalaqa with Gz śalaqa ‘to grind fine, crush, […]’, one may reconstruct protSem *ŚLQ ‘to cut, crush, split’ and keep this notion apart from that of ‘loosening\peeling off the flesh, etc.’ (? ▪ Apart from the ‘relatives’ that may be due to a shared 2-rad. nucleus from which they all may be extensions (Ehret1989), Ar ¹salaqa does not seem to have genuine cognates in Sem. Its isolated position can possibly be taken as an indicator of the notion of ‘loosening\peeling off the skin’ being a secondary value. But should one go as far as to assume a development from ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook by boiling’, via ↗²salaqa ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’? At least, the value ‘to boil, cooking by boiling’ is rather widely attested in Sem. A counter-argument against a development from ‘to boil, cook by boiling’ is the large number of SLQ-values that with all probability are based on ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’ rather than on ‘to boil’. Together with the fact that, in many cases, the semantic distance between these items and ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’ is quite great, we can assume a deep temporal horizon and, thus, a very old age of the notion of ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’.
▪ Among the values that may be explained as stemming from an original ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’ we find not only the idea of ‘lacerating (the skin, esp. by whipping), skinning’, but also several others that are similar to it, either with regard to the action itself or to its results. Thus, the meaning, now obsol., of ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (^†⁷salaqa) may be a specialisation, as also DaṯAr salaq ‘to cultivate, plough, till’ (<*‘to lacerate the soil, make furrows in it’; cf. also DaṯAr sāliq ‘furrow’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’ – LandbergZetterstein1942); similarly, ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil/road; foot, or hoofs)’ is prob. the result of likening the soil, or road, to a skin on which a whip left its traces. The meaning ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity)’ (^†¹¹salaqa) is with all likelihood secondary to its parallel value, ‘to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’, which seems to be from *‘to leave traces/furrows on one’s face by slapping and scratching it (out of grief etc.)’. From the secondary ‘to weep, cry out’, a vehemently mourning woman was called a ^†¹silqaẗ or sāliqaẗ, a value that could also be used in a generalized sense of ‘long-tongued and vehemently clamorous, foul, evil, lewd’. From here, or directly from ¹salaqa, has prob. sprung the idea of ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ (see also ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’ and the ClassAr ints-formations ^†sallāq, ^†mislaq and ^†mislāq, all meaning ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp’). (Cf., however, Leslau2006, who has a different view on that matter; see s.v. ↗⁵salaqa.)
▪ Moreover, several items belonging to the root √SLQ can be explained rather plausibly as quasi-PP-s formed on the pattern FaʕīL, f. FaʕīLaẗ (pl. FaʕāʔiLᵘ), thus orig. meaning *‘peeled off, scraped off’, e.g., ^†¹salīq ‘skinned barley and dish prepared from it’, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’, (SyrAr) ↗¹salīqaẗ ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’ (≈ ^†¹salīq), ↗²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ (perh. < *‘what is left after peeling off skin and flesh, kernel’; ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl., from *sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road; marks made by the plaited thongs upon the belly of the camel’. (NB: ^†salīqī ‘natural, or untaught (speech)’ and ^†salīqiyyaẗ ‘dialect’ can look as if belonging here too; most likely, however, they are borrowed from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’).
▪ Developed from, or at least akin to, ¹salaqa ‘to loosen\peel off (flesh from the bones), lacerate, whip’ are prob. also ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even, tract, of good soil, depressed, even plain in which are no trees; low tract, or portion, of land, that produces herbage, meadow’ as well as ^†sulāq, a ClassAr term for a disease that causes teeth or eyelids to fall out and, hence, leave behind a “lacerated” mouth, or eye. – DaṯAr salqaẗ ‘natte de folioles de palmier’ (LandbergZetterstein1942) is possibly *‘mat made of palm-leaves that have fallen out’.
▪ Perh. even ^†²silq ‘wolf’ (f. ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’) and ^†⁴silqaẗ ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’ are akin to ¹salaqa ‘to loosen\peel off (flesh from the bones), lacerate, whip’, the former perh. being *‘the mangy (<*lacerated) one’, the latter the *‘furrows’ left behind in a landscape by a creek etc.
▪ …

54. Perh. better *SL/ŠL – see note to section CONC, above.

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

²salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

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√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 to remove with boiling water (s.th.); 3 ³salaqa; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ ²salaqa combines in its semantics two major ideas connected to the root √SLQ, namely (a) ‘removing, peeling, scraping off’ and (b) ‘boiling, cooking in boiling water’, which may have different etymologies, see ↗¹salaqa and ↗³salaqa, respectively. Historically, the meaning of ²salaqa seems to be the result of a merger of the two primary values.
▪ …

…

▪ See ↗¹salaqa and ↗³salaqa.
▪ …

▪ For the etymologies of the two values that have merged into ²salaqa, see ↗¹salaqa (extension in * ḳ from pre-protSem *√SL ‘to draw out or off’ – Ehret1989) and ↗³salaqa [< protSem (Dolgopolsky2012: »CSem«) *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’, accord. to Dolgopolsky akin to (and extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’)].
▪ A similar overlapping of the two primary values can be found in ↗¹salīqaẗ ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr)’, historically attested also as n.m., ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’ (Wahrmund1887). Both can be interpreted as quasi-PPs formed from ²salaqa, so that the dish orig. was *‘the cooked and peeled one (grain, barley)’.
▪ …

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►salīqaẗ, pl. salāʔiqᵘ, n.f., 1 dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr); — 2 ↗²salīqaẗ

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

³salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

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√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 to boil, cook in boiling water; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (widely attested in Sem; Dolgopolsky2012: »CSem«).
▪ Accord. to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, CSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’ is akin to (and an extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’), with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’. But this hypothesis seems doubtful for phonological reasons, as the difference betw. initial ṣ and s (<*š) remains without convincing explanation; Dolgopolsky’s assumption of a primary *c̣ from which both may have developed is not supported in any other sources.
▪ Among the derivatives of ³salaqa, we find ↗¹salīqaẗ (hist. also ^†¹salīq) ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’ (perh. more properly a quasi-PP from ↗²salaqa ‘to remove [hair, etc.] with boiling water’) and prob. also ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (perh. < *‘what is cooked, or going to be cooked, in hot water’. ²salaqa ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ seems to be the result of a merger of ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate (skin), flay, remove the skin from the bones’ and ³salaqa, ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ …
▪ …

…

3 Akk salāḳu, JudAram (> postBiblHbr) Syr šlḳ, Ar ³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, DaṯAr slq ‘griller de façon que la viande ne soit ni crue ni à point, mais entre les deux; donner au pain une caisson légère’; prob. also Tña šäläḳä ‘to be burned; to simmer’ (Kogan2011).
▪ ?Cf. also (Dolgopolsky2012#2053), (without extension in ḳ?) BiblHbr c̣ālā (√C̣LY), JudPalAram, JEA c̣əlā (√C̣LW|Y) ‘to roast (meat)’, SamAram √ṢLY ‘to roast’, Ar ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn (intr.), be exposed to the blaze (bi of’), Gz √ṢLW ‘to broil, roast’; outside Sem: [Berb] Kab əsli ‘cuire rapidement’; [ECush] Brj sal- ‘to cook by boiling, bake’, Kmb šol-, Hd sar ‘id.; to fry, roast’; Sa sōl- ‘braten, rösten auf dem brennenden Feuer’, sōˈlā ‘Fleisch auf heißen Steinen gebraten; Feuerbrand’, Af sola ‘campfire for roasting meat’, Som sol- ‘to grill, toast, roast’; Som šīl- ‘to fry’, Or sil-awu ‘affumigarsi, arruginirsi, ossidarsi’.
▪ …

▪ The value ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ is attested in major branches of Sem (Akk, Aram, Ar, ?EthSem), which makes the reconstruction of protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (Kogan2011) rather reliable.
▪ For Dolgopolsky’s view, see above, section CONC.
▪ …

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►salīqaẗ, pl. salāʔiqᵘ, n.f., 1 dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr); — 2 ↗²salīqaẗ
►maslūq, adj., cooked, boiled (meat, egg, vegetable): PP I

►maslūqaẗ, pl. masālīqᵘ, n.f., bouillon, broth: PP I f., *‘the cooked one’

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

⁴salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

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√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 ³salaqa; 4 to scald (plants; said of excessive heat); 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ ⁴salaqa ‘to scald (plants)’ is not only said of excessive heat (as WehrCowan1976 has it), but (historically, at least) also of strong cold, as in salaqa ’l-bardᵘ ’l-nabātᵃ ‘the cold nipped, shrunk, shrivelled, or blasted, the herbage’ (Lane iv 1872). The meaning seems to be fig. use of ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ But does it perh. also reflect a relation to ‘frying, roasting’, as Dolgopolsky’s hypothesis for the etymology of ³salaqa proposes? See below, section DISC.
▪ …

…

▪ ↗³salaqa.
▪ …

▪ Accord. to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, CSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’ is akin to (and extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’), with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’. But this suggestion is doubtful, due to phonological reasons, as initial *ṣ rarely transforms into *š (*s) and Dolgopolsky stands alone with his assumption of a WSem *C̣ as the basis for later sound shifts.
▪ …

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

⁵salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

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√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 ³salaqa; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 to hurt (s.o., bi-lisānihī, with one’s tongue, i.e., give s.o. a tongue-lashing) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Several etymologies have been suggested for ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ (and related items such as ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’ and ^†sallāq, ^†mislaq, ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp’):
▪ ClassAr lexicographers maintain that it is fig. use of ^†⁷salaqa ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (^†SLQ_13 in root entry ↗√SLQ) (> *‘to hurt’), which is based either on ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ or on ^†⁶salaqa ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’ (= ^†SLQ_12). But why not directly from ¹salaqa ‘to lacerate’ (> *‘to hurt’)?
▪ However, parallels with initial ṣ instead of s may point to a contamination with, or influence from, ^†ṣalaqa ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike’. The adj.s ^†mislaq and ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp (tongue)’ which seem to belong to ‘hurting (tongue)’, both exist in a variant with initial ṣ : ^†miṣlaq, miṣlāq (pl. maṣālīqᵘ) ‘eloquent (speaker)’ (Lane1872, Hava1899)…
▪ In contrast, Leslau2006 remarks that Margoliouth (JRAS 1939: 61) derived Ar salaqa in Surah 33:19 from Gz (ta)sālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, etc.’ and that »the root represents a metathesis in relation to Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’«. Zammit2002 shares this view, adding Ug and Aram parallels to the Hbr and Gz forms as alleged ‘cognates’ of Qur’anic Ar salaqa (interpreted as ‘to abuse’).
▪ …

▪ eC7 (Q 33:19) fa-ʔiḏā ḏahaba ’l-ḫawfu salaqūkum bi-ʔalsinaẗin ḥidādin ʔašiḥḥaẗan ʕalà ’l-ḫayri ‘Then, when the fear departeth, they scald you with sharp tongues in their greed for wealth (from the spoil) | But when fear has passed, they lash at you with sharp tongues.’
▪ …

▪ Cf. prob. ^†⁷salaqa ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (= SLQ_13 in root entry ↗√SLQ), which is either from ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ or from ^†⁶salaqa ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’ (= ^†SLQ_12).
▪ ?Contamination with, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’.
▪ Cf. also Zammit2002, Leslau2006: Ug qlṣ ‘verhöhnen’, Aram qallāsā ‘shouting, derision’, Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’, (with metathesis) Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, make fun of, make fun of one another’ (> QurAr ⁵salaqa ‘to abuse, insult’). – For Gz, Leslau2006 also gives səllāq ‘derision, cause of derision, ridicule, laughingstock, mockery, mocking (n), raillery, play’; səllāqe (Gr) ‘derision’, adding that these may have a cognate in Akk tašliqtu ‘eine Kampfrede’ (von Soden 1339). – Leslau2006 further quotes Denizeau’s entries SyrAr (Damascus) t-maqlaṣ, t-maqlaz, t-maqlas ‘to mock’ (denom. from a noun with m-; 501). Moreover, accord. to Leslau, also Tña (tä)saläqä ‘to mock’, Amh (tä)salläqä and Gur q'anäsä (for q'alläqä) have »the structure of Hbr Syr qls.«
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►salāqaẗ n.f., vicious tongue, violent language

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

¹tasallaq‑ تَسَلَّقـ (tasalluq)

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√SLQ

vb., V

1a to ascend, mount, climb, scale (s.th.); b to climb up (plant) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Either denom. from ↗sullāq ‘Ascension of Christ (Chr.)’ (a loan from Aram), or directly from Aram SLQ ‘to ascend’. For the latter, several etymologies have been proposed. The most plausible (in our view), put forward by Kogan2015, assumes -sl- in some forms to be the result of a dissociation from earlier *-ś-, so that the Aram forms (and the Hbr and Ar ones borrowed from them) ultimately should be seen together with Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’, etc. – For details see ↗sullāq.
▪ …

▪ First attestation (as vn. tasalluq ) pre-791 in Ḫalīl b. ʔAḥmad’s Kitāb al-ʕAyn.
▪ …

▪ ↗sullāq.
▪ …

–

►tasalluq, n., climbing; ascent: vn V.
►mutasalliq, adj.: al-nabātāt al-matasalliqaẗ, climbing plants, creepers: PA V.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

sullāq سُلَّاق

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√SLQ

n.

Ascension of Christ (Chr.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Given the isolation of sullāq ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ (and the prob. denom. ↗¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’) within the root √SLQ, it is very likely that these items are borrowed from Aram sūlqā ‘do.’, slaq ‘to ascend’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277). For the latter, several etymologies have been proposed (see below, section DISC). Of these, the one with the highest probability seems to be Kogan’s (2015: 386 #15) explanation of protAram *SLḲ as the result of a splitting of an original lateral *Ś- into the combination S-L at an early stage, so that the Aram forms (on which the Hbr and Ar ones are based) should be seen together with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’ etc.
▪ …

▪ Accord. to DHDA first attested pre-813 CE in a verse by ʔAbū Nuwās.
▪ …

▪ Aram slaq, Palm slq, Syr sleq ‘to ascend’, sūlqā ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ > Ar sullāq ‘id.’ (> ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, climb’) (Fraenkel1886: 277 and others after him). – Cf. also Hbr *sālaq, attested as a hapax legomenon in Ps 139:8 (1sg.impf ʔässaq ‘I ascend’) which, however, »is an obvious Aramaism« (Kogan2015: 386 #15, following Wagner 1966:87).
▪ (For the theory put forward in BDB1906): ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’
▪ (For the hypothesis developed in Kogan2015: 386 #15): Ar < Aram < protAram *slḳ ‘to go up’ < (dissociation sl- < ś- ) *ŚḲ, cognate to Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’, Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’.
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▪ As Kogan2015 remarks, the isolated position of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’ (as also of ClassAr ^†salaqa ‘do.’, now obsol.) within Ar »makes one wonder about a possible Aram origin« of these items. If so, ¹tasallaqa and ^†salaqa (as well as sullāq from which the vb. V may be denom.) almost certainly are borrowed from Aram sūlqā ‘Ascension’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277).
▪ Given the Hbr and Aram ‘cognates’, Dolgopolsky2012#300 would reconstruct a CSem *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’ (in his view ancestor not only of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘do.’, but also of ^†SLQ_18 ^†salaqa ‘to run’⁵⁵ and perh. – deglottalization? – even ↗salaka ‘to travel, go along’), to which he juxtaposes IndEur (NaIE) *slenk (~ *sleng ) ‘to creep, crawl, trudge, amble’ (> , e.g., AngSax slincan ‘to creep’ > nEngl ‘to slink’, oHGe slango, nHGe Schlange ‘snake’; oHGe zuo slingan ‘to slide away’, mHGe slingen ‘to crawl along|sich schlängelnd winden, kriechen, schleichen’, etc.⁵⁶ ), all ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *c'oLḲ˅ (~ *c'oLk˅) ‘to advance with effort (to creep, crawl, climb, etc.)’.
▪ Another view is put forward in BDB1906 where the authors interpret values ‘to ascend’ and ‘to scald, burn’ (↗⁴salaqa) as interdependent, associating Hbr *śālaq ‘to kindle, burn’, (*Š-stem) hissîq ~ hiśśîq ‘to make a fire, burn’ with Aram slaq ‘to ascend’, (*Š-stem) ‘to cause to go up (in flame), offer sacrifice’, Syr sleq, Palm slq , Ar salaqa ‘to ascend’.
▪ In contrast, Kogan2015: 386 #15 points to the scarcity of the Hbr vb. (1sg.impf ʔässaq ‘I ascend’ is a hapax in the Bible) and the isolated position of ‘ascending’ within Ar and concludes (convincingly, as we think) that both with all likelihood are Aramaisms, i.e., neither the Hbr nor the Ar items can count as genuine cognates, so that Aram SLḲ is in itself isolated within Sem. Speculating about the obscure origin of protAram *SLḲ ‘to go up’ Kogan then »wonders whether a clue to the etymology of this root can be found in its highly peculiar morphological behavior, viz. the unexpected assimilation * sl- > ss- [the Hbr 1sg.impf in Ps 139:8 shows ʔässaq instead of *ʔäslaq ‘I ascend’], probably betraying the secondary origin of l . It is, therefore, tempting to follow P. Haupt (1910: 712-3) who compared protAram *slḳ with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’. If valid, this comparison would imply that the lateral *Ś was split into the combination S L at some early stage of the linguistic history of Aramaic.⁵⁷ – ProtAram *SLḲ has replaced protSem *ʕLY/W ‘to go up’ [> Ar ↗ʕalā], which is only marginally preserved in Aram.«
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►tasallaqa, vb. V, 1a to ascend, mount, climb, scale (s.th.); b to climb up (plant): perh. denom.; cf. ↗s.v.
►tasalluq n., climbing; ascent: vn. V, perh. denom.
►mutasalliq adj.: al-nabātāt al-matasalliqaẗ, climbing plants, creepers: PA V.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

EgAr salq سَلْق /salq͗/, (MSA) silq

ID... • Sw – • BP ... • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, updated 12Feb2022

√SLQ

n.

a variety of chard, the leaves of which are prepared as a salad or vegetable dish – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ultimately perh. identical with ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ (^†SLQ_21 in root entry ↗√SLQ), as, botanically spoken, chard, the red garden-beet and other forms of beets all are varieties of the same plant, Beta vulgaris. Their name may go back (via Aram?) to Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’ (with metathesis q-l > l-q), thus *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’. But this is rather uncertain and not unproblematic (see DISC).
▪ Or should one assume a relation to Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’ (via Tu? from Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’)?
▪ A connection to one of the main values of √SLQ, ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’, would be difficult to establish (*‘vegetable with wrinkles, like skin after whipping’?) and seems rather unlikely.
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▪ (If truely identical with ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’:) prob. borrowed from Aram Syr silqā ‘red garden-beet’, ultimately perh. (with metathesis) from Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’, < Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’ (Fraenkel1886, Dozy, et al.).
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▪ The remark, made in ar.wiki, that the plant, popular all over the Mediterranean, originally came from Sicily, makes it tempting to assume a relation to this island, although the Ar name of Sicily most often shows initial ṣ (Ṣiqilliyaẗ, Ṣiqilliyyaẗ) rather than s (Siqilliyyaẗ) (both from Grk Σικελία) and q-ll instead of l-q (result of metathesis?); moreover, one would have to explain the faʕl/fiʕl pattern that would be rather unusual if ‘chard’ originally was *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’.
▪ For ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ which, botanically, is almost identical with chard, Fraenkel (1886: 143) assumes an Aram provenience (cf. Syr silqā ‘garden-beet’) and a possible background (with metathesis) in Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’ – see, e.g., Fraenkel1886, as also Dozy, s.v., where the author remarks that already »Théopraste dit que la variété blanche de la Beta vulgaris s’appelle sicilienne«.
▪ There are, however, also Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’, Tu şalgam, Arm šoġkam ‘do.’, which, accord. to Nişanyan_13Apr2015, all go back to Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’. Could also Ar salq~silq be akin to, or even derive, from this Pers word? Pers /ġ/ is often interpreted as /q/, and Ar /q/ frequently becomes /g/ in many dialects. WehrCowan1976, for instance, registers EgAr salǧ /salg/ as a variant of salq.
▪ Prob. unrelated to any of the otherwise main\basic values expressed by √SLQ, esp. ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip), to loosen the flesh from the bones, (hence also: *lay bare)’ (↗¹salaqa) and ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ (↗³salaqa).
▪ sallaqa ‘to collect herbs’ (^†SLQ_19 in root entry ↗√SLQ) is prob. unrelated; it rather belongs to (?is denom. from) ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†SLQ_27, quasi-PP of ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, skin, loosen the flesh from the bones, *lay bare’).
▪ The specifications silq al-barr ‘Rumex, sour-dock’ and silq al-māʔ ‘Potamogeton, pond-weed’ certainly belong here.
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For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

¹salīqaẗ سَليقة , pl. salāʔiqᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, updated 8Feb2022

√SLQ

n.f.

1 dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr); — 2 ↗²salīqaẗ – WehrCowan1976

▪ The term ¹salīqaẗ, accord. to WehrCowan1976 mainly used in SyrAr, for a sweet dish made of cooked grain flavoured with cinnamon and fennel, is found in the m. form ^†¹salīq already in Wahrmund1886 (‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’, i.e., peeled barley and dish made from it). The word is a quasi-PP from the vb. I, salaqa, combining in its semantics the ‘peeling’ (< ‘lacerating, skinning’) of ↗¹salaqa as well as the ‘boiling, cooking in boiling water’ of ↗³salaqa (which may have distinct etymologies, see s.v.); thus, it is originally *‘the cooked and peeled (grain, barley)’.
▪ Cf. a similar combination in ↗²salaqa ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’.
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▪ Cf. ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’ – Wahrmund1886.
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▪ See ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, skin’ and ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
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▪ With its relation to ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’, ¹salīqaẗ is akin to other items from √SLQ that build on this notion, like ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’, ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’, or on the result of ‘lacerating, peeling, skinning’, namely *‘leaving traces, leaving bare’, like ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil: feet, hoofs)’, ^†salāʔiqᵘ ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road, or by thongs upon the skin of a camel’, prob. also DaṯAr sāliq ‘furrow (in the soil, containing seeds)’ and ClassAs also ^†⁴silqaẗ ‘water-course, channel in which water flows between two tracts of elevated ground’, ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, bare of trees’, ^†sulāq ‘a disease that causes eyelids or teeth to fall out’, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, perh. also ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’, and others. Cf. prob. also the homonymous ↗²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ (< * ‘carved in, trace, mark’?).
▪ With its relation to ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, ¹salīqaẗ is prob. also akin to ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (perh. *‘what is going to be cooked in hot water’).
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For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

²salīqaẗ سَليقة , pl. salāʔiqᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP ... • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022

√SLQ

n.f.

