Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ^†ṢNDL_4 ‘big-headed (ass, camel): ^†⁴ṣandal, ^†ṣunādil
▪ ^†ṢNDL_5 ‘a thing resembling the boot, in the sole of which are nails’: ^†⁵ṣandal
▪ ^†ṢNDL_6 ‘skiff, rowboat’: ^†⁶ṣandal
▪ ṢNDL_7 ‘homme brave et courageux’: DaṯAr ṣandīl (LZ1942)
▪ ^†ṢNDL_8 ‘chemistry, pharmacy’: ^†ṣandalaẗ
▪ ^†ṢNDL_9 ‘…’: ^†…

▪ [v1] : ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’.
▪ [v2] : BadawiHinds1986: from Engl sandal(s), from Lat, from Grk sándalon ‘sandal’ (which, accord. to most sources, is of Pers origin – but see DISC below).
▪ [v3] : BadawiHinds1986 marks ³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ as »Grk Pers Tu It« without giving any details, and words of this meaning do not seem to exist in the languages indicated. – Prob. identical with ^†[v6] ‘skiff, rowboat’.
▪ ^†[v4] ^†⁴ṣandal, ^†ṣunādil ‘big-headed (ass, camel)’: accord. to Rolland2014a « probablement d’origine sémitique ». No details given.
▪ ^†[v5] ^†⁵ṣandal ‘a thing resembling the boot, in the sole of which are nails’: accord. to Ar lexicographers (as summarized in Lane iv 1872), the word is from a Pers sandal. – Prob. identical with [v2] ‘sandal(s)’.
▪ ^†[v6] ^†⁶ṣandal ‘skiff, rowboat’: Rolland2014a thinks this is metaphorical use of [v2] (or [v5]?), the small boat (and also the name of a flat fish) being likened to a shoe (boot). « Le […] sens […] relève d’une dérivation métaphorique habituelle entre les noms de poissons, de chaussures et d’embarcations ; une datation des occurrences devrait permettre de vérifier quels rôles ont joués le grec et le turc dans le sémantisme de l’arabe. » – See also below, section DISC.
▪ [v7] DaṯAr ṣandīl ‘homme brave et courageux’ (LandbergZetterstein1942): akin to ^†[v4]?
▪ ^†[v8] : ^†ṣandalaẗ for ‘chemistry, pharmacy’ is a var. of the now more common ↗ṣaydalaẗ. But ṣaydalī < ṣandalī ‘pharmacist, seller of drugs’ (which still can take the pl. ṣanādilaẗ instead of ṣayādilaẗ!) is perh. originally a *‘seller of sandal powder’ (used in medicine, etc.) – Rolland2014a.
▪ ^†[v9] ‘…’: ^†…

▪ [v1] : 626 ṣandal ‘tree with fine-smelling wood’ (ʔUmayyaẗ b. ʔAbī l-Ṣalt) – DHDA.
▪ [v4] : 595 ṣandal ‘big-headed’ (ass, camel), 762 ṣunādil ‘id.’ (Ruʔbaẗ b. al-ʕAǧǧāǧ) – DHDA.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ [v1]-[v8] : see above, section CONC.
▪ [v2] ‘sandal(s)’: Rolland2014a thinks that Grk sándalon on which the Engl is based is orig. a *‘sandale de bois fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied; nom d’un poisson plat’ and may therefore be based on [v1] ‘sandalwood’: « Les sandales originelles ont dû être fabriquées avec du bois de santal. » (For the name of the flat fish, see below, [v6].) LiddellScott1901, too, give ‘wooden sole, firmly bound on by straps round the instep and ankle’ as the meaning of Grk sándalon. Rolland, however, goes a step farther, assuming that the word therefore is based on ‘sandal wood’. Is that likely? Etymologists of Grk (Chantraine, Beekes) usually think that Grk sándalon is from a non-Grk source, but they do not identify this source with a word meaning ‘sandal wood’. Accord. to Jastrow1904 (reprod. also by Nişanyan_23Mar2018), the Grk sándalon is attested as early as -C7, and in TargAram (sandal) from C1 onwards, both with the meaning ‘sole with straps, shoe’ and (hence also) ‘flat fish like the sole or turbot’, and both are poss. from a common Pers source, specified by Jastrow as Pers sandal and translated as ‘calceus’.¹ If the sole really was wooden, could there be an influence of Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.’ (cf. also nGrk sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’)?
▪ [v6] : Accord. to Nişanyan_23Mar2018, the meaning ‘skiff, rowboat’ (tabanı düz kayık ‘boat with flat deck’) of Tu sandal is metaphorical use of [v2], i.e., *‘flat like a sandal’. – But isn’t there also Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.; also: deck (of a ship)[!]’, dimin. sanídion ‘small plank, board’, nGrk sanídi ‘plank’, sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’? Cf. also Tu sandalî ‘throne’ and sandalya~sandalye ‘chair’ which are hardly from ‘sandal(s)’ (but perh. from ‘sandal wood’ – see below, NB in section WEST).
▪ …

1. I.e., a »mid-weight, outdoor walking ‘shoe-boot’, worn in ancient Rome. It was flat-soled, usually hobnailed and entirely covered the foot and ankle, up to the lower shin. It was secured with crossed thongs or laces« – en.wiki, 6Jul2021.

