Bibliotheca Polyglotta

ṭāʔ طاء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

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R₁

The letter ṭ of the Arabic alphabet.

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ṬāĠūt طاغوت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ṬāĠūt, ṬĠY

“root”

▪ ṬāĠūt_1 ‘...’ ↗ṭāġūt

▪ BAH2008: see ↗ṬĠY

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ṬāLūt طالوت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ṬāLūt

“root”

▪ ṬāLūt_1 ‘...’ ↗ṭālūt

▪ Acc. to BAH2008, »the non-Arabic origin of this word is recognised by the sources which describe it as being of foreign or Hbr origin.«

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ṭālūt طالوت

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 8Apr2023

√ṬāLūt, ṬWL

n.prop.

the Arabic name for Saul, King of Israel (cf. l Sam. X.23) – BAH2008

▪ BAH2008: »the non-Arabic origin of this word is recognised by the sources which describe it as being of foreign or Hbr origin«

▪ eC7qāla la-hum nabiyyu-hum ʔinna ’llāha qad baʕaṯa la-kum Ṭālūta malikan ‘their prophet said to them, “God has sent Saul to you as king”’

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▪ Jeffery1938: »Some of the early authorities know that it was a foreign word. Bayḍ. tells us thatit is ĭsm ʕibrī, and al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 103; al-Ḫafāǧī, 128, give it as non-Arabic. / The Hbr word is Šāʔûl¹ and none of the Christian forms derived therefrom give us any parallel to ṭālūt. The philologers derive his name from ṭāla ‘to be tall’, evidently influenced by the Biblical story, as we see from Bagh. on ii, 248. Geiger, 182, suggested that ṭālūt was a rhyming formation from ṭāla to parallel ǧālūt. The word is not known earlier than the Qurʔān,² and would seem to be a formation of Muḥammad himself from Šāʔûl, a name which he may not have heard or remembered correctly, and formed probably under the influence of ṭāla to rhyme with ǧālūt.³ .«

1. This was known to the Commentators, e.g. al-Thaʕlabī, Qiṣaṣ, 185, says that his name in Hbr is Šāwul bin Qays, which is a very fair representation of Šāʔûl ben Qīš. 2. The occurrenee in Samawʔal is obviously not genuine; cf. Nöldeke, ZA, xxvii, 178. 3. Horovitz, KU, 123; JPN, 163.

▪ Engl Saul : not from Ar, but from the same source

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ṬBː (ṬBB) طبّ / طبب

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√ṬBː (ṬBB)

“root”

▪ ṬBː (ṬBB)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬBː (ṬBB)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬBB-1 Syr ṭab ‘apprendre, savoir; s’informer de’, ṭebbā ‘nouvelle rumeur, bruit qui court’, Ar ṭabba ‘traiter avec douceur; être habile, savant; exercer la médicine’, ṭabb ‘habile, savant’, ṭibb ‘habileté, intelligence, médecine; magie’, ṭabīb ‘habile, savant; médecin’, Sab ṭbb ‘enseigner, proclamer’, ṭbyt ‘information, avis’, Soq ṭeb ‘croire, savoir’, Gz ṭabba, ṭababa ‘être sage, prudent, habile’, Tña ṭababä ‘etre sage’, Te ṭäbbä, Amh ṭabbäbä ‘inventer un nouveau procédé’, Amh Gur Har ṭəbäb ‘sagesse’, Amh ṭäbib ‘sage, artisan, forgeron’, Gur ṭibbe ‘magie’. -2 Ar ṭibbaẗ ‘longue bande d’étoffe ou de terre’, MġrAr ṭabba ‘tache, plaque noire sur une partie du corps; pièce mise à un vêtement’, Sab ṭbt ‘bande de terrain cultivé’, Gur ṭäbbä, ṭäpa, ʔäpa ‘plaine, champ, espace ouvert’, ṭəpena ‘rigole pour diriger l’eau’. Leslau signale aussi en Cush: Sid ṭäbo, ṭawo ‘plaine, champ, espace ouvert’. -3 Ar ṭabb ‘(MeccAr:) sauter, faire un bond, (SyrAr:) tomber (sur), (EgAr:) arriver à l’improviste, se jeter sur’. -4 DaṯAr ṭabb ‘taper, palper’. ( -5: not represented in Ar.)

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ṭabb‑ / ṭabab‑ طَبَّ / طَبَبْـ , u i (ṭabb , ṭibb , ṭubb)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBː (ṬBB)

vb., I

to treat medically, give medical treatment; to seek to remedy, tackle – WehrCowan1979.

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► ṭabbaba, vb. II, to treat medically, give medical treatment: applicative, denom. from ṭibb.
► taṭabbaba, vb. V, 1 to receive, or undergo, medical treatment, submit to medical treatment; 2 to practice medicine, engage in the medical field: tD-stem, self-referential (v1), denom. from ṭibb or ṭabīb (v2).
► ĭstaṭabba, vb. X, to seek medical advice (DO from s.o.), consult (a doctor): denom. from ṭibb or ṭabīb, requestative.

► ^BP#1529ṭibb, n., medical treatment; medicine, medical science: quasi-vn. I. | ṭibb al-ʔasnān, n., dentistry, dental science; ṭibb bayṭarī, n., veterinary science; ṭibb šarʕī, n., forensic medicine; ṭibb nafsānī, n., psychiatry; ʕilm al-ṭibb, n., medical science, medicine; kulliyyaẗ al-ṭibb, n.f., medical school, medical college, (chiefly GB:) faculty of medicine.
► ^BP#865ṭibbī, adj., medical, pertaining to the medical profession or science: nsb-adj., from ṭibb. | lāʔiq ṭibbiyyan, adj., physically fit (e.g., for military service).
► ^BP#644ṭabīb, pl. ʔaṭibbāʔᵘ, ʔaṭibbaẗ, n., physician, doctor: originally a quasi-PP I, *‘knowledgeable, skilful’, nominalized specialisation | ~ bayṭarī, veterinarian; ~ ḫāṣṣ, physician in ordinary, private physician (e.g., of a king); ~ sāḥir, medicine man, shaman; ~ al-ʔasnān, dental surgeon, dentist; ~ šarʕī, medical examiner (jur.); ~ al-ʔamrāḍ al-ǧildiyyaẗ, dermatologist; ~ al-ḥukūmaẗ, public health officer; ~ ĭmtiyāz, medical assistant, intern (employed in a hospital); raʔīs al-ʔaṭibbāʔ, head physician; kabīr al-ʔaṭibbāʔ, senior physician.
► ṭabībaẗ, n.f., female doctor, doctress: f. of ṭabīb.
► ṭibābaẗ, n.f., 1 medical treatment. – 2 medical profession: quasi-vn. I.
► taṭbīb, n., healing art, medical practice, medical profession: vn. II.
► mutaṭabbib, n., quack, quacksalver: nominalized PA V, denom. from ṭabīb.

ṭibb طِبّ

ID 533 • Sw – • BP 1529 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBː (ṬBB)

n.

1 medical treatment. – 2 medicine, medical science – WehrCowan1979.

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► ṭibb al-ʔasnān, n., dentistry, dental science.
► ṭibb bayṭarī, n., veterinary science.
► ṭibb šarʕī, n., forensic medicine.
► ṭibb nafsānī, n., psychiatry.
► ʕilm al-ṭibb, n., medical science, medicine.
► kulliyyaẗ al-ṭibb, n.f., medical school, medical college, (chiefly GB:) faculty of medicine.

ṭabbaẗ طَبَّة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBː (ṬBB)

n.f.

(EgAr) 1 cushion, pad; 2 plug, stopper, stopple; bung – WehrCowan1979.

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ṭabīb طَبِيب , pl. ʔaṭibbāʔᵘ , ʔaṭibbaẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP 644 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBː (ṬBB)

n.

physician, doctor – WehrCowan1979.

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► ṭabīb bayṭarī, n., veterinarian.
► ṭabīb ḫāṣṣ, n., physician in ordinary, private physician (e.g., of a king).
► ṭabīb sāḥir, n., medicine man, shaman.
► ṭabīb al-ʔasnān, n., dental surgeon, dentist.
► ṭabīb šarʕī, n., medical examiner (jur.).
► ṭabīb al-ʔamrāḍ al-ǧildiyyaẗ, n.f., dermatologist.
► ṭabīb al-ḥukūmaẗ, n.f., public health officer.
► ṭabīb ĭmtiyāz, n., medical assistant, intern (employed in a hospital).
► raʔīs al-ʔaṭibbāʔ, n., head physician.
► kabīr al-ʔaṭibbāʔ, n., senior physician.

maṭabb مَطَبّ , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBː (ṬBB)

n.

pothole; (also ~ hawāʔī) air pocket, down gust (aviation) – WehrCowan1979.

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ṬBḪ طبخ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBḪ

“root”

▪ ṬBḪ_1 ‘to cook’ ↗ṭabaḫa
▪ ṬBḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬBḪ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

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ṭabaḫ‑ طَبَخَ , u, a (ṭabḫ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBḪ

vb., I

to cook – WehrCowan1976.

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to slaughter’) Akk ṭbḫ (u), Hbr ṭbḥ a (o), Syr ṭbḥ a (a), Gz (ṭbḥ – (ā)).

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►ĭnṭabaḫa, vb. VII, to be or get cooked: N‑stem, passive.

►^BP#4669ṭabḫ, n., 1 cooking, cookery; 2 cooked food; 3 celluloid: vn. I and semant.ext.s.
►ṭabḫaẗ, n.f., (article of cooked) food, meal, dish, course: n.un. of ṭabḫ [v2].
►ṭabbāḫ, n., cook: FaʕʕāL formation for professions.
►ṭabīḫ, n., cooked food, fare: quasi‑PP I.
►ṭibāḫaẗ, n.f., culinary art, cookery, cuisine.
►^BP#2999maṭbaḫ, pl. maṭābiḫᵘ, n., 1 kitchen; 2 cookshop, eating house, lucheonette: n.loc.
►miṭbaḫ, pl. maṭābiḫᵘ, n., any cooking apparatus (also, e.g., a hot plate), cooking stove, kitchen range, portable range: n.instr.

ṬBʕ طبع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBʕ

“root”

▪ ṬBʕ_1 ‘seal, stamp; to (leave an) imprint, impress’ ↗ṭābaʕ

Other values, now obsolete:

ṬBʕ_2 ‘(to be) dirty, rusted’: ^†ṭabiʕa (a, ṭabaʕ); cf. also II ^†ṭabbaʕa ‘to stain, soil’, ^†ṭabaʕ (pl. ʔaṭbāʕ) ‘rust, dirtiness’, ^†ṭabiʕ ‘dirty, rusty; vicious’, ^†ʔaṭbaʕᵘ ‘filthy, greasy’ – Hava1899

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 to slap the back of the neck with the whole palm; 2 to impress shapes in the mud, fashion articles out of mud or iron, etc.; 3 to seal’

▪ The primary meaning of the root ṬBʕ in Sem is ‘to sink’ (DRS #ṬBʕ-1), whence the obsol. value ^†ṬBʕ_2 ‘(to be) dirty, rusted’. DRS holds this value apart from #ṬBʕ-2 (≙ ṬBʕ_1) ‘to (leave an) imprint, seal, mould’, although it is not clear why this should not be a development from the former. There are, however, also theories tracing TBʕ_1 back, either directly or indirectly, to Eg ḏbʕ.t ‘signet ring, seal’.
▪ Irrespective of these theories, all MSA values seem to be based exclusively on ṭābaʕ.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬBʕ-1 Akk ṭebū, Hbr ṭābaʕ, Aram ṭᵉbaʕ ‘s’enfoncer dans’, MġrAr ṭabbaʕ ‘avancer, pousser, bourrer’, ? Ar ṭabiʕa ‘être sale’, ṭabiʕ ‘crasseux’, MġrAr ṭabʕa ‘boue’. ? Gz Gur ṭäba, ṭäwä ‘boue’, ṭäbañäd, äṭäbiyä, ṭäwamä ‘sale’; ?Har č̣ibā ‘boue’. -2 Syr ṭebaʕ, Ar ṭabaʕa ‘faire une empreinte, imprimer; forger, fabriquer’ Phoen ṭbʕ ‘monnayage’, Hbr ṭabbaʕat, Syr ṭabʕā, Ar ṭabʕ, ṭābaʕ, ṭābiʕ ‘cachet, empreinte; forme, façon, moule’, ṭabbāʕat ‘bague à cachet, anneau’, ṭabʕ ‘naturel, caractère’, ṭabīʕat ‘caractère, habitude, coutume’; Soq ṭabeḥ ‘marque au fer rouge’; Mhr ṭāba, Jib ṭobʕ ‘manières’, Gz ṭabāyəʕ, Te ṭäbiʕat, Har ṭabīʕa, Tña Amh ṭäbay ‘nature, essence’. -3 ṭəbʕot ‘brique’. -4 Mhr ṭawba, Jib ṭēʕ ‘boire à la source, boire trop’. -5 Gz ṭabʕa ‘être prêt, résolu, déterminé, dur’, Te ṭäbʕa ‘être fier’, Gur ṭäwe ‘cruel’. -6?Te ṭəbäʕ ‘multicolore, bigarré’.