1 ↗¹salīqaẗ; — 2 inborn disposition, instinct – WehrCowan1976

▪ Being a quasi-PP I (pattern Faʕīl-aẗ-), the original meaning of ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ may have been *‘what is left after taking off the outer layers, the “skin” of s.o., the bare nature’, or *‘what is carved into s.o. like the traces left behind by feet\hoofs on a road, or the marks made on the skin by a thong, or by whipping, etc.’; cf. also DaṯAr sāliq ‘furrow (made in the soil to receive the seed)’ and salaq, vb. I, ‘to cultivate, plough, till’ (LandbergZetterstein1942). If this interpretation is valid, ²salīqaẗ is derived from ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip), skin, peel off’.
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▪ ↗¹salaqa.
▪ Cf. also nHbr salqāʰ ‘natural (music)’?
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▪ If ²salīqaẗ is based on ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip), skin, peel off, strip’ it is akin to other items of √SLQ that build on the same notion, like ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’, ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’, or on the result of ‘lacerating, peeling, skinning’, namely *‘leaving traces, leaving bare’, like ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil: feet, hoofs)’, ^†salāʔiqᵘ ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road, or by thongs upon the skin of a camel’, prob. also ClassAs ^†⁴silqaẗ ‘water-course, channel in which water flows between two tracts of elevated ground’, ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, bare of trees’, ^†sulāq ‘a disease that causes eyelids or teeth to fall out’, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, perh. also ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’, or even ^†²silq ‘wolf’ (< * ‘the mangy one, with lacerated skin’?). Cf. prob. also the homonymous (SyrAr) ¹salīqaẗ ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’ which prob. orig. is *‘cooked and peeled (grain, barley)’, where ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’ overlaps with ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
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For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

salaqūn سَلَقون , var. salāqūn

ID... • Sw – • BP ... • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, updated 7Feb2022

√SLQ

n.

red lead, minium – WehrCowan1976

▪ The term salaqūn ~ salāqūn for ‘red lead, minium’ is prob. akin to ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’.
▪ Cf., however, Nişanyan (1Jul2017) who suggests an interpretation as *‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, from Grk συρικόν syrikón ‘Syrian’.
▪ Etymological kinship with other items from the same root, whose broad semantic value spectrum, accord. to BAH2008, spans from the main values ‘to throw on the back’ over ‘to flay with a whip’, ‘to insult’, ‘to scald’, ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ‘boiling, cooking lightly by boiling’ to ‘intrinsic nature’, can prob. be excluded.
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▪ Ar salaqūn ‘red lead, minium’, also saliqūn , sariqūn , EgAr salaq͗ōn, zalaq͗ōn: prob. akin to Ar zarqūn ‘bright red’ (? < Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’ or Grk συρικόν syrikón, i.e., *‘Syrian’ mineral, red substance *‘from Syria’).
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▪ Ar salaqūn is found also as saliqūn or sariqūn and in EgAr also as salaq͗ōn and zalaq͗ōn. Given the variability of R₁ (s/z) and R₂ (l/r), a relation to Ar ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’ does not seem unlikely. BadawiHinds1986 thinks the EgAr words may be from Tu sülüğen/süleğen ‘do.’, but the reverse is prob. the case, i.e., the Tu words are from Ar (or both from Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’). In contrast, Nişanyan_1Jul2017 (s.v. Tu süleğen) would not exclude an origin in Grk συρικόν syrikón, which would suggest an interpretation of minium as ‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, an idea that could be corroborated by the Ru Ukr name for minium, súrik. But Nişanyan adds himself that such an etymology is rather uncertain. (The mineral is first mentioned in Tu sources in the anon. Câmiʕü'l-Fürs, 1501, as sülegen.)
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▪ Prob. not from Ar salaqūn (or ↗zarqūn ), but perh. from the same (Grk? Pers?) source may be Ru Ukr súrik ‘red lead, minium’.
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For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

¹salūqī سَلوقيّ , var. salaqī

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, updated 7Feb2022

√SLQ

n. (nominalized adj.)

saluki, greyhound, hunting dog – WehrCowan1976

▪ The term ¹salūqī ~ salaqī for a breed of dogs that seems to originate from the Middle East is a nominalized nsb-formation, prob. relating to the place name Salūq, which is of uncertain identity and location (Yemen, Armenia, Iran, …?); ultimately, it may go back to “Seleucia” or the Seleucids (for details, see below, section DISC).
▪ Etymological kinship with other items from the same root, whose broad semantic value spectrum, accord. to BAH2008, spans from the main values ‘to throw on the back’ over ‘to flay with a whip’, ‘to insult’, ‘to scald’, ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ‘boiling, cooking lightly by boiling’ to ‘intrinsic nature’, can prob. be excluded.
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▪ The description given in the English Wikipedia (as of 6Feb2022) seems to be rather reliable: »The Saluki is a standardised breed developed from sighthounds – dogs that hunt primarily by sight rather than scent – that was once used by nomadic tribes to run down game animals. The dog was originally bred in the Fertile Crescent. / The origins of the name of the breed is not clear. The Saluki has also been called the gazelle hound, Arabian hound, and the Persian greyhound. [… Report about one hypothesis suggesting Sumerian origin; but highly speculative and little convincing. …] The name used for the modern breed could be derived from Salūqiyyaẗ (Arabic for ‘Seleucia’, a city now in Iraq), appearing in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. However, this is disputed. […] the Arabic word salūqī indicates ‘person or thing from a place named Salūq’. Arab tradition states that Salūq was an ancient town in Yemen not far from modern Taʕizz, and the Arabs associate this town with the origin of the breed. However, the word salūqī might have been derived from reference to several other places: Salūq in Armenia, and three towns called Salūqiyyaẗ. One has become modern Silifke, Turkey; another is near Antioch (modern Antakya), Turkey; and third is located near Baghdad, Iraq. Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian Empire, which was located some 30 km (20 mi) to the southeast. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia, the first capital of the Seleucid Empire (312 BC – 65 AD).«
▪ Like ¹salūqī ~ salaqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’, also ^†²salūqī ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’ appears to be *‘the Salūqian, the one from Salūq’, but it is unclear whether the ‘hometown’ of the saluki is identical with that of the coat of mail or whether we are dealing with two separate locations. Accord. to Lane iv 1872, ClassAr lexicography held that “Salūq” was »a town in El-Yemen, or a town or district in the border of Armenia called (al-)Lān; or both (dog and coat of mail) are so called in relation to Salaqiyyaẗ, a town in the Greek Empire, said by al-Masʕūdī to have been on the shore of [the province of] Antioch, remains of which still exist; and if so, it is a rel.n. altered from its proper form«. Cf. also BK1860: »Salouk, Salouka, nom d’une ville dans Ie Yémen ou d’une ville d’Arménie d’où les lévriers et une sorte particulière de cuirasses ont tiré leur nom.«
▪ The rare and obsol. ^†salūqiyyaẗ ‘sitting-place of the captain\pilot’ is obviously a nisba from salūq, too. But details remain obscure.
▪ A relation betw. ¹salūqī ~ salaqī ‘saluki’ and the old term ^†²silq (f. ^†²silqaẗ) for ‘wolf’ is unlikely. For ^†²silq and possible etymologies, cf. ^†SLQ_22 in root entry ↗√SLQ. ▪ …

…

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ and ↗salaqūn as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

SLK سلك

ID. • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLK

“root”

▪ SLK_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SLK_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SLK_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go along, to pursue a course of action; to enter into, to infiltrate, to insinuate, to cause to be absorbed; to thread a needle; thread; passage’

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silk سِلْك

ID 410 • Sw – • BP 5644 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLK

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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–

►

SLM سلم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

“root”

▪ SLM_1 ‘(to be/come/remain) safe and sound, unharmed, unimpaired, intact, safe, secure; to escape (a danger); to preserve’ ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗salāmaẗ, ↗salīm
▪ SLM_2 ‘(to be/come) free (from failure), flawless’ ↗salima, ↗salāmaẗ, ↗salīm
▪ SLM_3 ‘to hand over, deliver (sallama, vb. II); to receive, have s.th. handed over or delivered (tasallama, vb. V)’ ↗salima
▪ SLM_4 ‘to approve, consent, accept’ (sallama, vb. II) ↗salima
▪ SLM_5 ‘peace; to keep/make peace; to reconcile (sālama, vb. III); to make peace, become reconciled with one another (tasālama, vb. VI) ↗salām, ↗silm, ↗salm
▪ SLM_6 ‘to greet, salute’ (sallama, vb. II) ↗salām
▪ SLM_7 ‘to leave, give up, abandon; to surrender, commit o.s., resign o.s. (esp. to the will of God, i.e., become a Muslim, embrace Islam) ↗ʔaslama
▪ SLM_8 ‘to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.’ ↗ĭstaslama (vb. X)
▪ SLM_9 ‘forward buying, payment in advance (Isl. Law)’ ↗salam_1
▪ SLM_10 ‘a variety of acacia’ ↗salam_2
▪ SLM_11 ‘reception room, sitting room, parlor’ ↗salāmlik, ↗salām
▪ SLM_12 ‘phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot)’ ↗sulāmà, ↗sulāmiyyaẗ
▪ SLM_13 ‘Solomon (n.prop.); salmon’ ↗Sulaymān
▪ SLM_14 ‘mercury chloride’ ↗sulaymānī
▪ SLM_15 ‘Istanbul’ ↗ʔislāmbūl
▪ SLM_16 ‘ladder; stairs, staircase; scale’ ↗sullam
▪ SLM_17 ‘salmon’ ↗salmūn

▪ ^†SLM_18 ‘prisoner; to make s.o. a captive; captivity’: ^†salam, ^†salama i [? also salima a (salam), used transitively]
▪ ^†SLM_19 ‘to bite (s.o.; said of a snake): ^†salama u (salm)
▪ ^†SLM_20 ‘mimosa flava, used as tan’: salam, ?= ^†salmà, a certain plant which becomes green in the [season called] ṣayf [app. here meaning ‘spring’], ?= ^†salamaẗ (or ^†salmaẗ ?) pl. ʔaslām, spiny/thorny plant (Wahrmund). – Does also ^†salama i (salm) ‘to tan (o.’s skin)’ belong here? – And perhaps also (ʔarḍ) ^†maslūmāʔᵘ ‘(land) abounding with the tree called salam ’?
▪ ^†SLM_21 ‘a bitter tree’ ^†silām and ^†salām . – From this also the ints.adj. (ʔarḍ) ^†maslūmāʔᵘ, (a land) abounding with the tree called salam (Lane)?
▪ ^†SLM_22 ‘a kind of tree (resembling the myrtle, grows in the sands and the deserts): ^†salāmān
▪ ^†SLM_23 ‘leathern bucket with a handle’: ^†salm (pl. silām, ʔaslum)
▪ ^†SLM_24 ‘to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw, [Wahrmund:] from the bark of a tree called salam)’: ^†salama i (salm) [Lane, Wahrmund], ^†sallama (Hava1899)
▪ ^†SLM_25 ‘(hard) stone(s)’: ^†salim (n.u. -aẗ), also ^†silām ; ‘to wipe, or strike, the salimaẗ, i. e. the stone (the Black Stone of the Kaʕbah)’: ^†ĭstalama
▪ ^†SLM_26 ‘tender in the fingers (woman)’: ^†salimaẗ ; ‘(man) soft, or tender, in his feet’: ^†mustalam al-qadamayn
▪ ^†SLM_27 ‘south(ern) wind called ǧanūb ’: ^†sulāmà
▪ ^†SLM_28 ‘leaves of the Theban palm (dawm)’: ^†ʔaslam
▪ ^†SLM_29 ‘vena salvatella (a certain vein in the hand, between the little finger and the finger next to this)’: ^†al-ʔusaylim

▪ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 peace, safety, tranquillity (cf. SLM_1, 5, 6). – 2 completeness (cf. SLM_24). – 3 being free from obstacles (cf. SLM_2). – 4 to submit to, become resigned to (cf. SLM_7, 8). – 5 to hand over (cf. SLM_3). – 6 ladder, staircase (cf. SLM_16). – 7 to receive (cf. SLM_3), to stroke (cf. ^†SLM_25), finger bones (cf. SLM_12)’

▪ The striking semantic variety within the root SLM, not only in ClassAr but still today, is the result of a long history of differentiation of an old Sem root, overlapping with inner-Sem loans and, in certain cases, borrowing from non-Sem languages. The many values can be reduced, however, to one major complex plus a number of other items, whose etymological belonging often is obscure.
▪ The major complex can be traced back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound (Huehnergard2011), to be completed, be/remain whole, intact, sound and safe’ (Dolgopolksi2012), which is perhaps an extension in *‑m from a bi-consonantal theme AfrAs *ŠLW ‘to be untroubled/safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’¹⁰ (cf. Ar ↗salā ‘to forget, think no more’, salwaẗ ‘consolation, comfort, distraction’).¹¹ The idea of ‘being, or remaining, whole, intact’ is still preserved in MSA, together with the meaning of ‘safety’ (= to remain sound, intact) and ‘escape (sc. into safety, unharmed)’ (cf. SLM_1). From this are derived many other values, esp. ‘freedom (from failure, vice, defect), flawlessness’ (SLM_2) and ‘peace, reconciliation’ (SLM_5) (hence ‘to wish peace upon s.o.’ = SLM_6 ‘to greet, salute’ > SLM_11 ‘selamlik, reception room’). The fighter who ‘surrenders’ (SLM_8) and seeks, or is taken into, ‘captivity’ (^†SLM_18) belongs here, too, because capitulation implies escaping ‘unharmed, safe, intact’ from a battle and entering in a state of ‘safety’ (which is also the original meaning of Ar salām, now mainly used to denote ‘peace’). Long before the advent of Islam already, this kind of submission also had taken on a religious meaning (‘committing, or resigning, o.s. to the will of God ’, SLM_7), which under the prophet Muhammad soon developed the specific meaning of ‘becoming a Muslim, embracing Islam’. The value ‘to approve of s.th., consent to, accept’, expressed by the D-stem (sallama, vb. II) is probably properly a declarative *‘to find sound, intact, whole (salīm)’ (SLM_4), while another value of the same D-stem, ‘to hand over, deliver’ (SLM_3), either seems to have developed from the idea, just mentioned, of submitting, and thus ‘delivering’, o.s. to s.o. else, or it is denominative from salam_1 ‘forward buying, payment in advance’ (SLM_9), a value the like of which is to be found attached to derivations from the root Sem *ŠLM not only in Ar but in a number of other Sem langs too; the original meaning seems to have been a present, given to kings, officials, or gods, to obtain benevolence and a kind of ‘safety guarantee’ or ‘ensurance’; cf. however Kerr2014 who holds that »[i]n Ar, the IInd form has undergone the development ‘to make healthy, unharmed’ > ‘to protect from damage’ > ‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver’ (compare to the Fr sur-rendre), in the sense of dedito «.
▪ A number of obsolete values may either belong to the same group that goes back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’ or stem from a distinct, though homonymous root. Such a case is the meaning ‘to bite (s.o.; said of a snake)’ (^†SLM_19). Here, Nöldeke assumes that this value has grown from a kind of apotropaic use, or is a euphemism: a person who is bitten by a snake, or anyone deadly wounded, is called salīm ‘safe and sound, healthy’ hoping or wishing that s/he will survive. The word ^†salm ‘leathern bucket with a handle’ (SLM_23) at first sight looks at if it was an independent value in its own right; but the meaning ‘to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw)’ (^†SLM_24) connects the leathern bucket to the notion of ‘completion, wholeness, etc.’ so that the bucket could be an individual specialization. Other sources, however, say that we are dealing with the completion of a bucket made from the bark of a tree called salam (SLM_10, ^†SLM_20, ^†SLM_21, ^†SLM_22).
▪ As for borrowings from non-Sem languages, the easiest to recognize is of course the MSA word for ‘salmon’, sal(a)mūn, which is from Lat (cf. SLM_17). A less obvious borrowing from Lat is however also sulaymānī ‘mercury chloride’; it goes back to Lat sublimatum ‘id.’ (SLM_14).
▪ An inner-Sem borrowing is the n.prop. Sulaymān ‘Solomon’ (SLM_13, from Syr < Hbr), in itself of course related to the complex Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’ and thus, ultimately, still akin to Ar salima etc. Another inner-Sem borrowing (< Aram or Akk) is probably also sullam ‘ladder, stairs’ (SLM_16); but it may also be a comSem word and go back directly to a pSem ancestor.
▪ Of obscure etymology are still several plant names (cf. SLM_10, ^†SLM_20, ^†SLM_21, ^†SLM_22), the term for ‘phalanx, digital bone (of hand or foot)’ (SLM_12) and a number of words that have become obsolete in MSA (cf. ^†SLM_25, ^†SLM_26, ^†SLM_27, ^†SLM_28, ^†SLM_29). A number of these may be fig. use of others, though the tertium comparationis is less than obvious. The form ^†ʔusaylim, e.g., is clearly a diminutive; but is it from sulāmà ‘digital bone’ or from some other item?

10. The latter is further connected by Dolgopolsky2012#2046 to IE *sōlo‑, *solwo‑ ‘entire’ (> oInd sarva‑ ‘entire, whole, intact, all, every’, Av haᵘrva‑ id., ‘sound’, oPers haruva‑ ‘whole, entire’, nPers har ‘every, all, all kind of, any’, Grk hólos, hoûlos ‘whole, entire, complete’, hoúlō ‘to be whole, sound’, Lat salvus ‘safe, unhurt, well, sound’, salūs / salūt-is ‘health, soundness’, Arm ołǯ , from *soli̯o‑, ‘alive, living; sound, healthy; complete, entire’. Together with the AfrAs *ŠLW this is believed to originate in Nostr *s̄alû (or *s̄Eʔ alû) ‘intact’ (> ‘entire’), ‘in good condition, healthy’. 11. Cf. also Klein1987 who thinks that Hbr šālôm is related to Hbr ŠLH in the same way as Hbr ʕērôm ‘naked’ stands to Hbr ʕRH ‘to lay bare’ (cf. Ar ↗ʕRY).

–

See references given above.

To what is said in the CONCISE section above, it may be added:

▪ SLM_3 ‘to receive’: Interestingly enough, BAH2008 group this value together with ‘finger bones’ (SLM_12) and ‘to stroke’ (cf. ^†SLM_25).
▪ SLM_9: The meaning ‘forward buying, payment in advance’, esp. as a technical term in Islamic law, used synonymously with ↗salaf, seems to be a development that is specific of Ar salam_1. In other Sem languages, the original value of a present, given to kings, officials, or gods, to obtain benevolence and a kind of ‘safety guarantee’ or ‘ensurance’, is still better preserved, cf. esp. Hbr šäläm ‘sacrifice for alliance or friendship, “peace offering”’.
▪ SLM_11: salāmlik ‘reception room, sitting room, parlor’ is a reimport from Tu selamlık.
▪ SLM_12 ‘phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot)’: BAH2008 group this value together with ‘to receive’ (SLM_3) and ‘to stroke’ (cf. ^†SLM_25).
▪ SLM_13: The value ‘salmon’ is generated in the ʔiḍāfaẗ ḥūt Sulaymān, lit. the ‘fish of Solomon’. Perhaps a late folk etymology?
▪ SLM_15: ʔislāmbūl is obviously a pious name for ‘Istanbul’, in an attempt to make the Ottoman capital a distinctly Islamic city.
▪ SLM_16: The Sem root of Ar sullam ‘ladder, stairs’ is not ŠLM but Sem *SLM.
▪ SLM_17: Contrary to what one may expect, salmūn ‘salmon’ is not a modern borrowing from Engl or Fr, but already attested as early as C13.

▪ SLM_25 ^†salim (n.u. ‑aẗ) ‘(hard) stone(s)’: the meaning ‘to wipe, or strike’ of the Gt-stem ^†ĭstalama is usually derived from salimaẗ in the specific meaning of ‘the Black Stone (of the Kaʕbah)’; BAH2008 however group the value ‘to stroke’ together with ‘to receive’ (SLM_3) and ‘finger bone’ (SLM_12).
▪ SLM_26 ^†salimaẗ ‘tender in the fingers (woman)’ seems to be a specific use connected to stroking (SLM_25); the same holds for ^†mustalam al-qadamayn ‘soft, or tender, in his feet (man)’.
▪ SLM_27 ^†sulāmà ‘south(ern) wind called ǧanūb ’: the form of the word which is identical with the one signifying ‘phalanx, finger bones’ (SLM_12) would suggest that this value is figurative use, perhaps *‘a wind touching one (as tenderly as) a finger’ (?).

▪ For Engl shalom, shalom aleichem, n.prop. Absalom, Solomon, Salome, perh. also schlemiel cf. ↗salām.
▪ For Islam, Muslim, Mussulman ↗ʔaslama.

–

salim‑ سَلِمَ , a (salāmaẗ , salām)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., I

to be safe and sound, unharmed, unimpaired, intact, safe, secure; to be unobjectionable, blameless, faultless; to be certain, established, clearly proven (fact); to be free (from); to escape (min a danger) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’. The vb. may be from the adj. Sem *šalim‑ (Ar ↗salīm).
▪ The whole complex of Sem *ŠLM (> Ar ↗SLM) is believed by some to be a development from a biconsonantal Sem *√ŠL(W) ‘to be untroubled, safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’ (cf. Ar ↗SLW).

▪ (sālim: safe and sound, not threatened) ▪ eC7 Q 63:43 wa-qad kānū yudʕawna ʔilà ’l-suǧūdi wa-hum sālimūna ‘they were invited to prostrate themselves when they were safe [but refused]’

▪ Fronzaroli#4.10a: Akk šalmu ‘sound, intact’ (CAD: šalmu, f. šalimtu, ‘1 healthy, sound, in good condition, whole, intact, entire, correct, proper, safe, reliable, truthfull, favorable, propitious; 2 solvent, financially sound’), Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Hbr šālēm, Syr šalmā, Ar salīm ‘sound, intact’, salima, SAr slm ‘to be sound, intact’.
▪ Zammit2002 / CAD: Akk šalāmu (vb.) ‘1 to stay well; 2 to be in a good condition, intact, arrive safely, become safe, go safely through the river ordeal; 3 to be favourable, propitious; 4 to be successful, prosper, succeed; 5 to be completed, be completely carried out, reach completion; 6 to obtain financial satisfaction, receive full payment’, Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Phn šlm ‘well-being; completion’, Hbr šālēm ‘to be complete, sound’, Aram šᵉlēm ‘to be perfect, complete’, Syr šalem ‘to be complete’, šᵉlāmā ‘safety, health’, SAr stlm (t-stem) ‘to gain security (with a deity)’, Gz salām ‘incolumitas, salus’, Ar salām ‘safety’, sālim ‘one who is safe’.
▪ Tropper2008: Ug ŠLM G ‘vollständig, heil sein; in Frieden sein’, D ‘vollständig machen, Ersatz leisten, zurückzahlen, vergelten; Heil schenken; in heilem Zustand erhalten; mit jdm Frieden schließen’, Š ‘Ersatz (Fronarbeit) leisten’, N ‘(vollständig) erhalten bleiben’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: Akk ŠLM ‘to be completed; to stay well; to be in good condition, intact’, BiblHbr šālēm ‘to remain whole, unscathed, be(come) completed, keep quiet’, Ug ŠLM ‘estar/ir bien, estar en paz’, EmpAram ŠLM ‘to be (re)paid’, BiblAram ŠLM ‘to be finished’, Ar SLM ‘to be(come) safe’ (> ‘to be free from vice/defect’), Min ŠLM ‘être indemne’; DERIV (Sem *šalim‑ >) Akk šalmu ‘whole, intact, entire, healthy, sound’, BiblHbr šālēm, JA šᵊlēm ‘complete, unmolested, peaceful’, Ar salima ‘to be safe’; (Sem *šalām‑ ‘unharmed state’ >) Akk šalāmu ‘health, (physical) well-being; welfare (of a country or city), safe course or completion of a journey’, Ug šlm ‘paz, salud, bienestar’, BiblHbr šālôm ‘unharmed state, well-being, peace’ (> a greeting), Phn šlm ‘peace, prosperity’, Palm šlm ‘peace’, BiblAram šᵊlām ‘peace, prosperity’ (as well as a greeting), EmpAram šlm ‘welfare, well-being, health’, JEA šᵊlām, šᵊlāmā ‘id.; soundness, health’, Ar salām‑ ‘safety, security’ (> ‘immunity, freedom from faults or vices’ > ‘obedience to God’, a greeting), Sab Min šlm ‘peace’ (> šlm ‘to sue for peace’), Gz salām ‘peace, safety’ (and a salutation), hence D-stem *√ŠLːM > Pun slːm ‘to accomplish’, BiblHbr Phn Palm Akk √ŠLːM ‘to (re)pay, give restitution for’, Ug šlːm ‘to pay, deliver’. – For possible cognates outside Sem, cf. SLM_1 s.v. ↗SLM.

▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’ and the ComSem n. *šalām‑ ‘well-being, welfare, peace’.
▪ The proper etymon is perhaps the adj. ↗salīm (or, rather, its Sem ancestor, *šalim‑ ‘sound, intact’) rather than the vb. salima, which in this case would be a secondary formation from salīm. This is what Fronzaroli#4.10a seems to believe when he groups the Ar vb. under Sem *šalim‑.
▪ Klein1987 suggests that the Hbr base ŠLM that is cognate to Ar SLM, probably developed from the base Hbr ŠLH/W ‘to be quiet, tranquil, at ease’⁵⁸ through the medium of šālôm, which he thinks stands to Hbr ŠLH in the same way as Hbr ʕērôm ‘naked’ stands to Hbr ʕRH ‘to lay bare’ (cf. Ar ↗ʕRY).
▪ In a similar vein Dolgopolsky2012#2046 derives Sem *ŠLM ‘to be completed, remain whole, be intact, sound and safe’ (with its derivatives Sem *šalim‑ ‘complete, whole, intact, entire, healthy, sound’ and Sem *šalām‑ ‘unharmed state’) as an extension in *‑m from Sem *ŠLW ‘to be untroubled, safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’. In addition, he connects the latter to an IE *sōlo‑, *solwo‑ ‘entire’⁵⁹ If this is tenable, then Ar salima is a distant relative of Engl whole and health, Fr salut and Ge heil, Heil. Dolgopolsky assumes Nostr *s̄alû (or *s̄Eʔalû) ‘intact (> entire), in good condition, healthy’ to be the common ancestor of the Sem and IE words.

