▪ SǦL_1 ‘scroll; register; list, index; records, archives’ ↗siǧill (with saǧǧala ‘to register, record’, musaǧǧil ‘registrar, notary public; tape recorder’) ▪ SǦL_2 ‘to rival, contend; to dispute, debate; to contest’ ↗sāǧala Other values, no obsolete, include (BK1860, Hava1899):▪ †SǦL_3 ‘bucket filled with water; hence: share, portion; gift, present; bountiful man; great udder’: †saǧl (pl. siǧāl, suǧūl); cf. also †saǧala, u (saǧl), vb. I, ‘to pour out, spill (a liquid); jeter (bi‑ qc) de haut en bas’; †saǧǧala (II) ‘to pour down (bi‑ a liquid)’; †ʔasǧala (IV) ‘to give a bucket-full, fill a vessel or watering-trough; to give much, make large (gifts); to be rich; to set loose (cattle), set free, leave (a beast with its mother), leave alone, forsake; to leave (an affair, li‑ to s.o.), make free\allowable (s.th. li‑ to s.o.); to make (the speech, language) unrestricted, speak absolutely’; †saǧūl ‘tearful (eye); abundant (spring); abounding in milk (she-goat)’ ▪ †SǦL_4 ‘stone of baked clay | pierre sur laquelle sera gravé le nom de l’infidèle qui doit en être frappé selon les arrêts de Dieu’: †siǧǧīl ▪ †SǦL_5 ‘flask-case | étui à flacon’: †sawǧal(aẗ), †sāǧūl ▪ †SǦL_ ‘...’: ... ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘great buckets full to the brim with water, the amount of water contained in large buckets, large buckets at the mouth of a well; turn-taking in a duet and handling, in a relay’
▪ [v1] : siǧill ‘scroll, register, list, index, record, etc.’: from (Grksigíllon =) Lat sigillum ‘seal’, derived (dimin.) from sīgnum ‘sign, distinctive mark’ – Jeffery1938, Rolland2014 ▪ [v2] : Accord. to ClassAr dictionaries, the value ‘to rival, contend’ of the assoc. L-stem (vb. III), sāǧala, is based on †[v3] ‘bucket filled with water’, the original meaning being *‘to compete in the drawing of water, each bringing forth one’s saǧl bucket [from a well], the like of what the other brought forth’ – Lane iv 1872. ▪ †[v3] : †saǧl ‘bucket filled with water, bucket-full’: of unknown etymology. – For related items, see ↗sāǧala, section HIST. ▪ †[v4] : †siǧǧīl ‘stone of baked clay’ is prob. a direct borrowing from mPers *sig u gil ‘stone and clay’ – Cheung2017rev; cf. already Jeffery1938 (mPers sang ‘stone’, gīl ‘clay’) or Rolland2014 (Phlv sang-gīl ‘pierre d’argile’). – For more details, see below, section DISC. ▪ †[v5] : The words †sawǧal and †sāǧūl seem to be (dimin.?) FawʕaL resp. FāʕūL formations from †saǧala ‘to pour down’, which looks as if it could be denom. from †[v3] †saǧl ‘bucket filled with water’. The original meaning would thus be *‘little bucket to pour down from’
▪ [v1] : ↗siǧill. ▪ [v2] : ↗sāǧala. ▪ †[v3] : ↗sāǧala. ▪ †[v4] : eC7 Q 11:82 fa-lammā ǧāʔa ʔamru-nā ǧaʕalnā ʕāliya-hā sāfila-hā wa-ʔamṭarnā ʕalay-hā ḥiǧāraẗan min siǧǧīlin manḍūdin ‘So when Our commandment came to pass We overthrew (that township) and rained upon it stones of clay, one after another’. – Q 15:74 fa-ǧaʕalnā ʕāliya-hā sāfila-hā wa-ʔamṭarnā ʕalay-him ḥiǧāraẗan min siǧǧīlin ‘And We utterly confounded them, and We rained upon them stones of heated clay’. – Q 105:4 tarmī-him bi-ḥaǧāraẗin min siǧǧīlin ‘Which pelted them with stones of baked clay’. ▪ †[v5] : ↗sāǧala.