▪ ṬBʕ_1: Huehnergard2011 reconstructs Sem ṬBʕ ‘to sink’.
▪ ṬBʕ_2: Pennacchio2014 reports that, according to Fraenkel, Ar ṭābaʕ ‘signet-ring, seal’ is from Syr ṭabʕā. There is also an Akk ṭimbuʔ(t)u ‘signet-ring’, showing -m- before -b-, and the corresponding Hbr ṭabbaʕaṯ has -bb-, which may or may not be from *-mb-. Ellenbogen, however, thinks that both the Akk and Hbr forms are from Eg ḏbʕ(.t) ‘signet ring, seal’⁴ (Copt təbbe; cf. also Eg ḏbʕ, Copt tōōbe ‘to seal’), and F. Bron assumes that the Ar word is directly from there. The Eg word itself seems to be taken from Eg ḏbʕ (Copt tēēbe) ‘finger’ (the signet-ring being worn on the finger), which is akin to Ar ↗ʔiṣbaʕ ‘finger’. Therefore, if Ar ṭābaʕ really goes back to Eg ḏbʕ(.t) ‘signet ring, seal’, then it is also related, though indirectly, to ʔiṣbaʕ.

4. ErmanGrapow1921, too, thinks Eg ḏbʕ.t was borrowed into Hbr as ṭabbaʕaṯ.

▪ Huehnergard2011: Engl tevet is not from Ar, but from Hbr ṭēbēt, a month name, from Akk tebētu, name of a month corresponding to parts of December and January, perhaps akin to ṭebū ‘to sink’.

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ṭābaʕ طابَع , var. ṭābiʕ , pl. ṭawābiʕᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP 2133 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBʕ

n.

1 seal, signet; 2 stamp; 3 imprint, print, impress, impression; 4 (postage, etc.) stamp; 5 tablet, pill – WehrCowan1979.

▪ All values attached to the root ṬBʕ in MSA seem to be derived from ṭābaʕ , which with all likelihood is a foreign word.
▪ Fraenkel traced Ar ṭābaʕ back to Syr ṭabbəʕâ ‘seal’, from the Sem root ṬBʕ ‘to sink’. But there are also theories that find the origin of both in Eg ḏbʕ.t ‘signet ring, seal’.

▪ eC7 (to seal, seal up) Q 7:100 wa-naṭbaʕu ʕalà qulūbi-him fa-hum lā yasmaʕūn ‘and We seal up their hearts so tht they do not hear’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬBʕ-2: Syr ṭebaʕ, Ar ṭabaʕa ‘faire une empreinte, imprimer; forger, fabriquer’ Phoen ṭbʕ ‘monnayage’, Hbr ṭabbaʕat, Syr ṭabʕā, Ar ṭabʕ, ṭābaʕ, ṭābiʕ ‘cachet, empreinte; forme, façon, moule’, ṭabbāʕat ‘bague à cachet, anneau’, ṭabʕ ‘naturel, caractère’, ṭabīʕat ‘caractère, habitude, coutume’; Soq ṭabeḥ ‘marque au fer rouge’; Mhr ṭāba, Jib ṭobʕ ‘manières’, Gz ṭabāyəʕ, Te ṭäbiʕat, Har ṭabīʕa, Tña Amh ṭäbay ‘nature, essence’.

▪ Jeffery1938: ṭabaʕa ‘to seal’ is »[o]nly found in late Meccan and Madinan passages, and always in the technical religious sense of God ‘sealing up the hearts’ of unbelievers. / The primitive meaning of the Sem root seems to be ‘to sink in’, cf. Akk ṭēbū ‘to sink in’, ṭabbīʔu ‘diver’, Hbr ṭbʕ, Aram ṭbaʕ, Syr ṭbaʕ ‘to sink’, Eth [Gz] ṭaməʕa ‘to dip, to immerse’.⁵ From this came the more technical use for a die, e.g. Phoen ṭbʕ ‘coin’,⁶ Akk ṭimbuʔu ‘signet-ring’, Hbr ṭabbaʕat ‘signet’, Syr ṭabbəʕâ ‘seal’ (Grk sphragís) and ‘coin’ (Grk nómisma). / Fraenkel, Fremdw, 193, pointed out that in this sense of sealing the Ar vb. is denominative from ṭābaʕ which is derived from the Syr ṭabbəʕâ.⁷ We actually find ṭbʕ used in the sense of ‘obstupefecit’ in Eph.Syr, ed. Overbeck, 95, 1 […], and [Aram] ṭbʕ occurs in the incantation texts (Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts, Glossary, p. 105).«
▪ Pennacchio2014 reports that, according to Fraenkel, Ar ṭābaʕ ‘signet-ring, seal’ is from Syr ṬBʕā. There is however also an Akk ṭimbuʔ(t)u ‘signet-ring’, showing -m- before b , and the corresponding Hbr ṭabbaʕaṯ has -bb-, which may (by assimilation) or may not be from * mb . Ellenbogen, however, thinks that both the Akk and Hbr forms are from Eg ḏbʕ(.t) ‘signet ring, seal’⁸ (Copt təbbe; cf. also Eg ḏbʕ, Copt tōōbe ‘to seal’), and F. Bron assumes that the Ar word is directly from there. The Eg word itself seems to be taken from Eg ḏbʕ (Copt tēēbe) ‘finger’ (the signet-ring being worn on the finger), which is akin to Ar ↗ʔiṣbaʕ ‘finger’. Therefore, if Ar ṭābaʕ really goes back to Eg ḏbʕ(.t) ‘signet ring, seal’, then it is also related, though indirectly, to ʔiṣbaʕ.

5. Maybe the Ar ṭabaʕ ‘rust’ represents this primitive sense. 6. In Tyrian circles as early as the third century B.C. Cf. Harris, Glossary, 105. 7. As Fraenkel notes, the un-Ar form ṭābaʕ is itself sufficient evidence that it is a borrowed form. 8. ErmanGrapow1921, too, thinks Eg ḏbʕ.t was borrowed into Hbr as ṭabbaʕaṯ.

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► ṭābaʕ al-barīd and ṭābaʕ barīdī, n., postage stamp
► ṭābaʕ al-ḫatm, n., impression of a seal or stamp
► ṭābaʕ taḏkārī, n., commemorative stamp
► ṭābaʕ al-ʔaṣābiʕ, n., fingerprint
► ṭābaʕ mālī, n., fiscal stamp, duty stamp
► ḏū ṭābaʕ ʔiqlīmī, adj., having a regional flavour or character; ṣāḥib al-ṭābaʕ, n., keeper of the seal
► ṭabaʕa-hū bi-ṭābaʕi-hī, expr., to place, set, or leave, one’s stamp, mark, or impress on s.o. or s.th., impart one’s own character to s.o. or s.th.

► ṭabaʕa, a (ṭabʕ), vb. I, 1 to provide with an imprint, impress or impression (s.th. or ʕalà s.th.); 2 to impress with a stamp, seal or signet (s.th. or ʕalà s.th.), leave or set one’s stamp, seal, mark, or impress (s.th. or ʕalà, on s.o., on s. th,); 3 to stamp, imprint, impress (ʕalà s.th. on); 4 to mint, coin (money); 5 to print (s.th.); 6 pass. ṭubiʕa to have a natural aptitude or disposition, have propensity, be disposed by nature (ʕalà for) : all prob. denom. from ṭābaʕ | ~ bi-ṭābiʕi-hī, expr., to place, set, or leave one’s stamp, mark, or impress on s.o. or s.th., impart one’s own character to s.o. or s.th.; ~ ʕalay-hi, expr., to be innate, inherent in s.o., be native, natural to s.o.
► ṭabbaʕa, vb. II, to tame, domesticate, break in, train (an animal): extended, specialised meaning of denom. *‘to brand an animal, set one’s stamp on it’.
► taṭabbaʕa, vb. V, ~ bi-ṭibāʕi-hī, expr., to take on, assume, or receive s.o.’s peculiar character, bear s.o.’s stamp or impress: tD-stem, pass./refl..
► ĭnṭabaʕa, vb. VII, 1 to be stamped, be printed, be imprinted, be impressed; 2 to leave an imprint or impression (fī on): quasi-pass.; 3 to be disposed by nature (ʕalà for): denom., from ṭabīʕaẗ.

► ^BP#340ṭabʕ, n., 1 printing (of a book), print; 2 (pl. ṭibāʕ) impress, impression, stamp, hallmark, peculiarity, characteristic, nature, character, temper, (natural) disposition: vn. I | ~ al-ḥaǧar, n., lithography; ~ al-ḥurūf, n., typography; taḥt al-~, adv., in the press, at press (typ.); ʔiʕādaẗ al-~, n.f., reprinting, reprint; ṭabʕan or bi’l-ṭabʕ, expr., 1 by nature, by natural disposition; 2 naturally! of course! certainly! to be sure!; sayyiʔ al-~, adj., ill-disposed, ill-natured, evil by nature; šāḏḏ al-~, adj., eccentric, extravagant.
► ṭabʕaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., 1 printing, print; 2 edition, issue, impression: n.vic..
► ṭabbāʕ, n., printer: n.prof. in ints. faʕʕāl.
► ṭibāʕaẗ, n.f., art of printing: quasi-vn. I | ʔālaẗ al-~, n., printing press.
► ṭibāʕī, adj., typographic(al): nsb-adj., from ṭibāʕaẗ.
► ^BP#902ṭabīʕaẗ, pl. ṭabāʔiʕᵘ, n.f., 1 nature; 2 natural disposition, constitution; 3 peculiarity, individuality, character; 4 regular, normal manner; 5 physics; 6 natural science: nominalized quasi-PP I, f. lit. *‘(the) printed (one) | bi-~ al-ḥāl, expr., by the very nature of the case, as is (was) only natural, ipso facto, naturally, as a matter of course; ʕālim ~, n., 1 physicist; 2 natural scientist; ʕilm al-~, n., 1 physics; 2 natural science; falsafaẗ mā warāʔa (baʕda) al-~ , n.f., metaphysics; ~ fawq al-~, adj., supernatural; ṭabāʔɨʕ al-ʔašyāʔ, n.pl., the nature of things, state of affairs.
► ^BP#574ṭabīʕī, adj., n., 1 nature’s, of nature, nature- (in compounds), natural; 2 inborn, innate, inherent, native; normal, ordinary, usual, regular; 3 physical: nsb-adj., from ṭabīʕaẗ; 4 physicist; 5 natural scientist; 6 naturalist: n.prof., nominalization of [v1-3] | ʕālim ~, n., 1 physicist; 2 natural scientist; al-ṭabīʕiyyāẗ, n.pl., 1 physics; 2 natural science; al-maḏhab al-~, naturalism; ~ ʔanna, expr., it is natural that…, naturally it is….
► ṭabīʕiyyaẗ, n.f., naturalism: n.abstr. in -iyyaẗ.
► maṭbaʕ, n., print shop, printing office, printing house, press: n.loc.
► maṭbaʕaẗ, pl. maṭābiʕᵘ, n.f., print shop, printing office, printing house, press: n.loc.f. | ḥurriyyaẗ al-~, n.f., freedom of the press.
► maṭbaʕī, adj., printing, printer’s (in compounds), typographic(al): nsb-adj., from maṭbaʕ(aẗ) | ḫaṭaʔ ~, n., and ġalṭaẗ ~aẗ, n.f., typographical error, misprint, erratum.
► maṭbaʕǧī (Eg.), n., printer: composted of n.loc. maṭbaʕ(aẗ) + Tu suffix ǧī (for n.prof.).
► miṭbaʕaẗ, pl. maṭābiʕᵘ, n.f., printing machine, printing press: n.instr.f.
► ĭnṭibāʕ, pl. -āt, n., (received) impression (of s.th.): neolog., lexicalized vn. VII.
► ĭnṭibāʕī, adj., impressionistic: nsb-adj., from ĭnṭibāʕ.
► ĭnṭibāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., impressionism: n.abstr. in -iyyaẗ, neolog., coined from ĭnṭibāʕ, vn. VII.
► ṭābiʕ, n., 1 printer; 2 stamp, character: PA I, lit. *‘(the) printing (one)’.
► ^BP#4952maṭbūʕ, adj., 1 printed, imprinted; 2 stereotyped: PP I; 3 pl. -āt, n.pl., printed materials, prints; 4 printed matter: specialisation of [v1]| ~ bi-ṭābaʕi-hī, expr., bearing the stamp, mark or impress of s.o. or s.th., being characterized by; ~ ʕalà, do., being by its very nature…, having the innate property of…; ~ dawrī, n., a periodical; qānūn al-~āt, n., press law.
► maṭbūʕaẗ, n.f., (Tun.) form, blank: PP I f., from ṭabaʕa, lit. *‘(the) printed (one)’.

