Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ŠRK_1 ‘to share, be(come) partner\associate, participate, subscribe to’ ↗šarika, ‘(to give God a partner >) polytheism, idolatry’ ↗širk, ‘company, firm, business’ ↗širkaẗ, ‘socialist’ ↗ĭštirākī, ‘socialism’ ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ
▪ ŠRK_2 ‘net, snare, trap’ ↗šarak
▪ ŠRK_3 ‘spurious, unsound, phony, false’ ↗šuruk
▪ ŠRK_4 ‘shoelace’ ↗širāk
▪ ŠRK_5 ‘sesame cake (EgAr)’ ↗šurayk

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†ŠRK_6 ‘swift (walk); repeated (slap)’: ^†šur(r)akī
▪ ^†ŠRK_7 ‘musical tune’: LevAr ^†šārikaẗ
▪ ^†ŠRK_ ...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘snare; thongs of sandals; side road, to branch off; to share, to become a partner, to make as partner, or associate, partnership’

▪ [v1] : Ar ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ has cognates in Ug, Aram Syr, and Gz and thus seems to be traceable back to at least WSem layers. Perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ belongs here, and, if so, may represent the original value: *‘to twist = to make (twigs etc.) adhere to each other > to associate, make into\be partner > to share’. If this connection is valid, then perh. also [v2] ‘net, snare, trap’ (*< ‘twisted twigs, etc.’?) and [v4] ‘shoelace’ (*< ‘sandal-thong = what holds things together’) are related to [v1] and have preserved aspects of the primary notion ‘to twist’. – From the (secondary?) base *‘to share’, several new values are derived. In the religious field, on the one hand, the idea of *‘giving God a partner’ has produced the meaning ‘polytheism, idolatry’ (↗širk), while in Christian contexts the f. form, ↗širkaẗ, was use in the more positive sense of ‘communion’; in MSA, and prob. as a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ became used for ‘company, firm, business’. The self-referential Gt-stem (VIII), ĭštaraka ‘to share, participate’ is at the basis of calques like ↗ĭštirākī ‘socialist’ and ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ ‘socialism’.
▪ [v2] : šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ looks rather old, but does not seem to have obvious cognates in Sem. Perhaps akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? Cf. also [v4].
▪ [v3] : Ar šuruk ‘spurious, unsound, phony, false’ is borrowed from Tu çürük ‘rotten’.
▪ [v4] : Perhaps, širāk ‘shoelace’ and [v2] šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ go back to the notion of *‘twisting, plaiting’ that is nowhere else preserved in Ar, but well attested in Hbr śārak ‘to twist’. Ar širāk seems to have a rather close relative in Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’.
▪ [v5] : The EgAr term šurēk (šurayk) for a ‘sesame cake, type of bun’ is from Tu çörek ‘bun, muffin’, orig. ‘nigella’, a seed used as spice or condiment on that type of pastry.
▪ ^†[v6] : The obsol. adj. ^†šur(r)akī used to qualify a ‘swift’ walk or a ‘repeated’ slap is of obscure etymology; perh. from the onomatopoetic Tu şark şark şark ‘sound of slapping’ (Tietze2019 vii: 562)?
▪ ^†[v7] : The obsol. LevAr term ^†šārikaẗ /šārke/ for a ‘musical tune’ looks like a reimport from Tu şarkı ‘musical tune, melody, song’, which, accord. to Tietze2019, goes back to Ar ↗šarqī and thus signifies, originally, s.th. ‘Eastern’. The same Tu word is also applied to a string instrument. Nişanyan doubts this theory; see DISC below.

