Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ṢDQ_1 ‘to speak the truth’ ↗ṣadaqa
▪ ṢDQ_2 ‘(voluntarily given) alms’ ↗ṣadaqaẗ
▪ ṢDQ_3 ‘strictly veracious, upright’ ↗ṣiddīq .
▪ ṢDQ_4 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to say, tell, utter, speak the truth; to fulfil one’s promise; (of the morning) to shine clearly; to be true to (principles or friends); the truth; steadfastness; to befriend, friendship; charity, alms, to give alms to the poor; dowry’

▪ The root does not seem to be attested in ESem and therefore has to be regarded as a WSem innovation. Huehnergard 2011 reconstructs WSem *ṣdq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’.
▪ While [v1] in Ar is directly from the Sem, [v2] and [v3] are used in specific contexts, which is why they are likely to be inner-Sem borrowings.

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See ↗ṣadaqa, ↗ṣadaqaẗ, ↗ṣiddīq.

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ṣadaq‑ صَدَقَ , u (ṣadq , ṣidq)

ID 502 • Sw – • BP 2301 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṢDQ

vb., I

to speak the truth, be sincere; to tell (DO s.o.) the truth (ʕan about); to prove to be true, turn out to be correct, come true; to be right; to fit exactly (ʕalà s.o. or s.th.), apply (to), hold true (of) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The root does not seem to be attested in ESem and therefore has to be regarded as a WSem innovation. Huehnergard 2011 reconstructs WSem *ṣdq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’.

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BDB1906: Hbr ṣādēq ‘to be righteous, just’, ṣädäq ‘rightness, righteousness; justice’, ṣaddīq ‘just, righteous’, etc.; Phn ṣdq ‘just, right’; oAram ṣdq ‘righteousness, loyalty’, Nab ʔṣdq ‘authorized’, Palm zdqtʔ renders Grk ‘eusebḗs’, Syr zāḏeq ‘it is right’, zadīqā ‘righteous’, zadīqūṯā ‘righteousness’; Sab¹ ṣdq ‘to get o.’s right; to justify, make right; to fulfil (a duty); to favour, endow, grant’, ṣdq ‘right, justice, righteousness; right (adj.)’; Gz ṣadəqa ‘to be just, righteous’. — Outside Sem: Saho sadaq ‘to be true, clear’.

1. Values in Sab as given in Stein2012-2.

▪ Badawi2008 gives as the major values of the root in ClassAr: ‘to say, tell, utter, speak the truth; to fulfil o.’s promise; (of the morning) to shine clearly; to be true to (principles or friends); the truth; steadfastness; to befriend, friendship; charity, alms, to give alms to the poor; dowry’

▪ Huehnergard2011/EtymOnline: Engl Sadducee is not from Ar but, via lLat sadducaei (pl.) < Grk zaddoukaios, from Mishnaic Hbr ṣədûqî ‘Sadducee’, which is from the same WSem root *ṣdq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’ to which also Ar ṣadaqa goes back. Hbr ṣədûqî is formed after ṣādôq ‘Zadoq/Tzadhoq, just, righteous’, a high priest in the time of David and Solomon, whose name is based on the vb. Hbr ṣādaq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’. From Zadoq the priesthood of the captivity claimed descent. »According to Josephus, the sect denied the resurrection of the dead and the existence of angels and spirits; but later historians regard them as more the political party of the priestly class than a sect per se« – EtymOnline. – Cf. also other names known from the Bible, such as Melchizedek and Zedekiah.

► ṣadaqa waʕdahū or ~ fī waʕdih, vb., to keep, or fulfill, one’s promise

► ^BP#989ṣaddaqa, vb. II, to deem (s.o., s.th.) credible, accept (s.th.) as true, give credence (DO to s.o., to s.th.), believe, trust; to consider or pronounce s.th. to be true, right, correct or credible; to believe (bi‑ in); to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (ʕalà to s.th.), approve (of s.th.), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate, attest, ratify; (officially) to certify (ʕalà the correctness of a translation, signature, or copy):.
► ṣādaqa, vb. III, to treat as a friend; to maintain one’s friendship (DO with s.o.); to be or become friends (with), befriend (s.o.): associative, denom. from ṣadīq; to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (ʕalà to s.th.), approve (of), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate; (officially) to certify (ʕalà see II):.
► ʔaṣdaqa, vb. IV, to fix a (bridal) dower (‑hā for a woman): denom. from ṣadāq ?
► taṣaddaqa, vb. V, ↗ṣaqadaẗ ‘alms’.