ṭabīʕaẗ طَبِيعَة , pl. ṭabāʔiʕᵘ

ID 534 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 902 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬBʕ

n.f.

1 nature; 2 natural disposition, constitution; 3 peculiarity, individuality, character; 4 regular, normal manner; 5 physics; 6 natural science – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Morphologically a nominalized quasi-PP I, f., lit. *‘(the) printed, moulded (one)’. The word can be regarded as formed from the vb. I ṭabaʕa ‘to impress with a stamp, seal or signet, leave or set one’s stamp, seal, mark, or impress’, which in the pass. voice, ṭubiʕa, takes the more specific meaning ‘to have a natural aptitude or disposition, have propensity, be disposed by nature (ʕalà for)’. Like all other values to be found in MSA in the root ṬBʕ, the vb. ṭabaʕa, and hence also ṭabīʕaẗ, belong to the group of derivations from the loanword ↗ṭābaʕ ‘signet-ring, seal’, which ultimately goes back either to a Sem *ṬBʕ ‘to sink’ or to Eg ḏbʕ(.t) ‘signet-ring’.

▪ …

See

▪ …
▪ …

–

► bi-ṭabīʕaẗ al-ḥāl, expr., by the very nature of the case, as is (was) only natural, ipso facto, naturally, as a matter of course
► ʕālim ṭabīʕaẗ, n., 1 physicist; 2 natural scientist
► ʕilm al-ṭabīʕaẗ, n., 1 physics; 2 natural science
► falsafaẗ mā warāʔa/baʕda ’l-ṭabīʕaẗ , n.f., metaphysics
► ṭabīʕaẗ fawq al-ṭabīʕaẗ, adj., supernatural
► ṭabāʔiʕ al-ʔašyāʔ, n.pl., the nature of things, state of affairs.

► ^BP#574ṭabīʕī, adj., n., 1 nature’s, of nature, nature- (in compounds), natural; 2 inborn, innate, inherent, native; normal, ordinary, usual, regular; 3 physical: nsb-adj.; 4 physicist; 5 natural scientist; 6 naturalist: n.prof., nominalization of [v1-3] | ʕālim ~, n., 1 physicist; 2 natural scientist; al-ṭabīʕiyyāẗ, n.pl., 1 physics; 2 natural science; al-maḏhab al-~, naturalism; ~ ʔanna, expr., it is natural that…, naturally it is….
► ṭabīʕiyyaẗ, n.f., naturalism: n.abstr. in -iyyaẗ.

For other items of the root, see ↗ṭābaʕ and ↗ṬBʕ.

maṭbaʕaẗ مَطْبَعَة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023

√ṬBʕ

n.f.

.

▪ n.loc.f

.

ṬBQ طبق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ṬBQ

“root”

▪ ṬBQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬBQ_2 ‘stage, degree’ ↗ṭabaq
▪ ṬBQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘layer, cover, to cover up, to encompass; to be congruent; argumentation; swarms of locusts; stage’

▪ …

–

.

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ṭabaq طَبَق

ID – • Sw – • BP 1750 (ṭabaqaẗ) • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√ṬBQ

n.

stage, degree – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q lxvii, 3; lxxi, 14; lxxxiv, 19 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The form ṭibāq used in lxvii, 3; lxxi, 14, is really the pl. of ṭabaqaẗ. It is used only of the stages of the heavens, both in a physical and a spiritual sense, and for this reason, Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 46, derives it directly from Mesopotamia, the Akk tubuqtu, pl. tubuqāti, meaning ‘Welträume’ (wohl in 7 Stufen übereinander gedacht).«

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ṬḤN طحن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬḤN

“root”

▪ ṬḤN_1 ‘to grind, mill’ ↗ṭaḥana
▪ ṬḤN_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬḤN_3 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ ṬḤN_1 : (Orel&Stolbova1994#2455:) from protSem *ṭ˅ḥan‑ ‘to grind corn, pound’ < AfrAs *ṭaḥan‑ ‘to grind, forge’.
▪ ṬḤN_2 : …
▪ ṬḤN_3 : … .

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl tahini ↗ṭaḥana.

…

ṭaḥan‑ طَحَنَ , a (ṭaḥn)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬḤN

vb., I

1 to grind, mill, bray, pulverize s.th. (esp. grain); 2 to crush, ruin, destroy; 3 to wear out, wear down, exact a heavy toll (of s.o.; age, years) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2455: from protSem *ṭ˅ḥan‑ ‘to grind corn, pound’ < AfrAs *ṭaḥan‑ ‘to grind, forge’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to grind’) Akk iṭēn, Hbr ṭḥn a (a), Syr ṭḥn e (a), Gz (ṭeḥn ‘Gerstenmahl’).
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2455: Hbr ṭḥn, Jib ṭaḥan, Soq ṭaḥan, Ḥrs ṭeḥān, Mhr ṭeḥān, Šḥr ṭḥān ). – Outside Sem: verbs ten ‘to press down’ and toni ‘to forge’ in some WCh languages.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2455: protSem *ṭ˅ḥan‑ ‘to grind corn, pound’, protWCh *ṭaHan‑ ‘to press down, forge’, both from hypothetical AfrAs *ṭaḥan‑ ‘to grind, forge’.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl tahini, from Ar ṭaḥīnaẗ ‘tahini’, from ṭaḥīn ‘flour’, from ṭaḥana ‘to grind’.

►taṭāḥana, vb. VI, to quarrel, wrangle, be antagonistic, be in conflict, to conflict: Lt-stem, recipr.

►ṭiḥn, n., flour, meal
►ṭaḥīn, n., flour, meal: quasi‑PP
►ṭaḥīnī, adj., mealy, farinaceous: nisba formation from ṭaḥīn.
► EgAr ṭaḥīniyyaẗ, n.f., a sweet made of sesam‑seed meal and sugar
► EgAr, SyrAr ṭaḥīnaẗ, n.f., a thick sauce made of sesame oil, and served with salads, vegetables, etc.: f. formation from ṭaḥīn to signify a certain product.
►ṭaḥḥān, n., miller: ints., n.prof.
►ṭāḥūn, n., and ṭāḥūnaẗ, pl. ṭawāḥīnᵘ, n.f., mill, grinder | ṭāḥūnaẗ al‑hawà, n.f., windmill
►miṭḥanaẗ, pl. maṭāḥinᵘ, n.f., grinder: n.instr.
►maṭḥanaẗ, pl. maṭāḥinᵘ, n.f., mill; flour mill: n.loc.
►ṭāḥin, n., and ṭāḥinaẗ, pl. ṭawāḥinᵘ, n.f., molar tooth, grinder: can be interpreted as PA I, ‘the grinding one’. However, given WCh forms like təγn‑, tin, tiyim, udini, dīne, ṭīno, dīna, all meaning ‘tooth’, Orel&Stolbova1994 (no. 2456) reconstruct WCh *ṭ˅ḥin‑ and parallel it with Sem *ṭāḥin‑ ‘molar’ (based on only the Ar evidence). From the Sem and WCh parallels they deduce AfrAs *ṭaḥin‑ ‘tooth’, adding that this separate item is connected with #2455 AfrAs *ṭaḥan‑ ‘to grind, forge’.

TḤW/Y طحو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√TḤW/Y

“root”

▪ TḤW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ TḤW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ TḤW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wide, expansive, level land, to stretch out, expand, spread out’

▪ …

–

.

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*ṬR‑ طرـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬR‑

2-cons. "root nucleus"

Basic meanings:
▪ A *‘to be dirty’ – Ehret1995
▪ B *‘to send’ – Ehret1989

According to Ehret1989 and Ehret1995, *ṬR- is a 2-consonantal pre-protoSem base from which several 3-radical roots are derived. See section DERIV below.

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

According to Ehret, extensions in third consonants include:

A *ṬR- ‘to be dirty’

+ “concisive (or adj. suffix?)” *‑ʔ + adj. suff. *‑n => ^†ṭurʔān ‘bad’ ↗ ṭurʔānī ‘of unknown origin, wild’
+ “iterative” *‑ḥ => ^†ṭarḥ ‘mud in the water’
+ “iterative” *‑f + “non-finitive” (?) *‑š => ^†ṭarfas ‘to be muddy’
+ “intensive (effect)” *‑k’ => ^†ṭarq ‘to befoul the water; befouled water’

B *ṬR- ‘to send’

+ Ø => ^†ṭarr ‘to urge on violently, drive together in one place’, Hava1899: ‘to collect and drive (cattle)’
+ “concisive” *‑ʔ => ṭarʔ ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’
+ “extendative” *‑b => ^†ṭarb ‘to wander (from the road)’
+ “iterative (> durative)” *‑ḥ => ṭarḥ ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away’, Hava1899: ‘to fling, cast away s.th.’
+ “durative” *‑d => ṭard ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together’, Hava1899: ‘to persecute, drive back etc.; to collect (scattered flocks)’
+ “intensive (manner)” *‑f => ^†ṭarf ‘to turn off, repel’ ↗ṬRF, ↗ṭaraf

ṬRB طرب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 01Nov2021

√ṬRB

“root”

▪ ṬRB_1 ‘(intense) emotion of joy or sadness; music, entertainment’ ↗ṭarab

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†ṬRB_2 ‘path, narrow road’ : maṭrab, pl. maṭāribᵘ, ‘by-road, narrow road; (pI.) roads branching off’ – Hava1899.
^†ṬRB_3 ‘…’ : ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRB–1: Ar ṭarraba ‘exciter qn à la joie ou à la tristesse; chanter ou faire de la musique’, Jib ṭorob ‘être ému par la musique’; Mand ṭrb ‘jouer d’un instrument de musique’. –2 Ar maṭrab ‘sentier, chemin étroit’. [–3 no represented in Ar].

▪ ṬRB_1 is only very scarcely attested in Sem (Ar and Jib; the Mand ‘cognate’ is probably an Arabism). Reconstruction difficult, etymology obscure. Any relation to ↗ḌRB ?
▪ ṬRB_2: According to some ClassAr dictionaries, there is no vb. corresponding to the n. maṭrab. Zabīdī, TA (as in Lane), however, mentions the expression ṭaribtu (or: ṭuribtu ?) ʕan al-ṭarīq ‘I deviated from the road, or way’. It seems natural to interpret this as *‘I was carried away (by a strong emotion)…’, in which case maṭrab could easily be seen as a n.loc. derived from ṬRB_1. – DRS nevertheless sets maṭrab apart as a value in its own right. If this should be justified, then maṭrab and ‘to deviate from one’s path’ are perhaps a reflexion of the vb. ‘to wander (from the road)’, vn. ^†ṭarb, that Ehret1989 considers to be an extension in »extendative *‑b «, from a 2-consonantal pre-protoSem base *ṬR- with the basic meaning of *‘to send’. For other such extensions, cf. ↗*ṬR-, ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’, ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away’, ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together’.