58. Cf. BAram šᵊlê ‘to be at ease’, Aram šᵊlâ, šᵊlê ‘to be at ease, tranquil, careless, thoughtless; to err, forget; to go astray’, Syr šᵊlâ ‘to be quiet, tranquil; to cease’, Ar ↗salā ‘to forget, be forgetful, neglectful, content, free’. 59. > oInd sarva‑ ‘entire, whole, intact, all, every’, Av haᵘrva‑ id., ‘sound’, oPers haruva‑ ‘whole, entire’, nPers har ‘every, all, all kind of, any’, Grk hólos, hoûlos ‘whole, entire, complete’, hoúlō ‘to be whole\sound’, Lat salvus ‘safe, unhurt, well, sound’, salūs / salūt-is ‘health, soundness’, Arm ołǯ (< *soli̯o‑) ‘alive, living; sound, healthy; complete, entire’.

▪ Cf. ↗salām, ↗ʔislām, ↗muslim, ↗Sulaymān.

► ^BP#294sallama, vb. II, to preserve, keep from injury, protect from harm, save; to hand over intact; to hand over, turn over, surrender; to deliver; to lay down (arms); to surrender, give o.s. up; to submit, resign o.s.; to greet, salute; to grant salvation (God to the Prophet); to admit, concede, grant (bi‑ s.th.); to consent (bi‑ to s.th.) approve of, accept, sanction, condone: caus. of I, or denom. from ↗salm, ↗silm, ↗salam_1, ↗salām or the adj. ↗salīm. Kerr2014 holds that »[i]n Ar, the IInd form has undergone the development ‘to make healthy, unharmed’ > ‘to protect from damage’ > ‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver’ (compare to the Fr sur-rendre), in the sense of dedito «. – For another value, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_24 s.v. ↗SLM.
► sālama, vb. III to keep the peace, make one’s peace, make up (with s.o.): denom. from ↗salām.
► ^BP#4820ʔaslama, vb. IV, to forsake, leave, desert, give up, betray; to let sink, drop; to hand over, turn over; to leave, abandon; to deliver up, surrender, expose; to commit o.s., resign o.s. (li-llāh to the will of God): …; (ʔaslama alone:) to declare o.s. committed to the will of God, become a Muslim, embrace Islam: … See also s.v..
► ^BP#2887tasallama, vb. V, to get, obtain; to receive s.th.; to have s.th. handed over or delivered; to take over, assume (the management of s.th.). :
► tasālama, vb. VI, to become reconciled with one another, make peace with one another: denom. from silm, salm, or ↗salām.
► ĭstalama, vb. VIII, 1 to touch, graze; 2 to receive, get, obtain; 3 to take over, take possession of:…. 4 – For another value, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_25 s.v. ↗SLM.
► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: Št-stem, originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for protection, safety, salām ’).

► salm, n., peace: … – For other values, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_23 s.v. ↗SLM.
► ^BP#2310silm, n.m./f., peace; the religion of Islam: … | ḥubb al-~, n., pacifism.
► ^BP#1983silmī, adj., peaceful; pacifist: nsb-adj., from silm.
► salam, n., forward buying (Isl. Law): originally probably a gift presented to a ruler etc. to ensure good relations and safe interaction or patronage, and/or a “peace offering” made to some deity in expectation of protection, cf. ↗salam_1; from here the notions of ‘delivering’ and ‘presenting’ s.th. (cf. sallama above) and of ‘prepayment’ are derived; the value ‘financial satisfaction, full payment’ is already attested in Akk. – For another value cf. ↗salam_2.
► C ^BP#188salām, n., 1 soundness, unimpairedness, intactness, well-being; 2 safety, security: vn. I; 3 peace, peacefulness: lit. *state of unharmedness, safety ↗salām; 4 — (pl. ‑āt) greeting, salutation; salute; military salute; national anthem: originally a wish of peace for s.o.; from ‘salutation’, the other specialized values are derived.
► salāmlik, n., selamlik, reception room, sitting room, parlor: from Tu selamlık, composed of Ar ↗salām and Tu n. suffix ‑lık.
► ^BP#855salāmaẗ, n.f., blamelessness, flawlessness; unimpaired state, soundness, integrity, intactness; well-being, welfare; safety, security; smooth progress; success: vn. I.
► ^BP#1533salīm, pl. sulamāʔᵘ, adj., correct, sound; flawless; safe: perhaps the etymon proper, rather than salima.
► ʔaslamᵘ, adj., safer; freer; sounder; healthier: elat.
► Sulaymānᵘ, n.prop., Solomon: related to salima via Syr < Hbr, cf. s.v.
► ^BP#1991taslīm, n., handing over; turning over; presentation; extradition; surrender (of s.th.); delivery (comm.; of mail); submission, surrender, capitulation; salutation; greeting; concession, admission; assent, consent (bi‑ to), acceptance, approval, condonation, unquestioning recognition (bi‑ of) : vn. II.
► musālamaẗ, n.f., conciliation, pacification: vn. III.
► C ^BP#365ʔislām, n., submission, resignation, reconciliation (to the will of God); – al-~, n., the religion of Islam; the era of Islam; the Muslims: originally a vn. from ↗ʔaslama, vb. IV. See also ↗ʔislām.
► ^BP#184ʔislāmī, pl. ‑ūn, adj., Islamic; n., Islamist: nsb-adj., from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmiyyaẗ, n.f., the idea of Islam, Islamism; status or capacity of a Muslim: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmbūlī, adj., of Istanbul: nsb-adj., from ʔislāmbūl, pious interpretation of the name of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (ʔistānbūl, ʔisṭānbūl, pron. ʔisṭāmbūl).
► tasallum, n., receipt; taking over, assumption; reception: vn. V.
► ^BP#4637ĭstilām, n., receipt; acceptance; taking over, assumption: vn. VIII | ʔifādaẗ al-~, n., acknowledgment of receipt.
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► ^BP#4736sālim, adj., safe, secure; free (min from); unimpaired, unblemished, faultless, flawless, undamaged, unhurt, intact, safe and sound, safe; sound, healthy; whole, perfect, complete, integral; regular (verb): PA I (but originally a genuine adj.?) | ǧamʕ ~, n., sound (= external) plural (gram.).
► musallam, adj., unimpaired, intact, unblemished, flawless; (also musallam bi-hī) accepted, uncontested, incontestable, indisputable, incontrovertible: PP II.
► musālim, adj., peaceable, peaceful, peaceloving; mild-tempered, lenient, gentle: PA III.
► C ^BP#229muslim, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Muslim: orig. a PA IV, ↗ʔislām.
► mustalim, n., recipient; consignee: PA VIII.

For other values, cf. ↗SLM in general, as well as individual entries ↗salam_2, ↗sulāmà, ↗sulāmiyyaẗ, ↗Sulaymān, ↗sulaymānī, ↗sullam.

sallam‑ سَلَّمَ

ID … • Sw – • BP 294 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., II

1 to preserve, keep from injury, protect from harm, save. – 2 to hand over intact; hence also to hand over, turn over, surrender; to deliver (in general) . – 3 to lay down (arms); to surrender, give o.s. up; to submit, resign o.s.. – 4 to greet, salute. – 5 to grant salvation (God to the Prophet). – 6 to admit, concede, grant (bi‑ s.th.); to consent (bi‑ to s.th.) approve of, accept, sanction, condone – WehrCowan1979. – ^†7 (only in Hava1899) to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw).

The D-stem (vb. II) of the verbal root SLM has a large spectrum of meanings, all derived from more basic items.

▪ [v1] ‘to preserve, keep from injury, protect from harm, save: caus. of ↗salima or denom. from ↗salīm; in both cases the lit. meaning is *‘to make that s.th. stays intact, unharmed’.
▪ [v2] ‘to hand over intact; hence also to hand over, turn over, surrender; to deliver (in general) ’: either a development from the idea, just mentioned, of preserving and keeping intact, and thus first a specialisation (‘keeping intact’ also means ‘delivering safely, intact’), then a generalisation (‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver, hand over’),¹² or it is denominative from salam_1, now a technical term in Isl. Law (‘forward buying, payment in advance’), but originally probably a present, an offering, or a sacrifice made to a deity or a ruler in expectation of protection (safety, salām); from the use as a technical term (attested already in Akk, whence it seems to have passed into Hbr and Aram, and from Aram probably into Ar) of ‘peace offering; (>) prepayment’ may have sprung the general meaning of handing over s.th. – Whether from salima / salīm or from salam_1, in both cases the corresponding tD-stem (vb. V), tasallama, has autobenefactive meaning (‘to receive’ = *‘to have s.th. handed over or delivered for o.s. ’).
▪ [v3] ‘to lay down (arms); to surrender, give o.s. up; to submit, resign o.s.’: most likely a specialization of [v2].
▪ [v4] ‘to greet, salute’: denom., from ↗salām.
▪ [v5] ‘to grant salvation (God to the Prophet)’: a specialization that is the result of a transfer of the primary meaning of ‘keeping intact, unharmed’ to the religious sphere; can also be interpreted as denom. from ↗salām in the original sense of ‘unharmed state, safety’. In MSA, the vb. II is no longer used with this meaning, except in the Islamic formula (eulogy) that always should follow a mentioning of the prophet Muḥammad’s name: ṣallà ’ḷḷāhu ʕalay-hi wa-sallama ‘may God bless him and grant him salvation!’
▪ [v6] ‘to admit, concede, grant (bi‑ s.th.); to consent (bi‑ to s.th.) approve of, accept, sanction, condone’: probably declarative from ↗salīm, thus lit. *‘to find sound, intact, whole’.
▪ ^†[v7] ‘to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw)’: acc. to Wahrmund, vb. I (which accord. to Lane and Wahrmund denotes the same as the vb. II given by Hava1899), the bucket is made from the bark of a tree called salam (↗salam_2); the vb. would thus be denominative.

12. Kerr2014 holds that form II in Ar »has undergone the development ‘to make healthy, unharmed’ > ‘to protect from damage’ > ‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver’ (compare to the Fr sur-rendre), in the sense of dedito «.

▪ …

See ↗salima, ↗salīm, ↗salam_1, ↗salam_2.

See section CONCISE, above, and entries ↗salima, ↗ salīm, ↗salam_1, ↗salam_2.

–

► ^BP#2887tasallama, vb. V, to get, obtain; to receive s.th.; to have s.th. handed over or delivered; to take over, assume (the management of s.th.): t-stem, refl./autofct.
► ^BP#1991taslīm, n., handing over; turning over; presentation; extradition; surrender (of s.th.); delivery (comm.; of mail); submission, surrender, capitulation; salutation; greeting; concession, admission; assent, consent (bi‑ to), acceptance, approval, condonation, unquestioning recognition (bi‑ of) : vn. II.
► tasallum, n., receipt; taking over, assumption; reception: vn. V.
► musallam, adj., unimpaired, intact, unblemished, flawless; (also musallam bi-hī) accepted, uncontested, incontestable, indisputable, incontrovertible: PP II.

ʔaslam‑ أَسْلَمَ

ID 412 • Sw – • BP 4820 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., IV

1 to forsake, leave, desert, give up, betray. – 2 to let sink, drop. – 3 to hand over, turn over. – 4 to leave, abandon. – 5 to deliver up, surrender, expose. – 6 to commit o.s., resign o.s. (li‑llāh to the will of God). – 7 (alone:) to declare o.s. committed to the will of God, become a Muslim, embrace Islam – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Lidzbarski1922 would derive ʔaslama from salām, as meaning ‘to enter in the state of [Grk] sōtēría ’ (as ʔaḥrama means ‘to enter in the state of ↗ḥarām ’). But most scholars think the original meaning was ‘to submit o.s., devote o.s. [to a new religion]’. Jeffery suggested that the use as a religious technical term was borrowed from the Christian-Jewish environment and that the vb. itself was a loan from Syr ʔašlem (with exactly this meaning). The word was used in this sense also when the new religion propagated by the prophet Muhammad emerged, and it soon came to denote specifically the submission under the God of Islam, i.e., ‘to become a Muslim’.
▪ The view that ʔaslama is an »example of a genuine Ar root which took on a secondary Christian technical meaning« (Kerr) should, however, probably be modified, given that the religious connotation was a common good in pre-Islamic Arabia of Late Antiquity.
▪ However that may be, the Ar as well as the Syr roots to which the respective vb.s belong, both go back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’. For the wider context, cf. ↗SLM.

▪ ʔislām : ▪ eC7 1 (total surrender) Q 3:19 ʔinna ’l-dīna ʕinda ’ḷḷāhi ’l-ʔislāmu ‘True Religion, in God’s eyes, it total surrender [to Him]’. – 2 (the religion of Islam) Q 5:3 al-yawma ʔakmaltu la-kum dīna-kum wa-ʔatmamtu ʕalay-kum niʕmat-ī wa-raḍītu la-kumu ’l-ʔislāma dīnan ‘today I have perfected your religion for you, completed My blessing upon you, and santioned for you Islam [the total submission to God] as religion’. – 3 (act of surrendering, submitting) Q 9:74 wa-la-qad qālū kalimata ’l-kufri wa-kafarū baʕda ʔislāmi-him ‘but they certainly did speak the word of disbelief and became disbelievers after having submitted’.
▪ muslim : ▪ eC7 1 (one who submits [to God]) Q 2:133 naʕbudu ʔilāha-ka wa-ʔilāha ʔābāʔi-ka ʔibrāhīma wa-ʔismāʕīla wa-ʔisḥāqa ʔilāhan wāḥidan wa-naḥnu la-hū muslimūna ‘we will worship your God and the God of your fathers, Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, one single God—we submit ourselves to Him’. – 2 (one who professes the faith of Islam) Q 22:78 huwa sammā-kumu ’l-muslimīna min qablu wa-fī hāḏā ‘He has called you Muslims—both in the past and in this [Book]’. – 3 (one showing obedience) Q 27:38 ʔayyu-kum yaʔtī-nī bi-ʕarši-hā qabla ʔan yaʔtū-nī muslimīna ‘which of you can bring me her throne before they come to me in obedience [to my bidding]?’

▪ See DISC below.

▪ The wider context is of course Ar ↗SLM, from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ Jeffery1938: »The vb. ↗salima is genuine Ar, corresponding with Hbr šālēm, Phoen šlm ‘to be complete, sound’: Aram šlēm, Syr šlēm ‘to be complete, safe’, Akk šalāmu ‘to be complete, unharmed’. This primitive vb., however, does not occur in the Qurʔān. Form II, sallama, is fairly common, but this is a denominative from ↗salām, and salām we shall see is a borrowed word.⁶⁰ – As used in the Qurʔān ʔaslama is a technical religious term,⁶¹ and there is even some development traceable in Muḥammad’s use of it.⁶² Such a phrase as man yuslim waǧhahū ʔilā ’llāhi in 31:22,⁶³ seems to give the word in its simplest and original sense, and then ʔSLM li-rabbi ’l-ʕālamīn (40:66; 6:71; 2:131), and ʔSLM li-llāh or ʔSLM lahū (27:45; ii, 127; iii, 77; 39:54), are a development from this. Later, however, the word comes practically to mean ‘to profess Islam’, i.e. to accept the religion which Muḥammad is preaching, cf. xlviii, 16; xlix, 14, 17, etc. Now in pre-Islamic times ʔaslama is used in the primitive sense of ‘hand over’, noted above. For instance, in a verse of Abū ʕAzza in Ibn Hišām, 556, we read lā tuslimūnī lā yaḥillu ʔislām ‘hand me not over for such betrayal is not lawful’.⁶⁴ The Qurʔānic use is an intelligible development from this sense, but the question remains whether this was a development within Ar itself or an importation from without. – Margoliouth in JRAS, 1903, p. 467 ff., would favour a development within Ar itself, perhaps started by Musailama; but as Lyall pointed out in the same Journal (p. 771 ff.), there are historical difficulties in the way of this. Lidzbarski, ZS, i, 86, would make it a denominative from salām which he takes as a translation of [Grk] sōtēría, but Horovitz, KU, 55, rightly objects. – The truth seems to be that it was borrowed as a technical religious term from the older religions. Already in the oAram inscriptions we find that šlm as used in proper names has acquired this technical religious significance,⁶⁵ as e.g. šlmlt, etc. The same sense is found in the Rabbinic writings (Horovitz, KU, 55), but it is particularly in Syr that we find ʔslm used precisely as in the Qurʔān, e.g. ʔašlem nap̄š-eh lᵊ-ʔalāhā w-lᵊ-ʕZT-h ‘he devoted himself to God and His Church’, or ʔšlmw lh npš-hwn,⁶⁶ and one feels confident in looking here for the origin of the Ar word. – muslim, of course, is a formation from this,⁶⁷ and was in use in pre-Islamic Arabia. al-ʔislām, however, would seem to have been formed by Muḥammad himself after he began to use the word.«
▪ Retsö (“Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords”, in EALL), Kerr2014, and others follow Jeffrey. Given the fact, however, that the root Sem ŠLM is attested with religious connotations already in Akk, one should not so easily discard Lidzbarski’s view that ʔaslama originally means ‘to enter in the state of salām (= Grk sōtēría)’ and refers to a practice that was a common good in pre-Islamic Arabia, namely ‘deliver o.s. in the protection (= safety, salām) of a deity’. Ar ↗salam_1 ‘prepayment’ is originally (in other Sem langs, like Akk, Ug or Hbr) a present given to s.o., or an offering made to a deity, to ensure benevolence, protection, safety, and the same word is also attested with the meaning of ‘captive’ (= who submits himself, without resisting, peacefully) and ‘captivity’ in Ar. Before declaring ʔaslama to be an originally Christian idea, one will have to check whether it has not perhaps had a religious sense already in pre-Islamic times and therefore can count as part of a shared heritage in Late Antiquity Arabia.

60. On the development of meaning in SAr slm see Rossini, Glossarium, 196. 61. See Lyall, JRAA, 1903, p. 782. 62. See Lidzbarski’s article, “Salam und Islam,” in ZS, i, 85 ff. 63. Cf. also, 2:112; iii, 18; 4:125. On the probable genesis of this, see Margoliouth in JRAS, 1903, pp. 473, 474. 64. For other examples, see Margoliouth’s article, as above. 65. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, 79 ff. 66. The example given by Horovitz, viz. ʔašlem nap̄š-eh lᵊ-qaddīšā bᵊrīk hū is curiously like ʔaslama li-rabbi ’l-ʕālamīn. 67. Sūra li, 36; xxii, 77; and note Bagh, vii, 192, and Yaʕqūbī, Hist, i, 259, and its use in Safaite (Ryckmans, Noms propres, i, 239).

▪ From the vn. IV Ar ʔislām ‘submission’ is of course Engl Islam (first attested in 1818), and Engl Muslim (1610s as a n., 1777 as adj.) is taken from the corresponding PA IV. The older form Engl Mussulman (1560s) has entered the lang. via Tu muslimān, vulg. musulmān (nTu müsliman, müsülman), which in turn is from the Pers form musulmān (with adj. suffix ‑ān). The old Ge form Muselman(n) (C17), with secondary likening to Mann ‘man’, came in via Ital musulmano, nFr musulman (< Tu < Pers, like the Engl term).

► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for protection, safety, salām’).

► C ^BP#365ʔislām, n., submission, resignation, reconciliation (to the will of God); – al-~, n., the religion of Islam; the era of Islam; the Muslims: originally a vn. from ↗ʔaslama, vb. IV. See also ↗ʔislām.
► ^BP#184ʔislāmī, pl. ‑ūn, adj., Islamic; n., Islamist: nsb-adj., from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmiyyaẗ, n.f., the idea of Islam, Islamism; status or capacity of a Muslim: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmbūlī, adj.: nsb-adj., from ʔislāmbūl, pious interpretation of the name of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (ʔisṭānbūl, pron. ʔisṭāmbūl).
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► C ^BP#229muslim, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Muslim: orig. a PA IV; see also ↗ʔislām.

ĭstaslam‑ اِسْتَسْلَمَ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., X

to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Like also the corresponding Š-stem ↗ʔaslama (without T-infix), the vb. is formed from the root ↗SLM, which goes back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’. The original meaning is probably requestative (*‘to ask for ↗salām or ↗silm, i.e., protection, safety’).

▪ …

See ↗SLM, ↗salām, ↗silm.

–

► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn.

salm سَلْم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

1 peace – WehrCowan1979. – 2 For other values, now obsolete, cf. ↗SLM_22.

▪ It is clear that the word ultimately belongs to the same Sem root *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’ (Ar ↗SLM) as also Ar↗salima ‘to be/remain unharmed’. Most probably, it is, originally, a vn. of this vb., but then developed a sense similar to that of ↗salām.

▪ eC7 Q 8:61 (peace) wa-ʔin ǧanaḥū li-l-salmi fa-’ǧnaḥ la-hā ‘but if they lean towards peace, then lean towards it [as well]’

▪ See ↗SLM, ↗salima.

–

…

silm سِلْم

ID … • Sw – • BP 2310 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.m./f.

1 peace. – 2 the religion of Islam – WehrCowan1979.

▪ It is clear that the word ultimately belongs to the same Sem root *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’ (Ar ↗SLM) as also Ar↗salima ‘to be/remain unharmed’. Most probably, it is, originally, a vn. of this vb., but then developed a sense similar to that of ↗salām.

▪ eC7 Q 2:208 (peace; self-surrender—a large number of commentators, however, interpret this word as meaning ‘the religion of Islam’ in spite of contextual incompatibility) yā-ʔayyu-hā ’llaḏīna ʔāmanū ’dḫulū fī ’l-silmi kāffatan ‘you who believe, enter wholeheartedly into complete submission to God’

…

▪ See ↗SLM, ↗salima.

► ḥubb al-silm, n., pacifism.

…

salam (disamb.) سَلَم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

▪ salam_1 ‘forward buying (Isl. Law)’ ↗salam_1
▪ salam_2 ‘a variety of acacia’ ↗salam_2

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†salam_3 ‘peace, end of hostility’
^†salam_4 ‘wholly devoted to, wholly belonging’
^†salam_5 ‘surrender, submission; captivity, prisoner’

▪ [v1] is based on the idea of ‘being/remaining on the safe side, gaining security’, i.e. a guarantee, by paying in advance. In other Sem langs, words that seem to be akin to salam_1 often mean a kind of present, offering, or sacrifice made with the aim to obtain (in advance) a ruler’s or a deity’s alliance, friendship, benevolence. With the notion of ‘safety, security, guarantee’ dominant in them, all these *‘peace offerings’ go back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’, cf. ↗SLM, ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗salāmaẗ.
▪ The values [v3]-[v5] are clearly akin to the same complex as [v1]. The idea of ‘sacrificing, devoting o.s.’ (in order to please a ruler, a deity, [v4]), of ‘surrendering’ (in order to emerge unharmed from a conflict, [v5]) and thus achieving ‘peace’ [v3], is also close to that of committing o.s. to a new religion, cf. ↗ʔaslama, ↗ʔislām.
▪ [v2] : of unclear etymology.

▪ ^†salam_3 ▪ eC7 (peace, end of hostility) Q 4:90 fa-ʔin-i ’ʕtazalū-kum fa-lam yuqātilū-kum wa-ʔalqaw ʔilay-kum-u ’l-salama fa-mā ǧaʕala ’ḷḷāhu la-kum ʕalay-him sabīlan ‘so if they leave you alone and do not fight you, and offer you peace, then God gives you no way against them’.
▪ ^†salam_4 ▪ eC7 (quasi-PP: wholly devoted to, wholly belonging) Q 39:29 ḍaraba ’ḷḷāhu maṯalan raǧulan fī-hi šurakāʔu mutašākisūna wa-raǧulan salaman li-raǧulin ‘God sets forth a parable—of a man belonging to partners who are at odds with one another, and a man belonging wholly to one man’.
▪ It seems that [v3]-[v5] have become obsolete due to overlapping with ↗salām, ↗ʔaslama (with ʔislām), and ↗ĭstaslama. Only the special meaning as a legal term in Isl. Law made [v1] survive into MSA.

▪ For salam_1 cf. ↗s.v. and, for the wider context as well as [v3]-[v5], ↗salima.
▪ For [v2] cf. ↗salam_2.

▪ Cf. above as well as ↗salam_1 and ↗salam_2.

–

↗salam_1, ↗salam_2.

¹salam سَلَم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

forward buying (Isl. Law) – WehrCowan1979. – For other values cf. ↗salam_2 and ↗salam (disambig.).