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▪ [v1] Zammit2002: Ug šrk ‘to team up with, join’, Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Aram srak ‘to clutch, hold fast, hang to’, Syr srek ‘to adhere, stick’, (Pa) ‘to cohere’, SAr šrk ‘to share out, apportion; to make a crop-sharing agreement (?)’, Ar šāraka ‘to share with’
▪ [v1] BDB1906: TalmAram sārak ‘to adhere’, cf. Syr srak, srek; Ar šaraka ‘to share, participate’; cf. perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’ (< śārak ‘to twist’, as *‘crossed and twisted (over the foot)’?), Ar širāk ‘sandal-thong’, Ar šarak ‘snare’.
▪ [v2] : Cf. perhaps akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? See also [v4].
▪ [v3] : – borrowed from Tu.
▪ [v4] : Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’, perh. from Hbr śārak ‘to twist’. Both perh. akin to šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ [v2], and possibly even to [v1].
▪ [v5] : – borrowed from Tu.
▪ ^†[v6] : ?
▪ ^†[v7] : If re-imported, see ↗šarq.
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▪ ^†[v7] : Assuming Tu şarkı as the origin of LevAr ^†šārikaẗ /šārkeʰ/ ‘musical tune’ is one thing (and a pure hypothesis). The other is the etymology of the Tu term şarkı itself. The common opinion (e.g., E.G. Ambros in EI², Tietze2019) would derive it from Ar šarqī, thus *‘the eastern, oriental (tune)’. Nişanyan_16Sep2022, however, doubts this etymology. Given that şarkı means ‘song belonging to art music’ is opposed, in a way, to türkü ‘folk tune’, he thinks that şarkı possibly is adapted from a word meaning ‘urban’ in the dialects of Anatolia, corresponding to türkī as the ‘native, from the countryside’, a hypothesis that the author sees supported by a note in Evliyā Çelebī where the traveler says that, in the Türkmen language, şarık-dı (sic!) meant ‘it was urban’. Nişanyan therefore speculates – with a due caveat – that şarkı perhaps originates from Tu çağırgı ‘invocation’ (< çağır-mak ‘to call’). In Arm, šark‘ means a ‘maqam’, and šarakan is ‘a kind of maqam-based ilahi (religious song)’, meanings that would support the ‘urban’ (i.e., art music) hypothesis. Cf., however, the fact that in a textual attestation from the 2^nd half of C17, ʕAlī ʔUfḳî Bey’s Mecmūʿa-i Sāz u Söz from 1665, şarkı is defined as a türküye benzer bir müzik formu, i.e., ‘a musical genre resembling the türkü’. – At the end of the day, both Nişanyan and Tietze may be right: the şarkı is indeed associated with an urban, ‘civilised’ (art music) tradition, while the türkü is the ‘folk tune’; however, the urban “high brow” tradition of the şarkı may have been labelled *‘Oriental’ by the Anatolian Turks who would localize non-Turkish tradition in the countries east of Anatolia.
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▪ For Tu şirk (müşrik), şirket, şerik (şürekâ), teşrik, iştirak (müşterek) see s.v. ↗šarika, širk, and širkat ~ šarikaẗ
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šarik‑ شَرِكَ , a (širk, širkaẗ, šarikaẗ)

Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 7Jun2023

√ŠRK

vb., I

to share (-h with s.o., fī s.th.), participate (fī in), be or become partner, participant, associate – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ar šarika ‘to share, etc.’ has cognates in Ug, Aram Syr, and Gz and thus seems to be traceable back to at least WSem layers. Perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ belongs here, and, if so, may represent the original value: *‘to twist = to make (twigs etc.) adhere to each other > to associate, make into\be partner > to share’. If this connection is valid, then perh. also ↗šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ (*< ‘twisted twigs, etc.’?) and ↗širāk ‘shoelace’ (*< ‘sandal-thong = what holds things together’) are related to šarika and have preserved aspects of the primary notion ‘to twist’.
▪ From *‘sharing, associating, etc.’ several new values are derived. In the religious field, the idea of *‘giving God a partner’ has produced the meaning ‘polytheism, idolatry’ (↗širk), a prominent concept in the Qur’ān, while in Christian contexts the f. form of the vn. I, ↗širkaẗ, was used in the more positive sense of ‘communion’; in MSA, and prob. as a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ became used for ‘company, firm, business, commercial enterprise’. The self-referential Gt-stem (VIII), ĭštaraka ‘to share, participate’, is at the basis of calques like ↗ĭštirākī ‘socialist’ and ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ ‘socialism’.
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▪ Zammit2002: Ug šrk ‘to team up with, join’, Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Aram srak ‘to clutch, hold fast, hang to’, Syr srek ‘to adhere, stick’, (Pa) ‘to cohere’, SAr šrk ‘to share out, apportion; to make a crop-sharing agreement (?)’, Ar šāraka ‘to share with’. – (BDB1906:) Cf. perh. also TalmAram sārak, Syr srak, srek ‘to adhere’; Ar šaraka ‘to share, participate’; cf. perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’ (< śārak ‘to twist’, as *‘crossed and twisted (over the foot)’?), Ar širāk ‘sandal-thong’, Ar šarak ‘snare’.
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▪ Tu şirk: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekleri – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – müşrik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekleri / virdi destūr kırmağa müşrikleri – Nişanyan_3Jul2021. – şirket: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] bağ u çift ü şirket ü bazār / ögi ussı durmadın anı düzer [‘...are related, are associates, are companions’] – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – şerik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] nī şerīk ü nī vezīr ü nī nedīm – Nişanyan_27Apr2015. – şürekâ: [Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] şürekā: ortaklar – Nişanyan_3Jul2021. – iştirak [Düsturnâme-i Enveri, 1465] şeh ferīdūn ḳıldı ẓaḥḥāki helāk / kāvelige ḳıldı ḳılmaz iştirāk– Nişanyan_24Sep2022. – teşrik: [Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] teşrīk: associare, consortem aut participem facere – Nişanyan_11Aug2014. –müşterek: [anon., Muḳaddimetü'l-Edeb terc., c1300] muştarak lafıẓnı bir maʕnaga ḫāṣṣ ḳıldı [ortak sözcüğü tek anlama özgüledi] – Nişanyan_23Sep2014.
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►^BP#672šāraka, vb. III, 1a to share (‑h with s.o., ‑h or fī s.th.), participate, be or become partner, participant, associate; b to associate o.s. (‑h with s.o.), enter into partnership (‑h with s.o.), form a partnerhip, join, combine; c to sympathize (‑h with s.o.) | šāraka-hū raʔya-hū, to share s.o.’s opinion: L-stem, assoc.
►ʔašraka, vb. IV, 1a to make (‑h s.o.) a partner, participant, associate (fī in), give a share, have (‑h s.o.) share (fī in); b to tie s.th. closely (bi‑ to s.th.), associate (‑h s.th. bi‑ with s.th.): *Š-stem, caus. | ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to make s.o. the associate or partner of God (in His creation and rule); ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to set up or attribute associates to God, i.e., to be a polytheist, an idolator
►tašāraka, vb. VI, 1a to enter into partnership (maʕa with s.o.); b to participate together (fī in), share with one another: tL-stem, recipr.
►^BP#2874ĭštaraka, vb. VIII, 1a to enter into partnership, to cooperate (maʕa with s.o.); b to participate (maʕa with s.o., fī in), share, collaborate, take part (fī in), contribute (fī to); 2 to subscribe (fī to); 3 to partake of the Lord’s Supper, communicate (Copt.-Chr.): Gt-stem, self-ref.
►širk, n., polytheism, idolatry | ʔahl al-širk, the polytheists, the idolators: vn. I
►^BP#118širkaẗ, šarikaẗ, n.f., 1 partnership; 2 communion (Chr.); 3a (pl. šarikāt) association, companionship; b company, corporation (com.); c commercial enterprise (Isl. Law); d establishment, firm, business: ¹vn. I and ²³concretisations | š. al-taʔmīn, insurance company; š. tiǧāriyyaẗ, trading company, firm; š. al-ʔiḏāʕaẗ, broadcasting corporation; š. al-musāhamaẗ, joint-stock company, corporation; š. sihāmiyyaẗ, do.; š. al-šarikāt, trust (com.)
►^BP#1599šarīk, n., pl. šurakāʔᵘ, ʔašrāk, 1a sharer, participant, partner, co-partner; b associate, companion, confederate, ally; c co-owner, coproprietor (Isl. Law); d accomplice, accessory (in a crime): quasi-PP I | šarīk mūṣiⁿ, silent partner (com.)
►šarīkaẗ, n.f., pl. šarāʔikᵘ, woman partner, woman participant, etc. (see šarīk): f. of šarīk
►^BP#2646širākaẗ, n.f., partnership [BuckwalterParkinson2011]: quasi-vn. I or III
►tašrīk, n.: siyāsaẗ al-tašrīk, policy of alliances: vn. II
►^BP#339mušārakaẗ, n.f., 1a partnership, co-partnership, participation (fī in); b cooperation, collaboration; 2 communion (Chr.); 3 complicity, accessoriness (jur.): vn. III
►^BP#2970ĭštirāk, n., 1a partnership, copartnership, coparcenary; b participation, sharing, joining, co-operation, collaboration (fī in); c jointness, community; 2 communion (Chr.); 3 interference (fī in); 4a subscription (fī to); b (pl. ‑āt) subscription rate; c participation fee: ¹vn. VIII and ²³⁴extensions | bi’l-ĭštirāk, jointly, in concurrence, together (maʕa with); ĭštirāk šahrī, monthly subscription; monthly fee or contribution
►^BP#3149ĭštirākī, 1a adj. socialist, socialistic; b n. (pl. ‑ūn) a socialist: neolog., nsb-formation from preceding
►ĭštirākiyyaẗ, n.f., socialism: neolog., abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ, based on preceding
►^BP#1076mušārik, 1 n., participant; 2 adj., participating [BuckwalterParkinson2011]: PA III
►mušrik, n., pl. -ūn, polytheist: PA IV
►^BP#1351muštarik, n., pl. -ūn, 1 participant; 2 subscriber: PA VIII
►^BP#823muštarak, adj., common, joint, combined, concurrent, collective, co-: PP VIII | al-ʔamn al-muštarak, collective security; balāġ muštarak, joint communique; al-sūq al-muštarak, the Common Market; al-šuʕūr al-muštarak, community spirit, communality, solidarity; al-ḍamān al-muštarak, collective security

