Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_1 ‘to do harm, damage, hurt, cause a loss, bring pressure to bear’ ↗ḍarra
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_2 ‘to force, compel; necessity, need, constraint’ ↗ḍarūraẗ
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_3 ‘second wife’ ↗¹ḍarraẗ
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_4 ‘udder’ ↗²ḍarrat
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_5 ‘blind’ ↗ḍarīr

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘affliction, shortage of money, having no children; blindness; to harm, to impair, to disadvantage; to compel; to afflict one’s wife by marrying another’

▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_1,3,5 : The primary value seems to be ‘hostility, rivalry’ and ‘causing harm’ ([v1]), hence also [v3] the ‘rival-wife’ and [v5] ‘blind’ (< *‘harmed, injured, suffering a loss of eye-sight’).
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_2 : It is tempting to derive also the theme of ‘being compelled’ from [v1], interpreting it as the result of imminent aggression or danger represented by an enemy, causing a feeling of ‘being forced’ into a situation of ‘emergency’, hence also ‘necessity, constraint’ in general. Etymologically, however, [v2] may be a distinct value, dependent on the notion of *‘to bind, tie up, restrict’ (see below, section COGN).
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_4 : No obvious relation between ‘udder’ and the other items in the root.

▪ …

▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_1 : (BDB1906, Leslau2006) Akk ṣarāru ‘to be hostile’, ṣarru ‘foe’, Ug *ṣrr ‘to hurt, afflict’, ṣr-t ‘enemy’, Hbr ṣārar ‘to shew hostility toward, vex’, Hbr nHbr ṣar ‘adversary, foe’, Aram ʕār ‘enemy’, Soq ḍer(r) ‘to strike’, SAr ḍrr ‘to wage war’, Sab ḍr ‘war; foe’, m-ṣr ‘Feldzug’ (Müller2010), Gz ʔaḍrara ‘to become an enemy, be hostile, stir up trouble, start a fight\war’, Te (tə)ṣarära, Tña (tə)ṣarärä ‘to be hostile’, Amh (tä)ṭarrärä ‘to quarrel, be enemiesḍrr, Tña ṣär, Amh ṭäro ‘enemy’.¹ . – Cf. also ḌR: (ḌRR)_3 for the related n.f., ‘rival-wife’.
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_2 : (Unless depending on ḌRː/ḌRR_2) (BDB1906) Hbr ṣārar ‘to bind, tie up, be restricted, narrow, scant, cramped’, Aram ṣrar, Syr ṣar ‘to bind, tie up’, Hbr ṣar ‘(adj.) narrow, tight; (n.) straits, distress’, ṣᵊrûr ‘bundle, parcel, pouch, bag’ (< *s.th. bound up).
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_3 : (BDB1906) Akk ṣerretu, Hbr ṣārāʰ ‘vexer, rival-wife’, ṣārar ‘to make [a woman] a rival-wife’, Phoen ṣrt, Syr ʕarrᵊṯā ‘rival-wife’. – Cf. also ḌR: (ḌRR)_1 for the overarching notion of ‘hostility, rivalry, etc.’.
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_4 : ?
▪ ḌR: (ḌRR)_5 : no direct correspondances in ‘blindness’; cf., however, ḌR: (ḌRR)_1&3 for the overarching notion of ‘hostility, rivalry, causing harm, injury’.

1. Cf. also the expr. Tña Amh Gur ṣärä\ṭärä Maryam ‘Protestant’, lit. *‘enemy of Mary’.

See above, section CONC.

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ḍarr‑ / ḍarar‑ ضَرّ / ضَرَرْـ , u (ḍarr)

ID … • Sw – • BP 3253 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

vb., I

to harm, impair, prejudice, damage, hurt, injure, do harm, be harmful, noxious or injurious – WehrCowan1976.

▪ A root revolving around the thematic complex of *‘hostility, rivalry’ and ‘causing harm’ is well-attested throughout Sem, see section CONC.
▪ From this root, another widespread item is derived: the ‘rival-wife’ (↗ḍarraẗ).
▪ Another derivation (in Ar only) is the adj. ‘blind’, lit. *‘harmed, injured, suffering a loss of eye-sight’ (↗ḍarīr).
▪ It is tempting to derive also the theme of ‘being compelled’ (↗ḍarūraẗ) from a primary *‘hostility, rivalry’, interpreting it as the result of imminent aggression or danger represented by an enemy, causing a feeling of ‘being forced’ into a situation of ‘emergency’, hence also ‘necessity, constraint’ in general. Etymologically, however, ‘to be compelled’ may be a distinct value (see (↗ḍarūraẗ), dependent on the notion of *‘to bind, tie up, restrict’ (see below, section COGN).

