Bibliotheca Polyglotta

ḍād ضاد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

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R₁

The letter ḍ of the Arabic alphabet.

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ḌʔN ضأن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌʔN

“root”

▪ ḌʔN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌʔN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌʔN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sheep, to have plenty of sheep; weak, spineless male’

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ḌBḤ ضبح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌBḤ

“root”

▪ ḌBḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌBḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌBḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘cinder, ashes, lightly roasted meat, to scorch; calls of foxes, owls and rabbits, panting of horses as they run’

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ḌǦʕ ضجع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌǦʕ

“root”

▪ ḌǦʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌǦʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌǦʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘place where one sleeps; to lie on one’s side, to recline; to neglect one’s duties’

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ḌḤK ضحك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌḤK

“root”

▪ ḌḤK_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌḤK_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌḤK_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘laughing matter, object of scorn; to laugh, ridicule, jeer; (of the earth) to bring forth plants and flowers’

▪ With (partly) dissimilation (*-Q > Ar -K) from protSem *√Ṣ́ḤQ or *√ṢḤQ ‘to laugh’ – Huehnergard2011.
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ḌḤW ضحو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌḤW

“root”

▪ ḌḤW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌḤW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌḤW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the breaking of day, daylight, the brief time of mid-morning, to enter at the time of mid-morning, to expose o.s. to the sun; to appear, to appear conspicuously; suburb and surroundings; sacrificial animal, to sacrifice’

▪ From WSem *√Ṣ́ḤW, also *√ṢḤW, *√ṢḤY, *√ṢḤḤ, ‘to be(come) bright, dazzling’ – Huehnergard2011.
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ḌDː (ḌDD) ضدّ/ضدد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌDː (ḌDD)

“root”

▪ ḌDː (ḌDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌDː (ḌDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌDː (ḌDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘opposition, adversary, to oppose; peer; to meet one’s match; to fill up’

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ḌRː (ḌRR) ضرّ / ضرر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

“root”

▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_1 ‘to do harm, damage, hurt, cause a loss, bring pressure to bear’ ↗ḍarra
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_2 ‘to force, compel; necessity, need, constraint’ ↗ḍarūraẗ
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_3 ‘second wife’ ↗¹ḍarraẗ
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_4 ‘udder’ ↗²ḍarrat
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_5 ‘blind’ ↗ḍarīr

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘affliction, shortage of money, having no children; blindness; to harm, to impair, to disadvantage; to compel; to afflict one’s wife by marrying another’

▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_1,3,5 : The primary value seems to be ‘hostility, rivalry’ and ‘causing harm’ ([v1]), hence also [v3] the ‘rival-wife’ and [v5] ‘blind’ (< *‘harmed, injured, suffering a loss of eye-sight’).
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_2 : It is tempting to derive also the theme of ‘being compelled’ from [v1], interpreting it as the result of imminent aggression or danger represented by an enemy, causing a feeling of ‘being forced’ into a situation of ‘emergency’, hence also ‘necessity, constraint’ in general. Etymologically, however, [v2] may be a distinct value, dependent on the notion of *‘to bind, tie up, restrict’ (see below, section COGN).
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_4 : No obvious relation between ‘udder’ and the other items in the root.

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▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_1 : (BDB1906, Leslau2006) Akk ṣarāru ‘to be hostile’, ṣarru ‘foe’, Ug *ṣrr ‘to hurt, afflict’, ṣr-t ‘enemy’, Hbr ṣārar ‘to shew hostility toward, vex’, Hbr nHbr ṣar ‘adversary, foe’, Aram ʕār ‘enemy’, Soq ḍer(r) ‘to strike’, SAr ḍrr ‘to wage war’, Sab ḍr ‘war; foe’, m-ṣr ‘Feldzug’ (Müller2010), Gz ʔaḍrara ‘to become an enemy, be hostile, stir up trouble, start a fight\war’, Te (tə)ṣarära, Tña (tə)ṣarärä ‘to be hostile’, Amh (tä)ṭarrärä ‘to quarrel, be enemiesḍrr, Tña ṣär, Amh ṭäro ‘enemy’.¹ . – Cf. also ḌR: (ḌRR)_3 for the related n.f., ‘rival-wife’.
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_2 : (Unless depending on ḌRː/ḌRR_2) (BDB1906) Hbr ṣārar ‘to bind, tie up, be restricted, narrow, scant, cramped’, Aram ṣrar, Syr ṣar ‘to bind, tie up’, Hbr ṣar ‘(adj.) narrow, tight; (n.) straits, distress’, ṣᵊrûr ‘bundle, parcel, pouch, bag’ (< *s.th. bound up).
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_3 : (BDB1906) Akk ṣerretu, Hbr ṣārāʰ ‘vexer, rival-wife’, ṣārar ‘to make [a woman] a rival-wife’, Phoen ṣrt, Syr ʕarrᵊṯā ‘rival-wife’. – Cf. also ḌR: (ḌRR)_1 for the overarching notion of ‘hostility, rivalry, etc.’.
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_4 : ?
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_5 : no direct correspondances in ‘blindness’; cf., however, ḌR: (ḌRR)_1&3 for the overarching notion of ‘hostility, rivalry, causing harm, injury’.