The word belongs to the larger semantic complex of ↗salima (< Sem √ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’). Morpho-phonologically it is very close to Hbr šäläm which signifies a ‘sacrifice for alliance or friendship, “peace offering”’, given to a ruler or deity in order to obtain their benevolence. In Ar, it acquired the specific meaning of ‘advance payment’ (as a technical term in Islamic law), i.e., a payment made to ‘pacify’ the seller and give him a guarantee, but also to obtain a guarantee from the seller to deliver the paid product in due time.

▪ It seems that earlier values of salam (see ↗salam_disambig.), such as ^†‘peace, end of hostility’, ^†‘wholly devoted to, wholly belonging’, and ^†‘surrender, submission; captivity, prisoner’ have become obsolete due to overlapping with ↗salām, ↗ʔaslama (with ʔislām), and ↗ĭstaslama. Only the special meaning as a legal term in Isl. Law made salam_1 survive into MSA.

▪ The closest cognates are well Ug šlm ‘tributes, presents’ and Hbr šäläm ‘sacrifice for alliance or friendship, “peace offering”’. Semantically closely related are, however, also Akk šulmānu (var. šullumānu) (CAD:) ‘1 well-being, health; 2 present, gift (exchanged between kings of equal ranks; sent by vassals or clients to patrons and high officials; offered to Gods); 3 retaining fee, gratuity (presented to official to ensure their patronage)’, šulmānūtu ‘gift, present’, Ug šlm (*šillūmu, *šullūmu) (vn. of D-stem) ‘retribution, requital, recompense’, Hbr šillûm ‘requittal, retribution; reward, bribe’.

▪ The idea of making a payment (though not in advance but ex post) is also already present, as a special meaning among other more general ones, in the Akk G-stem šalāmu ‘[…];⁶⁸ 6. to obtain financial satisfaction, receive full payment’ and in the corresponding D-stem šullumu ‘[…] 12. to pay in full, repay, compensate, to deliver in full, make good, make restitution, make up a loss, repair a damage right a wrong’.
▪ According to Zimmern1914, this Akk šullumu was taken, with identical meaning as a technical term, into Hbr as šillēm, Aram šallem (and Ar ↗sallama, probably from the Aram form).

68. The other values are (CAD:) ‘1. to stay well; 2. to be in a good condition, intact, arrive safely, become safe, og safely through the river ordeal; 3. to be favourable, propitious; 4. to be successful, prosper, succeed; 5. to be completed, be completely carried out, reach completion’.

–

²salam سَلَم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

a variety of acacia – WehrCowan1979. – For another value cf. ↗salam_1

Of obscure etymology.

▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2182 / StarLing: no cognates in Sem, but outside: sòlmò, sólmó ‘kind of tree (very hard)’ in 2 ECh langs.
▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2182 / StarLing find what they think to be cognates of Ar ^†salām (not salam !) in 2 ECh langs and reconstruct, on this evidence, Sem *šalām‑ ‘kind of tree’ and ECh *s[a]l˅m‑ ‘id. (very hard)’, both from AfrAs *salam‑ ‘tree’. – Ar ^†salām, a var. of ^†silām ‘a bitter tree’ (Lane) (see SLM_21 s.v. ↗SLM). Lane says that the ints.adj. ^†maslūmāʔᵘ, as in ʔarḍ maslūmāʔᵘ ‘a land abounding with the tree called salam, is from salam_2; but it may, of course, also be from ^†silām / ^†salām. – Cf. also, with a similar value, ^†salāmān ‘a kind of tree (resembling the myrtle, grows in the sands and the deserts)’ (= SLM_22 s.v. ↗SLM).
▪ Should one also compare Akk silammu ‘(a grass); plant list’, which has been identified with ‘darnel’, a grass-like weed – CAD ? If so, then also a number of similar items should be considered (all in Lane): ^†salam ‘mimosa flava, used as tan’ (=SLM_20 s.v. ↗SLM), ?= ^†salmà, a certain plant which becomes green in the [season called] ṣayf [app. here meaning ‘spring’], ?= ^†salamaẗ (or ^†salmaẗ ?) pl. ʔaslām, spiny/thorny plant (Wahrmund). – Does also the vb. ^†salama i (salm) ‘to tan (o.’s skin)’ belong here?
▪ …

–

sullam سُلَّم , pl. salālimᵘ , salālīmᵘ

ID 414 • Sw – • BP 3270 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

ladder; (flight of) stairs, staircase; stair, step, running board; (mus.) scale; means, instrument, tool (fig.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 (ladder) Q 52:38 ʔam la-hum sullamu yastamiʕūna fī-hi ‘or do they have a ladder from which they [are able to] eavesdrop’

▪ Pennacchio2011: Akk simmiltu ‘ladder, stair; rack’, Ug slm ‘stairs’, Hbr sullām, Aram swlmʔ, Ar sullam , Syr sebbeltā, nSyr sīmeltā ‘ladder’.
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938, 177: »The word is clearly an Aram borrowing, for it has no root in Ar and can only be explained from Aram סולםא, as Schwally has noticed (ZDMG, liii, 197). The word does not occur in Syr, but its currency in NArabia is evidenced by a Palm inscription - ועבד בסלםא דנה עםודין שבעא ‘and he has made along with this stairway seven columns’ (De Vogue, No. 11, line 3). ⁶⁹ It would probably have been a fairly early borrowing, and as the word seems to be originally Akk,⁷⁰ one cannot lose sight of the possibility of the Ar word having been an early borrowing from Mesopotamia.«
▪ Pennacchio2011, 7: »Some of Jeffery’s demonstrations are incomplete, as it is the case for sullam ‘ladder’. The scholar devotes only a few lines to it and fails to connect this word to Jacob’s ladder, which must have a common origin with the Qur’ānic verse in which the word appears. Jeffery doesn’t mention Zuhayr’s Muʕallaqa or the Akk sources either. Nowhere does he highlight the phonological variations of the word: sullām in Hbr, sullam in Ar, and swlmʔ in Aram, on the one hand; and simmiltu in Akk, sebbeltā in Syr, and sīmeltā in Neo-Syr on the other hand. Jeffery believes that the Ar word was either borrowed from the Aram sulamaʔ or was an older borrowing from Akk. Phonologically, the latter hypothesis seems unlikely. The Ar word sullam may be a common Sem word; the existence of the Ug word slm ‘stairs’ could prove this proposition.«
▪ Klein1987: Hbr sullām ‘ladder’ (hapax leg. in the Bible) is formed from √SLL ‘to lift up’. Syr säbbaltā and sämmaltā are borrowed from Hbr.
▪ Obviously not connected to other items of ↗√SLM.

69. There is some doubt, however, as to whether the reading should be סלםא or צלםא, though in the facsimile it certainly looks like s and not ṣ. 70. See Schwally, ZDMG, liii, 197; Horovitz, JPN, 210.

–

► sullam mutaḥarrik, n., escalator.

► sullamaẗ, n.f., step, stair: n.un. (?).

salām سَلام

ID 413 • Sw – • BP 188 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

1 soundness, unimpairedness, intactness, well-being. – 2 peace, peacefulness. – 3 safety, security. – 4 — (pl. ‑āt) greeting, salutation. – 5 salute; military salute. – 6 national anthem – WehrCowan1979.

▪ While Jeffery1938 still thought that Ar salām had taken its specific meaning of ‘peace’ from Aram, there is actually no need to assume such a borrowing. Together with its many Sem cognates, the word goes back to Sem *šalām‑ , originally meaning ‘unharmed state (Dolgopolsky), health (Fronzaroli), well-being, welfare (Huehnergard)’, perhaps also already ‘peace’ (Huehnergard). The primary sense (‘[v3] safety, security, immunity; [v1] freedom from faults, defects, vices, evils’), which is similar to that of the corresponding n.f. ↗salāmaẗ, is still preserved in MSA as one of the values salām can take besides ‘peace’. The latter must be seen as a secondary development along the line ‘unharmed state > safety, security > well-being, welfare > peace’.
▪ From the custom to wish someone ‘peace’ developed the general meaning [v4] ‘greeting, salutation’, which in a military context became [v5] ‘military salute’ and—given the typical use of the latter on official occasions of national relevance—also specifically [v6] ‘national anthem’ (mostly al-salām al-waṭanī, with the specifying adj.).
▪ From early times, the word had both a worldly (peace in this world, tranquillity) and a spiritual, religious meaning (peace in the next world, i.e., salvation). As a religious concept, it became particularly associated with Islam, so that the greeting ‘peace be upon you’ soon acquired a specifically Muslim connotation. As such, it spread all over the Muslim world, serving as a greeting from Morocco to Indonesia and as a favorite second component in place names, as Dār al-salām, Madīnat al-salām, Wāḥat al-salām, etc.

▪ eC7 1 (to be clear, or quit, of) Q 25:63 wa-ʔiḏā ḫāṭaba-hum-u ’l-ǧāhilūna qālū salāman ‘and when the ignorant speak to them they say: “We have nothing to do with you [lit. are quit of you]” (or, they say “in Peace”)’. – 2 (peace) Q 5:16 yahdī bi-hī ’ḷḷāhu man-i ’ttabaʕa riḍwāna-hū subula ’l-salāmi ‘with which God guides those who follow what pleases Him to the paths of peace’. – 3 (safety, security) Q 21:69 qulnā yā nāru kūnī bardan wa-salāman ʕalā ʔibrāhīma ‘[but] We said, “Fire, be coolness and safety for Abraham”’. – 4 (greeting of peace) Q 56:91 fa-salāmun la-ka min ʔaṣḥābi ’l-yamīni ‘and so “Peace be on you” [will be said to you] by the companions on the Right’.
▪ The word that, according to Lewis1988: 78-79, is »the commonest Ar word for peace, [is] also widely known in many other languages [▪ … and] figures prominently in everyday conversation« virtually everywhere in the Muslim world. »Its associations are, however, overwhelmingly nonpolitical. In Muslim usage, salām denotes ‘peace’ both in this world, i.e., tranquillity, and in the next, i.e., salvation. It figures in the commonest of all Muslim greetings, salām ʕalaykum, ‘peace be upon you,’ and its connotation is most clearly indicated by its frequent association, in such greetings, with God’s mercy and blessing. [▪ …] At an early date, [▪ …] the principle came to be universally accepted that the salutation salām should only be used between Muslims [▪ …]. – While the connotation of salām is primarily religious—indeed, the word ↗ʔislām itself is derived from the same root—it does sometimes have the sense of more mundane ‘safety’ or ‘security,’ i.e., the lack of trouble or danger. It was not, however, normally used, in classical political or legal contexts, to denote the ending of war. For this, Ar usage preferred, and in some contexts continues to prefer, the term ↗ṣulḥ, in spite of its earlier connotation of a truce of limited duration. [▪ … – ] In the last century or so [i.e., lC19-lC20], the use of ṣulḥ and salām in Ar has undergone a considerable change. In classical usage ṣulḥ alone was used for ‘peace’ as opposed to war. In early modAr ṣulḥ was confined increasingly to the sense of ‘transition from war to peace’—i.e., the process or ratification of peacemaking—while the previously nonpolitical salām acquired the broader and more general sense of ‘a state of peace,’ as opposed to a state of war. More recently, Ar usage has begun to approximate more closely to common international practice, with salām as the accepted term for a state of peace between nations.«

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘salvation’) Akk šalāmu, Hbr šālōm, Syr šlāmā, Gz salā́m.
▪ NB: Only the cognates in a narrower sense are given here. For the wider context, cf. ↗salima and ↗SLM.
▪ Bergsträsser1928, Jeffery1938, Fronzaroli#4.10b: Akk šalāmu (n.) ‘1 health, (physical) wellbeing; 2 welfare of a country, a city; 3 safe course, safe completion of a journey; 4 (negated:) untruth, incorrect behaviour’ (CAD), Ug šlm ² , Hbr šālōm ‘soundness; peace’ (Jeffery), Aram Syr šᵊlāmā ʻsecurity; peace’³ , Ar salām ‘peace’, salāmaẗ ‘soundness, intactness, health’, Gz salām ‘health’.
▪ Zammit2002 (and CAD): Akk šalāmu (vb.) (CAD:) ‘1 to stay well; 2 to be in a good condition, intact, arrive safely, become safe, og safely through the river ordeal; 3 to be favourable, propitious; 4 to be successful, prosper, succeed; 5 to be completed, be completely carried out, reach completion; 6 to obtain financial satisfaction, receive full payment’, Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Phn šlm ‘well-being; completion’, Hbr šālēm ‘to be complete, sound’, Aram šᵉlēm ‘to be perfect, complete’, Syr šalem ‘to be complete’, šᵉlāmā ‘safety, health’, SAr stlm (t-stem) ‘to gain security (with a deity)’, Gz salām ‘incolumitas, salus’, Ar salām ‘safety’, sālim ‘one who is safe’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: Akk šalāmu ‘health, (physical) well-being; welfare (of a country or city), safe course or completion of a journey’, Ug šlm ‘paz, salud, bienestar’, BiblHbr šālôm ‘unharmed state, well-being, peace’ (> a greeting), Phn šlm ‘peace, prosperity’, Palm šlm ‘peace’, BiblAram šᵊlām ‘peace, prosperity’ (as well as a greeting), EmpAram šlm ‘welfare, well-being, health’, JEA šᵊlām, šᵊlāmā ‘id.; soundness, health’, Ar salām‑ ‘safety, security’ (> ‘immunity, freedom from faults or vices’ > ‘obedience to God’, a greeting), Sab Min šlm ‘peace’ (> šlm ‘to sue for peace’), Gz salām ‘peace, safety’ (and a salutation);⁴ hence D-stem *√ŠLːM > Pun slːm ‘to accomplish’, BiblHbr Phn Palm Akk √ŠLːM ‘to (re)pay, give restitution for’, Ug šlːm ‘to pay, deliver’. ¬– For possible IE cognates and a Nostr dimension cf. SLM_1 s.v. ↗SLM. and DISC s.v. ↗salima.

2. Tropper2008: *šalāmu or šulmu ‘Frieden, Heil’. 3. Jeffery: Cf. also Gz tasālama, SAr slm, with s instead of ś / s², due to Northern influence. 4. Cf. also the vb. Akk ŠLM ‘to be completed; to stay well; to be in good condition, intact’, BiblHbr šālēm ‘to remain whole, unscathed, be(come) completed, keep quiet’, Ug ŠLM ‘estar/ir bien, estar en paz’, EmpAram √ŠLM ‘to be (re)paid’, BiblAram ŠLM ‘to be finished’, Ar SLM ‘to be(come) safe’ (> ‘to be free from vice/defect’), Min √šlm ‘être indemne’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 175-76: »The denom. vb.s sallama and ʔaslama with their deriv.s are also used not uncommonly in the Qurʔān, though the primitive vb. ↗salima does not occur therein. – The root is comSem, and is widely used in all the Sem tongues. The sense of ‘peace’, however, seems to be a development peculiar to Hbr and Aram and from thence to have passed into the SSem languages. Hbr šālôm is ‘soundness’, then ‘peace’;⁷¹ Aram šᵊlāmā ‘security’, Syr šᵊlāmā ʻsecurity; peace’. The Eth [Gz] tasālama, however, is denominative,⁷² so that salām doubtless came from the older religions. Similarly [SAr] slm ⁷³ is to be taken as due to Northern influence, the s like Eth [Gz] s (instead of [SAr] ś / s2 and [Gz] ś), being parallel with the slm of the Saf inscriptions. – In the Aram area the word was widely used as a term of salutation, and in this sense we very frequently find šlm in the Nab and Sinaitic,⁷⁴ and slm in the Saf inscriptions.⁷⁵ From this area it doubtless came into Ar⁷⁶ being used long before Islam, as Goldziher has shown (ZDMG, xlvi, 22 ff.). There can be little doubt that sallama ʻto greet’, etc., is denominative from this, though Torrey, Foundation, would take the whole development as purely Ar.«
▪ Lane: The primary acceptation of salām is synonymous with salāmaẗ, as is also salam, ‘safety, security, immnunity, or freedom, from faults, defects, in perfections, blemishes, or vices, and from evils of any kind: (TA:) or [simply] safety, security, immunity, or freedom’.
▪ van Arendonk/Gimaret:⁷⁷ vn. from salima ‘to be safe, uninjured’, used as subst. in the meaning of ‘safety, salvation’, thence ‘peace’ (in the sense of ‘quietness’), thence ‘salutation, greeting’ (cf. Fr salut).
▪ Fronzaroli#4.10b, Huehnergard2011, Dolgopolsky2012#2046: From Sem *šalām‑ ‘unharmed state (Dolgopolsky), health (Fronzaroli), well-being, welfare, peace (Huehnergard)’, from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ Klein1987 thinks that the Hbr cognate of Ar salām, Hbr šālôm, stands to Hbr ŠLH/W as Hbr ʕērôm ‘naked’ stands to Hbr ʕRH ‘to lay bare’. Accordingly, he assumes a development of the base Hbr ŠLM from the base ŠLH/W ‘to be quiet, tranquil, at ease’⁷⁸ through the medium of šālôm. Should one try to translate this idea into a general Sem frame? Dolgopolsky2012#2046, at least, also thinks that Sem *ŠLM perhaps is an extension in *-m from a bi-consonantal theme AfrAs *ŠLW ‘to be untroubled/safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’.
▪ For a possible IE connection (cf., e.g., Lat salus etc.) and a Nostr dimension as assumed by Dolgopolsky2012#2046, cf. ↗SLM and ↗salima.

71. So also the šlm of the Ras Shamra tablets. 72. Dillmann, Lex, 322. 73. Hommel, Südarab. Chrest, 124; Rossini, Glossarium, 196. 74. For examples see Euting, Nab. Inschr, 19, 20; Sin. Inschr, 61 ff. 75. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions, pp. 131, 132, 134, etc. 76. Nöldeke-Schwally, i, 33, n. See Künstlinger in Rocznik Orjentalistyczny, xi, 1-10. 77. Art. »salām« in EI². 78. BAram šᵊlê ‘to be at ease’, Aram šᵊlâ, šᵊlê ‘to be at ease, tranquil, careless, thoughtless; to err, forget; to go astray’), šālû ‘error’, Syr šᵊlâ ‘to be quiet, tranquil; to cease’, Ar ↗salā ‘to forget, be forgetful, neglectful, content, free’, cp. ŠLW, a secondary base of ŠLH.

▪ Directly from Ar salām is only Engl salaam, the short form of the Muslim greeting (al-)salāmu ʕalaykum ‘peace be upon you’ that entered the Engl lang by the 1610 s – EtymOnline.
▪ Huehnergard2011: Not directly from Ar salām, but from the latter’s Hbr cognate, šālôm ‘well-being, peace’, are the Jewish greeting shalom and its full form, shalom aleichem, as well as the names Absalom (Hbr ʔaḇšālôm, short form of ʔᵃḇī-šālôm ‘my father⁴ (is) peace’, Solomon (Hbr šᵊlōmōh ‘his [God’s] peace’, from šᵊlōm, bound form of šālôm, + personal suff. 3sg.m), and Salome (from a Hbr n.prop. akin to the biblical name šᵊlōmîṯ ‘Shelomit’, from šālôm). Also the word schlemiel, attested in Engl since 1868 with the sense of ‘awkward, clumsy person’, goes perhaps back to Hbr šālôm, though only indirectly: it entered Engl via Yiddish shlemiel ‘bungler’, which is taken from the main character in Adalbert von Chamisso’s German fable The Wonderful History of Peter Schlemihl (1813). The name is probably based on the Biblical personal name šᵊlūmīʔēl ‘my well-being (is) God’ (from šᵊlūm ‘well-being’, variant bound form of šālôm, and ʔēl ‘God’, cf. Ar ↗allāh): In Num. i:6, this is the name of a chief of the tribe of Simeon, identified with the Simeonite prince Zimri ben Salu, who was killed while committing adultery – EtymOnline.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl schlemiel, perh. from the Hbr personal name šᵊlūmîʔēl ‘my well-being (is) God’, from šᵊlūm ‘well-being’, variant bound form of šālôm (see above; ʔēl ‘God’, cf. Ar ↗ʔilāh, ↗allāh); Solomon, from Hbr šᵊlōmōh ‘his (God’s) peace’, from šᵊlōm, bound form of šālôm (see above); Salome, from a Hbr personal name akin to šᵊlōmît ‘Shelomith’ (biblical name), from šālôm (see above).

4. Cf. Ar ↗ʔab(ū).

► al-salām al-ʕāmm, n., general welfare, commonweal.
► dār al-salām, n., Paradise; an epithet of Baghdad; Dar es Salaam (seaport and capital of Tanganyika).
► madīnaẗ al-salām, n., (the City of Peace =) Baghdad.
► nahr al-salām, n., the Tigris.
► al-salāmu ʕalay-kum, peace be with you! (a Muslim salutation).
► ʕalay-hi ’l-salāmu, upon him be peace (used parenthetically after the names of angels and of pre-Mohammedan prophets).
► yā salām, interj., exclamation of dismay, esp. after s.th. calamitous has happened: good Lord! good heavens! oh dear!
► yā salām ʕalà, interj., exclamation of amazement or grief about s.th.: there goes (go)…! what a pity for…! how nice is (are)…!
► balliġ salām-ī ʔilà, give him my kind regards! remember me to him; wa’l-salām (and) that’s all, and let it be done with that.
► ʕalà… al-salām, it’s all over with….

► ^BP#294sallama, vb. II, to greet, salute: denom. – For other meanings, cf. ↗salima and, for a value that now is obsolete, ^†SLM_24 s.v. ↗SLM.
► sālama, vb. III to keep the peace, make one’s peace, make up (with s.o.): denom.
► tasālama, vb. VI, to become reconciled with one another, make peace with one another: denom. from silm, salm, or ↗salām.
► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for salām, i.e., protection, safety’).

► salāmlik, n., selamlik, reception room, sitting room, parlor: from Tu selamlık, composed of Ar salām + Tu suffix ‑lık.
► ^BP#1991taslīm, n., salutation; greeting: vn. II, denom.; for other values cf. ↗salima.
► musālamaẗ, n.f., conciliation, pacification: vn. III, denom.
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► musālim, adj., peaceable, peaceful, peaceloving; mild-tempered, lenient, gentle: PA III, denom.

salāmlik سَلامْلِك

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√SLM

n.

selamlik, reception room, sitting room, parlor – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Tu selamlık, composed of selam (= Ar ↗salām) and Tu n. suffix ‑lık.

▪ …

…

▪ Against what is said in the CONCISE section above, Rolland2014 holds that the word derives from the common greeting, Ar salām ʕalay-k ‘peace be upon you’. However, given that similar formations in ‑lık (var. ‑lik, ‑luk, ‑lük) are a very common phenomenon in Tu (cf., e.g., gece ‘night’ => gece-lik ‘nightdress’, göz ‘eye’ => göz-lük ‘glasses’, söz ‘word’ => söz-lük ‘dictionary’), it seems more likely.
▪ In OttTu, selāmlıḳ is not only used for the ‘part of a large Muslim house reserved for males’, but also as the term for the ‘public procession of the Sultan to a mosque at noon on Fridays’ – Redhouse.

–

salāmaẗ سَلامَة

ID … • Sw – • BP 855 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

blamelessness, flawlessness; unimpaired state, soundness, integrity, intactness; well-being, welfare; safety, security; smooth progress; success – WehrCowan1979.

▪ a vn. of ↗salima, which is ultimately from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ While ↗salām has developed more in the sense of ‘peace’, salāmaẗ has preserved the original meaning of *‘unharmed state’ better than its m. counterpart.

▪ …

▪ See ↗SLM, ↗salima, ↗salām.

–

► al-salāmaẗ al-ĭǧtimāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., collective security.
► salāmaẗ al-ḏawq, n., good taste.
► salāmaẗ (ʔamlāk) al-balad, n., the integrity of the country.
► salāmaẗ al-niyaẗ, n.f., sincerity, guilelessness.
► bi-salāmaẗ al-niyaẗ, adv., in good faith, bona fide.
► salāmaẗ-ak!, interj., a speedy recovery!
► maʕa ’l-salāmaẗ, interj., greeting of farewell, said by the person remaining behind) approx.: good-by! farewell!
► al-ḥamdu lillāh ʕalà ’l-salāmaẗ, interj., praised be God for your well-being! (said to the traveler returning from a journey).

For derivations from the vb. of which salāmaẗ is the vn., cf. ↗salima.

salīm سَليم , pl. sulamāʔᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP 1533 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

adj.

correct, sound; flawless; safe – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Perhaps the etymon proper of the whole ‘unharmed, safety, peace’ complex in Ar, rather than the vb. ↗salima (which somehow looks denom.; but cf. also ↗salm, ↗silm, ↗salam_1, ↗salām, from which salīm could be formed as an ints.adj.).
▪ From Sem *šalim‑ ‘sound, intact’ (Fronzaroli, Dolgopolsky), from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’.