▪ [v1] : Engl sandalwood (1510s), earlier sandell (c1400), saundres (eC14), from oFr sandale, from mLat sandalum, from lGrk santalon, ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, perh. lit. ‘wood for burning incense’, related to candrah ‘shining, glowing’ and cognate with Lat candere ‘to shine, glow’ (cf. Engl candle) – etymonline. || Ge Sandelholz (C15), from It sandalo, from Ar ṣandal, from Pers čandal, from oInd čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, of unclear Drav origin – Kluge2002 / Lokotsch1927 #1825. || from Ital santalo, mLat santalum, from Grk sántalon, Ar ṣandal, from Skr čandana – DWDS. || Tu sandal (<1421?): sandal ve akakyā ve kızıl gül ve inebü’s-saleb (Yadigâr-ı İbni Şerif), from Skr čandana – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ [v2] : Engl sandal ‘type of shoe’ (lC14), from oFr sandale, from Lat sandalium ‘a slipper, sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandal’, of unknown origin, perh. from Pers – etymonline. || Ge Sandale, enGe Sandaly (pl., c1500), from Lat sandalia, pl. of Lat sandalium ‘strap shoe’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of Grk sándalon, of unknown (Pers? Eg?) origin – DWDS. || Fr sandale (c1160 sandaires, c1170 sçandales): from mLat sandalium ‘sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandale de bois, fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied’ – CNRTL. || Tu sandal ‘sandal (shoe)’ (Redhouse1968): 1680 Meninski, Thesaurus: »sendel vulg. sandal: Başmak. Calceamenti genus« – Nişanyan_23Mar2018; Tu sandalet ‘small sandal, open shoe’: 1941 Cumhuriyet (newspaper): »bilumum yalın kat ayakkabı, sandalet, ağaç çivili kadın ve erkek ayakkabı satanlar...« < Fr sandalette, dimin. of Fr sandale etc., see above – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ [v3] : ³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’: accord. to BadawiHinds1986 also in »Grk Pers Tu It«, but no details given; prob. same as [v6], below.
▪ ^†[v5] ^†⁵ṣandal ‘a thing resembling the boot, in the sole of which are nails’: accord. to Ar lexicographers (as summarized in Lane iv 1872), the word is from a Pers sandal. – Prob., however, it is identical with [v2] ‘sandal(s)’.
▪ ^†[v6] Ar ^†⁶ṣandal ‘skiff’ ≈ Tu (Redhouse1968) sandal ‘rowboat’, sandalcı ‘boatman’: 1354 Görir bindi birkaç kişi ṣandala / deŋizden çıkup mīşeye girdiler – Mesʿūd b. Aḥmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahār terc. (Nişanyan_23Mar2018).
▪ ^†[v8] : ^†ṣandalaẗ ‘chemistry, pharmacy’.

▪ NB: Tu ³sandal ‘a kind of silk or satin cloth, brocade, sendal’ does not seem to have anything to do with [v1]-[v8]; rather, it is from Fr cendal (c1150), from mLat cendalum, prob. of Ital origin, prob. from Lat sindon, -onis ‘light, fin tissue, musselin’ – CNRTL. – Cf. Ar ↗sundus.
▪ NB: Is Tu sandalî ‘throne’ (Redhouse1890) originally a nisba-adj. coined from [v1] and thus meaning ‘made of sandalwood’? And shouldn’t one also put Tu sandalya, sandalye ‘chair’ here? (Earliest attestations: <1377 Erzurumlu Darir, Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »sandaluŋ üstinde Yūsuf oturur / bir münādi geldi gavgā getürür«; Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »kodılar bir ṣandalī hem ʕūd-ı ḫām / kim otura üzerinde ol ʔimām«; 1574 Hoca Saʕdeddīn Ef., Tācü't-Tevārīḫ: »bir muraṣṣaʕ sandali koydiler« – Nişanyan_26Sept2017, Nişanyan_23Mar2018.) If so one will also have to compare sandalya in the meaning of ‘office, post’ (e.g., sandalya kavgası ‘struggle for a post or position’).
▪ …

–

¹ṣandal صَنْدَل

√ṢNDL

1 sandalwood; 2 ↗²ṣandal; 3 ↗³ṣandal – WehrCowan1976.