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

širk شِرْك

ID 462 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 7Jun2023

√ŠRK

to associate anyone with God, to give God a partner – Jeffery1938
polytheism, idolatry – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The original meaning of the term širk, which is an important religious concept in the Qur’ān, is that of a vn. of ↗šarika, viz., ‘giving a partner, a companion.’ As a religious term, this ‘giving a partner’ developed the specific meaning of ‘venerating other gods alongside with (the one) God’, i.e., ‘polytheism, idolatry’.
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▪ eC7 Q Used very frequently in the Q, cf. xxxv, 38; xxxi, 12 – Jeffery1938
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▪ ↗šarika
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▪ Jeffery1938: »In the Qurʔān the word has a technical sense with reference to what is opposed to Muḥammad’s conception of monotheism. Thus we find ʔašraka ‘to give partners to God’, i.e., to be a polytheist, mušrik ‘one who gives God a partner’, i.e. a polytheist, šurakāʔ ‘those to whom the polytheists render honour as partners with God’, terms which, we may note, are not found in the earliest Sūras. / The root √ŠRK is ‘to have the shoe strings broken’, so širāk means ‘sandal straps’, and ʔašraka is ‘to put leather thongs in sandals’, with which we may compare Hbr śārak ‘to lay cross wise, interweave’, Syr srak ‘to braid’. From this the words [Ar] šarak ‘net’ and šarikaẗ ‘partnership’, i.e. the interweaving of interests, are easily derived. In the technical sense of ‘associating partners with God’, however, the word seems to be a borrowing from SArabia. In an inscription published by Mordtmann and Müller in WZKM, x, 287, there occurs the line w-bn šrk l-mrʔm mbʔsm w-mrḍym ‘and avoid giving a partner to a Lord who both bringeth disaster, and is the author of well being’. Here šrk is used in the technical Qurʔānic sense of širk,¹ and there can be little doubt that the word came to Muḥammad, whether directly or indirectly, from some SAr source.«
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1. The editors of the inscription recognize this, and Margoliouth, Schweich Lectures, p. 68, says : ‘the Qurʔānic technicality širk ‘association of other beings with Allah’, whose source had previously eluded us, is here traced to its home.’ Horovitz, KU, 60, 61, however, is not so certain and suggests Jewish influence connected with the Rabbinic use of [Hbr] šîṯēp.

►ʔahl al-širk, the polytheists, the idolators

►ʔašraka, vb. IV, 1a to make (‑h s.o.) a partner, participant, associate (fī in), give a share, have (‑h s.o.) share (fī in); b to tie s.th. closely (bi‑ to s.th.), associate (‑h s.th. bi‑ with s.th.): *Š-stem, caus. | ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to make s.o. the associate or partner of God (in His creation and rule); ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to set up or attribute associates to God, i.e., to be a polytheist, an idolator

►mušrik, n., pl. -ūn, polytheist: PA IV

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

šarak شَرَك , pl. šuruk, ʔašrāk, širāk

Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 7Jun2023

√ŠRK

1a net, snare, gin; b trap – WehrCowan1976

▪ šarak ‘net, snare; trap’ looks rather old, but does not seem to have obvious cognates in Sem. Perhaps the item, like also ↗širāk ‘shoelace’, is akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? The latter may be related, in one way or other, to Ar ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’
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►naṣaba la-hū šarakᵃⁿ, to lay a trap for s.o., trap s.o.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ ~ šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

šuruk شُرُك

Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 7Jun2023

√ŠRK

adj. (invar.)