▪ eC7 1 (pure, wholesome, sound, free of evil) Q 26:89 89 ʔillā man ʔatà ’ḷḷāha bi-qalbin salīmin ‘except for the one who comes before God with a pure heart’. – ? 2 (sick, heavy, troubled – in one interpretation of the verse) Q 37:84 ʔiḏ ǧāʔa rabba-hū bi-qalbin salīmin ‘when he came to his Lord with a troubled (or: a pure) heart’

▪ Fronzaroli#4.10a: Akk šalmu ‘sound, intact’,⁵ Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Hbr šālēm, Syr šalmā, Ar salīm ‘sound, intact’, salima, SAr slm ‘to be sound, intact’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: DERIV Sem *šalim‑ > Akk šalmu ‘whole, intact, entire, healthy, sound’, BiblHbr šālēm, JA šᵊlēm ‘complete, unmolested, peaceful’, Ar salima ‘to be safe’.
▪ Is also Ug šlm (*šalimu ?) ‘(completely) paid, settled’ directly related?

5. CAD: Akk šalmu (f. šalimtu) ‘1. healthy, sound, in good condition, whole, intact, entire, correct, proper, safe, reliable, truthfull, favorable, propitious; 2. solvent, financially sound’

▪ Huehnergard2011: Sem ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ Fronzaroli#4.10a: From Sem *šalim‑ ‘sound, intact’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: From Sem *šalim‑, from Sem ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’ (cf. ↗salima).

–

No direct derivatives from the adj. For derivatives from items that are akin to salīm, cf. ↗salima, ↗silm, ↗ʔaslama / ↗ʔislām, ↗salām, etc.

sulāmà سُلامَى , pl. sulāmayāt

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

1 phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot) – WehrCowan1979. – 2 For another meaning, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_27 s.v. ↗SLM.

▪ Given that a semantic relation between the main values that are known in Sem for the root ↗SLM can hardly be found, the etymology of sulāmà remains obscure so far.
▪ Interestingly enough, BAH2008 group this value (SLM_12 s.v. ↗SLM) together with SLM_3 ‘to receive’ and ‘to stroke’ (cf. ^†SLM_25). This does not seem to be very likely, but should it be correct then ‘to receive’ and ‘to stroke’ would probably have to be thought as denominative from sulāmà. Such derivations, however, do not contribute to solve the etymology of sulāmà itself.
▪ Should one consider a transfer of meaning from ↗salam_2 ‘(kind of) acacia’ to the digital bones that look like small twigs of a tree? Perhaps also the other obsolete terms of plants mentioned s.v. salam_2 have to be studied as possible origin.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

sulāmiyyaẗ سُلامِيّة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.f.

phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The word seems to be a f. nsb-adj. derived from a *sulām, which however does not exist, nor does the word seem to have any cognates in Sem. Given that a semantic relation between the main values that are known in Sem for the root ↗SLM can hardly be found, the etymology of sulāmiyyaẗ, like that of its ‘sister’ with identical meaning, ↗sulāmà, remains obscure so far.
▪ Should one consider a transfer of meaning from ↗salam_2 ‘(kind of) acacia’ to the digital bones that look like small twigs of a tree? Perhaps also the other obsolete terms of plants mentioned s.v. salam_2 have to be studied as possible origin.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

Sulaymānᵘ سُلَيْمانُ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.prop.

Salomon – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Syr Šlīmōn ‘Solomon’, belonging to the root *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ BAH2008: »The Qur’an relates how Solomon was endowed with wise judgement (21:78); how God gave him command of the wind and the jinn (21:81) and enabled him to understand the speech of birds and insects (27:16); and how God tested him by placing a body on his throne and how he repented as a result (38:34). His death was noted only as a result of his body collapsing after the insects of the earth had gnawed the staff upon which he had been leaning (34:14). Stories about Solomon appear in Suras 27 and 34.«

▪ eC7 (the Prophet Solomon, 1 Kings XI:1-10) Q 27:16 wa-wariṯa Sulaymānu Dāwūda ‘and Solomon succeeded David’

…

▪ Jeffery1938: »All these references [in the Q] are to the Biblical Solomon, though the information about him in the Qurʔān is mostly derived from late legend. The name was early recognized as a foreign borrowing into Ar and is given as such by al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 85, though some were inclined to take it as genuine Ar and a diminutive of salmān from a root SLM (cf. LA, xv, 192). Lagarde, Übersicht, 86, thought the philologers were right in taking it as a diminutive from salmān, quoting as parallel zuʕayfirān from zaʕfarān, and Lidzbarski, Johannesbuch, 74, n. 1, agrees. The truth, however, seems to be that it is the Syr Šlīmōn as Nöldeke has argued.⁷⁹ al-Jawālīqī, op. cit., said it was Hbr, but Grk Salṓmōn, Syr Šlīmōn, Eth [Gz] Salōmōn, beside Hbr Šᵊlōmōh, are conclusive proof of Christian origin. – The name was well-known in the pre-Islamic period, both as the name of Israel’s king, and as a personal name,⁸⁰ so it would have been quite familiar to Muḥammad’s contemporaries.«

79. ZDMG, xv, 806; ZA, xxx, 158, and cf. Brockelmann, Grundriss, i, 256; Mingana, Syriac Influence, 82; Horovitz, JPN, 167-9. 80. Horovitz, KU, 118, points out that we have evidence for it as a personal name only among the Madinan Jews. Cf. also Sprenger, Leben, ii, 335.

▪ Not from Ar Sulaymān, but from Hbr šᵊlōmōh ‘his (God’s) peace’ is the Engl form of the name, Solomon. The Hbr word is composed of šᵊlōm, bound form of šālôm ‘safety, peace’ + 3sg.m suff.pron. – Huehnergard2011. Hbr šālôm is or course akin to Ar ↗salām.

► ḥūt Sulaymān, n., salmon.¹

For sulaymānī ‘mercury chloride’ cf. s.v..

1. In MSA there is also the loanword ↗salmūn or salamūn which however (acc. to Rolland2014) is from Lat salmō, gen. salmōnis ‘salmon’, »probably originally ‘leaper’, from Lat salire ‘to leap’ […], though some dismiss this as folk etymology. Another theory traces it to Celtic. Replaced oEngl læx, from PIE *lax, the more usual word for the fish« – etymonline.com.

sulaymānī سُلَيْمانِيّ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

mercury chloride – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

Rolland2014: From mLat sublimatum ‘mercury chloride’, from Lat sublimis ‘volatile’. »Le mot a clairement subi l’attraction paronymique de ↗Sulaymān ‘Salomon’, d’origine sémitique.«

–

ʔislām إِسْلام

ID 411 • Sw – • BP 365 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.

submission, resignation, reconciliation (to the will of God); — al-~ the religion of Islam; the era of Islam; the Muslims – WehrCowan1979.

Originally a vn. from the vb. IV ↗ʔaslama, meaning ‘total surrender, submission (to a deity)’, then specialized in the sense of ‘adherence to (< submission to) the religion taught by the prophet Muḥammad’.

▪ eC7 1 (total surrender) Q 3:19 ʔinna ’l-dīna ʕinda ’ḷḷāhi ’l-ʔislāmu ‘True Religion, in God’s eyes, it total surrender [to Him]’. – 2 (the religion of Islam) Q 5:3 al-yawma ʔakmaltu la-kum dīna-kum wa-ʔatmamtu ʕalay-kum niʕmat-ī wa-raḍītu la-kumu ’l-ʔislāma dīnan ‘today I have perfected your religion for you, completed My blessing upon you, and santioned for you Islam [the total submission to God] as religion’. – 3 (act of surrendering, submitting) Q 9:74 wa-la-qad qālū kalimata ’l-kufri wa-kafarū baʕda ʔislāmi-him ‘but they certainly did speak the word of disbelief and became disbelievers after having submitted’

▪ See ↗ʔaslama, ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗SLM.

▪ From Ar ʔislām ‘submission’ is of course Engl Islam (first attested in 1818), and Engl Muslim (1610 s as a n., 1777 as adj.) is taken from the corresponding PA IV. The older form Engl Mussulman (1560 s) has entered the lang. via Tu muslimān, vulg. musulmān (nTu müsliman, müsülman), which in turn is from the Pers form musulmān (with adj. suffix ‑ān). The old Ge form Muselman(n) (C17), with secondary likening to Mann ‘man’, came in via Ital musulmano, nFr musulman (< Tu < Pers, like the Engl term).

► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: Št-stem, originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for protection, safety, salām).

► ^BP#184ʔislāmī, pl. ‑ūn, adj., Islamic; n., Islamist: nsb-adj., from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmiyyaẗ, n.f., the idea of Islam, Islamism; status or capacity of a Muslim: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmbūlī, adj.: nsb-adj., from ʔislāmbūl, pious interpretation of the name of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (ʔisṭānbūl, pron. ʔisṭāmbūl).
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► C ^BP#229muslim, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Muslim: orig. a PA IV, ↗ʔislām.

muslim مُسْلِم , pl. ‑ūn

ID 415 • Sw – • BP 229 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

¹adj.; ²n.

Muslim – WehrCowan1979.

Originally a PA from the vb. IV ↗ʔaslama, then specialized in the sense of ‘following (> follower of) the religion of Islam’.

▪ eC7 1 (one who submits [to God]) Q 2:133 naʕbudu ʔilāha-ka wa-ʔilāha ʔābāʔi-ka ʔibrāhīma wa-ʔismāʕīla wa-ʔisḥāqa ʔilāhan wāḥidan wa-naḥnu la-hū muslimūna ‘we will worship your God and the God of your fathers, Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, one single God—we submit ourselves to Him’. – 2 (one who professes the faith of Islam) Q 22:78 huwa sammā-kumu ’l-muslimīna min qablu wa-fī hāḏā ‘He has called you Muslims—both in the past and in this [Book]’. – 3 (one showing obedience) Q 27:38 ʔayyu-kum yaʔtī-nī bi-ʕarši-hā qabla ʔan yaʔtū-nī muslimīna ‘which of you can bring me her throne before they come to me in obedience [to my bidding]?’

↗ʔaslama, ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗SLM.

▪ From Ar muslim is of course Engl Muslim (first attested in 1610 s as a n., in 1777 as adj.). The older form Engl Mussulman (1560 s) has entered the lang. via Tu muslimān, vulg. musulmān (nTu müsliman, müsülman), which in turn is from the Pers form musulmān (with adj. suffix ‑ān). The corresponding early nGe form Muselman(n) (C17), with secondary likening to Mann ‘man’, came in via Ital musulmano, nFr musulman (< Tu < Pers, like the Engl term).

►

salmūn سَلْمون , var. salamūn

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM, SLMN, SLMWN

n.

salmon – WehrCowan1979.

From Lat salmō (gen. salmōnis) ‘salmon’.

▪ Contrary to what one may expect, salmūn ‘salmon’ is not a modern borrowing from Engl or Fr, but (accord. to Dozy) already attested as early as C13.¹

1. In Qazwīnī II, 396, 6 a f.

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▪ From Lat salmō (gen. salmōnis) ‘salmon’, »probably originally ‘leaper’, from Lat salire ‘to leap’ […], though some dismiss this as folk etymology. Another theory traces it to Celtic⁸¹ « – etymonline.com. In Engl where the word entered via oFr salmun, it replaced oEngl læx (< PIE *lax), the more usual word for the fish (ibid.).
▪ MSA has yet another expression for ‘salmon’: ḥūt Sulaymān, lit., ‘Solomon’s (big) fish’ – a popular reinterpretation of sal(a)mūn ? For Sulaymān cf. ↗s.v..

81. Cf. Rolland2014: »mot gaulois«.

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SLW سلو

√SLW

“root”

▪ SLW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SLW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SLW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘consolation, solace’.

▪ The philologists derive salwà ‘quail’ from this root, but it has also been suggested that the word is a borrowing from Aram – BAH2008.
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SMː (SMM) سمّ/سمم

√ SM: (SMM)

“root”

▪ SM: (SMM)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SM: (SMM)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SM: (SMM)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘poison, venom; pore of the body, very small hole, eye of a needle; hot, dust-carrying wind; people close to the self’

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samm سَمّ

√SMː (SMM)

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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SMD سمد

√SMD

“root”

▪ SMD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SMD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SMD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be elevated, raise the head and thrust out the chest in pride; to be heedless; to be playful; to be careless’

▪ [v1] …
▪ [v2] From ESem *√SMD ‘to grind (groats)’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …
▪ …

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl semolina, simnel, from Lat simila, ultimately (perh. via Grk semidālis ‘fine wheaten flour’) from a Sem source akin to Aram sᵊmidā ‘fine flour’, Ar ↗samīd ‘semolina’, both prob. from Akk samīdu ‘(a type of) groats’, from samādu ‘to grind into groats’.

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SMR سمر

√SMR

“root”

▪ SMR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SMR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the colour brown, colour of dusk; moonlight, nightly chats (i.e. chats conducted in the moonlight), socialising by night’. – The philologists derive sāmirī from al-Sāmiraẗ, a tribe of the Children of Israel, which in turn they regard as a derivative.

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ʔasmarᵘ أَسْمَر

√SMR

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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SMSM سمسم

√SMSM

“root”

▪ SMSM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SMSM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl sesame, sesamoid ↗simsim, ↗samn).

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simsim سِمْسِم

√SMSM

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl sesame, sesamoid, from Grk sēsamē, sēsamon, from a Sem source akin to Ug ššmn, Phoen ššmn, Aram šumšᵊmā, Ar simsim, all prob. from Akk šamaššammū ‘sesame’, back-formation from *šaman šammammī ‘oil of plants’, from šammī, gen.pl. of šammu ‘plant’ (šaman, bound form of šamnu ‘oil’; cf. Ar ↗samn). It is possible that the Akk form represents a folk etymology for an original form šamšamu, from a root *šmšm.

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SMʕ سمع

√SMʕ

“root”

▪ SMʕ_1 ‘to hear’ ↗samiʕa
▪ SMʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to hear, to listen; fame’

▪ SMʕ_1 : (Kogan2015 Sw#39:) from protSem *šmʕ ‘to hear’ (CDG 501). Passim throughout Sem.
▪ SMʕ_2 : …
▪ SMʕ_3 : …

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▪ …

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samiʕ‑ سَمِعَ

√SMʕ

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2015 (Sw#39): from protSem *šmʕ ‘to hear’ (CDG 501). Passim throughout Sem.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to hear’) Akk išmē, Hbr šmʕ e (a), Syr šmʕ a (a), Gz smʕ – (a).
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SMQ سمق

√SMQ

“root”

▪ SMQ_1 ‘(to be) very high, towering, tall’ ↗samaqa
▪ SMQ_2 ‘sumac (Rhus; bot.)’ ↗summāq

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Hava1899):

▪ ^†SMQ_3 ‘pure, mere | pur, franc, sans mélange’: ^†sumāq (esp. fig., kiḏb sumāq ‘mere lie’)
▪ ^†SMQ_4 ‘yoke | pièce de bois qui forme le joug des bœufs’: ^†samīqānⁱ (du.)
▪ ^†SMQ_ ‘...’: ^†...
▪ ...

▪ [v1] …
▪ [v2] : from Aram sūmaq, summāq, Syr sûmāqā ‘blood-red, dark red, reddish, ruddy; red lentil, red pottage; red\purple dye, rouge, metaph. disguise; red ink, minium; ruby, sard; rhus coraria, sumach’, smaq ‘to be red, turn red’ (PayneSmith1903). – Lokotsch1927 #1946 also considers internal dependence on [v1], i.e., the sumac tree as the *‘high, beautifully-grown tree’.
▪ ^†[v3] …
▪ ^†[v4] …
▪ …

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▪ [v1] ...
▪ [v2] – (prob. loanword)
▪ ^†[v3] ...
▪ ^†[v4] ...
▪ ...

▪ ...

▪ [v2] Engl sumac, var. sumach, Fr sumac, etc. ↗summāq
▪ ...

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samaq‑ سَمَقَ , u (sumūq)

√SMQ

vb., I

to be high, tall, lofty, tower up – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

▪ ...

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►samūq, adj., very high, towering; tall and lanky
►sāmiq, adj., very high, lofty, towering

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗summāq as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗SMQ.

summāq سُمّاق

√SMQ

n.

1a sumac (Rhus; bot.); b its highly acid seeds which, after being dried and ground, serve, together with thyme, as a condiment – WehrCowan1976

▪ From Aram sūmaq, summāq, Syr sûmāqā ‘blood-red, dark red, reddish, ruddy; red lentil, red pottage; red\purple dye, rouge, metaph. disguise; red ink, minium; ruby, sard; rhus coraria, sumach’, smaq ‘to be red, turn red’ (PayneSmith1903). – Lokotsch1927 #1946 would also consider internal dependence on [v1], i.e., the sumac tree as the *‘high, beautifully-grown tree’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ – (loanword)
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl sumac, from Ar summāq ‘sumac’, from Aram summāq ‘dark red’, from sᵊmeq ‘to be(come) red’.
▪ Engl sumac, also sumach (c. 1300), »preparation of dried, chopped leaves of a plant of the genus Rhus (used in tanning and dyeing and as an astringent), from oFr sumac (C13), from mLat sumach, from Ar summāq, from Syr summāqā ‘red’. Of the tree itself from 1540s; later applied to a NAmer plant species« – EtymOnline. – Fr sumac, (1256 somac, lC13 sumac), borrowing, perh. via Sp zumaque (attested from C10 in Lat texts), from Ar summāq ‘sumac’ – CNRTL-TLFi. – The word is found also in many other Eur languages, cf. It sommaco, Span zumaque, Port summagre, Rum sumac, Russ sumaḫ, Du smak, Ge Schmack, Sumach (Lokotsch1927), as well as in Tu sumak (1410, NişanyanSözlüğü_27Sept2022).
▪ ...

►summāqī: ḥaǧar summāqī, n., porphyry

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗samaqa as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗SMQ.

SMK سمك

√SMK

“root”

▪ SMK_1 ‘fish’ ↗samak
▪ SMK_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘height, loftiness; building, support, roofing; fish’

▪ [v1] : Etymology obscure. No general term for ‘fish’ can be reconstructed for protSem – Kogan2011.
▪ [v2] From protSem *√SMK ‘to support’ – Huehnergard2011.
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samak سَمَك

√SMK

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: No general term for ‘fish’ can be reconstructed for protSem. The respective terms of particular Sem languages are either etymologically obscure (like samak), or borrowed from non-Sem languages. No designations of concrete species of fish can be traced back to protSem , but cf. perh. ↗luḫm ‘shark’.
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SMN سمن

√SMN

“root”

▪ SMN_1 ‘clarified butter, cooking butter’ ↗samn
▪ SMN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be fat, to fatten; melted purified butter’

▪ …

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▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl sesame, sesamoid ↗simsim, ↗samn).

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samn سَمْن , pl. sumūn

√SMN

n.

clarified butter, cooking butter – WehrCowan 1979

▪ Ar samn ‘melted purified butter’ seems to be a specialisation from a protSem *šamn‑ that denoted ‘oil, fat (as foodstuff)’ in general. Derivatives show the original wider meaning.
▪ TB2007 reconstructs Sem *šam(-an)‑ ‘fat, oil’, from AfrAs *sim-an‑ ~ *sin-am‑ ‘oil, fat, (fat) milk’.

lC6 ʕUrwa b. al-Ward 23,2: wa-faḍlati samnatin ḏahabat ʔilay-hi ‘and the rest of a piece of butter/fat [n.un.] that went to him’ (Polosin 1995)
▪ eC7 samn itself is not in Q, but we find the vb. IV ʔasmana ‘to fatten, to benefit, to nourish’ and the adj. (pseudo-PA) samīn ‘fat, well-fed’: Q 88:6-7 laysa la-hum ṭaʕāmun ʔillā min ḍarīʕin lā yusminu wa-lā yuġnī min ǧūʕin ‘with no food for them except bitter dry thorns that neither nourish nor satisfy hunger’; 12:43 ʔinnī ʔarà sabʕa baqarātin simān in yaʔkulu-hunna sabʕun ʕiǧāfun ‘I see [in my dreams] seven fat cows being eaten by seven lean ones’

▪ Kogan2011: Akk šamnu, Ug šmn, šmt, Hbr šämän (mostly) ‘vegetable oil’, (rarely also) ‘animal fat or cream’, Aram *šumnā (mostly) ‘(animal) fat, fatness’, Ar samn‑ ‘(clarified) butter’, Jib šẽn ‘fat, fatness (?)’.
▪ For outside Sem, TB2007 gives (Berber) Ghat isim ‘graisse (de tout animal)’, Tahaggart ésim ‘graisse fondu’, Tawllemmet ē-šim ‘liquid fat; broth’, Taqbaylit (Ayt Mangellat) ţa-ssǝm-ţ ‘graisse animal’, Canarian achemen ‘milk’; OEg smy (med.) ‘fat milk, cream’; (WChad) šivena, sinama, sin; (EChad) swāń, swānī, sòn-gò, súwāné, sùwánè, séwén, séwèn, súnu ‘oil’, sùwǝ̀n-gǝ̀, sɔn, síwín ‘oil, fat’, sṓane ‘melted butter/oil’, sɛ́wɛ́ŋ ‘fat’ (n.), súnē ‘fat’ (adj.); (Warazi/Dullay) šiinán-ko, pl. šiinam-aane ‘butter’, šiinan-ko, pl. šinam-aane ‘fat’; perhaps also CChad) s’ǝmǝn ‘thick’, but this is said to be semantically problematic.

▪ Huehnergard 2011: Sem *šamn‑ ‘oil, fat’.
▪ Kogan2011: »The main PS term for ‘fat’ as a foodstuff seems to be *šamn‑, although exact semantics of its reflexes are rather diverse […]. The meaning ‘(clarified) butter’ is typical of Ar […], whereas [the Akk, Ug and Hbr terms] mostly denote ‘vegetable oil’ and are only rarely applied to animal fat or cream. ComAram *šumnā mostly denotes ‘(animal) fat, fatness’ […]. The exact meaning of Jib […] remains to be ascertained.«
▪ Alongside with Sem *šamn‑ ‘fat’ (n.), Fronzaroli#2.35 also reconstructs Sem *šamin‑ ‘fat’ (adj.).
▪ TB2007 reconstruct Sem *šam(-an)‑ ‘fat, oil’, Berb *‑sim(-an)‑ ‘(liquid) fat, milk’, OEg smy (med.) ‘fat milk, cream’, WChad *sin(-am)‑ ‘oil’, ? CChad *s˅m˅n‑ (?) ‘thick’, EChad *siwan‑ (< *siman‑ ?) ‘oil; melted butter/oil; fat (n.); fat (adj.)’, Warazi (Dullay) *šinam‑ ‘butter; fat’. All from AfrAs *sim-an‑ ~ *sin-am‑ ‘oil, fat, (fat) milk’.

▪ Although Ar samn is not the origin of Engl sesame, both are relatives nevertheless: According to Huehnergard 2011, the Engl word is »from Grk sēsamē sēsamon ‘sesame’, from a Sem source akin to Ug ššmn, Phoen ššmn, Aram šumšəmā, Ar simsim ‘sesame’, all probably from Akk šamaššammū ‘sesame’, back-formation from *šaman šammī ‘oil of plants’, from šaman, bound form of šamnu ‘oil’ (šammī, gen.pl. of šammu ‘plant’, Sem śmm). It is possible that the Akk form represents a folk etymology for an original form šamšamu, from a root *šmšm.«

► samina a (siman, samānaẗ), vb. I, to be or become fat, corpulent, obese, stout, plump, fleshy, put on weight: denom.
► sammana, vb. II, and ʔasmana, vb. IV, to make fat or plump, fatten: denom.caus.
► siman, n., and ^BP#4632simnaẗ, n.f., fatness, plumpness, fleshiness, stoutness, corpulence; obesity: vn. I and abstr. in ‑aẗ, respectively.
► summun, n.coll. (n.un. aẗ), pl. samāminᵘ, quail (zool.): *‘the fat one (bird)’ ?.
► samīn, pl. simān, adj., fat; corpulent, plump, fleshy, stout, obese: quasi-PA (or -PP).
► summān, n.coll. (n.un. aẗ), quail (zool.): *the fat one (bird) ?.
► sammān, n., butter merchant: n.prof.
► samānaẗ: ~ al-rijl, n., calf of the leg:.
► sumānà, n.coll. (n.un. sumānāẗ, pl. sumānayāt), quail (zool.): *‘the fat one (bird)’?.
► musamman, adj., fat: PP II.