▪ [v1] : – usually considered a loanword from Grk or Lat; but see DISC in entry ↗siǧill. ▪ [v2] : ↗sāǧala. ▪ †[v3] : ? ▪ †[v4] : – (loanword). ▪ †[v5] : ↗sāǧala.
▪ †[v4] : Jeffery1938: »The last of these passages [sc. Q 105:4, see above, section HIST] refers to the destruction of the army of the Elephant, and the others to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. In both cases the siǧǧīl is something rained down from heaven, and as the latter event is referred to in Sūra li, 33, we get the equivalence of ṭīn = siǧǧīl, which gives the Commentators their cue for its interpretation.1
/ It was early recognized as a foreign word, and generally taken as of Pers origin.2
Ṭab. going so far as to tell us wa-huwa bi-’l-fārisiyyaẗ sank wa-kil, which is a very fair representation of sang and gil (Fraenkel, Vocab, 25; Siddiqi, Studien, 73). [Pers] sang meaning ‘stone’ is the Phlv sang from Av asan3
and gil ‘clay’ the Phlv gīl,4
related to Arm kiṙ (Horn, Grundriss, 207).5
From mPers it passed directly into Ar. Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 164, 165, suggests SAr influence, but there seems [to be] nothing to support this.« – Rolland2014 adds that Phlv sang ‘stone’ is from IndEur *ak‑ ‘aigu, pointu’, and gīl ‘argile’ perh. (« hypothèse personnelle ») akin to Grk árgilos ‘id.’. ▪ For other values, see above, section CONC. ▪ ...
1a to rival, contend; b to dispute, debate (‑h with s.o.); c to contest (‑h s.o.’s right -h to s.th.) – WehrCowan1976
▪ Accord. to ClassAr dictionaries, the value ‘to rival, contend’ of the assoc. L-stem, sāǧala (in ClassAr attested also in the sense of †‘to emulate, imitate s.o.’), is based on †saǧl ‘bucket filled with water’ (↗†SǦL_3), the original meaning of the denom. vb. III thus being ‘to compete with s.o. in the drawing of water [from a well], each bringing forth one’s saǧl bucket, the like of what the other brought forth’ – cf. Lane iv 1872. The etymology of †saǧl itself is unknown; it may be from †saǧala ‘to pour out, spill; to throw down from above’, unless the latter is denom. from the former. ▪ For related items, see section HIST.
▪ Historically attested related items include: †saǧl (pl. siǧāl, suǧūl) ‘bucket filled with water; hence also: share, portion; gift, present; bountiful man; great udder’. – Derived or perh. itself the etymon of †saǧl: †saǧala, u (saǧl), vb. I, ‘to pour out, spill (a liquid); jeter (bi‑ qc) de haut en bas’. – Deriv: †saǧǧala ‘to pour down (bi‑ a liquid)’; †saǧūl, adj., ‘tearful (eye); abundant (spring); abounding in milk (she-goat)’, †saǧīl ‘large, big (bucket, udder); share; hard’; – †ʔasǧala, vb. IV, ‘(1) denom.: to give a bucket-full, fill a vessel or watering-trough; to give much, make large (gifts); to be rich; (2) from vb. I, *‘to pour down, let flow’: to set loose (cattle), set free, leave (a beast with its mother), leave alone, forsake; to leave (an affair, li‑ to s.o.), make free\allowable (s.th. li‑ to s.o.); to make (the speech, language) unrestricted, speak absolutely’; †musǧal, adj. (PP IV), ‘pendant qu’on laisse pendre comme un seau; dont l’usage est permis à tous | allowable’; – †sawǧal, †sawǧalaẗ, †sāǧūl ‘flask-case | étui à flacon’ ▪ ...
▪ ?
▪ The expressional-ḥarb siǧāl ‘war has various chances’ is explained in BK1860 as ‘La guerre est comme des seaux, pour dire que les armes sont journalières, que l’on a tantôt le dessus, tantôt le dessous, comme des seaux dont l’un descend dans le puits pendant que l’autre remonte’. ▪ As the expression just quoted shows, the ‘buckets’ one has to imagine here are buckets let down in a well to draw water from it. If the corresponding vb. I, †saǧala, is not denom. from †saǧl (in which case †saǧl would be deverb. from †saǧala), then ‘bucket’ would be based on ‘to pour down, throw down’, a notion that looks similar to that associated with many items pertaining to ↗√RǦL, such as ↗†RǦL_8 †raǧil~raǧal ‘set free with its mother (suckling)’, ↗²riǧl‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’, ↗†RǦL_9 †raǧil~raǧl~raǧal ‘somewhat curly (hair)’, ↗raǧǧala ‘to let fall down (hair), to comb’. ▪...