1. Cf. also the expr. Tña Amh Gur ṣärä\ṭärä Maryam ‘Protestant’, lit. *‘enemy of Mary’.

See above, section CONC.

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ḍarr‑ / ḍarar‑ ضَرّ / ضَرَرْـ , u (ḍarr)

ID … • Sw – • BP 3253 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

vb., I

to harm, impair, prejudice, damage, hurt, injure, do harm, be harmful, noxious or injurious – WehrCowan1976.

▪ A root revolving around the thematic complex of *‘hostility, rivalry’ and ‘causing harm’ is well-attested throughout Sem, see section CONC.
▪ From this root, another widespread item is derived: the ‘rival-wife’ (↗ḍarraẗ).
▪ Another derivation (in Ar only) is the adj. ‘blind’, lit. *‘harmed, injured, suffering a loss of eye-sight’ (↗ḍarīr).
▪ It is tempting to derive also the theme of ‘being compelled’ (↗ḍarūraẗ) from a primary *‘hostility, rivalry’, interpreting it as the result of imminent aggression or danger represented by an enemy, causing a feeling of ‘being forced’ into a situation of ‘emergency’, hence also ‘necessity, constraint’ in general. Etymologically, however, ‘to be compelled’ may be a distinct value (see (↗ḍarūraẗ), dependent on the notion of *‘to bind, tie up, restrict’ (see below, section COGN).

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▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_1 : (BDB1906, Leslau2006) Akk ṣarāru ‘to be hostile’, ṣarru ‘foe’, Ug *ṣrr ‘to hurt, afflict’, ṣr-t ‘enemy’, Hbr ṣārar ‘to shew hostility toward, vex’, Hbr nHbr ṣar ‘adversary, foe’, Aram ʕār ‘enemy’, Soq ḍer(r) ‘to strike’, SAr ḍrr ‘to wage war’, Sab ḍr ‘war; foe’, m-ṣr ‘Feldzug’ (Müller2010), Gz ʔaḍrara ‘to become an enemy, be hostile, stir up trouble, start a fight\war’, Te (tə)ṣarära, Tña (tə)ṣarärä ‘to be hostile’, Amh (tä)ṭarrärä ‘to quarrel, be enemiesḍrr, Tña ṣär, Amh ṭäro ‘enemy’.² .
▪ Cf. also s.v. ↗ḍarraẗ for the related ‘rival-wife’.
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2. Cf. also the expr. Tña Amh Gur ṣärä\ṭärä Maryam ‘Protestant’, lit. *‘enemy of Mary’.

See above, section CONC.

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►ḍarrara, vb. II, to damage, harm, prejudice: D‑stem, ints.
►ḍārra, vb. III, = I.
►ʔaḍarra, vb. IV, 1 = I. – (Perh. rather related to ↗ḍarūraẗ: 2a to force, compel, coerce, oblige; 2b to do violence, bring pressure to bear: *Š-stem, caus.). – 3 ↗ḍarraẗ.
►taḍarrara, vb. V, 1a to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; 1b to suffer damage or loss; 2 to complain.
►ĭnḍarra, vb. VII, to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; to suffer damage or loss.