SMW سمو

√SMW

“root”

▪ SMW_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SMW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘loftiness, height; skies; high station, nobility, honour; mark; to name; name, naming’

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samāʔ سَماء

√SMW

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *šamā̆y‑ (often in the pl.) ‘heaven’.
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘sky’) Akk šamū, Hbr šāmáyim, Syr šmayyā, Gz samā́y.
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SMY سمي

√SMY

“root”

▪ SMY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SMY_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SMY_3 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

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▪ …

…

ĭsm اِسْم

√SM, SMW/Y

n.

name

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘name’) Akk šumu, Hbr šēm, Syr šmā, Gz sem.

…

basmalaẗ بَسْمَلَة

√SM, SMW/Y, BSML

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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SN سن

√SN

“root”

▪ SN_1 ‘year’ ↗sanaẗ

Not from √SN but often easily confused with it because of similarity in rasm and/or non-visibility of weak radicals:
▪ SN_2 ‘sleep, slumber’ (sinaẗ) ↗wasina (√WSN)
▪ SN_3 ‘tooth; to sharpen, whet’ ↗sinaẗ (√SNː/SNN)
▪ SN_4 ‘custom, habit, (Prophetic) tradition’ ↗sunnaẗ (√SNː/SNN)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tooth, teething; age, year; blade, sharpening; handsome face; legislating; method of doing things; precedent’. – There is a degree of overlapping between this root and roots SNH and SNW.

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SNː (SNN) سنّ / سنن

√SNː (SNN)

“root”

▪ SNː (SNN)_1 ‘tooth; to sharpen’ ↗sinn (1)
▪ SNː (SNN)_2 ‘age’ ↗sinn (2)
▪ SNː (SNN)_3 ‘to prescribe; old custom, norm; Sunna’ ↗sunnaẗ

ClassAr shows many more values (cf. Lane):
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_4 ‘spearhead, iron head, to pierce with a spear’ (sinn, sinān)¹
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_5 ‘ploughshare, iron thing with which the ground is ploughed up’ (sinnaẗ)²
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_6 ‘alike, equal, matching, in age’ (sinn)³
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_7 ‘to tend well, pasture, render fat (camels, cattle); to send to the pasturage, make run quickly’ (sanna, vb. I) ⁴
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_8 ‘to pour (e.g., water on s.o.)’ (sanna, vb. I; ĭstanna, vb. VIII, ‘to pour forth’, e.g., with tears, etc.)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_9 ‘to throw down on the face’ (sanna, vb. I) ⁵
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_10 ‘to form, fashion, shape, make long; to plaster (pottery with clay)’ (sanna, vb. I) ⁶
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_11 ‘to become altered for the worse, or stinking’ (sunna, vb. I, pass.)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_12 ‘nature, natural disposition, temper’ (sunnaẗ)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_13 ‘(handsome long) face’ (sunnaẗ) ⁷
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_14 ‘black line, or streak, on the back of the ass’ (sunnaẗ)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_15 ‘sort of Medinan dates’ (sunnaẗ, sinnaẗ)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_16 ‘(middle part of) way, road’ (sanan)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_17 ‘camels lifting the front legs simultaneously, leaping, springing, or bounding, in their running’ (sanan ; cf. also ĭstanna, vb. VIII, ‘to frisk, be brisk, lively, sprightly, to run (in such a fashion)’⁸
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_18 ‘elevated sands, shaped like a rope’ (sanīnaẗ)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_19 ‘(gentle) wind’ (sanīnaẗ)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_20 ‘wild bull’ (sinn)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_21 ‘she-bear, she-lynx’ (sannaẗ, sinnaẗ)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_22 ‘swallow’ (sunn)
▪ ^†SNː (SNN)_23 ‘flies’ (sinān)

1. Probably from sinn [v1] ‘tooth; sharp,edge; to sharpen’. But cf. Calice1936 #84 who puts Ar sinān ‘spearhead’ together with Eg sn ‘Zweizack’ (two-pronged spear) and Berb asennan ‘thorny’. 2. Probably from sinn [v1] ‘tooth; to sharpen’. But cf. Corriente2008: 86 who mentions the word, for EgAr, in the ʔiḍāfa sinn il-muḥrāt ‘ploughshare’ as a possible borrowing from Copt: »contributed by Behnstedt 1981:91, who considers likely a derivation from Copt sine of the same meaning (Crum 343), in spite of the phonetic likeness to Ar sinn ‘tooth; point’, possibly contributing to maintain the Copt item in use. In their unp[ublished] article, however, Behnstedt & Woidich concede the same likelihood to both possibilities.« 3. From sinn in the sense of [v2] ‘age’? 4. From ^†sinn in the fig. meaning of ‘[portion of] herbage upon which camels pasture’, i.e. which they can “polish, smoothen, make even” with their teeth? 5. from ‘tooth’: cf. ^†sānna ’l-nāqaẗa, vb. III, ‘he (the stallion-camel) bit the she-camel with the fore-part of the mouth’. 6. from [v1] ‘tooth, sharpening, whetting’, cf. ^†sannana, vb. II, ‘to polish, make smooth, make beautiful’. 7. Cf. ^†sannana, vb. II, ‘to polish, make smooth, make beautiful’, from [v1] ‘tooth, sharpening, whetting’. 8. Explained as »from sanna as signifying ‘he poured forth’ water, and as signifying ‘he sharpened’ iron upon a whetstone« in ClassAr dictionaries – Lane.

▪ According to ClassAr dictionaires, all three values that are still to be found in MSA are connected, with [v2] ‘age’ and [v3] ‘to prescribe; old custom, norm; Sunna’ being based on [v1] ‘tooth; to sharpen’ as the primary value (for details, see “Discussion” below).
▪ Within SNː (SNN)_1, we assume (with Huehnergard) the vb. ‘to sharpen’ to be denominative from ‘tooth’, as the main etymon of the semantic field. (BDB1906 thought ‘tooth’ was deverbal, from ‘to whet, sharpen’.)
▪ SNː (SNN)_1 and, if dependent on this, also the other two, go back to Sem *šinn‑ ‘tooth’, ultimately probably from AfrAs *šin‑ ‘tooth’.
▪ Not to be confused with ↗sanaẗ ‘year’ (√SN(W)) or ↗sinaẗ ‘slumber, doze’ (√WSN).

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↗sinn, ↗sunnaẗ.

▪ The semantic variety within the “root” in ClassAr is confusing, not the least because there seems to be much overlapping with ↗SNH and ↗SNW (and perhaps also ↗ṮNY ?). Badawi2008, who also mentions this overlapping, reduces the values to »tooth, teething; age, year; blade, sharpening; handsome face; legislating; method of doing things; precedent«. Within this list, ‘blade, sharpening’ belongs to the sub-field of ‘tooth’ (as ‘sharp edge’), ‘age, year’ and ‘handsome face’ each form a sub-field in their own right, while the last three all belong to the idea of ‘(setting, establishing, following) a norm’. Rearranged according to the groups that are still to be found in MSA, as listed in the disambiguation section above, we get: [v1] ‘tooth, teething; blade, sharpening’, [v2] ‘age, year’, [v3] ‘legislating; method of doing things; precedent’, and ^†[v13] ‘handsome face’. The latter is explained as derived from the idea of ‘polish, smoothness, evenness’ by the ClassAr lexicographers and thus made dependent on ‘tooth, sharpening, whetting’.
▪ According to ClassAr lexicographers, [v2] ‘age’ depends on [v1] ‘tooth’ as a metaphor, »for the teeth vary with the length of life« so that they came to mean ‘measure, or extent, of life; age attained’.
▪ Also from the same etymon, according the dictionaries, is the semantic complex ‘to prescribe; old custom, norm; Sunna’ treated under ↗sunnaẗ. Nişanyan (31Mar2013) explains the latter as going back to the pre-Islamic custom, practised by Arab tribes, of whetting/filing young boys’ teeth at a certain age in order to sharpen them. In the same way as this explanation links ‘custom, habit, norm, prescription’ to the ‘teeth’, it also connects ‘teeth’ with ‘age’ and could therefore serve as another hypothesis about the relation between [v2] and [v1].
▪ Since the vocabulary pertains to the whole SNː (SNN) complex will be arranged separately, corresponding to [v1] to [v3], in the more specific entries on ↗sinn and sunnaẗ and in this way items that, ultimately, may belong together will be torn apart, the “DERIVATIVES” section below lists them all as given in WehrCowan1979, in order to make the internal coherence visible once, before going into details in the more specialized entries.

▪ Engl shin ↗sinn.
▪ Engl Sunna, Sunni ↗sunnaẗ.

For grouping according to internal coherence within narrower semantic sub-fields cf. ↗sinn (with sinn_1 ‘tooth’ and sinn_2 ‘age’) and ↗sunnaẗ.

► sanna, u (sann), vb. I, 1 to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; 2 to mold, shape, form; 3 to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom) | ~ qānūnan, vb., to enact, or pass, a law
► sannana, vb. II, 1 to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; 2 to indent, jag, notch
► ʔasanna, vb. IV, 1 to grow teeth, cut o.’s teeth, teethe; 2 to grow old, to age; to be advanced in years
► ĭstanna, vb. VIII, 1 to clean and polish o.’s teeth with the siwāk; 2 a to take, follow (a course or way); 2 b to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom) | ~ sunnata Muḥammad, vb., to follow the Sunna of Mohammed

► sann, n., prescription, introduction, enactment, issuance (of laws)
► ^BP#2441sinn, pl. ʔasnān, ʔasinnaẗ, ʔasunn, n.f., 1 tooth (also, e.g., of a comb; of a saw blade); jag; cog, sprocket, prong; tusk (of an elephant, of a boar, etc.); fang (of a snake, etc.); point, tip (of a nail), nib (of a pen) | ~ al-fīl, n., ivory. — 2 ^BP#1083 (pl. ʔasnān) age (of a person) | ~ al-rušd, n., legal age, majority; ~ al-murāhaqaẗ, n., age of puberty; ~ al-ṭufūlaẗ, n., early childhood; ṣaġīr al ~, adj., young; kabīr al ~, adj., old; ṭaʕana fī ’l-~, vb., to be advanced in years, be aged; taqaddamat bihī al ~, vb., to grow older, to age; to be advanced in years. — 3 (eg.) coarse flour, seconds
► ʔasnānī, adj., dental (phon.)
► ^BP#1725C sunnaẗ, pl. sunan, n., habitual practice, customary procedure or action, norm, usage sanctioned by tradition; al-~, or ~ al-nabiyy, n., the Sunna of the Prophet, i.e., his sayings and doings, later established as legally binding precedents (in addition to the Law established by the Koran) | ʔahl al ~, n., the Sunnites, the orthodox Muslims; ~ al-ṭabīʕaẗ, n., law of nature
► ^BP#1811sunnī, adj., Sunnitic; (pl. ‑ūn), n., Sunnite, Sunni
► sanan, n., customary practice, usage, habit, rule
► sinān, pl. ʔasinnaẗ, n., spearhead
► sanūn, n., tooth powder
► sannān, pl. ‑ūn, n., grinder, sharpener (of knives, shears)
► ʔasannᵘ, adj., older, farther advanced in years
► misann, pl. ‑āt, masānnᵘ, n., whetstone, grindstone; razor strop
► tasnīn, n., clothing of teeth (children), teething
► masnūn, adj., 1 prescribed (as Sunna), sanctioned by law and custom; 2 sharpened, whetted, honed; tapered; pointed (e.g., mustache, features); 3 stinking, fetid (mire)
► musannan, adj., 1 toothed, serrated, dentate, denticulate, indented, jagged; 2 pointed, sharp; sharp-featured (countenance); ʕaǧalaẗ ~aẗ, n., cogwheel; ~ al-ʔaṭrāf, adj., deckle-edged (paper)
► musannanaẗ, pl. ‑āt, cogwheel
► musinn, pl. ‑ūn, masānnᵘ, adj., old, aged, advanced in years; dār al-~īn, n.f., home for the aged, old folks home

sinn سِنّ , pl. ʔasnān , ʔasinnaẗ , ʔasunn

√SNː (SNN)

n.

Two main semantic subfields can be distinguished:

^BP#2441[v1] (pl. ʔasnān, ʔasinnaẗ, ʔasunn) n.f., tooth (also, e.g., of a comb; of a saw blade); jag; cog, sprocket, prong; tusk (of an elephant, of a boar, etc.); fang (of a snake, etc.); point, tip (of a nail), nib (of a pen) – WehrCowan1979.

^BP#1083[v2] (pl. ʔasnān) n., 1 age (of a person). — (belonging here?) 2 (EgAr) coarse flour, seconds – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2015 (Sw#89): from protSem *šinn‑ ‘tooth’ (SED I #249). Passim except Te, Amh and most of modSAr.
▪ Ultimately perh. from AfrAs *sin‑ ‘id’.
▪ According to ClassAr dictionaires, [v2] ‘age’ depends on [v1] ‘tooth’ as a metaphor, »for the teeth vary with the length of life« so that they came to mean ‘measure, or extent, of life; age attained’ (Lane, s.v. sinn).
▪ Also from the same etymon, according the dictionaries, is the semantic complex ‘to prescribe; old custom, norm; Sunna’ treated under ↗sunnaẗ. Nişanyan (31Mar2013) explains the latter as going back to the pre-Islamic custom, practised by Arab tribes, of whetting/filing young boys’ teeth at a certain age in order to sharpen them. In the same way as this explanation links sunnaẗ ‘custom, habit, norm, prescription’ to sinn ‘tooth’, it also connects ‘tooth; sharpening, whetting’ with ‘age’ and could therefore serve as another hypothesis about the relation between [v2] and [v1].
▪ [v2]-2, a value attested only in EgAr, does perhaps not belong here and should be treated separately. More research needed.

[v1]
▪ Badawi2008: ▪ eC7 Q 5:45 wa’l-sinna bi’l-sinni ‘and a tooth for a tooth’

[v1]
▪ Zammit2002: Akk šinnu, Ug šnt ‘tooth/teeth’, Hbr šēn ‘tooth; ivory’, BiblAram šēn ‘tooth’, Syr šennā ‘tooth, tusk’, Gz senn ‘tooth’.
▪ Militarev&Kogan SED-I #249: Akk šinnu, Ebl si-nu-u[m], si-na-tum /šinnum/, /šinnātum/, Ug šn, Hbr šēn, BiblAram šinnayin (du.), JA šinnā, šn, det. šännā, Syr šennā, Mand šina, Gz sənn, Tña šənni, Arg sən, Gaf sənä, Ar sən, sin; Sel isn, Wol əsən, Zwy sən, Cha sən, Eža Muh Msq Gog Sod sənn, Enn End Gye šən, Jib šnin ‘tooth’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2250: Akk šinnu, Ug šn, Hbr šēn, Syr šennō, Gz sənn, Tña sənni, Arg Har Gur sən, Gaf sənä ‘tooth’. – Outside Sem: (Berb) Ahg esin; (WCh) šin, šiŋ, šan, šen in several langs; (CCh) ŝena, ŝene, ŝana, šəŋ, ŝine, ŝəini, ŝənɛ, ŝeŋ, sliŋ, ŝɛnnɛ, sina; (ECh) san-dē, hiin, han, k-song, ga-sena, saaŋo, sa:nu, saŋo, seenō, siŋaŋu, sən; (Rift) siḥino in 3 idoms.

[v2]
▪ Apprently no direct cognates in other Sem langs.
▪ Any connection to the notion of ‘change’ lying at the basis of ↗sanaẗ ‘year’ ?

[v1]
▪ BDB1906 considers Hbr šēn ‘tooth’ as deverbal, from Hbr šānan ‘to whet, sharpen’.
▪ Militarev&Kogan SED-I #249: Sem * šinn‑ ≈ *sinn‑ ‘tooth’.
▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs a ComSem n. *šinn ‘tooth’ and says that the vb.s for ‘to sharpen’ are denominative from this *šinn.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2250 reconstruct Sem *šinn‑ ‘tooth’, Berb *sin‑, WCh *sin‑, CCh *ŝin‑ (< *ḥa-sin‑), ECh *siHan‑ (< *Ha-sin), Rift *siḥin‑ (from *ḥ˅-sin‑; metathesis), all from AfrAs *sin‑ ‘tooth’.
▪ In ClassAr, a number of additional values are attested for sinn and related items. Those that with all likelihood depend on [v1] ‘tooth; to sharpen’ are: ^†‘spearhead, iron head, to pierce with a spear’;⁸² ▪ ^†sinnaẗ ‘ploughshare, iron thing with which the ground is ploughed up’;⁸³ ▪ ^†sanna, vb. I, ‘to tend well, pasture, render fat (camels, cattle); to send to the pasturage, make run quickly’ (from ^†sinn in the fig. meaning of ‘[portion of] herbage upon which camels pasture’, i.e. which they can “polish, smoothen, make even” with their teeth?); ▪ ^†sanna, vb. I, ‘to throw down on the face’ (dependence on ‘tooth’ is more evident in the corresponding vb. III, as in sānna ’l-nāqaẗa ‘he [the stallion-camel] bit the she-camel with the fore-part of the mouth’); ▪ ^†sanna, vb. I, ‘to form, fashion, shape, make long; to plaster (pottery with clay)’ (extended meaning, based ‘to sharpen, whet’, hence ‘to give a form, shape’; cf. also ^†sannana, vb. II, ‘to polish, make smooth, make beautiful’); ▪ ^†sunnaẗ ‘(handsome long) face’ (explained in ClassAr dictionaries as ‘the polished, smoothened one’, a face that looks as if it was beautifully polished). — For more values and the whole picture, cf. disambiguation entry ↗SNː (SNN).

[v2]
▪ The explanation, put forward by ClassAr lexicographers (see above, section “CONCISE”), of [v2] ‘age’ depending on [v1] ‘tooth’ because the length of the teeth indicates the age does not sound very convincing. Compared to this etymology, the idea, quoted in Nişanyan’s Sözlük, of sunnaẗ ‘custom, habit’ going back to the Arab tribes’ custom/habit of sharpening young boys’ teeth at a certain age, looks as if there could be some truth to it. If so, it can serve as a semantic link not only between ‘custom, habit’ and ‘tooth’, but also between ‘age’ and ‘tooth’. — Further research needed.
▪ The value given as ‘coarse flower, seconds’ by WehrCowan1979 and listed as [v2]-2 above, is given as ‘bran’ in BadawiHinds1986 and listed as a completely separate item, distinguished from all other values (‘tooth’, ‘age’, ‘custom, habit; sunna’). It is not clear whether it belongs to the notion of ‘(advanced) age’ (coarse flower = old flower?; cf. also ʕēš il-sinn ‘bran bread (prescribed for diabetics)’: = bread for people of advanced age?) or has an etymology and semantic history in its own right.

82. Also sinān. Calice1936 #84 puts sinān ‘spearhead’ together with Eg sn ‘Zweizack’ (two-pronged spear) and Berb asennan ‘thorny’. 83. Probably from sinn [v1] ‘tooth; to sharpen’. But cf. Corriente2008: 86 who mentions the word, for EgAr, in the ʔiḍāfa sinn il-muḥrāt ‘ploughshare’ as a possible borrowing from Copt: »contributed by Behnstedt 1981:91, who considers likely a derivation from Copt sine of the same meaning (Crum 343), in spite of the phonetic likeness to Ar sinn ‘tooth; point’, possibly contributing to maintain the Copt item in use. In their unp[ublished] article, however, Behnstedt & Woidich concede the same likelihood to both possibilities.«

▪ Not the Ar word sinn but Hbr šîn is the name for the letter shin of the Hbr alphabet. The Hbr name goes back to Phoen *šinn ‘tooth’, which is the twenty-first letter of the Phoen alphabet. It is called ‘tooth’ as a result of folk etymology »based on the shape of the letter, which resembles a row of pointed teeth. The letter originally depicted a composite bow, a powerful kind of bow that is made of layers of different materials such as horn and wood and usually has the tips curving away from the archer when unstrung. The earlier name of the letter was *šann < *ṯann ‘composite bow’.« – Huehnergard2011.

For the sake of clarity, [v1] and [v2] are separated here although they may be related (among each other, as well as to ↗sunnaẗ). For an overview of all items, cf. ↗SNː (SNN).

[v1] ‘tooth; to sharpen’
► sinn al-fīl, n., ivory.
sanna, u (sann), vb. I, to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; to mold, shape, form: denom. from sinn ‘tooth’. – For other meanings see ↗sunnaẗ.
► sannana, vb. II, to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; to indent, jag, notch: caus. denom. (to make sharp like teetch, make look like teeth).
► ʔasanna, vb. IV, to grow teeth, cut o.’s teeth, teethe: denom. – For other meanings see below, [v2].
► ĭstanna, vb. VIII, to clean and polish o.’s teeth with the siwāk : denom., autobenef. – For other meanings see ↗sunnaẗ.

► ʔasnānī, adj., dental (phon.): nsb-adj, from ʔasnān, pl. of sinn ‘tooth’.
► sinān, pl. ʔasinnaẗ, n., spearhead: cf. notes to section “DETAILS” above.
► sanūn, n., tooth powder.
► sannān, pl. ‑ūn, n., grinder, sharpener (of knives, shears): n.prof.
► misann, pl. ‑āt, masānnᵘ, n., whetstone, grindstone; razor strop: n.instr.
► tasnīn, n., clothing of teeth (children), teething: vn. II, used as techn.term.
► masnūn, adj., 1 sharpened, whetted, honed; tapered; pointed (e.g., mustache, features): PP I. — (belonging here?) 2 stinking, fetid (mire): lit., *‘sharp, biting’ odour? — For other meanings see ↗sunnaẗ.
► musannan, adj., toothed, serrated, dentate, denticulate, indented, jagged; pointed, sharp; sharp-featured (countenance): PP II. | ʕaǧalaẗ ~aẗ, n., cogwheel; ~ al-ʔaṭrāf, adj., deckle-edged (paper).
► musannanaẗ, pl. ‑āt, cogwheel: PP II f., used as term.techn. in mechanics.

[v2] ‘age, to grow older’
► sinn al-rušd, n., legal age, majority.
► sinn al-murāhaqaẗ, n., age of puberty.
► sinn al-ṭufūlaẗ, n., early childhood.
► ṣaġīr al sinn, adj., young.
► kabīr al sinn, adj., old.
► ṭaʕana fī ’l-sinn, vb. I, to be advanced in years, be aged.
► taqaddamat bihī al sinn, vb. V, to grow older, to age; to be advanced in years.
► ʔasanna, vb. IV, to grow old, to age; to be advanced in years: denom. from sinn ‘(old, advanced) age)’. – For other meanings see above, [v1].
► ʔasannᵘ, adj., older, farther advanced in years: elat. formation.
► musinn, pl. ‑ūn, masānnᵘ, adj., old, aged, advanced in years: PA IV. | dār al-~īn, n.f., home for the aged, old folks home.

sunnaẗ سُنَّة , pl. sunan

√SNː (SNN)

n.f.

habitual practice, customary procedure or action, norm, usage sanctioned by tradition; al-sunnaẗ, or sunnaẗ al-nabiyy, the Sunna of the Prophet, i.e., his sayings and doings, later established as legally binding precedents (in addition to the Law established by the Koran) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Deverbative from sanna ‘to sharpen, whet, grind’, hence also ‘to polish’ and ‘to shape, give a form’, from ↗sinn ‘tooth’. The proper meaning of sunnaẗ is thus probably ‘s.th. that has been given a shape, a form, a frame’, understood as the customary rules and norms, established through tradition, that give life a shape and uphold public order.
▪ Nişanyan (02Feb2014) gives the same etymology (sunnaẗ < sanna ‘to sharpen, whet’ < sinn ‘tooth’) but has a specific explanation as to how the new meaning derived from the older ones: »The ultimate source of the Ar word is the old Arab tribes’ habit of filing the teeth of male children who had reached a certain age, in order to sharpen them«. From that specific custom, then, would have emerged the meaning ‘custom, habit’ in general. This explanation provides also a link between the two main values of sinn, namely ‘tooth’ and ‘age’ (cf. ↗sinn).
▪ sunnaẗ is not to be confused with words that have the same rasm, سنة, such as ↗sanaẗ ‘year’ (√SN(W)) or ↗sinaẗ ‘slumber, doze’ (√WSN) and some other ClassAr words.