▪ ṬRB_1 : Fr troubadour, perh. influenced by ↗ṭarab.
▪ …

–

ṭarab طَرَب , pl. ʔaṭrāb

ID 535 • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 01Nov2021

√ṬRB

n., C

1 joy, pleasure, delight, rapture. – 2 amusement, entertainment (with music and the like). – 3 music – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Nöldeke, Aḍdād, 86: ṭarab is among the words that can express emotions of contrasting quality. The basic meaning is *‘(intense) emotion’, irrespective whether joy or grief.
▪ A definition worth quoting at some length is given by J. Lambert: »a term denoting poetic and musical emotion, evoking a broad spectrum of sentiments, from the most private to the most violent: pleasure, enjoyment, emotional trauma, exaltation […] and even a trance capable of resulting in death. Located in the centre of a conceptual net with multiple connections, ṭarab makes it possible to sketch the contours of an aesthetic. / The etymology of the word could derive from the agitation of camels, quickening their pace when returning to the encampment (ṭirāb). At a very early stage, ṭarab is associated with natural audible phenomena such as the song of birds (Imruʔ al-Qays, quoted in LA) or the effect of the singing of camel-riders, singing which would itself originally have been a cry of anguish […]. / In the classical period, the word ṭarab implies the notion of a more or less regular agitation: the ʕIqd al-farīd describes the caliph Muʕāwiya dancing ecstatically on hearing fine verses chanted (Ibn ʕAbd Rabbih, 18); the prophet Dāwūd is shown to be feverish and emotionally aroused when singing the Psalms (al-Ibšīhī, 176); Ibn al-Ǧawzī denounces ṭarab because “it excites the human being and induces him to lean to right and left” (quoted by Molé, 148). These phenomena of trance (described by numerous accounts in the K. al-ʔAġānī) suggest a connection with the root ↗ḌRB, as when al-Ġazālī describes an uncontrolled trance as ĭḍṭirāb (343). / These connotations extend to the aesthetic sphere, with the more precise sense of “vibration”: “Her words are moving (yuṭrib) […] /She makes me vibrate (tuhizzu-nī) as javelins vibrate” (Muḥ. Šaraf al-Dīn, Yemeni poet of the 10th/16th century). Furthermore, bees are reputed to be the creatures most responsive to song […]. This association with the buzzing of the insect (as well as with the song of birds) suggests that, in its most extreme manifestations, ṭarab is a living metaphor—dramatised and ritualised—for the vibratory processes so characteristic of Ar vocal art […], such as trills, leaps in vocal register and vibrations of other kinds. This applies equally to instrumental techniques: “When the plectra (of the lute) are beating, persons susceptible to ṭarab feel light [at heart]” (ʔiḏā ḫafaqat al-maḍārib, ḫaffat al-maṭārib, see TA, s.v.). More generally, it seems that ṭarab responds to a voluntarily unified and total aesthetic of poetic and musical expression. / Ṭarab was the object of numerous denunciations on the part of the religious authorities. […] Following controversies over musical emotion, ṭarab came ultimately to denote music, in particular the music of entertainment, with a negative nuance which has gradually diminished (ʕAbd al-Karīm ʕAllāf, al-Ṭarab ʕind al-qarab, Baġdād 1963), but has never disappeared completely. […] / A polysemantic concept, ṭarab is a symbol of cultural kinship (“He who is not moved, is not numbered among the Arabs”, allaḏī lā yaṭrab laysa min al-ʕarab) […]. / Although generally secular, ṭarab can be taken as related to its mystical equivalent, ↗waǧd, the emotion codified by Ṣūfī practice, of which the psychological mechanisms are similar. Like waǧd, ṭarab emanates from a conception of experience and existence (wuǧūd) which relates to transcendence (al-Ġazālī, 371-2). It is sudden awareness of an existential rending (Rouget, 409), provoked by a fortuitous encounter or an unexpected discovery (waǧd) of a personal sense, in the intensity of the present moment; for Ḥuǧwīrī, “ṭarab does not come on demand (ṭalab)” (Nicholson, 413). […]. / Thus ṭarab constitutes a sensual rather than an intellectual aesthetic. By so doing, it seems to draw a separating line between on the one hand music, poetry and dance, and on the other, the plastic and decorative arts, often governed by more hieratical conceptions [see ↗fann ]. In offering mediation between symbolically fundamental opposites such as emotion and reason, profane and sacred, nature and culture, the concept of ṭarab offers an essential clue to the understanding of Arabo-Islamic civilisation« – J. Lambert, art. “Ṭarab”, in EI².
▪ The word seems to have a genuine cognate only in Jib; etymology thus rather obscure; any relation to ↗ḌRB?
▪ …

▪ lC6 ʕAntarah b. Šaddād 137,1: yā ṭāʔira ’l-bāni qad hayyaǧta ʔašǧān-ī wa-zidta-nī ṭaraban ‘▪ … you stirred my grief and increased the level of my sadness’ (Polosin1995).
▪ 1874 ‘emotion, lively emotion, excitement, agitation, unsteadiness (of the heart or mind) by reason of (intense) joy or grief, or (intense) fear or joy’ (Lane v)
▪ 1899: ‘1 emotion of joy or sadness; 2 delight’ (Hava).
▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRB-1: Ar ṭarraba ‘exciter qn à la joie ou à la tristesse; chanter ou faire de la musique’, Jib ṭorob ‘être ému par la musique’; Mand ṭrb ‘jouer d’un instrument de musique’.
▪ …

▪ Only very scarcely attested in Sem (Ar and Jib; the Mand ‘cognate’ is probably an Arabism). Reconstruction difficult, etymology obscure. Any relation to ↗ḌRB ?
▪ For the semantic development from ‘(intense) emotion’ to the modern use predominantly as ‘music, entertainment’, cf. J. Lambert’s account, quoted in section CONCISE above.
▪ …

▪ Lokotsch1927 #2127 held that in the same way as the Ar lute, al-↗ʕūd, has reached us from the Islamic East, as the main instrument accompanying love songs, so probably also medieval Minnesang itself may be of Oriental provenance.¹ In a similar vein, historians, experts on medieval literature as well as musicologists have considered a possible Ar origin of the art of the troubadours. In 1928, the Span Arabist J. Ribera y Tarragó suggested to derive Span trobar, esp. in the sense of ‘to compose verses, sing, etc.’, from Ar ṭarab (‘to arouse emotions, excite; to make music, to distract by singing’), via Andalusia, then Catalan and Occitan (perh. influenced by ↗ḍaraba ‘to beat; hence also to make a sound, hit a key’ and ‘to play a musical instrument’). Indeed, there are many similarities between Ar love poetry and medieval European troubadour songs and Minnesang. However, given that the Romance words have a pre-history where they simply indicate the ‘discovering, meeting by chance, encountering’ of s.th. or s.o. [C10] or the ‘finding s.o./s.th. one was looking for’ [C11], and given also that the sense of ‘composing poetry, finding suitable rhymes’ appears only later, from C12 onwards, it is prob. that an existing Rom word was influenced by Ar “invader”, and a word like ṭarab prob. triggered the semantic extension. – Cf. Richard Lemay, « À propos de l’origine arabe de l’art des troubadour », Annales : Economies, sociétés, civilisations, 21.5 (1966): 990-1011.
▪ …

1. Lokotsch here refers to Konrad Burdach, in Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. 1918, no. XLV: 994-1029, and no. XLVIII: 1072-98.

► ʔālat al-ṭarab, n., musical instrument.

► ṭariba a (ṭarab), vb. I, 1 to be moved (with joy or grief): probably denom., preserving the original ambivalence (joy or grief) inherent in pre-modern usage of the n. ṭarab; 2 to be delighted, be overjoyed, be transported with joy: one-sided specialisation of [v1].
► ṭarraba, vb. II, 1 to delight, fill with delight, enrapture, phase, gratify: denom., caus.; 2 to sing, vocalize, chant: specialization of v1
► ʔaṭraba, vb. IV, 1 to delight, fill with delight, enrapture, please, gratify: denom., caus.; 2 to make music; to sing, vocalize, chant; to play music (DO for s.o.), sing (DO to s.o.): specialisations of v1
► ṭarib, pl. ṭirāb, adj., 1 moved (with joy or grief), touched, affected: has preserved the original ambivalence; 2 delighted, enraptured, transported, pleased, charmed: specialized use.
► ṭarūb, adj., gay, merry, lively: ints. adj.
► ʔaṭrabᵘ, adj., 1 more delightful; 2 making better music, being a better musician; 3 more melodious: elat.
► ʔiṭrāb, n., delight, delectation, diversion: vn. IV.
► ^BP#3484muṭrib, adj., delightful, ravishing, charming, amusing, entertaining; melodious: PA IV; n., musician; singer, vocalist, chansonnier: nominalized PA IV.
► muṭribaẗ, n.f., singer, songstress, vocalist, chanteuse: nominalized PA IV, f.

ṬRḤ طرح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ṬRḤ

“root”

▪ ṬRḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬRḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬRḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘thrown out, to throw away, cast out, cast off, discard, banish; forlorn’

▪ From protSem *√ṬRḤ ‘to insert, throw, burden, toil’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl matelassé, mattress, from Ar ↗maṭraḥ ‘place where something is thrown’;tare, from Ar ↗ṭarḥ ‘rejection, subtraction, deduction’; both from Ar ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to throw, throw away’.

–

ṬRḪN طرخن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRḪN

“root”

▪ ṬRḪN_1 ‘tarragon’ ↗ṭarḫūn
▪ ṬRḪN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ ↗ṭarḫūn

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ṭarḫūn طَرْخُون

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRḪ, ṬRḪN

n.

tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus; bot.) – WehrCowan1979.

Probably from Grk drákōn ‘dragon’ (though with unclear semantics—perhaps lit. ‘dragon wort’, because of the leaves that are spotted like a dragon’s skin, or because, allegedly, it protected from a dragon’s dangerous glance?). The Ar word seems to have been the origin of the European words for ‘tarragon’. The herb probably came to Europe during the time of the Crusades; it was unknown in European antiquity.

▪ …

…

▪ Lokotsch1927, Kluge2002, Rolland2014a: probably via Grk drakóntion ‘dragonwort’ from Grk drákōn ‘dragon’, from vb. dérkesthai ‘to stare at, look, gaze at’, IE *derk- ‘to look, see’. Cf. below Engl Fr dragon .
▪ Asbaghi1988 holds that ṭarḫūn (and var. tarḫān, tarḫūn) is the mPers tarak ‘(kind of) vegetable (dracunculus, dragon wort, tarragon)’. – Little probable (how to explain final -ūn ?)
▪ Another Pers etymology is mentioned in en.wiki (as of 20Sept2015), without however giving any sources: from Pers tare ‘chives’ + suffix -gūn ‘like’. Even less probable than the preceding—there is no Pers tare-gūn for ‘tarragon’, and why should Arabs create a Pers word with a Pers suffix?

▪ According to one group of sources (Lokotsch1927, Kluge2002), Ar ṭarḫūn is the origin, via ByzGrk tarkhon > mLat tragonia, of most European words for ‘tarragon’, like It targone, mFr targon, Fr targon, estragon (with unetymological prefix), Prov draguneto, estargon, Span taragona, taracontea, Port estragão, Rum tarhon; Engl dragoon, tarragon, Ge Dragun, Esdragon (< Fr); Ru dragun, estragon, Bulg estragon, Chech dragón, estragon, Pol estragon, draganek. – According to Kluge2002, older Ge forms like Dragon, dial. Drachant, Trachant, are from lLat and Romance adaptations of the Grk word. – In any case, following this theory, ṭarḫūn ‘tarragon’ is akin to Engl dragon and its Eur equivalents (Fr dragon, Ge Drache(n), mHGe tracke, trache, drache, dracke, oHGe trahho), which go back to Lat draco (gen. -ōnis) ‘huge serpent, dragon’, from Grk drákōn ‘dragon, serpent, giant seafish’, apparently from Grk drak-, strong aorist stem of dérkesthai ‘to see clearly’, from IE *derk- ‘to see’. Perhaps the literal sense is ‘the one with the (deadly) glance’ –EtymOnline.