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►sāǧala-hu l-ḥadīṯᵃ, to draw s.o. into a conversation, have a talk with s.o. ►siǧāl, n., contest, competition with alternate success: vn. III | kānat il-ḥarb bayna-hum siǧālᵃⁿ, expr., their battle had its ups and downs, they fought each other with alternate success: see above, section DISC. ►musāǧalaẗ, pl. -āt, 1a contest, competition; b discussion, talk: vn. III For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗siǧill (with musaǧǧil, musaǧǧal, etc.) as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗SǦL.
1 scroll; 2a register; b list, index; c pl. siǧillāt, records, archives – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Jeffery1938, Rolland2014: from (Grk sigíllon =) Lat sigillum ‘small picture, engraved figure, seal’, dimin. of sīgnum ‘sign, distinctive mark’ (see below, section WEST).
▪ eC7 (‘scribe, overseer of records; written scroll’) Q 21:104 yawma naṭwī ’l-samāʔa ka-ṭayyi ’l-siǧilli li-l-kutubi ‘The Day when We shall roll up the heavens as a recorder rolleth up a written scroll | on the Day, We roll up the skies the way a scribe rolls up scrolls (or, the way a folded up scroll rolls up/enfolds [its] writings)’
▪ – (loanword). – OrelStolbova1994 #2234 mention the parallel Eg (OK) sḏꜢw.t ‘stamp, seal’ [TLÆ: ‘Siegelung’; cf. also sḏꜢ ‘Halskette mit Siegelzylinder’], but think the item is probably a Sem loanword. ▪ …
▪ Jeffery1938: »The meaning of sijill in this eschatological passage was unknown to the early interpreters of the Qurʔān. Some took it to be the name of an angel, or of the Prophet’s amanuensis, but the majority are in favour of its meaning some kind of writing or writing material. (Ṭab. and Bagh. on the passage, and Rāghib, Mufradāt, 223.) – There was also some difference of opinion as to its origin, some like Bagh. taking it as an Arabic word derived from musājalaẗ, and others admitting that it was a foreign word, of Abyssinian or Persian origin.6
It is, however, neither Persian7
nor Abyssinian, but the Grk sigíllon = Lat sigillum, used in Byzantine Grk for an Imperial edict.8
The word came into very general use in the eastern part of the Empire, so that we find Syr sīgīlyūn (PSm, 2607)9
meaning ‘diploma’, and Arm sigel meaning ‘seal’.10
It may have come through Syr to Ar as Mingana, Syriac Influence, 90, claims, but the word appears not to occur in Arabic earlier than the Qurʔān, and may be one of the words picked up by Muḥammad himself as used among the people of NArabia in its Grk form. In any case, as Nöldeke insists,11
it is clear that he quite misunderstood its real meaning.« ▪ OrelStolbova1994 #2234 think Eg sḏꜢw.t ‘stamp, seal’ is probably a Sem loanword (< Lat sigillum). But if not, one would have to think of a shared origin of the Eg and Ar words in a hypothetical AfrAs *sigul- ‘stamp, seal’ (> Sem *šigil- ‘roll, scroll, register’). ▪ … ▪ …
▪ Not from Ar siǧill but from the same source is Engl seal ‘design stamped on wax’, especially an impressed figure attached to a document as evidence of authenticity, c. 1200, sel, sele, from oFr seel, seal ‘seal on a letter’ (modFr sceau), from VulgLat *sigellum (source of suggello, Span sello; also oFris mHGe sigel, Ge Siegel), from Lat sigillum ‘small picture, engraved figure, seal’, dimin. of sīgnum ‘identifying mark, token, symbol; signal, omen; sign in the heavens, constellation’ (EtymOnline). According to Watkins (cited ibid.), the latter is literally *‘standard that one follows’, from protIndEur *sekw-no-, from root *sekw- (1) ‘to follow’. »De Vaan has it from protIndEur *sekh-no- ‘cut’, from protIndEur root *sek- ‘to cut’. He writes: “The etymological appurtenance to seco ‘to cut’ implies a semantic shift of *sek-no- ‘what is cut out’, ‘carved out’ > ‘sign’.” But he also compares Hbr sakkīn, Aram sakkīn ‘slaughtering-knife’ [see Ar ↗sikkīn], and mentions a theory that “both words are probably borrowed from an unknown third source”«. Pfeifer (in DWDS) supports derivation of Lat sīgnum from *‘to cut’: »eigentlich wohl ‘eingeschnitzte Marke, geschnitztes Bild’ oder auch ‘auf Holzstäben eingekerbtes Zeichen beim Losorakel’, zu Lat secāre ‘schneiden’, auch ‘schnitzen’; [in Ge] zuerst [C14] in der Lat Kaufmannssprache der Hanse für ‘Firmenzeichen, Handelsmarke’ gebräuchlich, von da im [C16] in den allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch übergegangen für ‘(abgekürzte) Unterschrift, Namenszeichen, Monogramm’, seit dem [C18] übertragen ‘Kennzeichen, Merkmal, Stempel, Gepräge’.« ▪ ...