▪ eC7 Q (modes or manners or customs of life and living, norms, established practices) 3:137 qad ḫalat min qabli-kum sunanun ‘systems have passed away before you’. ▪ (practice, law, way) 33:62 wa-lan taǧida li-sunnaẗi ’ḷḷāhi tabdīlan ‘thou wilt not find for the way of Allah aught of power to change’ – (Badawi2008)
▪ The specific use of sunnaẗ in the sense of ‘the Prophet (Muḥammad)’s tradition’ is attested from early Islamic times. [attestation needed]

▪ Zammit2002: (for sunnaẗ ‘law; conduct; punishment’): SAr snt ‘rule, code, customary law’, Gz tasnān ‘judicium’.
▪ No immediate cognates in other Sem langs other than those listed by Zammit. But since the word with all probability depends on sanna ‘to sharpen, shape’, which is from sinn ‘tooth’, cf. the cognates given in the entry on ↗sinn.

▪ Huehnergard2011 #snn states that sunnaẗ is (deverb.) from < sanna ‘to sharpen, shape; to prescribe’, which is (denom.) from sinn ‘tooth’ < ComSem *šinn ‘tooth’.
▪ Nişanyan (02Feb2014): sunnaẗ is from Ar sanna ‘1. to bite, nibble, gnaw; to sharpen, whet, grind; 2. to set up a rule or norm’, from Ar sinn ‘tooth’. »The ultimate source of the Ar word is the old Arab tribes’ habit of filing the teeth of male children who had reached a certain age, in order to sharpen them«.⁸⁴ .
▪ In ClassAr, a number of additional values are attested for sunnaẗ and related items. Those that with all likelihood belong to the same semantic group are: ▪ ^†sanna, vb. I, ‘to form, fashion, shape, make long; to plaster (pottery with clay)’ (having the idea of ‘shaping, form-giving, fashioning’ in common with sunnaẗ in the sense of ‘norm’); ▪ ^†sunnaẗ ‘nature, natural disposition, temper’ (lit., *o.’s habit?); ▪ ^†sunnaẗ ‘(handsome long) face’ (lit., *the well-formed, beautifully shaped one?). – More doubtful: ▪ ^†sunnaẗ ‘black line, or streak, on the back of the ass’; ▪ ^†sunnaẗ, sinnaẗ ‘sort of Medinan dates’; ▪ ^†sanan ‘(middle part of) way, road’.
▪ In ClassAr, there are not only sanaẗ ‘year’ and sinaẗ ‘slumber, doze’ that have the same rasm سنة as sunnaẗ, but also ^†sannaẗ ‘she-bear’ and ^†sinnaẗ ‘double-edged axe; ploughshare; coin, money’ (values given as in Steingass1884 / Wahrmund1887).

84. Arapça sözcüğün nihai kaynağı eski Arap aşiret töresi uyarınca belli bir yaşa gelen erkek çocukların dişlerinin yontularak keskinleştirilmesidir.

▪ Engl Sunna, n., from Ar sunnaẗ; Sunni, n., 1620 s, from Ar sunnī ‘adherent of the Sunnah; Muslim who accepts the orthodox tradition as well as the Quran,’ from sunnaẗ ‘traditional teachings of Muhammad,’ lit. ‘way, custom, course, tradition, usage,’ from sanna ‘to sharpen, shape, prescribe’. – Related: Sunnite. – EtymOnline / Huehnergard2011.
▪ Tu sünnet ‘circumcision’ (Muḳaddimetü’l-ʔEdeb, <1300), from Ar sunnaẗ – Nişanyan (02Feb2014).

► ʔahl al sunnaẗ, n., the Sunnites, the orthodox Muslims.
► sunnaẗ al-ṭabīʕaẗ, n., law of nature.

► sanna, u (sann), vb. I, to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom): denom. from sunnaẗ, or is the latter deverb. from sanna ? | ~ qānūnan, vb., to enact, or pass, a law. – For other meanings see ↗sinn [v1].
► ĭstanna, vb. VIII, to take, follow (a course or way); to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom): t-stem of I, denom. from sann or sunnaẗ. | ~ sunnaẗa Muḥammad, vb., to follow the Sunna of Mohammed. – For other meanings see ↗sinn [v1].

► sann, n., prescription, introduction, enactment, issuance (of laws): vn. I.
► ^BP#1811sunnī, adj., Sunnitic; (pl. ‑ūn), n., Sunnite, Sunni: nsb-adj, from sunnaẗ.
► sanan, n., customary practice, usage, habit, rule.
► masnūn, adj., prescribed (as Sunna), sanctioned by law and custom: PP I. – For other meanings see ↗sinn [v1].

sunnī سُنِّيّ

√SNː (SNN)

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Sunni, from Ar sunnī ‘Sunni’, from ↗sunnaẗ ‘customary practice, tradition’, from sanna ‘to sharpen, shape, prescribe’.

►

SNBL سنبل

√SNBL

“root”

▪ SNBL_1 ‘ears (of cereals)’ ↗sunbul
▪ SNBL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): Some philologists derive the word sunbulatun, ear of corn, from SBL (to elongate, to lengthen), but others derive it from SNBL which is also associated with lengthening and elongating. A foreign origin has also been suggested for it, possibly Aram.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sunbul سُنْبُل (n.un. ‑aẗ), pl. ‑āt , sanābilᵘ

√SNBL

n.coll.; n.un. ‑aẗ

ear, spike (of grain); al-~ Virgo (astron.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Given that the cultivation of cerials was not very common among pre-Islamic Arabs (while an old practice in the Fertile Crescent), the word sunbulaẗ is quite likely to be a borrowing, probably from Aram (as already suggested by Jeffery and recently confirmed by Pennacchio). In Sem outside Ar, there are forms showing ‑n‑ as well as others that don’t. Kogan2011 therefore reconstructs protSem *šu(n)bul‑at‑ ‘ear of corn’.
▪ Cf. also ↗sabal ‘ears (of cereals)’.
▪…

▪ eC7 Q 2:261 (ear of corn) maṯalu ’llaḏīna yunfiqūna ʔamwāla-hum fī sabīli ’ḷḷāhi ka-maṯali ḥabbatin ʔanbatat sabʕa sanābila fī kulli sunbulatin miʔatu ḥabbatin ‘the likeness of those who spend their wealth in God’s cause is as the likeness of a grain which produces seven ears, each bearing a hundred grains’

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘ear of corn’) Akk šubultu, Hbr šibbóleṯ, Syr šebbeltā, Gz (sabl).
▪ Fronzaroli #6.33: Akk šūbultu, Ug šbl, Hbr šibbōlet, Syr šebbᵉlā, šebbaltā, Gz sabl, sanbel, Soq sebóleh ‘ear, (of corn)’
▪ Kogan2011: Akk šubultu, Ug šblt, Hbr šibbōlät, Syr šeblā, Ar sabalaẗ, sunbulaẗ, Sab sblt, Gz sabl, Mhr səbəlēt, Soq seboléh

▪ Jeffery1938: »The double pl. sanābil and sunbulāt suggests foreign borrowing. – The usual theory is that it is derived from ↗√SBL (Rāghib, Mufradāt, 222, and the Lexicons), it not being realized that the vb. ʔasbala ‘to put out ears’ is itself a denominative from sabalaẗ, subūlaẗ, sabūlaẗ, which parallel Hbr šibbōlǟṯ, Akk šubultu, Aram šiḇləṯā, Syr šebbultā (cf. Eth [Gz] sabl). – As a matter of fact sunbul, sunbulaẗ is an independent borrowing from the Aram and may be compared with the Mand šûmbîltā (Nöldeke, Mand. Gram., 19). The inserted n is not uncommon in loan-words in Ar, as Geyer points out.⁸⁵ Cf. [Ar] ↗manǧal from [Aram] maggāl, Syr MGLā, or [Ar] KNF from [Syr] KPā, or [Ar] ↗qunfuḏ from [Aram] QPWD, Syr QWPDā, or [Ar] ↗ḫinzīr from [Aram] ḥzīr, Syr ḥzīrā, etc.«
▪ Fronzaroli #6.33: Sem *šubbul(at)‑ ‘ear’
▪ Kogan2011: Sem *šu(n)bul-at‑ ‘ear of corn’.
▪ Pennacchio2014, 95-6: »La reconstruction de la forme est difficile car Ug šblt et Ebl šabaltum ‘épi’ (su-PA.SIKIL), qui présentent la forme primitive, correspondent⁸⁶ à Akk šubultu, šubiltu. Souvent, l’Akk procède à des transformations phonologiques, mais là, nous n’en avons aucune trace. D’un autre côté, certaines formes ont conservé les marques ďune probable assimilation *nb > bb : en Syr šebbelā, pl. šebbelê, le dagesh dans le /b/ en Hbr šibbōleṯ, JA šibbōleṯ, šibbōltāʔ, tandis que Ar sunbulaẗ, sunbul, sunbulāt et sanābil, de même que le mandéen šwmbyltʔ semblent avoir conservé une forme avec /n/ pour l’un et /m/ pour l’autre. Hbr šibbōleṯ n’a pas été vu comme un emprunt. Al-Suyūṭī n’a pas relevé sunbulaẗ dans ses emprunts. / Qu’en est-il de l’histoire de l’objet? À lire I. Guidi, les premiers Arabes ne savaient pas faire le pain et les différentes façons de désigner un four le prouve: tous les mots sont étrangers: ↗furn, ↗ʔatun, ↗tannūr. De plus, ils sont vus dans les sources comme détestant l’agriculture. ↗laḥm l’atteste, en arabe il correspond à de la ‘viande’, tandis qu’en Hbr leḥem correspond à du ‘pain’. En Ug lḥm a les deux sens.⁸⁷ Selon H. Lammens, même à l’époque du Prophète, la culture des céréales était rare dans les oasis du Ḥiǧāz.⁸⁸ Pourtant, la culture du blé est ancienne au Proche-Orient. Selon les études de George Willcox en archéobotanique,⁸⁹ la domestication du blé au Proche-Orient aurait commencé vers le VIIᵉ millénaire avant notre ère. La désignation du ‘blé’ est donc très ancienne dans le monde sémitique et surtout dans la région du Croissant fertile, comme l’atteste Ug, Ebl et Akk qui reproduisent vraisemblablement la forme proto-Sem. Aram et Hbr ont conservé les marques ďune forme assimilée probablement issue de la précédente. La langue arabe a probablement emprunté sunbulaẗ a une source Aram ou JA avec un /n/.«

85. Zwei Gedichte, i: 118, n. 86. Cf. Fronzaroli, “Miscellanea Eblaitica 1”, Quaderni di Semitistica (Univ. di Firenze, Dpt. linguistica) 15 (1988): 33. 87. ‘1 grain, 2 pain, 3 nourriture, viande’ – DUL, 2: 496. 88. H. Lammens, Le berceau de l’islam, 141: »Pour eux les deux seules nourritures solides usuelles sont les dattes et la viande. Cette dernière porte le nom de laḥm, peut-être parce avant [sic ] l’introduction et la diffusion du palmier-dattier, elle constitua l’aliment solide par excellence. Même dans les plus florissantes oasis du Higàz, la culture du blé n’a jamais pris des proportions considérables. Parmi les rares céréales cultivées, on s’est surtout appliqué à récolter de l’orge.« 89. Cf. http://www2.enrs.fr/presse/communique/841.htm> (accessed 04Jun2010).

▪ Not from Ar sunbulaẗ, but going back to the same Sem etymon is Engl shibboleth (lC14). The latter is from Hbr šibbōleṯ, meaning ‘flood, stream’, also ‘ear of corn’ in Judges xii:4-6. »It was the password used by the Gileadites to distinguish their own men from fleeing Ephraimites, because Ephraimites could not pronounce the š sound. Hence the figurative sense of ‘watchword’ (first recorded 1630 s), which evolved by 1862 to ‘outmoded slogan still adhered to’ – EtymOnline.

► al-sunbul al-rūmī, n., Celtic spikenard (Nardus celtica; bot.)
► al-sunbul al-hindī, n., Indian spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi; bot.)

► sunbulī, adj., spiciform, spicate, shaped like a spike or ear (bot.)

SND سند

√SND

“root”

▪ SND_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SND_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SND_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to support, prop up, to recline’

▪ …

–

.

–

mustanadāt مُسْتَنَدات

√SND

non-hum.pl.

documents, supporting evidence

▪ PP VIII, pl.

.

SNDS سندس

√SNDS

“root”

▪ SNDS_1 ‘silk brocade, sarcenet’ ↗sundus

▪ Jeffery1938 presents two alternative suggestions (for details, see ↗sundus, section DISC): (a) via Pers sandūqus from Grk sánduks ‘bright red colour; (hence also:) transparent, flesh-coloured women’s garments (dyed with this colour)’, a word used among the Lydians; (b) from Grk sindṓn ‘garment used in the Bacchic mysteries’, Akk sudinnu, sadinnu.

▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

sundus سُنْدُس

√SNDS

n.

silk brocade, sarcenet – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Jeffery1938 presents 2 alternative suggestions (for details, see below, section DISC): (a) via Pers sandūqus from Grk sánduks ‘bright red colour; (hence also:) transparent, flesh-coloured women’s garments (dyed with this colour)’, a word used among the Lydians; (b) from Grk sindṓn ‘garment used in the Bacchic mysteries’, from Akk saddinnu, šaddinnu.
▪ Cheung2017rev: prob. a direct borrowing from Parth/mPers sndws. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘fine silk’) Q 18:31 wa-yalbasūna ṯiyāban ḫuḍran min sundusin ‘they will be wearing garments of fine green silk’; see also 44:53; 76:21.

▪ var. (a) : Syr sāndūks
▪ var. (b) : Akk sudinnu, sa(d)din(n)u, šaddinnu ‘piece of cloth, (a tunic/garment) multicoloured of linen’ (> Hbr sādîn, Aram sdynʔ > Syr sedūnā ‘piece of cloth’), Gz səndun, səndon, sandon, sondon, sondun ‘fine linen, fine garment, linen cloth, gown’ – Leslau2006.

▪ Jeffery1938: »It occurs only in combination with ↗istabraq in describing the elegant clothing of the inhabitants of Paradise, and thus may be suspected at once of being an Iranian word. / It was early recognized as a foreign borrowing, and is given as Pers by al-Kindī, Risāla, 85; al-Thaʕlabī, Fiqh, 317; al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 79; al-Khafājī, 104; as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 322. Others, however, took it as Ar, as the Muḥīṭ notes, and some, as we learn from TA, iv, 168, thought it was one of the cases where the two languages used the same word. / Freytag in his Lexicon gave it as e persica lingua, though Fraenkel, Vocab, 4, raised a doubt, for no such form as sundus occurs in Pers, ancient or modern.^⁹⁰ Dvořák, Fremdw, 72, suggests that it is a corruption of the Pers sandūqus, which like Syr sāndūks is derived from Grk sánduks,^⁹¹ a word used among the Lydians, so Strabo XI, xiv, 9, says, for fine, transparent, flesh-coloured women’s garments of linen. / Fraenkel, Fremdw, 41, compares with the Grk sindṓn, the garment used in the Bacchic mysteries, and with this Vollers, ZDMG, 51:298, is inclined to agree, as also Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 37. sindṓn itself is derived from Akk sudinnu, sadinnu, whence came the Hbr sādîn, Aram sdynā. In any case it was an early borrowing as it occurs in the early poetry, e.g. in Mutalammis, xiv, 3, etc.«

90. See now Henning in BSOS, ix, 87. 91. Vullers, Lex, ii, 331.

–

►sundusī, adj., (made) of silk brocade or sarcenet: nisba formation.

SNR سنر

√SNR

“root”

▪ SNR_1 ‘fishing tackle, fishhook; crochet needle’ ↗sinnāraẗ
▪ SNR_2 ‘cat’ ↗¹sinnawr

Other values, now obsolete, include (Lane iv 1872, Hava1899):

▪ ^†SNR_3 ‘prince, lord, master, chief, chief of a tribe’: ^†²sinnawr
▪ ^†SNR_4 ‘vertebra of the upper part of the neck (of a camel); root of the tail’: ↗^†³sinnawr
▪ ^†SNR_5 ‘armour, coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’: ^†sanawwar
▪ ^†SNR_6 ‘to be(come) illnatured, very perverse, cross, narrow in disposition’: ↗^†sanira, a (sanar).
▪ …

▪ [v1] sinnāraẗ ‘fishing tackle, fishhook; crochet needle’: from Aram, or Grk? See variant spelling ↗ṣinnāraẗ, with initial /ṣ/ instead of /s/.
▪ [v2] ¹sinnawr ‘cat’: unless an Akkadism (Akk > Aram > Ar), one may posit protSem *šu/in(n)ār-, *šurān- ~ *su/in(n)ār-, *surān- ‘cat’; but ComSem status remains doubtful – MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #206. Like Fraenkel1886: 43, also LandbergZetterstein1942 regard ¹sinnawr as a dimin. in FiʕʕawL, from the more basic forms ^†sunnār, ^†sunār, which also are historically attested. – Accord. to Lane iv 1872, the word is »rare in the language of the Arabs, ↗hirr and ḍaywan are more common«; some Ar lexicographers think ¹sinnawr ‘cat’ is from [v6] ^†sanira (a, sanar) ‘to be(come) illnatured, very perverse, cross, narrow in disposition’, but that also »the reverse may be the case«.
▪ ^†[v3] ^†²sinnawr ‘prince, lord, master, chief, chief of a tribe’: a var. of sanbar ‘experienced, knowledgeable, expert’? Of obscure etymology. – DHDA registers an attestation of (the phonologically close) ^†sanbar in the sense of ‘experienced, knowledgeable, expert’, which could be the basis of ‘prince, lord, master, chief’. Other phonologically close words like ^†ṣanbar, ^†ṣunbūr ‘mean, ignoble’ (^†[v3] in root entry ↗ṢNBR) or ^†ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ and ^†⁴ṣinnāraẗ ‘homme qui, malgré sa bonne naissance, n’est ni lettré ni bien élevé; rustre’ (= [v5] in root entry ↗ṢNR) do not fit in semantically.
▪ ^†[v4] ^†³sinnawr ‘vertebra of the upper part of the neck (of a camel); root of the tail’: of obscure etymology.
▪ ^†[v5] ^†sanawwar ‘armour, coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’: Ḍinnāwī2004 assumes an origin in Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’ (PayneSmith1903). Hebbo1970 thinks (with Sachau) that the Syr word is in turn from mPers, cf. Pers serbār~servār ‘burden carried on the head, headload’, Av sara-bāra ‘head cover’ (Horn1893). – Cf. also ^†ṣinnāraẗ ‘leathern handle; handle, kind of shieldʼ (↗√ṢNR).
▪ ^†[v6] ^†sanira (a, sanar) ‘to be(come) illnatured, very perverse, cross, narrow in disposition’: some Class Ar lexicographers thought the item was denom. from [v2] sinnawr ‘cat’, but were far from sure about that: »perhaps the reverse may be the case« – Lane iv 1872.
▪ …

▪ [v1] : See ↗ṣinnāraẗ.
▪ [v2] : 605 – DHDA. – Lane iv 1872: also ^†sunnār, ^†sunār.
▪ ^†[v3] : (? – akin to ^†²sinnawr?) 641 sanbar ‘experienced, knowledgeable, expert’ – DHDA.
▪ ^†[v4] : 626 sinawwar ‘vertebra of the cattle’s neck’ – DHDA.
▪ ^†[v5] : 540 sanawwar ‘weapon worn in war’ – DHDA.
▪ ^†[v6] : …
▪ …

▪ [v1] : See variant spelling ↗ṣinnāraẗ (with initial /ṣ/ rather than /s/).
▪ [v2] : MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #206: Akk šurānu ‘cat’,⁶ oAram šrn ‘wild cat’, JudAram šunnārā, šūnārā, šūrānā ‘cat’, šīnurtā ‘she-cat’, Syr šūrᵊnā ‘felis; mustela, animal quod vorat gallinas’, šūnārā ‘felis’, šᵊnārᵊtā, šānūrā ‘felis, felicula’, sannūrā, sannūrᵊtā ‘felis’, Mnd šunara ‘cat’, šinarta (f. of šunara) ‘she-cat’, Ar sunnār, sinnawr, šūnārā,⁷ Mhr sənnáwrət, sennôret, Ḥrs sennōreh, Jib sínórt, sinúrt ‘cat’.
▪ ^†[v3] : (?) ^†sanbar ‘experienced, knowledgeable, expert’ (see section HIST)? – Similar words with initial /ṣ/ like ^†ṣanbar, ^†ṣunbūr ‘mean, ignoble’, ^†ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ and ^†⁴ṣinnāraẗ ‘homme qui, malgré sa bonne naissance, n’est ni lettré ni bien élevé; rustre’ can hardly be cognate as they do not match semantically.
▪ ^†[v4] : ?
▪ ^†[v5] (Prob. borrowed from) Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’ (PayneSmith1903). – Cf. also ^†ṣinnāraẗ ‘leathern handle; handle, kind of shieldʼ (↗√ṢNR).
▪ ^†[v6] : ?
▪ …

6. oAkk on; in oAkk attested as personal name; passages in which šurānu unambiguously denotes a wild cat are well known whereas there is no context definitely suggesting a meaning ‘domestic cat’. 7. Accord. to Hommel1879: 315 attested in late texts only.

▪ [v1] : See above, section CONC, and/or directly s.v. ↗ṣinnāraẗ.
▪ [v2] : MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #206: »Since a chain of borrowings (Akk > Aram > Ar > modSAr) is not unlikely, the ComSem status of the term is doubtful. An Akkadism in Aram is cautiously suggested in Kaufman1974: 154 whereas the Ar term is regarded as an Aramaism in Hommel1879: 314. Hommel’s interpretation of the Aram forms as borrowed from Grk saínouros ‘Schwanzwedler’ is definitively impossible in view of the Akk evidence (critical observations on this suggestion see already in Nöldeke1879: 1269). – Possible AfrAs parallels display a highly complicated picture.«
▪ ^†[v3]-^†[v6]: ?
▪ …

–

sinnāraẗ سِنّارة , pl. sanānīrᵘ

√SNR

n.f.

fishing tackle, fishhook; crochet needle – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Aram, or Grk? See variant spelling ↗ṣinnāraẗ, with initial /ṣ/ instead of /s/.
▪ …

▪ See ↗ṣinnāraẗ.
▪ …

▪ See variant spelling ↗ṣinnāraẗ (with initial /ṣ/ rather than /s/).
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC, and/or directly s.v. ↗ṣinnāraẗ.
▪ …

–

¹sinnawr سِنَّوْر , pl. sanānīrᵘ

√SNR

n.

cat – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Unless an Akkadism (Akk > Aram > Ar, see COGN), one may posit protSem *šu/in(n)ār-, *šurān- ~ *su/in(n)ār-, *surān- ‘cat’; but ComSem status remains doubtful – MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #206.
▪ LandbergZetterstein1942 regard ¹sinnawr as a dimin. in FiʕʕawL, from the more basic forms ^†sunnār, ^†sunār, which also are historically attested.
▪ Accord. to Lane iv 1872, the word is »rare in the language of the Arabs, ↗hirr and ḍaywan are more common«; some Ar lexicographers think ¹sinnawr ‘cat’ is from ^†sanira (a, sanar) ‘to be(come) illnatured, very perverse, cross, narrow in disposition’, but also »the reverse may be the case«.
▪ Puzzling homonyms: ^†²sinnawr ‘prince, lord, master, chief, chief of a tribe’ and ^†³sinnawr ‘vertebra of the upper part of the neck (of a camel); root of the tail’. Phonologically close are also ^†sanawwar ‘armour, coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’ as well as lexemes with initial /ṣ/ like ^†ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ (↗√ṢNR) or ^†ṣinnabr ‘cold clouds, cold wind (with mist or clouds)’ (↗√ṢNBR).
▪ …

▪ 605 – DHDA. – Lane iv 1872: also ^†sunnār, ^†sunār.
▪ …

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #206: Akk šurānu ‘cat’,⁸ oAram šrn ‘wild cat’, JudAram šunnārā, šūnārā, šūrānā ‘cat’, šīnurtā ‘she-cat’, Syr šūrᵊnā ‘felis; mustela, animal quod vorat gallinas’, šūnārā ‘felis’, šᵊnārᵊtā, šānūrā ‘felis, felicula’, sannūrā, sannūrᵊtā ‘felis’, Mnd šunara ‘cat’, šinarta (f. of šunara) ‘she-cat’, Ar sunnār, sinnawr, šūnārā,⁹ Mhr sənnáwrət, sennôret, Ḥrs sennōreh, Jib sínórt, sinúrt ‘cat’.
▪ …

8. oAkk on; in oAkk attested as personal name; passages in which šurānu unambiguously denotes a wild cat are well known whereas there is no context definitely suggesting a meaning ‘domestic cat’. 9. Accord. to Hommel1879: 315 attested in late texts only.