►ḍurr, ḍarr, n., 1adamage, harm, impairment, prejudice, detriment, injury, hurt; 1b loss, disadvantage.
►ḍirr, ḍurr, n., ↗¹ḍarraẗ.
►ḍarraẗ, pl. ‑āt, ḍarāʔirᵘ, n.f., ↗¹ḍarraṭ; 2 ↗²ḍarraṭ.
► ^BP#1724ḍarar, pl. ʔaḍrār, n., 1 harm, damage, detriment; 2 loss, disadvantage | mā ’l-ḍarar?, what does it matter! what’s the harm of it?; ʔaḫaff al-ḍararayn, n., the lesser of the two evils.
►ḍarrāʔᵘ, n., distress, adversity | fī ’ṣ-ṣarrāʔ wa’l-ḍarrāʔ, adv., in good and bad days, for better or for worse.
►ḍarīr, adj., blind: quasi-PP, ↗s.v..
►maḍarraẗ, pl. ‑āt, maḍārr, n.f., harm, damage, detriment, loss, disadvantage (ʕalà for).
►ʔiḍrār, n., harm, injury, detriment (jur.): vn. IV.
►ḍārr, adj., harmful, injurious, detrimental, noxious, disadvantageous: PA I.
►muḍirr, adj., harmful, injurious, detrimental, noxious, disadvantageous (bi to, for): PA IV.
► ^BP#3783mutaḍarrir, 1 adj., a damaged; b injured; 2 n., victim: PA V.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR)

¹ḍarraẗ ضَرّة , pl. ‑āt, ḍarāʔirᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

n.f.

1 wife other than the first of a plural marriage; 2 ↗²ḍarraṭ – WehrCowan1976.

▪ In the meaning ‘wife other than the first of a plural marriage’ (for another value, cf. ↗²ḍarraṭ), the word ḍarraṭ is related to the semantic complex treated s.v. ↗ḍarra ‘to harm, impair, damage, hurt, injure, be noxious’ etc. The basic theme in Sem seems to be *‘hostility’, so that ¹ḍarraẗ not only signifies a second wife but also carries the notion of ‘vexing, rivalry, causing stress’. The word is very old and has cognates with the same meaning in several Sem langs.

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▪ BDB1906: Akk ṣerretu, Hbr ṣārāʰ ‘vexer, rival-wife’, ṣārar ‘to make [a woman] a rival-wife’, Phoen ṣrt, Syr ʕarrᵊṯā ‘rival-wife’.
▪ For the overarching *‘hostility, rivalry’, cf. the cognates given s.v. ↗ḍarra.
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See above, section CONC.

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►ʔaḍarra, vb. IV, 1 ↗ḍarra; 2 ↗ḍarūraẗ; 3 to add a second wife to one’s household: *Š-stem, denom., from ḍarraẗ.

►ḍirr, ḍurr, n., addition of a second wife to one’s household..

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR)

²ḍarrat ضَرّة , pl. ‑āt, ḍarāʔirᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

n.f.

1 ↗¹ḍarraṭ; 2 udder – WehrCowan1976.

▪ While the most common meaning of the n.f. ḍarraṭ is ‘rival-wife, wife other than the first of a plural marriage’ (↗¹ḍarraṭ), it can also signify ‘udder’. Etymology obscure.
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See above, section CONC.

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For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR).

ḍarūraẗ ضَرورة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP 555 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

n.f.

1a necessity, stress, constraint, need; 1b distress, plight, emergency, want, austerity – WehrCowan1976.

▪ It is tempting to derive the theme of ‘being compelled’ from the notion of *‘hostility, rivalry’ (treated s.v. ↗ḍarra), widely attested throughout Sem, interpreting it as the result of imminent aggression or danger represented by an enemy, causing a feeling of ‘being forced’ into a situation of ‘emergency’, hence also ‘necessity, stress, constraint’ in general. Etymologically, however, ‘to be compelled’ may be a distinct value, dependent on the idea of *‘binding, tying up, restricting’ (see below, section COGN).
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▪ ? Cf. Hbr ṣārar ‘to bind, tie up, be restricted, narrow, scant, cramped’, Aram ṣrar, Syr ṣar ‘to bind, tie up’, Hbr ṣar ‘(adj.) narrow, tight; (n.) straits, distress’, ṣᵊrûr ‘bundle, parcel, pouch, bag’ (< *s.th. bound up) – BDB1906.
▪ Cf. perh. also ↗ḍarra.

See above, section CONC.

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► ḍarūraẗan, adv., necessararily
► bi’l-ḍarūraẗ, adv., necessarily
► ʕind al-ḍarūraẗ, adv., in case of need, if need be, when necessary
► lil-ḍarūraẗ al-quṣwà, adv., in case of dire necessity, if worst comes to worst
► lil-ḍarūraẗ ʔaḥkām and al-ḍarūraẗ tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt, expr., necessity knows no laws.