► ^BP#1637ṣidq, n., truth, trueness, truthfulness; sincerity, candor; veracity, correctness (of an allegation); efficiency: vn. I.
► ṣadaqaẗ, n.: ↗s.v..
► ṣadāq, ṣidāq, pl. ṣuduq, ʔaṣdiqaẗ, n., (bridal) dower; – (pl. ʔaṣdiqaẗ) marriage contract (tun.):.
► ^BP#2206ṣadāqaẗ, pl. ‑āt , n., friendship: n.abstr., from ṣadīq.
► ^BP#398ṣadīq, pl. ʔaṣdiqāʔᵘ, ṣudaqāʔᵘ, ṣudqān, n., friend; adj., friendly, connected by bonds of friendship: pseudo-PA / ints.
► ṣadūq, adj., veracious, truthful, honest, sincere: ints.
► ṣiddīq, adj., strictly veracious, honest, righteous, upright; al-~, epithet of the first Caliph, Abū Bakr: ints., but see also ↗s.v..
► ^BP#4628ʔaṣdaqᵘ, adj., truer, sincerer; more reliable; more truthful: elat.
► miṣdāq, n., confirmation, corroboration, substantiation; touchstone, criterion: n.instr. (?).
► ^BP#3519miṣdāqiyyaẗ, n.f., credibility: abstr. in iyyaẗ, from miṣdāq.
► taṣdīq, n., belief, faith (bi‑ in); consent, assent, agreement (ʕalà to), approval, sanctioning, licensing, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification; (official) certification: vn. II.
► muṣādaqaẗ, consent, assent, agreement, concurrence (ʕalà in); approval, sanctioning, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification; (official) certification: vn. III.
► taṣāduq, n., legalization, authentication (ʕalà of a document): vn. VI.
► ^BP#1392ṣādiq, adj., true, truthful, veracious, sincere, candid; reliable; accurate, true, genuine, faithful, authentic: PA I.
► muṣaddiqaẗ, certificate, certification, attestation: lexicalized PA II.f.
► muṣaddaq, credible, believable, reliable, trustworthy: lexicalized PP II.

ṣadaqaẗ صَدَقَة , pl. ‑āt

√ṢDQ

n.f.

alms, charitable gift; almsgiving, charity, voluntary contribution of alms, freewill offering; legally prescribed alms tax (Isl. Law) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ As a religious technical term, the word is taken from Hbr ṣdāqāh ‘law, right behaviour, alms’. Sem ṢDQ to which the Hbr etymon belongs, has however successors also in Ar, cf. ↗ṣadaqa and derivatives.
▪ It seems that the word was borrowed in early Islamic times to provide an Islamic counterpart to old Arabian charity as practised by clan/tribe chiefs through individual acts of generosity. Through ṣadaqa, the old ideal/norm could be integrated into Islam in a modified, ‘milder’, less excessive and self-destructive form while at the same time a new notion of collective charity (↗zakāt) could be introduced and was given priority over individual charity. The old Arabian ideals however continued into Islamic times not only as ṣadaqa (↗jūd, ↗karam, ↗saḫāʔ).

▪ eC7 Q 2:196,263, 4:114, 9:103, 58:12 ‘alms, tithes’. Derivatives: (taṣaddaqa) 2:280; 5:45; 12:88, ( ʔaṣṣaddaqa) 4:92; 9:75; 63:10, (muṣaddiq, mutaṣaddiq) e.g. 2:41; 33:35.