▪ (Via Pers čandal?) ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’.
▪ (Rolland2014a:) ¹ṣandal ‘sandal wood’ is likely to be the source of ↗ṣaydalī < ^†ṣandalī ‘pharmacist, druggist, apothecary’, orig. prob. *‘seller of sandal powder’ (used for medical and other purposes), cf. OttTu ṣandalānī ‘dealer in sandal wood, druggist and perfumer’ (Redhouse1890).
▪ Some scholars believe that also ↗²ṣandal ‘type of shoe, sandal(s)’ and ↗³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ as well as other (now obsolete) values like ^†‘skiff, rowboat’ ultimately derive from ‘sandal wood’.
▪ …

▪ 626 ʔUmayyaẗ b. ʔAbī l-Ṣalt: ṣandal ‘tree with fine-smelling wood’ – DHDA.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Engl sandalwood (1510s), earlier sandell (c1400), saundres (eC14), from oFr sandale, from mLat sandalum, from lGrk sántalon, ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, perh. lit. *‘wood for burning incense’, related to candrah ‘shining, glowing’ and cognate with Lat candere ‘to shine, glow’ (cf. Engl candle) – etymonline.
▪ Ge Sandelholz ‘sandal wood’ (C15), from It sandalo, from Ar ṣandal, from Pers čandal, from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, of unclear Drav origin – Kluge2002 / Lokotsch1927 #1825. || from Ital santalo, mLat santalum, from Grk sántalon, Ar ṣandal, from Skr čandana – DWDS.
▪ Tu sandal ‘sandal wood’: (<1421?) Yadigâr-ı İbni Şerif: »sandal ve akakyā ve kızıl gül ve inebü’s-saleb«, from Skr čandana – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ Is Tu sandalî ‘throne’ (Redhouse1890) originally a nisba-adj. coined from Ar ¹ṣandal and thus meaning ‘made of sandalwood’? And should one also put Tu sandalya, sandalye ‘chair’ here? (Earliest attestations: <1377 Erzurumlu Darir, Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »sandaluŋ üstinde Yūsuf oturur / bir münādi geldi gavgā getürür«; Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »kodılar bir ṣandalī hem ʕūd-ı ḫām / kim otura üzerinde ol ʔimām«; 1574 Hoca Saʕdeddīn Ef., Tācü't-Tevārīḫ: »bir muraṣṣaʕ sandali koydiler« – Nişanyan_26Sept2017, _23Mar2018.) If so one will also have to compare sandalya in the meaning of ‘office, post’ (e.g., sandalya kavgası ‘struggle for a post or position’).

▪ NB: Tu sandal ‘a kind of silk or satin cloth, brocade, sendal’ does not seem to have anything to do with ¹ṣandal ‘sandalwood’; rather, it is from Fr cendal (c1150), from mLat cendalum, prob. (via Ital?) from Lat sindon, ‑onis ‘light, fin tissue, musselin’ – CNRTL. – Cf. Ar ↗sundus.
▪ …

For other values attached to the root, see ↗²ṣandal and ↗³ṣandal as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNDL.

²ṣandal صَنْدَل

√ṢNDL

1 ↗¹ṣandal; 2 sandals; 3 ↗³ṣandal – WehrCowan1976.

▪ (BadawiHinds1986:) From Engl sandal(s), via Lat from Grk sándalon ‘sandal’ (which, accord. to most sources, is of Pers origin – see DISC below).
▪ Rolland2014a thinks that Grk sándalon ‘sandal’ on which the Engl sandal is based is orig. a *‘sandale de bois fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied’ and may therefore be based on ‘sandalwood’ (↗¹ṣandal): « Les sandales originelles ont dû être fabriquées avec du bois de santal. » – But why should shoes be made from sandal wood in particular? Unlikely. See below, section DISC.
▪ Grk sándalon may be the etymon of ↗³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ and the perh. identical ^†⁶ṣandal ‘skiff, rowboat’ (↗√ṢNDL), see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Is Grk sándalon ‘sandal(s)’ related to ‘sandal wood’ (↗¹ṣandal)? Rolland thinks that the Grk ‘sandals’ orig. were a *‘wooden sole, firmly bound on by straps round the instep and ankle’ (LiddellScott1901) and that the word therefore is based on ‘sandal wood’. But is that likely? Etymologists of Grk (Chantraine, Beekes) usually think that Grk sándalon is from a non-Grk source, but they do not identify this source with a word meaning ‘sandal wood’. Accord. to Jastrow1904 (reprod. also by Nişanyan_23Mar2018), the Grk sándalon is attested as early as -C7, and in TargAram (sandal) from C1 onwards, both with the meaning ‘sole with straps, shoe’ and (hence also) ‘flat fish like the sole or turbot’, and both are poss. from a common Pers source, specified by Jastrow as Pers sandal and translated as ‘calceus’.² If the sole really was wooden, could there be an influence of Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.’ (cf. also nGrk sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’)?
▪ A relation, likewise assumed by Rolland2014a, between Grk sándalon ‘sandals’ and ↗³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’/^†⁶ṣandal ‘skiff, rowboat’ seems to be more likely than a dependence of ‘sandal(s)’ on ‘sandal wood’, as the small boat (and also the name of a flat fish) are easily conceivable as metaphorical use of ‘sandals’, as all are flat and open. « Le […] sens […] relève d’une dérivation métaphorique habituelle entre les noms de poissons, de chaussures et d’embarcations ; une datation des occurrences devrait permettre de vérifier quels rôles ont joués le grec et le turc dans le sémantisme de l’arabe. » – Cf., however, further discussion s.v. ↗³ṣandal.
▪ …