► ʔaḍarra, vb. IV, 1 = I (↗ḍarra); 2a to force, compel, coerce, oblige; 2b to do violence, bring pressure to bear: *Š-stem, caus.; – 3 ↗ḍarraẗ.
► ^BP#2700 ĭḍṭarra, vb. VIII, 1 to force, compel, coerce, oblige; – pass. uḍṭurra 1a to be forced, compelled, obliged; 1b to be in an emergency or predicament, be hard pressed; 2 to be in need, need, want: Gt-stem.
► ḍarrāʔᵘ, n., distress, adversity | fī ’ṣ-ṣarrāʔ wa’l-ḍarrāʔ, adv., in good and bad days, for better or for worse.
► ^BP#1214ḍarūrī, necessary, imperative, requisite, indispensable, inevitable; pl. ḍarūriyyāt, necessaries, necessities: nisba formation from ḍarūraẗ | kāna min al-ḍarūrī, vb.impers., to be necessary; ḍarūriyyāt al-ḥayāẗ, n.nonhum.pl., necessities of life; ḍarūriyyāt al-ʔaḥwāl, exigencies, requirement of the situation.
► ĭḍṭirār, n., 1a compulsion, coercion; b necessity, exigency, requirement; c plight, predicament, emergency: vn. VIII | ʕind al-ĭḍṭirār , adv., in case of emergency.
► ĭḍṭirārī, adj., coercive, compulsory, inevitable, necessary, obligatory: nisba formation from ĭḍṭirār.
► ^BP#4451muḍṭarr, adj., 1 forced, compelled, obliged (ʔilà to); 2a poor, destitute; 2b wanting (ʔilà s.th.), in need (ʔilà of s.th.) : PP VIII.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR).

ḍarīr ضَرير

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

adj.

blind – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The adj. ḍarīr is a quasi-PP (FaʕīL) from the vb. ↗ḍarra ‘to harm, impair, prejudice, damage, hurt, injure, do harm, be harmful, noxious or injurious’ and thus means, lit., ‘harmed, injured’ or ‘having suffered a loss (sc., of eye-sight)’, cf. also the nouns ḍurr, ḍarr, ḍarar ‘damage, harm, impairment, prejudice, detriment, injury, hurt; loss, disadvantage’, or the vb.s taḍarrara (V) and ĭnḍarra (VII) ‘to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; to suffer damage or loss’.
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Cf. ↗ḍarra.

See above, section CONC.

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For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː (ḌRR).

ḌRB

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRB

“root”

▪ ḌRB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḌRB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘beating, striking, to battle, to sting; to travel, to go fast; to appear; type; white honey; head, a muscular person, to sire’

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ḍarab‑ ضَرَبَ

ID … • Sw –/73 • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRB

vb., I

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ḍarībaẗ ضَرِيبَة

ID 529 • Sw – • BP 1900 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRB

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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ʔiḍrāb إضْراب

ID 528 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRB

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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ḌRʕ ضرع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌRʕ

“root”

▪ ḌRʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌRʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌRʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘udder, teat, stream of milk from an udder; to worship, humble o.s., call for help; similarity, to be similar, to approach; the present time’

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muḍāraʕaẗ مُضارَعة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023

√ḌRʕ

n.f.

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▪ vn., III

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muḍāriʕ مُضارِع

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023

√ḌRʕ

adj.

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▪ PA, III

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ḌʕF

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌʕF

“root”

▪ ḌʕF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḌʕF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘equal; double, several times the amount of s.th., folds, to increase by several times; to weaken; to test’

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ḍaʕīf ضَعِيف

ID 530 • Sw – • BP 1285 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌʕF

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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ḌĠṮ ضغث

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌĠṮ

“root”

▪ ḌĠṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌĠṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌĠṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a bundle, unravelling of hair; a camel suspected to be suffering from an afflicted hump; confusion, mixture, hallucination’

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ḌĠN ضغن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌĠN

“root”

▪ ḌĠN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌĠN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌĠN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hatred, enmity; homesickness; horse that will not cooperate unless it is hit; inclination’

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ḌFDʕ ضفدع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌFDʕ

“root”

▪ ḌFDʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌFDʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌFDʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘frog, to be frog infested; to crease’