►al-siǧill al-tiǧārī, n., commercial register; ►al-siǧill al-ḏahabī, Golden Book; ►siǧill al-ziyārāt, visitors’ book, guest book; ►al-siǧill al-tašrīfāt, list of visitors (dipl.); ►siǧill (or siǧillāt) al-ʔaṭyān, cadastre, land register; ►al-siǧill al-ʕaqārī, do. ►BP#877saǧǧala, vb. II, 1a to register, enter (‑h s.th.), make an entry (‑h of s.th.); b to note down, record, make a note of; c to put down, write down, book (s.th. ʕalà to s.o.’s debit); d to have (s.th.) recorded, put on record, make a deposition or statement for the official records; e to capture, catch (a scene); f to set (a record; athlet.); g to register (a letter); h to enter (s.th.) in the commercial register; i to have (an invention) patented, secure a patent (‑h on); j to record (said of an apparatus; also, e.g., fī l-šarāʔiṭ al-musaǧǧalaẗ on tape); 2a to document, prove by documentary evidence; b to give evidence (-h of s.th.); to score (s.th., e.g., ʔiṣābaẗ a hit): D-stem, denom. | saǧǧala ʕalà nafsi-h ʔan, expr., to go on record for (doing or being s.th.) ►BP#1297tasǧīl, pl. ‑āt, n., 1a entering, entry, registration; b booking; c recording; d tape-recording; e registering (of mail) 2a documentation; b authentication: vn. II | tasǧīl ʕaqārī, n., entry in the land register; ʔālaẗ tasǧīl al-ṣawt, n.f., tape recorder ►BP#2805musaǧǧil, pl. ‑ūn, 1a registrar; b notary public; 2 (pl. ‑āt) tape recorder: PA II | šarīṭ musaǧǧil, magnetic tape; musaǧǧil al-kulliyyaẗ, secretary of the faculty ►BP#2956musaǧǧal, adj., registered, etc.: PP II. | risālaẗ musaǧǧalaẗ, registered letter; murāsalāt musaǧǧalaẗ, registered mail; ʔaṭnān musaǧǧalaẗ, register tons; haflaṭ musaǧǧalaẗ, concert of recorded music For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗sāǧala, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗SǦL.
▪ Jeffery1938: »The last of these passages refers to the destruction of the army of the Elephant, and the others to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. In both cases the siǧǧīl is something rained down from heaven, and as the latter event is referred to in Sūra li, 33, we get the equivalence of ṭīn = siǧǧīl, which gives the Commentators their cue for its interpretation.12
/ It was early recognized as a foreign word, and generally taken as of Pers origin.13
Ṭab. going so far as to tell us wa-kil wa-huwa bi’l-fārisiyyaẗ sank, which is a very fair representation of sang and gel (Fraenkel, Vocab, 25; Siddiqi, Studien, 73). sang meaning ‘stone’ is the Phlv sang from Av asan14
and gel meaning ‘clay’, the Phlv gīl,15
related to Arm kir (Horn, Grundriss, 207).16
From mPers it passed directly into Ar. Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 164, 165, suggests SAr influence, but there seems [to be] nothing to support this.«
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