2. I.e., a »mid-weight, outdoor walking ‘shoe-boot’, worn in ancient Rome. It was flat-soled, usually hobnailed and entirely covered the foot and ankle, up to the lower shin. It was secured with crossed thongs or laces« – en.wiki, 6Jul2021.

▪ NB: The items given below are not from Ar ²ṣandal. Rather, they are registered with the aim of giving an overview of the etymologies, suggested in various sources, of the European words from which Ar ²ṣandal was borrowed.

▪ Engl sandal ‘type of shoe’ (lC14), from oFr sandale, from Lat sandalium ‘a slipper, sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandal’, of unknown origin, perh. from Pers – etymonline.
▪ Ge Sandale, enGe Sandaly (pl., c1500), from Lat sandalia, pl. of Lat sandalium ‘strap shoe’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of Grk sándalon, of unknown (Pers? Eg?) origin – DWDS.
▪ Fr sandale (c1160 sandaires, c1170 sçandales): from mLat sandalium ‘sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandale de bois, fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied’ – CNRTL.
▪ Tu sandal ‘sandal (shoe)’: 1680 Meninski, Thesaurus: »sendel vulg. sandal: Başmak. Calceamenti genus« – Nişanyan_23Mar2018; Tu sandalet ‘small sandal, open shoe’: 1941 Cumhuriyet (newspaper): »bilumum yalın kat ayakkabı, sandalet, ağaç çivili kadın ve erkek ayakkabı satanlar...« < Fr sandalette, dimin. of Fr sandale etc., see above – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ …

For other values attached to the root, see ↗¹ṣandal and ↗³ṣandal as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNDL.

³ṣandal صَنْدَل , pl. ṣanādilᵘ

√ṢNDL

1 ↗¹ṣandal; 2 ↗²ṣandal; 3 (freight) barge; lighter, barge – WehrCowan1976.

▪ BadawiHinds1986 marks ³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ as »Grk Pers Tu It« without giving any details, and words of this meaning do not seem to exist in the languages indicated. Prob., the item is identical with ^†⁶ṣandal (↗√ṢNDL) ‘skiff, rowboat’ which, accord. to Rolland2014a, is metaphorical use of the etymon of ↗²ṣandal ‘sandal(s)’, namely Grk sándalon ‘sandal(s)’, the small boat being likened to a shoe (boot). Accord. to Jastrow1904 (reprod. also by Nişanyan_23Mar2018), the Grk sándalon is attested as early as -C7, and in TargAram (sandal) from C1 onwards, both with the meaning ‘sole with straps, shoe; hence also: flat fish like the sole or turbot’, and both are poss. from a common Pers source, specified by Jastrow as Pers sandal ‘calceus’.¹ Accord. to Rolland2014a, the likening of (flat-soled) sandals, flat fish and flat boats seems to stem from habitual association: « Le […] sens […] relève d’une dérivation métaphorique habituelle entre les noms de poissons, de chaussures et d’embarcations ; une datation des occurrences devrait permettre de vérifier quels rôles ont joués le grec et le turc dans le sémantisme de l’arabe. »
▪ Rolland2014a further assumes a dependence of Grk sándalon on ‘sandalwood’ (↗¹ṣandal) – an assumption we find hard to follow; see discussion s.v. ↗¹ṣandal and ↗²ṣandal.
▪ However, we should perh. not exclude poss. influence of Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.; also: deck (of a ship)[!]’, dimin. sanídion ‘small plank, board’ (> nGrk sanídi ‘plank’, sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’) on the development of ³ṣandal.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Ar ^†⁶ṣandal ‘skiff’ ≈ Tu (Redhouse1968) sandal ‘rowboat’, sandalcı ‘boatman’: 1354 Mesʿūd b. Aḥmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahār terc.: »Görir bindi birkaç kişi ṣandala / deŋizden çıkup mīşeye girdiler« – Nişanyan_23Mar2018.
▪ …

For other values attached to the root, see ↗¹ṣandal and ↗²ṣandal as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNDL.

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