DISC ▪ MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #206: »Since a chain of borrowings (Akk > Aram > Ar > modSAr) is not unlikely, the ComSem status of the term is doubtful. An Akkadism in Aram is cautiously suggested in Kaufman1974: 154 whereas the Ar term is regarded as an Aramaism in Hommel1879: 314. Hommel’s interpretation of the Aram forms as borrowed from Grk saínouros ‘Schwanzwedler’ is definitively impossible in view of the Akk evidence (critical observations on this suggestion see already in Nöldeke1879: 1269). – Possible AfrAs parallels display a highly complicated picture.«
▪ Neither homonymous ^†²sinnawr ‘prince, lord, master, chief, chief of a tribe’ (↗^†SNR_3) and ^†³sinnawr ‘vertebra of the upper part of the neck (of a camel); root of the tail’ (↗^†SNR_4) nor phonologically close items like ^†sanawwar ‘armour, weapon’ (↗^†SNR_5) or ^†ṣinnawr (initial /ṣ/!) ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ can with all likelihood be cognate as these do not match semantically.
▪ …

–

SNṬ سنط

√SNṬ

“root”

▪ SNṬ_1 ‘sant tree, an acacia’ ↗sanṭ
▪ SNṬ_2 ‘wart’ ↗sanṭaẗ (EgAr)

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sanṭ سَنْط

√SNṬ

n.

a variety of sant tree (Acacia nilotica; bot.) – WehrCowan1979.

Probably a loan word in WSem from Copt šonte, šonti ‘acacia tree’, or Dem šnt (from Eg šnd, also f. šnḏ.t ‘id.’). Erman, however, would not exclude that the Eg item is loaned from Sem.

▪ …

Hbr šiṭṭāh. – Outside Sem: Eg šnǧ, šnǧ.t (Dem šnt), Copt šonte (BohCopt šonti) ‘acacia tree’

▪ Youssef2003: from Eg šnǧ.t, Copt šonte ‘acacia tree’
▪ Rolland2014: from SahCopt šonte or BohCopt šonti ‘acacia tree’, or Dem šnt, from (mEmp) Eg šnd ‘id.’
▪ Erman1892 would not exclude that the Eg item is loaned from Sem, whereas
▪ Calice1936 takes the ṭ in Hbr šiṭṭāh as an indication of the Hbr item being a borrowing.

–

SNM سنم

√SNM

“root”

▪ SNM_1 ‘Tasnim (name of a fountain in Paradise)’ ↗tasnīm
▪ SNM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SNM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be high, rise, be the top part, camel hump’

▪ …

–

.

–

tasnīm تَسْنِيم

√SNM, TSNM

n.prop.loc.

Tasnim, name of a fountain in Paradise – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q lxxxiii, 27 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The exegetes derive the word from sannama ‘to raise’, form II of sanima ‘to be high’, and the fountain is said to be called tasnīm because the water is carried from it to the highest apartment of the Pavilion, cf. Zam. on the passage, and Ṭab. quoting Muǧāhid and Al-Kalbī; also LA, xv, 199. It is obvious, however, that this is merely an attempt to explain a word that was strange to the exegetes, and which lent itself to explanation as a form tafʕīl from sanima. There is no occurrence of the word earlier than the Qurʔān, and apparently nothing in the literature of the surrounding peoples from which we can derive it, so Nöldeke is doubtless right when in his Sketches, 38, he takes the word to be an invention of Muḥammad himself.«

–

SNW سنو

√SNW

“root”

▪ SNW_1 ‘year’ ↗sanaẗ (also grouped under √SN)
▪ SNW_2 ‘to gleam, shine, radiate’ ↗sanā (vb.)
▪ SNW_3 ‘senna (tree)’ ↗sanā (n.)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shining, glittering, lightning; high rank, climbing; irrigation, watering’. – sanaẗ, year, may be a derivative.

▪ …

–

sanaẗ سَنَة , pl. sinūn , sanawāt

√SN, SNW

n.f.

year – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *šan‑at‑ ‘year’. – Cf. also ↗ʕām.
▪ Perhaps related to the notion of ‘changing, becoming different’ or that of ‘repeating, returning’ (see “DISC” below).

▪ Of the same rasm سنة but not to be confused with sanaẗ ‘year’: ↗sunnaẗ ‘custom, habit; (the Prophet’s) tradition’ (√SNː/SNN), sinaẗ ‘slumber, doze’ (↗wasina, √WSN), as well as some items in ClassAr.
▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 46:15 wa-balaġa ʔarbaʕīna sanaẗan ‘and [if] he reaches fourty years’

▪ Zammit2002: (SNW): Akk šattu, Ug šnt, Phn šnt, št, Hbr šānā, Aram šᵉnā, Syr šᵉnā, šattā ‘year’, ? SAr snt
▪ BDB1906: as in Zammit2002, plus oAram Nab Palm šntʔ, šnt, št, šnn.

▪ Huehnergard2011 gives Sem *ŠN as the underlying root and reconstructs a ComSem n. *šan(a)t‑ ‘year’.
▪ Badawi2008: 460 mentions that sanaẗ may be a derivative of √SNW »if its third radical is considered to be و (w). There is a degree of uncertainty about and overlapping between the roots √SNN and √SNH.«
▪ Nişanyan(02Feb2014) sees a connection between Ar sanaẗ and Hbr šānâ / Aram šᵉnā ‘to repeat, return, come again’. If this could be substantiated, one would have to consider a relation between sanaẗ and ↗ṯanà ‘to bend, fold, double’ (cf. also ↗iṯnān ‘two’).
▪ BDB1906 considers the possibility that Hbr šānâ ‘year’ may be related to Hbr šānâ ‘to change’ (cf. also Akk šanû ‘to become different, strange, change (intr.)’, Syr šᵉnā ‘to change, esp. mentally = grow insane’), so that ‘year’ would be, originally, a term for ‘changing’ seasons.

▪ Of the same rasm سنة but not to be confused with sanaẗ ‘year’: ↗sunnaẗ ‘custom, habit; (the Prophet’s) tradition’ (√SNː/SNN), sinaẗ ‘slumber, doze’ (↗wasina, √WSN); in ClassAr also ^†sannaẗ ‘she-bear; she-lynx’ and ^†sinnaẗ ‘double-edged axe; ploughshare; coin, money’ (both √SNː/SNN; values given as in Steingass1884 / Wahrmund1887).

▪ Not from Ar sanaẗ but from its Hbr cognate, šānâ ‘year’ (going back to ComSem n. *šan(a)t‑ ‘year’), is Rosh Hashanah (first attested in Engl in 1846), the name for the Jewish new year. The expression is a construct composed of rôš (Ar ↗raʔs) ‘head; beginning’ and haš-šānâ ‘the year’, and thus literally means ‘head of the year’. (Huehnergard2011 / EtymOnline).
▪ In Ge, the same expression is, according to one theory, the origin of the New Year’s wish Einen guten Rutsch!, lit., ‘Have a smooth glide-over (sc. into the next year)’.
▪ Tu sene ‘year’: 1492 (Neşrī, Kitāb-ı Cihānnümā) – Nişanyan(02Feb2014).

► sanaẗ muḥammadiyyaẗ, n., Mohammedan year.
► sanaẗ ḍawʔiyyaẗ, n., light year.
► sanaẗ kabīsaẗ, n., leap year.
► sanaẗ masīḥiyyaẗ, n., year of the Christian era, A.D..
► sanaẗ hiǧriyyaẗ, n., year of the Muslim era (after the hegira), A.H..
► sanaẗ mīlādiyyaẗ, n., year of the Christian era, A.D.
► al-sannata, adv., this year.

► sanawī, adj., annual, yearly; sanawiyyan, adj., annually, yearly, in one year, per year, per annum: nsb-adj.
► musānahatan, adv., annually, yearly: acc.adv. of PP III, from ↗√SNH, with additional H.

sanawī سَنَوِيّ

√SNW

adj.

.

▪ nsb-formation

.

SNWNW سنونو

√SNWNW

“root”

▪ SNWNW_1 ‘swallow’ ↗sunūnuw

▪ [v1] : (MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #197:) Accord. to Zimmern, the word is an Akkadism, but as long as that is not proven one may assume that it is from protSem *su/inun(˅w/y)-at- / *cu/inūn(˅w/y)-at- ‘swallow’.

▪ …

▪ [v1] : Akk sinuntu (sinundu, ṣinundu, sinūnu) ‘swallow’ (OB on), šinūnūtu (šinūntu, šunūnūtu) ‘a bird | eine große Schwalbe’ (both forms only in literary texts and lexical lists), Ug snnt ‘swallow’ (? – meaning conjectural since the word is attested only as a divine designation), postBiblHbr sənūnīt, JudAram Syr sənūnītā, Tur snunīṯo ʻswallow’, SamAram snwny ‘a bird’, Ar sunūnuw (n.un. sunūnuwaẗ, sunūniyaẗ), SyrAr sənänaw ‘martinet’.

▪ [v1] : »All WSem forms are considered Akkadisms in Zimmern1917: 51 which remains to be proved« – MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #197.

–

sunūnuw سُنونو

√SNWNW

n. (coll.)

swallow – WehrCowan1979.

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #197: Accord. to Zimmern, the word is an Akkadism, but as long as that is not proven one may assume that it is from protSem *su/inun(˅w/y)-at- / *cu/inūn(˅w/y)-at- ‘swallow’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Akk sinuntu (sinundu, ṣinundu, sinūnu) ‘swallow’ (OB on), šinūnūtu (šinūntu, šunūnūtu) ‘a bird | eine große Schwalbe’ (both forms only in literary texts and lexical lists), Ug snnt ‘swallow’ (? – meaning conjectural since the word is attested only as a divine designation), postBiblHbr sənūnīt, JudAram Syr sənūnītā, Tur snunīṯo ʻswallow’, SamAram snwny ‘a bird’, Ar sunūnuw (n.un. sunūnuwaẗ, sunūniyaẗ), SyrAr sənänaw ‘martinet’.
▪ …

▪ »All WSem forms are considered Akkadisms in Zimmern1917: 51 which remains to be proved« – MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #197.
▪ …

–

SHR سهر

√SHR

“root”

▪ SHR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SHR_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SHR_3 ‘sāhiraẗ (a name of Hell? seat of the Last Judgment?, surface of the earth? – Q 79:14)’ ↗sāhiraẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘staying up at night, insomnia; the earth’s surface, the Earth, desert’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sahraẗ سَهْرَة

√SHR

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

sāhiraẗ ساهِرة

√SHR

n.f.

a name of Hell? a place in Syria, seat of the Last Judgment?, surface of the earth? (Q 79:14)

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 79:14 – Jeffery1938

.

Jeffery1938: »The passage is an early one referring to the Last Day – ‘Lo there will be but a single blast, and behold they are bi’l-sāhiraẗ’ – where the Commentators are divided in opinion as to whether Sāhiraẗ is one of the names of Hell (ĭsm ǧahannami) or a place in Syria which is to be the seat of the Last Judgment, or means the surface of the earth (waǧh al-ʔarḍ), see Ṭab., Baiḍ. and Bagh. on the verse. Sprenger, Leben, ii, 514, notes that ‘aus dem Arabischen lässt es sich nicht erklären’, and suggests that it is derived from the [Hbr] bēt has-sṓhar which as used in Gen. xxxix and xl means ‘prison’. There seems, however, to be no evidence that this sōhar was ever connected with the abode of the wicked, and Schulthess, Umayyaẗ, 118, commenting on the verse of Umayyaẗ – ʕinda-nā ṣaydu baḥrin wa-ṣaydu sāhiraẗin ‘we are permitted hunting on sea and on dry land,’ would explain it from the Aram sḥrtā = Syr sḥartā.⁹² meaning ‘environs’. He points out that Ar h = Hbr/Aram ḥ is not unknown in words that have come through Nabataean channels.⁹³ It is not impossible, however, to take it as an ordinary Arabic word meaning ‘awake’.«

92. On which see his Homonyme Wurzeln, 41 ff. 93. His examples are Ar dahala = Syr dahlā; Ar dahaqa = Hbr dāḥaq; Ar harafa = Hbr ḥārap.

–

SHL سهل

√SHL

“root”

▪ SHL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SHL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SHL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be level, smooth, easy, convenient; amiable’

▪ …

–

.

–

SHM سهم

√SHM

“root”

▪ SHM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SHM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SHM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘share, luck; arrow; area of land, drawing lots, haggardness of face’

▪ …

–

.

–

SHW سهو

√SHW

“root”

▪ SHW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SHW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SHW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be inattentive, absent-minded, distracted; well-disposed’

▪ …

–

.

–

SWʔ سوء

√SWʔ

“root”

▪ SWʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be(come) bad, evil, wicked; to deteriorate; to afflict, hurt, vex, torment, trouble, make sorry’

▪ From CSem *√ŠWʔ ‘to be(come) evil, devastated, empty’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Shoah, from Hbr šôʔâ ‘devastation, calamity’, akin to Ar ↗sūʔ.

–

SWḤ سوح

√SWḤ

“root”

▪ SWḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘courtyard, open square’

▪ …

–

.

–

SWD سود

√SWD

“root”

▪ SWD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SWD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘blackness, black, to blacken; dark, darkness; master/lady, being a master/lady’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ ?Engl soda ↗ʔaswad.

–

ʔaswadᵘ أَسْوَدُ

√SWD

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: of unknown etymology. Replaced the original Sem term for ‘black’, protSem protSem *ṯ̣lm (> Ar ↗ẒLM ‘to be dark’).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl soda, perh. from Ar suwayd ‘soda, soda-plant’, or suwaydaẗ ‘a type of saltwort’, perh. akin to ʔaswad ‘black’.

►

SWR سور

√SWR

“root”

▪ SWR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SWR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘circle, fence, fencing; an enclosure; to scale, to go over a fence; to be high in stature or in spirits’. – ʔaswiraẗ is a borrowing from Pers.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl sura ↗sūraẗ.

–

sūraẗ سُورَة

√SWR

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl sura, from Ar sūraẗ ‘sura’, from Aram šurā, abs. form of šurᵊtā ‘line, row’.↗

►

Sūriyyaẗ سُوريّة

√SŪR

n.f.

Syria

▪ …

SWS سوس

√SWS

“root”

▪ SWS_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SWS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …
▪ …
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *sā/ūs‑ ‘moth’. – Cf. also ↗ʕuṯṯaẗ (< protSem *ʕ˅ṯ(˅)ṯ‑) ‘dto.’.
▪ ……

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

siyāsaẗ سِياسَة

√SWS

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SWṬ سوط

√SWṬ

“root”

▪ SWṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mixing things together, a mixture, whipping, whisking; punishment; confusion; type, share, portion’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sawṭ سَوْط

√SWṬ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SWʕ سوع

√SWʕ

“root”

▪ SWʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SWʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to spread out, (of animals) to go grazing; to give room to, to leave alone; a portion, a period or an expanse of time, a time-section of the day’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sāʕaẗ ساعَة

√SWʕ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SWĠ سوغ

√SWĠ

“root”

▪ SWĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swallow easily, go down the throat pleasantly, be easy and agreeable to swallow; to travel at large; to follow one another in birth’

▪ …

–

.

–

SWF سوف

√SWF

“root”

▪ SWF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘delaying, putting off, retarding, procrastinating’

▪ All these meanings and forms seem to have been derived from the form and function of the particle sawfa.
▪ …
–

–

.

–

SWQ سوق

√SWQ

“root”

▪ SWQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SWQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to herd, to drive, market place (being the location to which animals and goods are driven), a sequence; leg, tree trunk’. – Some have suggested a foreign origin for sūq, market.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl souk ↗sūq.

–

sūq سُوق

√SWQ

n.m./f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl souk, from Ar sūq ‘market’, from Aram šuqā ‘street, market’, from Akk sūqu ‘street’, from sâqu ‘to be(come) narrow, tight’.

►

siyāq سِياق

√SWQ

n.

.

▪ …

.

SWL سول

√SWL

“root”

▪ SWL_1 ‘to talk s.o. into s.th. evil or fateful, to entice, seduce (said of the Devil)’ ↗sawwala
▪ SWL_2 ‘to beg’ ↗tasawwala
▪ SWL_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘tempting, talking someone into, enticing; wishing, quest’.

▪ BAH2008: »There seems to be a degree of overlapping in the philologists’ treatment of this root and the root ↗SʔL.«
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

sawwal- سَوَّلَ (taswīl)

√SWL

vb., II

1a to talk or argue s.o. (li‑) into s.th. evil or fateful (-h); b to entice, seduce (li‑ s.o., said of the Devil) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Perh. influenced by ↗saʔala.
▪ …

▪ eC7 sawwala (‘to beguile, talk into bad ideas’) Q 12:18 wa-ǧāʔū ʕalà qamīṣihī bi-damin kāḏibin qāla bal sawwalat la-kum ʔanfusukum ʔamran ‘and they came with false blood on his shirt. He cried, “No!, your souls have beguiled you into [doing] something.”’
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►sawwalat lahū nafsuhū, expr., he let himself be seduced (‑h to)

tasawwal- تَسَوَّلَ (tasawwul)

√SWL

vb., V

to beg – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Usually regarded as a var. of tasaʔʔala, but prob. influenced by ↗sawwala.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►tasawwul, n., begging, beggary: vn. V.
►mutasawwil, pl. -ūn, beggar: PA V.

SWM سوم

√SWM

“root”

▪ SWM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SWM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to offer goods for sale, estimate the value of goods; to push along; to graze; to hover, circle around; to brand’ ▪ The philologist’s deriving of sīmā ‘mark’ from this root in connection with wasama ‘to brand’ has been contested. Instead a foreign origin, Grk through Pers, has been suggested for it.
▪ ...

▪ …

–

.

–

SWY سوي

√SWY

“root”

▪ SWY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SWY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be equal, to be level with, to straighten, to smooth out, to be together, to stand’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

musāwāẗ مُساواة

√SWY

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SYB سيب

√SYB

“root”

▪ SYB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SYB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SYB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to flow, run freely, be free, be freed, to set free (of animals); to donate, donation; slaves’

▪ …

–

.

–

SYḤ سيح

√SYḤ

“root”

▪ SYḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SYḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SYḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘water flowing above ground, people travelling freely from one place to another; devoting o.s. to the worship of God; particularly through fasting’

▪ …

–

.

–

SYR سير

√SYR

“root”

▪ SYR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SYR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to march, to walk, to travel, to journey, to sail, caravan; common; manner of ruling other people; biographies; straps’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sār‑ / sir‑ سارَ / سِرْـ

√SYR

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

sīraẗ سِيرَة

√SYR

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

sayyāraẗ سَيّارَة

√SYR

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

SYṬR سيطر

√SYṬR

“root”

▪ SYṬR_1 ‘to command, dominate, control, be master, reign; power, authority’ ↗sayṭara
▪ SYṬR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

sayṭar‑ سَيْطَرَ (sayṭaraẗ)

√SYṬR

vb., I

1a to command, dominate, control (ʕalà s.th.); 1b to be master or lord (ʕalà over s.th.), reign, gain power (ʕalà over); 1c to seize, take hold of (ʕalà) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

► tasayṭara, vb. II, = I: t-stem.

► ^BP#1288sayṭaraẗ, n.f., rule, dominion, domination, command, supremacy, power, authority (ʕalà over); decisive influence (ʕalà on); control (ʕalà over): vn. I.
► musayṭir, n., ruler, sovereign, overlord: PA I.

sayṭaraẗ سَيْطَرَة

√SYṬR

n.f.

.

▪ vn., I

.

SYL سيل

√SYL

“root”

▪ SYL_1 ‘to flow, stream’ ↗sāla
▪ SYL_2 ‘pocket set into the side seam(s) of a galabiya’ (EgAr) ↗sayyālaẗ
▪ SYL_3 ‘garnet (precious stone)’ ↗sīlān
▪ SYL_4 ‘Ceylon’ ↗sīlānᵘ
▪ SYL_5 ‘…’ ↗syl

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘to flow, torrent, flooding, flowing, inundation, to melt’.

–…

–

–…

–

sāl- / sil- سالَ/سِلْـــ , i (sayl, sayalān)

√SYL

vb., I

1 to flow, stream; 2a to be or become liquid; b to melt – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …
▪ …

▪ eC7 sāla (vb.intrans., ‘(of water) to flow, (of the ground) to run with water’) Q 13:17 ʔanzala min-a ’l-samāʔi māʔan fa-sālat ʔawdiyatun bi-qadari-hā ‘He sends from the sky water, so valleys flow, each according to its capacity’
▪ eC7 sayl (‘torrent, inundation; an inundation which caused the bursting of the dyke and destruction of the city of Maʔrib, Saba, in the first or second century A.D.) Q 34:16 fa-ʔaʕraḍū fa-ʔarsalnā ʕalay-him sayla ’l-ʕarimi ‘but they turned away, so We let loose on them a flooding of the ʕiram dam’
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►sāla luʕābuhū ʕalà, his mouth watered for

►sayyala, vb. II, to make flow, cause to stream, liquefy, melt, dissolve (s.th.)
►ʔasāla, vb. IV, = II

►^BP#3712sayl, pl. suyūl, 1a flood, inundation; b torrent, torrential stream: vn. or perh. the etymon proper | sayl ʕurām, huge mass, flood, stream; balaġa l-saylᵘ l-zubà, the matter has reached its climax, has come to a head
►saylaẗ, n.f., stream: n.un.
►^BP#4579suyūlaẗ, n.f., liquid state, liquidity, flow(ing)
►sayyāl, 1 adj., a streaming, pouring, torrential; b fluid, liquid; 2 n. a a liquid; b stream; c a fluid: ints. formation | qalam sayyāl, facile pen, fluent style
►sayyālaẗ, n.f., 1 rivulet: f. of preceding; 2 see ↗s.v.
►sayalān, n., 1a flowing, flow; b running; 2 deliquescence, liquefaction; 3 gonorrhea (med.): vn.
►masīl, pl. masāyilᵘ, n., river bed, rivulet: n.loc.
►^BP#3269sāʔil, 1 adj., fluid, liquid; 2 (pl. sawāʔilᵘ), n., a liquid, a fluid: PA I. | ʕilm al-sawāʔil, hydraulics
►sāʔiliyyaẗ, n.f., fluidity, liquid state of aggregation (phys.): abstr. formation in iyyaẗ.

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗sayyālaẗ (EgAr), ↗sīlān and ↗sīlānᵘ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SYL.

EgAr sayyālaẗ سَيّالة , pl. āt, sayā̆yīl

√SYL

n.f.

pocket set into the side seam(s) of a galabiya – BadawiHinds1986

▪ …
▪ … –

–

– . For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗sāla, ↗sīlān and ↗sīlānᵘ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SYL.

sīlān سيلان , pl. sayālīnᵘ

√SYL

n.

1 garnet (precious stone); 2 for another meaning, see ↗sīlānᵘ (diptote) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Accord. to Rolland2014 an abbreviation for ḥaǧar Sīlān ‘stone from Ceylon, see ↗sīlānᵘ.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

– . For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗sāla, ↗sayyālaẗ (EgAr), and ↗sīlānᵘ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SYL.

sīlānᵘ سيلانُ

√SYL

n.geogr.

1 Ceylon; 2 (tript.) garnet (precious stone) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Accord. to Rolland2014 from Fr Ceylan < Port Ceilão, alteration of (Sinhala) Śrī Laṅkā [ʃriː laŋkaː].
▪ From ‘Ceylon’ is also the ḥaǧar Sīlān *‘stone from Ceylon’, i.e., the ‘garnet’, see ↗sīlān.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Akin to Engl Ceylon.
▪ …

– . For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗sāla and ↗sayyālaẗ (EgAr), as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SYL.

SYN سين

√SAYNĀʔ

“root”

▪ SYN_1 ‘the letter s’ ↗sīn
▪ SYN_2 ‘Mount Sinai’ ↗sīnā

▪ [v2] : acc. to BAH2008 a borrowing from Nab of Syr.
▪ …

–

.

–

sīn سِين

√SYN

n.

name of the letter س – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

▪ ...

.

–

►al-ʔašiʕʕaẗ al-sīniyyaẗ, nonhum.pl., S rays

sīnā سينا, var. sīnāʔᵘ, ClassAr saynāʔᵘ

√SYN

n.pr.topogr.

Sinai – WehrCowan1976

▪ BAH2008: ‘kind of stone; Mount Sinai, Sinai’, a borrowing from Nab or Syr, occurring once in the Qur’an.

▪

.

▪ Engl Sinai

–

SīNMā سينما

√SīNMā

“root”

.

▪ …

–

.

–

sīnamā سِينَما

√SīNMā

n.

cinema

▪ loanword

.

–

.

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