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ḌLː (ḌLL) ضلّ/ضلل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ ḌLː (ḌLL)

“root”

▪ ḌLː (ḌLL)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌLː (ḌLL)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌLː (ḌLL)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘deviation, loss, to deviate from the right way or course, to lose the way; to miss s.th., to be unable to locate s.th., to become untraceable’

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ḌMː (ḌMM) ضمّ/ضمم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ ḌMː (ḌMM)

“root”

▪ ḌMː (ḌMM)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌMː (ḌMM)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌMː (ḌMM)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘group of people of different lineage, to draw together, hug, draw close to o.s., combine, gather, join; devious; glutton’

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ḌMR ضمر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ḌMR

“root”

▪ ḌMR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌMR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌMR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘race course, slimming down of horses in preparation for a race or battle, (of the body) to be slender, be emaciated, to weaken; hidden secrets; to conceal’

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ḌNː (ḌNN) ضنّ/ضنن

√ḌNː (ḌNN)

“root”

▪ ḌNː (ḌNN)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌNː (ḌNN)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌNː (ḌNN)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘treasure, to treasure, to be sparing, to keep back, to begrudge s.th.’

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ḌNK ضنك

√ḌNK

“root”

▪ ḌNK_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌNK_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌNK_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be straitened, be confined, have a wretched life; to be physically strong’

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ḌHʔ ضهأ

√ḌHʔ

“root”

▪ ḌHʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌHʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌHʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be kind, to treat gently; to be similar, to resemble, to imitate’

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ḌWʔ ضوء

√ḌWʔ

“root”

▪ ḌWʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌWʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌWʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘intensive light, to light up, shine, illuminate, beam, enlighten’

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ḌYR ضير

√ḌYR

“root”

▪ ḌYR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌYR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌYR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to harm, injure; to inconvenience’

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ḌYZ ضيز

√ḌYZ

“root”

▪ ḌYZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌYZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌYZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘deviation, to be twisted, to be crooked; unfairness, to be unjust’

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ḌYʕ

√ḌYʕ

“root”

▪ ḌYʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḌYʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a profession; property, estate; to go to waste, to neglect, to squander’

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▪ …

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ḍāʔiʕ ضائِع

√ḌYʕ

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ …
▪ …

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►

ḌYF ضيف

√ḌYF

“root”

▪ ḌYF_1 ‘guest, hospitality’ ↗ḍayf
▪ ḌYF_2 ‘to add’ ↗ḍayf

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the sides of a valley or a mountain; to add s.th. to s.th. else; (of the sun) to be near the time of setting; to host, to seek s.o.’s hospitality; to fear, to be cautious’

»From the basic meaning ‘to incline towards, to set (of the sun), swerve, glance off (of an arrow)’, the verbal root comes to mean ‘to turn aside (from one’s road)’ and ‘to halt, on a visit to someone’, whence for the noun the sense of ‘guest’ […]« – J. Lecerf, art. “Ḍayf”, in EI².

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Although at first sight the two values do not seem to have much in common, they are probably related. Both are treated under the main lemma ↗ḍayf ‘guest’, assuming that v2 is secondary, a semantic extension of v1: *‘the one who is taken in as a guest’ > ‘to take in (in general), add’. But it could be the other way round as well: *‘to take in, add’ > ‘person who comes as addition, is taken in (as a guest)’. In ClassAr, also the values ‘to incline, approach, draw near’ and ‘to fear’ occur. Of these, ‘to incline, turn away’ could be the original value (cf. ḍīf ‘side’), while ‘to fear’ could be explained as a limitation in meaning: *‘to turn away (from fear)’ > ‘to fear’. Should this be correct, a ḍayf ‘guest’ may originally have been either *‘s.o. who has turned away (in fear?) (and is now seeking refuge)’ or ‘s.o. who has turned away (from his path) (and is now approaching, drawing near)’. Cf. Lecerf’s suggestion in EI² quoted in the “Nutshell” section.

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ḍayf ضَيْف , pl. ḍuyūf , ʔaḍyāf , ḍīfān

√ḌYF

n.

guest; visitor – WehrCowan1979.