–

ṬRD طرد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRD

“root”

▪ ṬRD_1 ‘to drive away, chase away’ ↗ṭarada
▪ ṬRD_2 ‘to procede, continue, progress’ ↗ṭarada X: ĭstaṭrada
▪ ṬRD_3 ‘swarm (of bees)’ ↗ṭard, ↗ṭarada
▪ ṬRD_4 ‘parcel, package’ ↗ṭard, ↗ṭarada

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘[ṬRD_1] ‘fugitive, outcast, chased game; to banish, expel, drive away’

DRS distinguishes 2 values (probably on account of Akk ṭarādu ‘to name, call’). In Ar, however, all values can easily be seen as derivations from one basic meaning, namely ‘to drive away, chase away’.

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRD-1 Akk ṭarādu ‘envoyer, chasser, expédier’, Ug ṭrd ‘chasser’, Hbr ṭārad, BiblSyr ṭᵉrad, Mand ṭrd, Ar ṭarada, Saf ṭrd, Sab ṭrd, Mhr tərūd, Jib ṭerod, Soq ṭeyred ‘envoyer, expédier, chasser, mener le bétail, poursuivre’, Ar ṭard ‘paquet, colis postal’. – Akk ṭarīd- ‘déplacé, expulsé’, ḎatAr ṭarad ‘courir après quelqu’un pour le rejoindre’, ṭārad ‘attaquer’, muṭrad ‘poursuite’; Sab mṭrd ‘chasse rituelle’, Soq miṭrid ‘fugitif’. -2 Akk ṭarādu ‘nommer, appeler’. Hbr ṭōrēd ‘qui pleut continuellement’, Ar ĭṭṭarada ‘être continu, couler sans arrêt’; YemAr ṭarūd ‘long passage bordé de pierres, etc.’.

▪ According to Ehret1989, ṬRD is an extension in durative *-d from a 2-consonantal pre-protoSem base *ṬR- with the basic meaning ‘to send’. Other extensions from the same base: ^†ṭarra ‘to urge on violently, drive together in one place, (Hava1899:) to collect and drive (cattle)’ (cf. ↗ṬRː(ṬRR) ); ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’: ^†ṭaraba ‘to wander (from the road)’ (cf. ↗ṬRB); ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away, (Hava1899:) ‘to fling, cast away s.th.’; ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together, (Hava1899:) to persecute, drive back etc.; to collect (scattered flocks)’; ^†ṭarafa ‘to turn off, repel’ (cf. ↗ṬRF).
▪ …

–

ṭarad‑ طَرَدَ , u (ṭard)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRD

vb., I

to drive away, chase away, push away, shove away, reject, repel, banish, exile, dismiss, drive out, expel, evict (min from); to compel to leave the country; to expel, bar from a game; to chase, hunt, hound – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 ṭarada (to drive away, drive out, dismiss) Q 6:52 wa-lā taṭrud-i ’llaḏīna yadʕūna rabba-hum bi’l-ġadāẗi wa’l-ʕašiyyi yurīdūna waǧha-hū ‘do not drive away (or: distance yourself from) those who call upon their Lord morning and evening, seeking [nothing but] His face’. – ṭārid (one who chases away, drives out, expels) Q 11:29 wa-mā ʔanā bi-ṭāridi ’llaḏīna ʔāmanū ‘I will not be one who drives away those who believe’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRD-1 Akk ṭarādu ‘envoyer, chasser, expédier’, Ug ṭrd ‘chasser’, Hbr ṭārad, BiblSyr ṭᵉrad, Mand ṭrd, Ar ṭarada, Saf ṭrd, Sab ṭrd, Mhr tərūd, Jib ṭerod, Soq ṭeyred ‘envoyer, expédier, chasser, mener le bétail, poursuivre’, Ar ṭard ‘paquet, colis postal’. – Akk ṭarīd- ‘déplacé, expulsé’, ḎatAr ṭarad ‘courir après quelqu’un pour le rejoindre’, ṭārad ‘attaquer’, muṭrad ‘poursuite’; Sab mṭrd ‘chasse rituelle’, Soq miṭrid ‘fugitif’. -2 Akk ṭarādu ‘nommer, appeler’. Hbr ṭōrēd ‘qui pleut continuellement’, Ar ĭṭṭarada ‘être continu, couler sans arrêt’; YemAr ṭarūd ‘long passage bordé de pierres, etc.’.

▪ DRS distinguishes two values, probably mainly on account of Akk ṭarādu ‘to name, call’ (CAD: ṭarādu B). But the semantics of the Hbr and Ar cognates given DRS #ṬRD-2 would easily allow to be interpreted as depending on #ṬRD-1.
▪ According to Ehret1989, ṬRD is an extension in durative *-d from a 2-consonantal pre-protoSem base *ṬR- with the basic meaning ‘to send’. Other extensions from the same base: ^†ṭarra ‘to urge on violently, drive together in one place, (Hava1899:) to collect and drive (cattle)’ (cf. ↗ṬRː(ṬRR) ); ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’: ^†ṭaraba ‘to wander (from the road)’ (cf. ↗ṬRB); ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away, (Hava1899:) ‘to fling, cast away s.th.’; ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together, (Hava1899:) to persecute, drive back etc.; to collect (scattered flocks)’; ^†ṭarafa ‘to turn off, repel’ (cf. ↗ṬRF).

–

► ṭarrada, vb. II, to chase away: D-stem, ints.
► ṭārada, vb. III, 1 to chase after, hunt (a game, s.o.); 2 to pursue, follow, run after s.o. or s.th., give chase to: L-stem, assoc.
► ĭṭṭarada, vb. VIII, 1 to drive away as booty (animals); 2 to be consecutive, be continuous, form an uninterrupted sequence, succeed one another continuously; to flow uninterruptedly, carry water perennially (river); 3 to progress or get on at a rapid pace, make good headway (undertaking): tG-stem, selfrefl.; DRS distinguishes this as a value in its own right, different from ‘to chase’, but this is not convincing.
► ĭstaṭrada, vb. X, 1 to proceed (in one’s speech), go on to say, continue (e.g., one’s speech); 2 to change, pass on (in speech) (min from, li‑ to); 3 to digress (in speaking), make an excursus: tŠ-stem; for meaning cf. ĭṭṭarada (preceding item).

► ^BP#3504ṭard, n., 1 driving away, chasing away, repulsion, expulsion, eviction, dismissal, banishment, expatriation; pursuit, chase, hunt: vn. I and lexicalizations; 2 swarm (of bees): fig. use (?), lit. *‘(group of bees) the chasing ones’; 3 (pl. ṭurūd) parcel, package: neol. | baḥaṯa masʔalatan ṭardan wa-ʕaksan, vb., to study a problem from all sides, in all its aspects.
► ṭardī, adj., parcel-, package (in compounds), like a parcel or package: nsb-adj. of ṭard (3).
► ṭardaẗ, n.f., a driving away, chasing away, repulsion, expulsion, eviction, banishment: n.vic.
► ṭarīd, adj., 1 expelled, evicted, ousted, outcast, outlawed, banished, exiled, expatriate(d); fugitive, fleeing, on the run; expellee; outcast, outlaw; 2 one of two brothers born immediately one after the other (= being in dispute over precedence); 3 du. al-ṭarīdān, n., night and day : quasi-PP I.
► ṭarīdaẗ, pl. ṭarāʔidᵘ, n.f., 1 game animal, game beast; game; 2 one of two sisters born immediately one after the other.
► ṭarrād, n., 1 cruiser (warship): neol., lit. *‘chaser’, ints.; 2 (eg.) dike, embankment, dam, levee (esp. of the Nile): ? – meaning not verifiable in BadawiHinds1986; there, the second value is given as ‘(agric.) attachment (usually of wood) which can be mounted above a ploughshare in order to widen the furrow’.
► ṭarrādaẗ, n.f., cruiser (warship): neol.
► ṭirād, n., pursuit, chase: vn. III.
► muṭāradaẗ, n.f., repulsion, expulsion, banishment; pursuit, chase; hunt: vn. III | ṭāʔiraẗ al-~, n.f., fighter plane, pursuit plane, interceptor.
► ĭṭṭirād, n., uninterrupted or regular sequence, continuity; uniformity; regularity (also gram.): vn. VIII.
► ĭstiṭrād, pl. ‑āt, digression, divagation; excursus: vn. X.
► muṭārid, pursuer; hunter: PA III | ṭāʔiraẗ muṭāridaẗ, n.f., fighter plane, pursuit plane, interceptor.
► muṭṭarid, incessant, uninterrupted, continuous, continual, unvarying, steady, constant; general; regular (also gram.), without exception: PA VIII | qāʕidaẗ muṭṭaridaẗ, n., general rule; ~ al-nasq, adj., uniform; ~ al-naġm, adj., monotonous (song).

ṬRŠ طرش

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ

“root”

▪ ṬRŠ_1 ‘(to be/come) deaf; deafness’ ↗ṭaraš
▪ ṬRŠ_2 ‘to vomit’ ↗ṭarraša
▪ ṬRŠ_3 ‘whitewashing’ ↗ṭarš_1
▪ ṬRŠ_4 (syr .) ‘herd, flock’ ↗ṭarš_2
▪ ṬRŠ_5 ‘mixed pickles’ ↗ṭuršī

Other values, now obsolete or dialectal only, include:

ṬRŠ_6 ‘to stand and sit (said of one who is convalescent), become convalescent, nearly recovered, and arise and walk’: ^†taṭarraša (Lane)
ṬRŠ_7 ‘to knock down’: EgAr ṭaraš (BadawiHinds)
ṬRŠ_8 ‘recherche de la richesse; habileté à la conquérir; gain au jeu’: YemAr ṭarš (DRS)
ṬRŠ_9 ‘semelle, chaussure’: YemAr ṭarrāš (DRS)
ṬRŠ_10 ‘nouveau-né’: YemAr ṭwēreš (DRS)
ṬRŠ_11 ‘to send’: YemAr ṭarraš ; cf. also ṭāriš ‘messenger’ (DRS)
ṬRŠ_12 ‘torch, flashlight’: EgAr ṭurš (BadawiHinds)
ṬRŠ_13 ‘horned viper’: EgAr ṭirēšaẗ, ṭurēšaẗ (BadawiHinds)

BAH2008: Ø

See DISC.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŚ-1 Syr ṭᵉrūšā ‘muet’, Mand ṭruša ‘sourd-muet, sourd’, Ar ʔaṭraš, ʔuṭrūš ‘sourd’. -2 Syr ṭᵉraš ‘asperger’, ṭūrāšā ‘souillure, aliments interdits’, Ar ṭarraša ‘répandre çà et là; vomir’, EgAr SudAr ṭaraš ‘vomir’, YemAr ṭarš ‘balayage’, maṭrašah ‘balai’, DaṯAr ṭaraš ‘asperger (d’eau), éclabousser’; Jib ṭeroś ‘emporter (inondation)’. -3 EgAr SudAr ‘donner un coup, mettre à bas’. -4 YemAr ṭarš ‘recherche de la richesse; habileté à la conquérir; gain au jeu’. -5 ṭarrāš ‘semelle, chaussure’. -6 EAr ṭarš, ṭrīš ‘bétail’. -7 YemAr ṭwēreš ‘nouveau-né’. -8 ṭarraš ‘envoyer’, ṭāriš ‘messager’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŠ: EgAr SudAr PalAr MġrAr ṭurši ‘petits morceaux de légumes assaisonnés de ou confits au vinaigre’.