▪ spurious, unsound, phony, false – WehrCowan1976
▪ unfit, unsound (particularly with respect to military service)’ – BadawiHinds1986

▪ from Tu çürük ‘rotten’ – Hava1899, BadawiHinds1986, Rolland2014. – Attestation in Hava1899 suggests that the word was in use (in the Levant) mostly in connection with false money, as opposed to ‘sound’ (ṣāġ < Tu sağ) coins. Usage in modEgAr covers ‘unfitness’ with regard to military service, but also ‘counterfeit’ money and ‘unsound’ cars.
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▪ Hava1899: SyrAr ^†šuruk ‘of a bad (opp. to ṣāġ) standard, deficient (coin)’
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– (loanword)

▪ The obsol. vb. I ^†šarika (a, šarak) ‘to have the strings of the shoes broken’ (Hava1899) does prob. not represent an original value but is most likely denom. back-formation, either from šuruk or from ↗širāk ‘shoelace, leather thongs’.
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(all examples of usage in modEgAr, accord. to BadawiHinds1986):
►EgAr ʕarabiyyaẗ šuruk, unsound car;
►EgAr filūs šuruk, counterfeit money;

►EgAr šarrak, vb. II, 1 to render unsound or useless; 2 to reject as medically unfit for military service: D-stem, caus./declarative

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

širkaẗ ~ šarikaẗ شِرْكة / شَرِكة

Sw – • BP 118 • APD … • © SG | 7Jun2023

√ŠRK

n.f.

1 partnership; 2 communion (Chr.); 3a (pl. šarikāt) association, companionship; b company, corporation (com.); c commercial enterprise (Isl. Law); d establishment, firm, business – WehrCowan1976

▪ The basic meaning of the f. form of the vn. of vb. I ↗šarika ‘to share, associate, participate in’ etc. is [v1] ‘partnership’. In Christian contexts, this ‘partnership’ was used in the sense of ‘communion’ [v2]. In MSA, and prob. as the result of a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ also became used for [v3] ‘company, firm, business, commercial enterprise’.
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▪ ↗šarika

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▪ Tu şirket: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] bağ u çift ü şirket ü bazār / ögi ussı durmadın anı düzer [‘...are related, are associates, are companions’] – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – For şerik (şürekâ), teşrik, iştirak (müşterek), see ↗šarika.

►širkaẗ al-taʔmīn, insurance company;
►širkaẗ tiǧāriyyaẗ, trading company, firm;
širkaẗ al-ʔiḏāʕaẗ, broadcasting corporation;
širkaẗ al-musāhamaẗ, joint-stock company, corporation;
širkaẗ sihāmiyyaẗ, do.;
širkaẗ al-šarikāt, trust (com.)

For values related to ‘sharing, participation, etc.’ in general, see ↗šarika.
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗širk, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

širāk شِراك , pl. šuruk, ʔašruk, ʔašrāk

√ŠRK

shoelace – WehrCowan1976

▪ Perhaps, širāk ‘shoelace’ – and also ↗šarak ‘net, snare, trap’? – go back to the notion of *‘twisting, plaiting’ that is nowhere else preserved in Ar, but well attested in Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ (which, in its turn, may be related to ↗šarika ‘to share, participate’ etc.). Ar širāk seems to have a rather close relative in Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’.

▪ Hava1899: ^†šarraka (II) ‘to put leather thongs to sandals’, D-stem, denom. – See also below, section DISC.

▪ Klein1987 (et al.): Ar širāk ‘shoelace’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’, prob. Hbr śārak ‘to twist, plait’.

▪ The obsol. vb. I ^†šarika (a, šarak) ‘to have the strings of the shoes broken’ (Hava1899) does prob. not represent an original value but is most likely denom., either from širāk or, more probably, from ↗šuruk ‘broken, rotten, unsound’ (< Tu çürük), having “fused” with širāk.

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

EgAr šurayk شُرَيْك

√ŠRK

sesame cake – WehrCowan1976

▪ EgAr šurēk (šurayk) ‘sesame cake, type of bun’ is from Tu çörek ‘bun, muffin’, orig. ‘nigella’, a seed used as spice or condiment on that type of pastry – BadawiHinds1986.
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– (loanword)

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk.

ĭštirākī اِشْتِراكيّ

√ŠRK

¹adj.; ²n.

1 adj. socialist, socialistic; 2 n. (pl. ‑ūn) a socialist – WehrCowan1976

▪ neologism, nsb-formation based on ĭštarāk, vn. of ĭštaraka (VIII) ‘to share, participate’, Gt-stem with self-referential notions, from ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ Thus, a ‘socialist’ is *‘s.o. adhering to (the principle) of sharing’

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▪ ↗šarika

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►ĭštirākiyyaẗ, n.f., socialism: neolog., abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

ĭštirākiyyaẗ اِشْتِراكِيّة

√ŠRK

n.f.

socialism – WehrCowan1976

▪ neologism (C19), abstract formation in -iyyaẗ, based on ĭštarāk, vn. of ĭštaraka (VIII) ‘to share, participate’, Gt-stem with self-referential notions, from ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ Thus, ‘socialism’ is *‘the idea/ideology of sharing’

▪ …

▪ ↗šarika

▪ …
▪ …

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

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