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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ṢLB صلب 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
“root” 
▪ ṢLB_1 ‘hard, solid, stiff; steel’ ↗ṣulb
▪ ṢLB_2 ‘cross; to crucify’ ↗ṣalīb
▪ ṢLB_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the backbone, the spine; the loins; to become hard, rigid, firm, solid, tough, stiff; to become strong; to place two pieces of wood cross-wise, to crucify’ 
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ṣalab‑ صَلَبَ , i (ṣalb) 
ID 511 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
vb., I 
to crucify – WehrCowan1979. 
Jeffery1938 holds that »the verb is denominative from ↗ṣalīb [‘cross’].« 
▪ eC7 Q 4:157, 5:37, 7:124, 12:41, 20:71, 26:49 ‘to crucify’. 
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Jeffery1938: »The [Qurʔānic] passages are all relatively late. Once it refers to the crucifixion of our Lord (iv, 156), once to the crucifixion of Joseph’s prison companion (xii, 41), and in all the other passages to a form of punishment which Muḥammad seems to have considered was a favourite pastime of Pharaoh, but which in v, 37, he holds out as a threat against those who reject his mission. – The word cannot be explained from Ar, as the verb is denominative from ↗ṣalīb. […]« 
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► ṣallaba, vb. II, to crucify; to make the sign of the cross; to cross o.s.; to cross, fold (one’s arms): rather denominative from ṣalīb than intensive of ṣalaba.
► ṣalb, n., crucifixion: vn.
► BP#4955ṣalībī ↗ṣalīb
► ṣalībiyyaẗ ↗ṣalīb
► ṣalbūt, n., (representation of the) crucifixion, crucifix:.
► muṣallab, n., crossing, interjunction (of roads): n.loc. II. 
ṣulb صُلْب ; – (pl. ʔaṣlub , ʔaṣlāb) 
ID 512 • Sw – • BP 2323 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
¹adj.; ²n. 
I adj., hard, firm, solid, stiff, rigid; II n., 1 steel; – 2 (pl.) a spinal column, backbone; b loins – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ ? Cf. also ↗†ṢQLB_2 ?
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► ṣaliba, a, and ṣaluba, u (ṣalābaẗ), vb. I, to be or become hard, firm, solid, stiff, or rigid, solidify, harden, set, stiffen: denominative.
► ṣallaba, vb. II, to make hard, firm, solid, stiff, or rigid, harden, solidify, stiffen, indurate; to support, prop, shore up; to harden (the heart): caus. from I, or denominative, directly from ṣulb.
► taṣallaba, vb. V, = I; to show o.s. hard or severe: denominative.
► ṣulbaẗ, n.: ṣ. al-ʕayn sclera (anat.):.
► ṣalīb, adj., hard, firm, solid, stiff, rigid: adj.intens. – For another meaning (from the homonymous root) ↗ṣalīb.
► ṣalābaẗ, n.f., hardness, callousness; hardening, induration; firmness, solidity, stiffness, rigidity; stubbornness, obstinacy, unyieldingness; intolerance: vn. I.
► taṣallub, n., hardness, callousness, hardening: vn. V. | t. al-šarāyīn, t. širyānī arteriosclerosis.
► mutaṣallib, adj., unyielding, inflexible, relentless, hard: PA V. 
ṣalīb صَلِيب , pl. ṣulbān , ṣulub 
ID 513 • Sw – • BP 3826 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
n. 
cross – WehrCowan1979. 
From Aram ṣlībā, Syr ṣlīḇā ‘cross’, probably from an Iranian source, cf. Pers čalīpā. 
lC6 al-Nābiġaẗ, ʕAdiyy b. Zayd (cf. Jeffery’s references in "DISC" below).
▪ eC7 Q 4:157 wa-qawlihim ʔinnā qatalnā ’l-masīḥa ʕīsā bna maryama rasūla ’ḷḷāhi wa-mā qatalū-hu wa-mā ṣalabū-hu walākin šubbiha lahum ‘As for their saying: We slew the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, Allah’s messenger - they slew him not nor crucified him, but it appeared so unto them’ 
Cf. ↗ṢLB. 
Jeffery1938: »[…] ṣalīb occurs in the old poetry, e.g. al-Nābiġa, ii, 10 (Ahlwardt, Divans, p. 4), and ʕAdī b. Zayd (Aġānī, ii, 24), etc., and is doubtless derived from Aram ṣlībā; Syr ṣlīḇā, as Fraenkel, Fremdw, 276, claims. The word is not original in Aram, however, and perhaps came originally from some Iranian source from a root represented by the Pers čalīpā (Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 614). Mingana, Syriac Influence, 86, claims that it was from Syr rather than from JudAram that the word came to Ar, and as the Eth [Gz] taṣalləba seems to be of this origin,1 it may be so.2 « 
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► al-ṣalīb al-ǧanūbī, n., the Southern Cross (astron.).
► al-ṣ. al-ʔaḥmar, n., the Red Cross.
► ṣalīb maʕqūf, n., swastika.

► ṣalaba, i (ṣalb), vb. I, to crucify: denominative from ṣalīb.
► ṣallaba, vb. II, to crucify; to make the sign of the cross; to cross o.s.; to cross, fold (one’s arms): denominative from ṣalīb.

► ṣalb, n., crucifixion: vn. I.
► BP#4955ṣalībī, adj., in al-ḥurūb al-ṣalībiyyaẗ the crusades: nsb-adj from ṣalīb; al-ṣalībiyyūn the crusaders: nominalized nsb-adj.
► ṣalībiyyaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt crusade: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from ṣalīb.
► ṣalbūt, n., (representation of the) crucifixion, crucifix:.
► muṣallab, n., crossing, interjunction (of roads): n.loc. II. 

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