▪ BDB1906: Hbr ṣədāqâh ‘righteousness(also ethically); righteous acts’, TellAm ṣaduq ‘innocent’, Syr zedqṯā ‘alms’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 194: The Qur’anic »[p]assages are all late, and the word is used only as a technical religious term, just like Hbr ṣᵊdāqâh, Phoen ṣdq, Syr zdqā. – The Muslim authorities derive the word from ṣadaqa ‘to be sincere’ and say that alms are so called because they prove the sincerity of one’s faith. The connection of the [word] with √ṢDQ is sound enough, but as a technical word for ‘alms’ there can be no doubt that it came from a Jewish or Christian source. Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 89, argues for a Jewish origin,¹ which is very possible. The Syr zdqā with z for ṣ would seem fatal to a derivation from a Christian source, but in the Christian-Palestinian dialect we find ṣdqā translating [Grk] eleēmosýnē in common use in several forms,² which makes it at least possible that the source of the Ar word is to be found there.«
▪ Pennacchio2014, 168: the word seems to be a borrowing from Hbr ṣᵊdāqâh, »concept spécifique au judaïsme. Il es fréquent dans le texte biblique mais il n’a pas seulement le sens de ‘charité, aumône’. […] C’est dans la littérature rabbinique que ṣədāqā ‘pureté, vertu, équité’ a le sens d’‘aumône’.«³
▪ Kerr2014: »The ‘voluntary donation’ ṣadaqaẗ has a specific meaning and thus is certainly of foreign origin. In Amor, Ug, (older) Hbr, Sab, Gz, etc. this semantic domain encompasses ‘justice, to be righteous, to be documented as true’ (compare the Tzaddik; Sadducee)—from which the classical commentators derived the Ar term. The development of ‘to be righteous’ > ‘that which is right(eous)’ > ‘that which is proper (to give)’ > ‘to give charitably’ > ‘to give a portion, toll’ was completed in Aram. Syr which renders here the /ṣ/ with {z} is less relevant here. However, here we do find a similar semantic development: zadūṯā (<√ZDQ !) ‘beneficium, eleemosyne’, for example, as in Matthew 6:2, where this word expresses the Greek eleēmosýnē […]. The unaltered root √ṢDQ found in WAram is, however, in all likelihood the source of the Ar borrowing. So for example ChrPal ṣdqʔ as well as the Hbr word borrowed by Jewish dialects ṣəḏāqāʰ ‘liberality, especially almsgiving’. Although the exact Aram source of this word is not clear, it is most likely the same one which lent this word into ClassEth [Gz] ṣadəqāt (pl.; sg. ṣadəq). In any case, the particular semantic development of the root √ṢDQ here, from ‘righteousness’ to ‘alms(giving)’ is somewhat convoluted so as to preclude the same semantic development having occurred twice independently. The precedence of this development in Aram certainly shows that it was borrowed by Ar. The fact that it […] seems to have been borrowed from a Jewish WAram dialect could indicate that it is an Islamic continuation of an originally Jewish custom, possibly a relic of Islam’s Jud-Chr origins.«

1. So Fraenkel, Vocab, 20; Sprenger, Leben, ii, 195 n.; Rudolph, Abhängigkeit, 61; Ahrens, Muhammed, 180; von Kremer, Streifzüge, p. ix. 2. Schulthess, Lex, 167; Schwally, Idioticon, 79; and cf. Horovitz, JPN, 212. 3. Author refers to art. “Charity” in Enc.Jud. 5: 338.

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► ṣadaqat al-fiṭr, n., almsgiving at the end of Ramadan (Isl. Law)

► taṣaddaqa, vb. V, to give alms (ʕalà to s.o.); to give as alms, donate (bi‑ s.th., ʕalà to s.o.): denom.

ṣiddīq صِدِّيق

√ṢDQ

adj.

strictly veracious, honest, righteous, upright; al-~, epithet of the first Caliph, Abū Bakr – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Jeffery thinks this word, which is a standard epithet of the first caliph, is a borrowing from JudAram ṣaddîqāh ‘pious’, while Paret makes Hbr ṣaddīq ‘pious’ the etymon proper. Sem ṢDQ to which the Aram and Hbr words belong, has however successors also in Ar, cf. ↗ṢDQ, ↗ṣadaqa and derivatives.
▪ In the Qur’an, the sg. is an epithet of prominent figures like Abraham, Idris and Joseph. In the pl., the word denotes a rank of pious and holy people.

▪ …

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Jeffery1938, 194-5: »Obviously it may be taken as a genuine Ar formation from ṣadaqa on the measure fiʕʕīl, though this form is not very common. — As used in the Qurʔān, however, it seems to have a technical sense, being used in the sg. only of Biblical characters, and in the pl. as ‘the righteous’, and for this reason it has been thought that we can detect the influence of the Hbr-Aram ṣaddīq. Thus Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften, ii, 594, says: “Das Wort ist dem Hbr-Aram ṣaddîq entlehnt, mit Verwandlung des Vocals der ersten Silbe in i nach dem bekannten reinarabischen اتباع.” – In the OT [Hbr] ṣaddîq means ‘just, righteous’, and is generally rendered by [Grk] díkaios in the LXX. In the Rabbinic ṣaddîqâ the sense of ‘piety’ becomes even more prominent and it is used in a technical sense for ‘the pious’, as in Succa, 45, b. It is precisely in this sense that Joseph, Abraham, and Idris are called ṣiddīq and the Virgin Mary ṣiddīqaẗ in the Qurʔān, and there can be little doubt that both the Ar and the Eth [Gz] ṣādəq are of this Aram origin.«⁴

4. Cf. Horovitz, KU, 49; Vacca, EI, iv, 402; Ahrens, Christliches, 19; Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 162, thought it was of SAr origin, and this may be supported by the occurrence of ṣdq = Ṣiddīq (?) as a proper name in the inscription, Glaser, 265 (= CIS, iv, No. 287), though the vocalization here may be Ṣādiq (Rossini, Glossarium, 222; cf. Hyckmans, Noms propres, i, 182, 269). The Phoen name Συδυκ may also represent צדיק (Harris, Glossary, 141).

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