▪ ṬRŠ_1 : According to Nöldeke, quoted in DRS, the Aram forms are from Ar. Ar ʔaṭraš, ʔuṭrūš ‘deaf’, ṭaraš ‘deafness’, etc. thus stand alone as Ar idiosyncrasies within Sem where the words designing ‘deaf (and dumb)’ usually are taken from roots like *ṬMM ‘to be deaf and mute’, (WSem) *ṢMM ‘to be deaf, to have a damaged ear’ (preserved in Ar as such, ↗ṣamam), (CSem) *ḪRS ‘to be deaf and dumb’ (> Ar ↗ḫaras ‘dumbness, muteness’) – Kogan2011 (with references to SED, verbal roots 75, 64, and 32, respectively). In contrast to ṣamam, ṭaraš seems to denote a lighter form of deafness only, i.e., ‘hardness of hearing, amblyocousia’, cf. Kazimirski1860 ‘être un peu sourd, avoir l’oreille dure’. – Youssef2003 thinks the adj. ʔaṭrašᵘ is perhaps from Eg i͗wty (a neg. pronoun) + rwš ‘to care’, an opinion that is hardly tenable.
▪ ṬRŠ_2 : As in ṬRŠ_1, the Aram forms seem to be from Ar (DRS) and can therefore possibly not count as real cognates. But the situation is a bit different from that in ṬRŠ_1 since ṬRŠ_2 also appears in Jib and in many Ar dialects, with often other meanings than the MSA value ‘to vomit’. The original value seems to have been ‘to spread’ (cf. D-stem ClassAr ṭarraša Freytag1830: ‘sparsit’, Wahrmund1887: ‘ausstreuen’), perhaps (if not reversedly) denom. from ṬRŠ_3 ‘whitewashing, a certain kind of white earth, lime, chalk’, in the sense of *‘to spread white material (over a wall), besprinkle’, cf. the obsol. vb. I, ^†ṭaraša (u, ṭarš) ‘eine Mauer mit der weißen Erde ṭarš weißen; kratzen u. sprützen (Feder)’ (Wahrmund1887). The value ‘to spread, besprinkle’ is preserved in Syr ṭᵉraš, ClassAr ṭarraša and DaṯAr ṭaraš, while the sense has developed into resultative ‘blot, stain’ in Syr ṭūrāšā, ‘to vomit’ in MSA ṭaraša and EgAr SudAr ṭaraš, or the more general ‘to sweep away’ in YemAr ṭraš, and ‘to carry off, sweep away’ (said of an inundation) in Jib. – Any relation with the notion of *‘sending away, throwing, casting’ and/or *‘coming suddenly, surprisingly’ that perh. is at the basis of ṬRŠ_7, ṬRŠ_10, and ṬRŠ_11?
▪ ṬRŠ_3 ṭarš ‘whitewashing’ : not mentioned as an original value in DRS (and thus thought to be dependent on ṬRŠ_2 *‘to besprinkle’?). Dozy gives the item as ‘lait de chaux, blanc de chaux’, Wahrmund1887 as ‘eine weiße Erde zum Weißen der Wände’. While it could be taken from the vb. with the original meaning of *‘to spread’ (ṬRŠ_2), one could also imagine that the word is itself the etymon, generating (in Ar) a development *‘lime, chalk’ > ‘to besprinkle (a wall, etc.) with lime, to whiten’ > ‘to besprinkle, spread’ > ‘to vomit’.
▪ ṬRŠ_4 ṭarš (syr.) ‘herd, flock’ : fig. use of ṬRŠ_2 *‘to spread, besprinkle’, a herd of cattle or flock of sheep looking like ‘sprinkles’ on the pasture? WehrCowan1979 registers the value as MSA, but used particularly in SyrMSA, and DRS too marks it as an EAr phenomenon.
▪ ṬRŠ_5 ṭuršī ‘mixed pickles’ : from Pers toroš, torš ‘sour’, mPers turuš (or from Grk táriχon ‘salted fish eggs’?). If from the former, then the word goes back, ultimately, to IE *ters- ‘to become dry’ and is related to Lat terra ‘earth, land’, lit. *‘dry land’.
▪ ṬRŠ_6 ^†taṭarraša ‘to stand and sit (said of one who is convalescent), become convalescent, nearly recovered, and arise and walk’ (Freytag, Lane) : etymology obscure.
▪ ṬRŠ_7 EgAr ṭaraš ‘to knock down’ : etymology obscure. Any relation to other roots with initial ↗*ṬR- designating a sudden, often also violent movement away from the speaker (Ehret1989: *ṬR- ‘to send’)? (Cf. ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’, ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away, fling, cast away’, ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together’?) – Cf. also ṬRŠ_2, ṬRŠ_10 and ṬRŠ_11.
▪ ṬRŠ_8 YemAr ṭarš ‘recherche de la richesse; habileté à la conquérir; gain au jeu’ : etymology obscure.
▪ ṬRŠ_9 YemAr ṭarrāš ‘semelle, chaussure’ : ?
▪ ṬRŠ_10 YemAr ṭwēreš ‘nouveau-né’ : obviously a diminuitive (from a PA *ṭāriš ?). Any relation to other items of the root denoting a sudden movement, a ‘sending out’ or ‘casting away’, as in ṬRŠ_2, ṬRŠ_7 and ṬRŠ_11?
▪ ṬRŠ_11 YemAr ṭarraš : With the meaning ‘to send’, the item comes closest to the ‘sending’ that Ehret1989 identified as one of the basic values of a 2-cons. "root nucleus" ↗*ṬR- from which a number of 3-cons. roots seems to be derived, cf. ṬRŠ_7. – Cf. perh. also ṬRŠ_2 and ṬRŠ_10.
▪ ṬRŠ_12 EgAr ṭurš ‘torch, flashlight’ : from Engl torch.
▪ ṬRŠ_13 EgAr ṭirēšaẗ, ṭurēšaẗ ‘horned viper’ : ?

–

ṭaraš‑ طَرَشَ , u (ṭarš)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ

vb., I

to vomit, throw up, disgorge – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology unclear. A relation with ↗ṭaraš ‘deafness’ seems rather unlikely.
▪ The value ‘to vomit’ may be a rather late development from an original ‘to spread, besprinkle’.
▪ Unless ↗ṭarš_1 ‘whitewashing’ is itself dependent on a vb. with the original meaning ‘to besprinkle’, this vb. may be denom. from ṭarš_1. If this is the case, the semantic development must have been *‘lime, chalk’ > ‘to besprinkle (a wall, etc.) with lime, to whiten’ > ‘to besprinkle, spread’ > ‘to vomit’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŚ-2 Syr ṭᵉraš ‘asperger’, ṭūrāšā ‘souillure, aliments interdits’, Ar ṭarraša ‘répandre çà et là; vomir’, EgAr SudAr ṭaraš ‘vomir’, YemAr ṭarš ‘balayage’, maṭrašah ‘balai’, DaṯAr ṭaraš ‘asperger (d’eau), éclabousser’; Jib ṭeroś ‘emporter (inondation)’.

▪ According to DRS, the Aram forms seem to be from Ar and can therefore possibly not count as real cognates. However, the MSA word also appears in many Ar dialects as well as in Jib, with often differing meanings. The original value seems to have been ‘to spread’, cf. ClassAr (D-stem) ṭarraša ‘sparsit’ (Freytag1830), ‘ausstreuen’ (Wahrmund1887). This value is perhaps denom. from ↗ṭarš_1 ‘whitewashing, a certain kind of white earth, lime, chalk’, in the sense of *‘to spread white material (over a wall), besprinkle’, cf. the obsol. vb. I, ^†ṭaraša (u, ṭarš) ‘eine Mauer mit der weißen Erde ṭarš weißen; kratzen u. sprützen (Feder)’ (Wahrmund1887).⁹ The value ‘to spread, besprinkle’ is preserved in Syr ṭᵉraš, ClassAr ṭarraša and DaṯAr ṭaraš, while the sense has developed into resultative ‘blot, stain’ in Syr ṭūrāšā, ‘to vomit’ in MSA ṭaraša and EgAr SudAr ṭaraš, or the more general ‘to sweep away’ in YemAr ṭraš, and ‘to carry off, sweep away’ (said of an inundation) in Jib.
▪ Any relation with the notion of *‘sending away, throwing, casting’ and/or *‘coming suddenly, surprisingly’ that perh. is at the basis of EgAr ṭaraš ‘to knock down’, YemAr ṭwēreš ‘newborn’, YemAr ṭarraš ‘to send’? Cf. ↗ṬRŠ and the 2-cons. "root nucleus" ↗*ṬR-.

9. However, it could also be the other way round, i.e., ṭarš_1 being a lexicalized special use of the vn. I.

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► muṭarriš, adj., 1 vomitive; 2 emetic: PA II.
► ṭarš, n., 1 whitewashing: perh. the etymon proper? – 2 ↗ṭarš_2.

For other items of √ṬRŠ, cf. ↗ṭaraš, ↗ṭarš_1, ↗ṭarš_2, ↗ṭuršī, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬRŠ.

ṭarš طرش (disambig.)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ

n.

▪ ṭarš_1 ‘whitewashing’ ↗ṭarš_1
▪ ṭarš_2 ‘herd, flock’ ↗ṭarš_2

↗ṭarš_1, ↗ṭarš_2.

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↗ṭarš_1, ↗ṭarš_2.

¹ṭarš طَرْش

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ

n.

whitewashing – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology unclear. A relation with ↗ṭaraš ‘deafness’ seems rather unlikely.
▪ The value ‘whitewashing’ may be dependent on the vb. I ↗ṭaraša with the original meaning ‘to besprinkle’ (MSA: ‘to vomit’). However, it cannot be excluded that the vb. itself is denom. from ṭarš. If this is the case the semantic development can be described as *ṭarš ‘lime, chalk’ > ṭaraša ‘to besprinkle (a wall, etc.) with lime, to whiten’ > ‘to besprinkle, spread’ > ‘to vomit’.

▪ …

▪ (?) DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŚ-2 Syr ṭᵉraš ‘asperger’, ṭūrāšā ‘souillure, aliments interdits’, Ar ṭarraša ‘répandre çà et là; vomir’, EgAr SudAr ṭaraš ‘vomir’, YemAr ṭarš ‘balayage’, maṭrašah ‘balai’, DaṯAr ṭaraš ‘asperger (d’eau), éclabousser’; Jib ṭeroś ‘emporter (inondation)’.

▪ Cf. above, section CONC, and ↗ṭaraša.

–

For other items of √ṬRŠ, cf. ↗ṭaraš, ↗ṭaraša, ↗ṭarš_2, ↗ṭuršī, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬRŠ.

²ṭarš طَرْش , pl. ṭurūš

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ

n.

(syr .) herd (of cattle), flock (of sheep) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology unclear. DRS lists the word as a distinct value, without any obvious cognates.
▪ It may, however, be a vn., and if so, used in fig. sense, from the vb. I ↗ṭaraša with the original meaning of ‘to spread, besprinkle’, a herd of cattle or flock of sheep being regarded as ‘sprinkles’ scattered over the pasture.
▪ WehrCowan1979 registers the value as SyrAr (though part of the MSA vocabulary), and DRS too marks it as an EAr phenomenon.

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŚ-6 EAr ṭarš, ṭrīš ‘bétail’.
▪ (?) DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŚ-2 Syr ṭᵉraš ‘asperger’, ṭūrāšā ‘souillure, aliments interdits’, Ar ṭarraša ‘répandre çà et là; vomir’, EgAr SudAr ṭaraš ‘vomir’, YemAr ṭarš ‘balayage’, maṭrašah ‘balai’, DaṯAr ṭaraš ‘asperger (d’eau), éclabousser’; Jib ṭeroś ‘emporter (inondation)’.

▪ The word may be akin to the vb. ↗ṭaraša. But such an affiliation cannot be counted as secured.

–

For other items of √ṬRŠ, cf. ↗ṭaraš, ↗ṭaraša, ↗ṭarš_1, ↗ṭuršī, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬRŠ.

ṭaraš طَرَش

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ

n.

deafness – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology unclear. The item may be without cognates in Sem. An Ar specificity?
▪ For Youssef2003’s suggestion to derive the adj. ʔaṭrašᵘ from Eg, see below, section DISC.
▪ In contrast to another word for ‘deafness’, ↗ṣamam (with cognates in WSem), Ar ṭaraš seems to denote a lighter form of deafness only, i.e., ‘hardness of hearing, amblyocousia’, cf. Kazimirski1860 ‘être un peu sourd, avoir l’oreille dure’. The need to differentiate between various degrees of deafness may thus have been the reason for the development of the parallelism ṣamam / ṭaraš.