▪ …

2. Cf. also the expr. Tña Amh Gur ṣärä\ṭärä Maryam ‘Protestant’, lit. *‘enemy of Mary’.

See above, section CONC.

…

►ḍarrara, vb. II, to damage, harm, prejudice: D‑stem, ints.
►ḍārra, vb. III, = I.
►ʔaḍarra, vb. IV, 1 = I. – (Perh. rather related to ↗ḍarūraẗ: 2a to force, compel, coerce, oblige; 2b to do violence, bring pressure to bear: *Š-stem, caus.). – 3 ↗ḍarraẗ.
►taḍarrara, vb. V, 1a to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; 1b to suffer damage or loss; 2 to complain.
►ĭnḍarra, vb. VII, to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; to suffer damage or loss.

►ḍurr, ḍarr, n., 1adamage, harm, impairment, prejudice, detriment, injury, hurt; 1b loss, disadvantage.
►ḍirr, ḍurr, n., ↗¹ḍarraẗ.
►ḍarraẗ, pl. ‑āt, ḍarāʔirᵘ, n.f., ↗¹ḍarraṭ; 2 ↗²ḍarraṭ.
► ^BP#1724ḍarar, pl. ʔaḍrār, n., 1 harm, damage, detriment; 2 loss, disadvantage | mā ’l-ḍarar?, what does it matter! what’s the harm of it?; ʔaḫaff al-ḍararayn, n., the lesser of the two evils.
►ḍarrāʔᵘ, n., distress, adversity | fī ’ṣ-ṣarrāʔ wa’l-ḍarrāʔ, adv., in good and bad days, for better or for worse.
►ḍarīr, adj., blind: quasi-PP, ↗s.v..
►maḍarraẗ, pl. ‑āt, maḍārr, n.f., harm, damage, detriment, loss, disadvantage (ʕalà for).
►ʔiḍrār, n., harm, injury, detriment (jur.): vn. IV.
►ḍārr, adj., harmful, injurious, detrimental, noxious, disadvantageous: PA I.
►muḍirr, adj., harmful, injurious, detrimental, noxious, disadvantageous (bi to, for): PA IV.
► ^BP#3783mutaḍarrir, 1 adj., a damaged; b injured; 2 n., victim: PA V.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR)

¹ḍarraẗ ضَرّة , pl. ‑āt, ḍarāʔirᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

n.f.

1 wife other than the first of a plural marriage; 2 ↗²ḍarraṭ – WehrCowan1976.

▪ In the meaning ‘wife other than the first of a plural marriage’ (for another value, cf. ↗²ḍarraṭ), the word ḍarraṭ is related to the semantic complex treated s.v. ↗ḍarra ‘to harm, impair, damage, hurt, injure, be noxious’ etc. The basic theme in Sem seems to be *‘hostility’, so that ¹ḍarraẗ not only signifies a second wife but also carries the notion of ‘vexing, rivalry, causing stress’. The word is very old and has cognates with the same meaning in several Sem langs.

▪ …

▪ BDB1906: Akk ṣerretu, Hbr ṣārāʰ ‘vexer, rival-wife’, ṣārar ‘to make [a woman] a rival-wife’, Phoen ṣrt, Syr ʕarrᵊṯā ‘rival-wife’.
▪ For the overarching *‘hostility, rivalry’, cf. the cognates given s.v. ↗ḍarra.
▪ …

See above, section CONC.

…

►ʔaḍarra, vb. IV, 1 ↗ḍarra; 2 ↗ḍarūraẗ; 3 to add a second wife to one’s household: *Š-stem, denom., from ḍarraẗ.

►ḍirr, ḍurr, n., addition of a second wife to one’s household..

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR)

²ḍarrat ضَرّة , pl. ‑āt, ḍarāʔirᵘ

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

n.f.

1 ↗¹ḍarraṭ; 2 udder – WehrCowan1976.

▪ While the most common meaning of the n.f. ḍarraṭ is ‘rival-wife, wife other than the first of a plural marriage’ (↗¹ḍarraṭ), it can also signify ‘udder’. Etymology obscure.
▪ …

▪ …

…

See above, section CONC.