▪ »From the basic meaning ‘to incline towards, to set (of the sun), swerve, glance off (of an arrow)’, the verbal root comes to mean ‘to turn aside (from one’s road)’ and ‘to halt, on a visit to someone’, whence for the noun the sense of ‘guest’ […]« – J. Lecerf, art. “Ḍayf”, in EI².
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#584 derive the word from a reconstructed Sem *ṣ̂ayp‑ ‘guest’ < ? AfrAs *ć̣ay˅p‑ ‘stranger, guest’.
▪ For the concept of ḍiyāfaẗ see s.v..

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Militarev/Stolbova 2007: Qat ḍyf ‘to ask to make a trading journey’, Mhr źayf / źīfon ‘guest, wedding guest’, Jib eźéf ‘to give hospitality’, Ḥrs źayf ‘guest’, Soq ḍef ‘recevoir qq’un comme hôte’. The forms in the modSAr languages may be an Arabisms. – Outside Sem: ŝapa, nzàfè ‘friend’ in 2 WCh languages; me-zep, mos, me-dap ‘stranger’ in 3 WCh idioms; mì-zèp, mɨ̀-zèp, mɨ̀-zìp, miz̃iva ‘guest’ in 4 WCh idioms; m̀-zèp, mǝ̀-zǝ̀p ‘stranger; guest’ in 2 WCh idioms; mɨ̀-s̃ɨbì, mí-híbí, mɨ̀-s̃ɨpì, mi-šibi, mɨ̀-s̃ɨpì in 4 CCh languages; and ĉap‑ ‘to pay bridewealth’ 1 SCush language.

Orel&Stolbova1994 and TB2007: From Sem *ṣ̂ayp‑ ‘guest’. Because of the WCh (*ĉ̣ay(˅)p‑ or *ĉ̣ay(˅)f‑ ‘friend; stranger; guest’), CCh (*mi-ŝip‑ or *mi-ŝipi ‘guest’) and SCush (*ĉap‑ ‘pay bridewealth’) cognates, a common AfrAs origin can be assumed, the most probable reconstruction for which is *ć̣ay˅p‑ ‘stranger, guest’. The authors assume also a denominative vb. Sem *ṣ̂˅y˅p as ancestor of Ar ḍāfa i ‘to be a guest’ and Jib eḍef ‘to give hospitality’.

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► ḍāfa, i (ḍiyāfaẗ), vb. I, to stop or stay as a guest: denominative (?).
► ḍayyafa, vb. II, to take in as a guest, receive hospitably, entertain: caus., denom.
► ^BP#291ʔaḍāfa, vb. IV, = II: caus., denom.; to add, subjoin, annex, attach; to admix; to connect, bring in relation (ʔilà with); to ascribe, attribute, assign (ʔilà to s.o.): metaph. use (?).
► ĭnḍāfa, vb. VII, to be added, be annexed, be subjoined, be attached (ʔilà to): pass. of I, metaph. use (?).
► ^BP#3942ĭstaḍāfa, vb. X, to invite s.o. to be one’s guest: denom.

► ḍiyāfaẗ, n.f., hospitable reception, entertainment as guest, accomodation; hospitality:.
► miḍyāf, adj., hospitable; n., hospitable host :.
► maḍāfaẗ, n.f., hostel, guesthouse, inn: n.loc.
► maḍyafaẗ, n.f., guest room; guesthouse: n.loc.
► ^BP#382ʔiḍāfaẗ, n.f., addition, apposition; subjunction, annexation, appending, attachment, augmentation, supplementation; assignment, allocation; ascription, attribution (ʔilà to): vn. IV, metaph. use; genitive construction (gram.): specialised meaning | ʔ. ʔilà ʔaǧal limitation (of a legal transaction; Isl. Law):.
► ^BP#2419ʔiḍāfī, adj., additional, supplementary, auxiliary, contributory, extra; secondary, subsidiary, tributary, accessory, incidental, side-, by (in compounds); relative (philos.): nsb-adj from ʔiḍāfaẗ.
► ʔiḍāfiyyaẗ, n.f., relativity (philos.): n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from ʔiḍāfaẗ.
► ^BP#1956muḍīf, n., host: lexicalized PA IV.
► muḍīfaẗ, n.f., hostess; air hostess, stewardess: lexicalized PA IV, f.
► muḍāf, adj., added, subjoined, adjoined, apposed: PP IV; construct state (gram.): nominalized PP IV.

ḌYQ ضيق

√ḌYQ

“root”

▪ ḌYQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌYQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ḌYQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be narrow, cramped, confined, straitened, be anguished, poverty; to be in poverty’

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