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŚ-1 Syr ṭᵉrūšā ‘muet’, Mand ṭruša ‘sourd-muet, sourd’, Ar ʔaṭraš, ʔuṭrūš ‘sourd’.

▪ According to Nöldeke, quoted in DRS, the Aram (Syr, Mand) forms are from Ar.
▪ Ar ʔaṭraš, ʔuṭrūš ‘deaf’, ṭaraš ‘deafness’, etc. thus may stand alone as an Ar idiosyncrasy within Sem where the words designing ‘deaf (and dumb)’ usually are taken from roots like *ṬMM ‘to be deaf and mute’, (WSem) *ṢMM ‘to be deaf, have a damaged ear’ (preserved in Ar as such, ↗ṣamam), (CSem) *ḪRS ‘to be deaf and dumb’ (> Ar ↗ḫaras ‘dumbness, muteness’) – Kogan2011 (with references to SED, verbal roots 75, 64, and 32, respectively).
▪ Youssef2003’s suggestion that the adj. ʔaṭrašᵘ perh. is from Eg i͗wty (a neg. pronoun) + rwš ‘to care’, seems to be hardly tenable.

–

► ṭariša, a (ṭaraš), vb. I, to be or become deaf: denom.
► ṭarraša, vb. II, to deafen (s.o.): D-stem, denom., caus. – For earlier values, now obsolete, cf. ṬRŠ_2 in ↗ṬRŠ.
► ṭuršaẗ, n.f., deafness: quasi-vn. I.
► ʔaṭrašᵘ, f. ṭaršāʔᵘ, pl. ṭurš, adj., deaf: ʔafʕalᵘ for colours and diseases. | ~ ʔasakkᵘ, adj., stone-deaf

For other items of √ṬRŠ, cf. ↗ṭaraša, ↗ṭarš_1, ↗ṭarš_2, ↗ṭuršī, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬRŠ.

ʔaṭrašᵘ أطْرشُ , f. ṭaršāʔᵘ , pl. ṭurš

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ

adj.

deaf – WehrCowan1979.

↗ṭaraš.

▪ …

▪ ↗ṭaraš

▪ ↗ṭaraš
▪ Youssef2003’s suggestion that ʔaṭrašᵘ perh. is from Eg i͗wty (a neg. pronoun) + rwš ‘to care’, seems hardly to be tenable.

–

► ʔaṭrašᵘ ʔasakkᵘ, adj., stone-deaf

For other items, cf. ↗ṭaraš.

ṭuršī طُرْشي

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRŠ, ṬRŠī

n.

mixed pickles – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS: From Pers turši. – Rolland2014a: From Pers toroš, torš ‘sour’, mPers turuš ‘strong, sour taste’.
▪ Another hypothesis is: from Grk táriχon ‘roe, salted fish eggs’ (cf. ↗baṭraḫ).

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRŠ: EgAr SudAr PalAr MġrAr ṭurši ‘petits morceaux de légumes assaisonnés de ou confits au vinaigre’.

▪ Nişanyan_15May2015 (and EtymOnline , for the IE dimension): from Pers turš ‘sour, salty’, akin to Av taršna- ‘to become dry, become thirsty’, from IE *trs- , deriv. of *ters- ‘to become dry’. Cf. Lat terra ‘earth, land’, lit. *‘dry land’ (as opposed to ‘sea’) < *tersa , Engl thirst (oEngl þurst, from protGerm *thurstu- , cf., oSax thurst, Fris torst, Du dorst, oHGe Ge durst), from protGerm vb.al stem *thurs- (Goth thaursjan, oEngl thyrre), from IE root *ters- ‘to dry’ (cf. also Skr tarsayati ‘dries up’, Av tarshu- ‘dry, solid’, Grk terésesthai ‘to be/come dry’, Lat torrere ‘to dry up, parch’, Goth þaursus ‘dry, barren’, oHGe thurri, Ge dürr, oEngl þyrre ‘dry’, oEngl þurstig ‘thirsty’); fig. sense of ‘vehement desire’ is attested from c1200).

▪ From the same source as Ar ṭuršī is Tu turşu: 1429 turş ‘sour’ (ʔAḥmed b. Ḳāḍı-i Manyas, Gülistān tercümesi), <1451 ‘fermented vegetables’ (anon., Ferec baʕd eş-şidde) – Nişanyan15May2015.

For other items of √ṬRŠ, cf. ↗ṭaraš, ↗ṭaraša, ↗ṭarš_1, ↗ṭarš_2, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬRŠ.

ṬRF طرف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

“root”

▪ ṬRF_1 ‘eye, glance, look, to blink’ ↗ṭarf
▪ ṬRF_2 ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ ↗ṭaraf
▪ ṬRF_3 ‘novelty’ ↗ṭurfaẗ
▪ ṬRF_4 ‘shawl’ ↗miṭraf
▪ ṬRF_5 ‘tamarisk (bot.)’ ↗ṭarfāʔᵘ
Other values, now obsolete, include:

ṬRF_6 ‘to drive away, repel’: ^†ṭarafa i (ṭarf)
ṬRF_7 ‘to lose the teeth’: ^†ṭarrafa (Lane, Hava1899)
ṬRF_8 ‘to choose s.th.’: ^†ṭarrafa (Lane, Hava1899); cf. also ^†ṭaraf ‘anything chosen, choice’
ṬRF_9 ‘leather tent, tent of skin’: ^†ṭirāf, pl. ṭuruf (Lane, Hava1899)
ṬRF_10 ‘noble, of high breed; generous’: ^†ṭirf, pl. ṭurūf, ʔaṭrāf (Hava1899), acc. to Lane meaning also ‘generous horse, one that is looked at’; cf. also ^†ṭarf ‘man generous, noble’, ^†ṭaraf, ^†ṭarīf ‘having many ancestors’ (Lane)
ṬRF_11 ‘to be numerous, abound with’: ^†ʔaṭrafa (Lane)
ṬRF_12 ‘to seize, or carry off by force’: sibāʕ ṭawārifᵘ (sg. ^†ṭārifaẗ) ‘animals that seize, or carry off by force, the objects of the chase’ (Lane)
ṬRF_13 ‘flesh, flesh-meat’: ^†ṭaraf (Lane)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 eyesight, blinking, to blink, twinkle; 2 edge, utmost part, extremity, to be the extreme; 3 novelty; 4 group’

▪ Showing a high degree of semantic complexity, the Ar root ṬRF (Sem *ṬRP) is very difficult to disentangle etymologically.
▪ For Sem *ṬRP, DRS suggests to distinguish 9 main values, 7 of which are represented in Ar (thereof 1 dialectal value). In contrast, based on the Qurʔānic evidence, BAH2008 identify only 4 main values for Ar, while Zammit2002, on the same basis, lists even less, namely simply 2. One of Badawi&AbdelHaleem’s values (‘group’) does not figure in the DRS list at all; and Zammit’s first main value unites at least two values that DRS prefers to hold apart from each other.
▪ Furthermore, we have only few—and somehow contradictory—hypotheses for a reconstruction in Sem: Huehnergard2011 and Kogan2015 assume a CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ (cf. ṬRF_12 ≙ DRS #ṬRP-1), while Ehret1989 thinks that at least Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘to turn off, repel’ (value ṬRF_6 ≙ DRS #ṬRP-1) goes back to a bi-consonantal pre-protSem root nucleus *ṬR‑ ‘to send’. In contrast, Ar lexicographers hold that it is possible to derive the whole spectrum of meanings from the notion of ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ (ṬRF_2) or, as Gabal2012 has it, al-nihāyaẗ al-daqīqaẗ lil-šayʔ al-mumtadd, wa-yulzimu ḏālika al-riqqaẗ al-māddiyyaẗ wa’l-maʕnawiyyaẗ ‘the exact/sharp ending of s.th. extended, implying both material and spiritual fineness’. – For details see below, section DISC.

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)# ṬRP-1 Hbr ṭārap, JP ṭᵉrap ‘arracher, déchirer, mettre en pièces, embrouiller’, ṭᵉrēpā ‘animal déchiré par des bêtes sauvages, chair interdite à la consommation comme nourriture’, Syr ṭᵉrap ‘agiter les ailes, frapper’, ṭarfā ‘feuille; lobe’, ṭᵉrāpā ‘heurt, battement, moment’, Mand (a)ṭirpia ‘feuilles’; Syr ṭarep ‘fatiguer, secouer, faire tomber’, ʔetṭarap ‘être agité, accablé, épuisé’; Mand ṭripa ‘mutilé, déchiré, défiguré’. ? Te ṭärfa ‘s’ébrouer (cheval); rejeter de bouillon (l’eau; bouillonner, écumer’, Tña ṭərif bälä ‘être alarmé’, ? Te ṭərif bela ‘être fier de qc (?)’. Ar ṭarafa ‘éloigner qn de qc; repousser’. -2 Ar ṭarufa ‘être d’acquisition récente; être nouveau, neuf, récent, frais’. -3 Ar ‘compter un grand nombre d’ancêtres nobles’. -4 Ar ṭarifa ‘dévorer les bords, les extrémités d’un pré (chameau, etc.)’, ṭaraf ‘extrémité, côté, partie, portion, morceau’, Mhr Ḥrs ṭərēf, Jib ṭerä́f ‘côté’, Soq ṭaraf ‘zone’, Mhr ṭərūf, Jib ṭorof ‘mettre de côté pour une occasion meilleure’. -5 Ar ṭarafa ‘battre des paupières; regarder’, ṭarf ‘(coup d’) œil’, ṭurifa ‘être atteint, blessé à l’œil’. -6 SudAr ṭarfa ‘source renaissante à l’automne’, ? ṭawārif ‘vents froids’. -7 Soq məṭrəf ‘pli du ventre, ride’. -8 Te ṭärafa ‘s’arrêter, séjourner quelque part’. -9 Akk ṭarpaʔ - : sorte de tamaris.
▪ Zammit2002: 1 Aram ṭrp ‘wink of an eye’?, Ar ṭarf ‘eye, glance, sight of the eyes’. 2 Hbr ṭārap ‘to tear, rend, pluck’, Aram ṭarpā ‘a piece torn off, fragment’, ṭᵉrap ‘to tear’, Syr ṭarpā (d-ednā) ‘the lobe (of the ear)’, ṭᵉrap ‘to smite’, Ar ṭaraf ‘extremity; border’
▪ Klein1987: 1 Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’, Aram ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to tear, seize’, ṭᵊrêp̄â ‘torn animal, torn flesh’, Ar ṭarafa ‘to graze (said of a camel)’, ṭarufa ‘to be freshly plucked’; Hbr ṭārāp̄ ‘fresh-plucked’, hence also ‘fresh leaf’ and nHbr ‘leaf, blade’, Aram Syr ṭarpâ ‘fresh leaf’. – 2 Hbr ṭāraf ‘to cast, knock; to mix, confuse’, Aram Syr ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to shake, clap, smite’, Ar ṭarafa ‘to strike back’.