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For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR).

ḍarūraẗ ضَرورة , pl. ‑āt

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

n.f.

1a necessity, stress, constraint, need; 1b distress, plight, emergency, want, austerity – WehrCowan1976.

▪ It is tempting to derive the theme of ‘being compelled’ from the notion of *‘hostility, rivalry’ (treated s.v. ↗ḍarra), widely attested throughout Sem, interpreting it as the result of imminent aggression or danger represented by an enemy, causing a feeling of ‘being forced’ into a situation of ‘emergency’, hence also ‘necessity, stress, constraint’ in general. Etymologically, however, ‘to be compelled’ may be a distinct value, dependent on the idea of *‘binding, tying up, restricting’ (see below, section COGN).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ? Cf. Hbr ṣārar ‘to bind, tie up, be restricted, narrow, scant, cramped’, Aram ṣrar, Syr ṣar ‘to bind, tie up’, Hbr ṣar ‘(adj.) narrow, tight; (n.) straits, distress’, ṣᵊrûr ‘bundle, parcel, pouch, bag’ (< *s.th. bound up) – BDB1906.
▪ Cf. perh. also ↗ḍarra.

See above, section CONC.

…

► ḍarūraẗan, adv., necessararily
► bi’l-ḍarūraẗ, adv., necessarily
► ʕind al-ḍarūraẗ, adv., in case of need, if need be, when necessary
► lil-ḍarūraẗ al-quṣwà, adv., in case of dire necessity, if worst comes to worst
► lil-ḍarūraẗ ʔaḥkām and al-ḍarūraẗ tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt, expr., necessity knows no laws.

► ʔaḍarra, vb. IV, 1 = I (↗ḍarra); 2a to force, compel, coerce, oblige; 2b to do violence, bring pressure to bear: *Š-stem, caus.; – 3 ↗ḍarraẗ.
► ^BP#2700 ĭḍṭarra, vb. VIII, 1 to force, compel, coerce, oblige; – pass. uḍṭurra 1a to be forced, compelled, obliged; 1b to be in an emergency or predicament, be hard pressed; 2 to be in need, need, want: Gt-stem.
► ḍarrāʔᵘ, n., distress, adversity | fī ’ṣ-ṣarrāʔ wa’l-ḍarrāʔ, adv., in good and bad days, for better or for worse.
► ^BP#1214ḍarūrī, necessary, imperative, requisite, indispensable, inevitable; pl. ḍarūriyyāt, necessaries, necessities: nisba formation from ḍarūraẗ | kāna min al-ḍarūrī, vb.impers., to be necessary; ḍarūriyyāt al-ḥayāẗ, n.nonhum.pl., necessities of life; ḍarūriyyāt al-ʔaḥwāl, exigencies, requirement of the situation.
► ĭḍṭirār, n., 1a compulsion, coercion; b necessity, exigency, requirement; c plight, predicament, emergency: vn. VIII | ʕind al-ĭḍṭirār , adv., in case of emergency.
► ĭḍṭirārī, adj., coercive, compulsory, inevitable, necessary, obligatory: nisba formation from ĭḍṭirār.
► ^BP#4451muḍṭarr, adj., 1 forced, compelled, obliged (ʔilà to); 2a poor, destitute; 2b wanting (ʔilà s.th.), in need (ʔilà of s.th.) : PP VIII.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, ↗ḍarīr, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː(ḌRR).

ḍarīr ضَرير

√ḌRː (ḌRR)

adj.

blind – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The adj. ḍarīr is a quasi-PP (FaʕīL) from the vb. ↗ḍarra ‘to harm, impair, prejudice, damage, hurt, injure, do harm, be harmful, noxious or injurious’ and thus means, lit., ‘harmed, injured’ or ‘having suffered a loss (sc., of eye-sight)’, cf. also the nouns ḍurr, ḍarr, ḍarar ‘damage, harm, impairment, prejudice, detriment, injury, hurt; loss, disadvantage’, or the vb.s taḍarrara (V) and ĭnḍarra (VII) ‘to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; to suffer damage or loss’.
▪ …

▪ …

Cf. ↗ḍarra.

See above, section CONC.

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ḍarra, ↗ḍarūraẗ, ↗¹ḍarraẗ, ↗²ḍarrat, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḌRː (ḌRR).

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