▪ ṬRF_1 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-5) ṭarf ‘eye, glance, look, to blink’ : Kogan2015:220,n5 thinks that the ClassAr vb. I ^†ṭarafa ‘to strike one’s eye’ is almost certainly denominative from ṭarf. In contrast, Ar lexicographers usually regard ṭarf as originally a vn. of this ^†ṭarafa, supporting their argument with the fact that ṭarf does not take a pl. – Any relation to ṬRF_2 ‘end, extremity’ (the eye as an “extremity” of the head, or a twinkling interpreted as a look “from a side”)? Or to (C)Sem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ (cf. ṬRF_12 ≙ DRS #ṬRP-1) as reconstructed by Huehnergard2011 and Kogan2015 (with a shift of meaning from ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ to ‘to strike’, then ‘to strike the eye’ > ‘eye’)? All highly speculative! (Cf. however ṬRF_3, below.) The same holds true for making ṬRF_2 ‘side’ depend on ṬRF_1 ‘eye’, as suggested by Nişanyan (23Oct2014, s.v. Tu taraf), in rendering Ar ṭaraf as ‘bakım, cihet, yan, yön’ and in this way identifying ‘direction, side’ (ṬRF_2) with ‘glance’ (ṬRF_1), tracing it all back to Ar ṭarafa ‘to look, cast an eye on’, from ṭarf ‘eye’. – Whatever the origin of ṭarf and ṭarafa themselves, some believe that ‘to strike the eye’ is the original meaning of value ṬRF_3 ‘novelty’ (*what strikes the eye because it is new).
▪ ṬRF_2 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-4) ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ : This value is without doubt one of the oldest ones; yet, its etymology needs still further research. Nişanyan23Oct2014 (s.v. Tu taraf), in rendering Ar ṭaraf as ‘bakım, cihet, yan, yön’, sees the meaning cihet, yan, yön ‘direction, side’ (ṬRF_2) and bakım ‘glance’ (ṬRF_1) as one unit, tracing it all back to Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘to look, cast an eye on’, from Ar ṭarf ‘eye’. In contrast, DRS finds cognates of Ar ṭaraf only in modSAr, keeping it separate from other values of Sem *ṬRP. Yet another position is taken by Klein1987 and Zammit2002: both see Ar ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ together with Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’, Aram ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to tear, seize’ (and derivates), i.e., with the value that lies at the basis also of the obsolete Ar vb. ^†ṭarafa ‘to seize, carry off by force’, preserved in ClassAr ^†sibāʕ ṭawārifᵘ (sg. ^†ṭārifaẗ, f. of *ṭārif, PA I) ‘animals that seize, or carry off by force, the objects of the chase’, which with all likelihood is the “purest”, least “contaminated” descendant of an original CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ (cf. ṬRF_12 in root entry ↗ṬRF). The link between ‘edge, extremity’ and ‘to tear, pluck’ here would be the obsolete vb. Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘to graze, depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage (said of a camel)’. This would give us the semantic chain *‘to tear, pluck, seize > to graze, depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage > utmost part, edge, extremity’. This, however, would contradict Kogan2015’s assumption that the vb. »almost certainly« is denom. from ṭaraf, not the other way round. – However that may be, quite a number of the other values are with some probability derived from ṬRF_2 ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’. One line of semantic development could be: *‘utmost part, edge, extremity > to depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage > to make a choice (for more, better, more delicate food) > to choose, anything chosen, choice’ (ṬRF_8). Another branch (unless dependent on ṬRF_1) seems to identify the preference of the lateral parts of a pasturage with a looking for alternatives, hence: *‘~ > to appreciate a novelty > novelty’ (ṬRF_3). (There is, however, some overlapping with ↗ẒRF here, and another theory derives the value ‘novelty’ from CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’—cf. above, ṬRF_1, and below, ṬRF_12/13 —in the sense of ‘fresh-plucked’, cf. ṬRF_5.) – The value ‘to drive away, repel’ (ṬRF_6), too, could be explained—in theory—as a derivation from ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’, the act of repelling being a driving away “to the utmost parts”; cf., however, DRS (and also Klein1987) where Ar ṭarafa ‘éloigner qn de qc; repousser’ is grouped differently on account of the wider Sem evidence. – ^†ṭirāf ‘leather tent, tent of skin’ (ṬRF_9), too, seems to be somehow connected to ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’, but the relation is not really clear. – ṭaraf was, and is still, used in many expressions with a specialized or figurative meaning. The pl. ʔaṭrāf, for instance, can also mean ‘fingers’ (i.e., the extremities of the hand); the construct ʔaṭrāf al-nahār signifies the *‘extremities of a day’, i.e., ‘morning and afternoon, daybreak and sunset’, and the *‘extremities of the people’, ʔaṭrāf al-nās , mean ‘the lower orders of society’. Furthermore, ʔaṭrāf can mean ‘a man’s father and mother and brothers and paternal uncles and any relations whom it is unlawful for him to marry’. – Ar lexicographers also tend to regard ṬRF_10 ‘noble, of high breed; generous’ as a derivation from ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’: ^†ṭaraf, as well as ^†ṭarīf, can mean ‘having many ancestors, up to the greatest (i.e. most remote [= “extreme”]) forefather, of long descent’ (Lane), and ^†ṭarf ‘man generous, noble’ is likewise explained as ‘…in respect of ancestry, up to the greatest [i.e. most remote] forefather’ (ibid.).¹⁰ – In addition, with the notion of ‘generosity’ and the plentitude of ancestors we are already in close to value ṬRF_11 ‘to be numerous, abound with’.
▪ ṬRF_3 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-2) ṭurfaẗ ‘novelty’ : dependent on ṬRF_1 ‘eye’ (a novelty being s.th. that “strikes the eye”) or on ṬRF_2 ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ (see preceding paragraph)? Probably neither the former nor the latter, but, as Klein1987 assumes, a derivation from the (C)Sem vb. *ṭrp (see ṬRF_12 below) along the line ‘to tear, pluck, seize > to be freshly plucked > to be fresh, new’. – Cf. also ṬRF_5 ‘tamarisk’? – There is some overlapping also with ↗ẒRF.
▪ ṬRF_4 miṭraf ‘shawl’ : The explanation, given by ClassAr lexicographers, that miṭraf is a ‘garment, square or four-sided, having ornamental or coloured or figured borders’ (Lane) connects the word with ṬRF_2 ṭaraf ‘edge, extremity’, which seems plausible.
▪ ṬRF_5 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-9) ṭarfāʔᵘ ‘tamarisk (bot.)’: probably related to Akk ṭarpaʔ- ‘sort of tamarisk’, which, however, may in itself be a borrowing from a foreign language. Do we have to compare Hbr ṭārāp̄ ‘fresh-plucked’, hence also ‘fresh leaf’, Aram Syr ṭarpâ ‘id.’? If so then Ar ṭarfāʔᵘ ‘tamarisk’, like a number of other values in this root, is based on (C)Sem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ (see ṬRF_12/13, below). – In contrast, based on the evidence in Akk and some Aram langs, Militarev&Stolbova2007 reconstruct a Sem *ṭarpaʔ- ‘tamarind [sic!]; leaf’, to which they juxtapose an EChad (Bidiya) tìrìp ‘kind of tree’, all from an hypothetical AfrAs *ṭarip- ‘tree’.
▪ ṬRF_6 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-1) ^†ṭarafa i (ṭarf) ‘to drive away, repel’: While semantics may suggest a connection between this vb. and ṬRF_2 ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’, the act of repelling being a *‘driving to the edges’, DRS and others rather see it akin to the notion of ‘tearing (to pieces), plucking, seizing’ (cf. ṬRF_12, below). The idea, put forward by Klein1987, that Hbr ²ṭārap̄ ‘to cast, knock; to mix, confuse’ (which is seen together with Ar ṭarafa ‘to strike back’) »probably« is a »sense enlargement« of Hbr ¹ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’ (< CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’, see ṬRF_12/13, below), may help to understand a development that is far from being immediately evident. – Yet another theory is Ehret’s: he suggest to regard Ar ṭarafa ‘to turn off, repel’ as an extension in intensive (manner) * f from a bi-consonantal root nucleus *ṬR- ‘to send’ (Ehret1989); for other extensions from the same nucleus, he refers to ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’, ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away, (Hava1899:) to fling, cast away s.th.’, ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together, (Hava1899:) to persecute, drive back etc.; to collect (scattered flocks)’.
▪ ṬRF_7 ^†ṭarrafa ‘to lose the teeth’ : acc. to Lane said of a camel that loses teeth by reason of extreme age. If this explanation is correct, the value is dependent on ṬRF_2 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-4), denom. from ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’.
▪ ṬRF_8 ^†ṭarrafa ‘to choose s.th.’: denom. from ṭaraf in the sense (now obsolete) of ^†‘anything chosen, choice’, which seems to have developed from the word’s basic meaning of ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ (ṬRF_2 ≙ DRS #ṬRP-4). Animals that depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage ‘make their choice (for better food)’, cf. the meaning given in DRS for the modSAr cognates, Mhr ṭərūf and Jib ṭorof, namely ‘mettre de côté pour une occasion meilleure’.
▪ ṬRF_9 ^†ṭirāf ‘leather tent, tent of skin’: probably connected to ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ (ṬRF_2 ≙ DRS #ṬRP-4)—but this would need further explanation.
▪ ṬRF_10 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-3) ^†ṭirf ‘noble, of high breed; generous’: The explanation, given in Lane, for ṭirf in the more specific sense of ‘generous horse, one that is looked at (yuṭrafu) because of its beauty’ would connect this value to ṬRF_1 ‘eye’. Hava1899, however, translates ṭirf as ‘noble from both parents’, suggesting that we have to draw a line to ṬRF_2 ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ rather than to ṬRF_1 ‘eye’. This would be in line with the var. ^†ṭarf ‘man generous, noble’ which the lexicographers (acc. to Lane) understand as ‘noble in respect of ancestry, up to the greatest (i.e. most remote [!]) forefather’, and ^†ṭaraf ~ ṭarif, ^†ṭarīf ‘having many ancestors, up to the greatest [i.e. most remote] forefather, of long descent’ (Lane).
▪ ṬRF_11 ^†ʔaṭrafa ‘to be numerous, abound with’: is probably the same as (or a generalization of) ṬRF_10 (≙ DRS #ṬRP-3), cf. ^†ṭaraf ~ ṭarif, ^†ṭarīf ‘reckoning many ancestors’ (Hava1899), ṭarufa (a, ṭarāfaẗ) ‘to descend from an ancient family (man)’.
▪ ṬRF_12 ^†ṭarafa ‘to seize, carry off by force’: Preserved only in ClassAr sibāʕ ṭawārifᵘ (sg. ^†ṭārifaẗ, f. of ṭārif, PA I) ‘animals that seize, or carry off by force, the objects of the chase’, this is with all likelihood the “purest”, least “contaminated” descendant of an original CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’. Klein1987 connects the corresponding Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’ and Aram ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to tear, seize’ with Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘to graze (said of a camel)’ (cf. ṬRF_2 ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’) as well as with ^†ṭarufa ‘to be freshly plucked’ (cf. ṬRF_3 ‘novelty’), which in turn may be akin to ṬRF_5 ‘tamarisk’ (if this is cognate with Hbr ṭārāp̄ ‘fresh-plucked’, hence also ‘fresh leaf’). Furthermore, if Klein1987 is right, then Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to cast, knock; to mix, confuse’ and Aram Syr ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to shake, clap, smite’ are cognate with Ar ṭarafa ‘to strike back’ (ṬRF_6), and this complex is a secondary development (Klein: »sense enlargement«) from the original CSem ‘to tear, pluck, seize’.
▪ ṬRF_13 ^†ṭaraf ‘flesh, flesh-meat’: This value is without doubt derived from the preceding, cf. Hbr ṭᵊrēp̄āʰ ‘animal torn by wild beasts’ (> postBiblHbr ‘animal with organic defect’, mHbr ‘ritually forbidden food’), ṭ ^ärā̈p̄ ‘prey; food’ (»orig. prob. meaning ‘food carried off’«, Klein1987), from Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces’, from CSem ‘to tear, pluck, seize’.

10. In another interpretation, the ‘nobility’ and ‘generosity’ of a ^†ṭirf (pl. ṭurūf, ʔaṭrāf) ‘generous horse’ are explained as deriving from ṬRF_1 ‘eye’ rather than from ṬRF_2 ‘edge, extremity’: a ‘generous horse’ is ‘one that is looked at (yuṭrafu) because of its beauty’.

▪ Huehnergard2011: Not from Ar, but from a Hbr cognate is Engl tref (var. treif, trayf, treyf) ‘any form of non-kosher food’. It goes back to Hbr ṭərēpâ ‘torn flesh’ (= Ar ṬRF_13), from Hbr ṭārap ‘to tear, pluck’, from CSem *ṬRP ‘id.’, which is the ancestor also of Ar ṬRF_12 and, indirectly, many other Ar values.

–

ṭarf طَرْف , no pl.¹

1. Lane: no pl. because the word is originally a vn., therefore it may denote also the pl. ‘eyes’

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

n.

1 eye; 2 glance, look – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Ar lexicographers (as referred to by Lane) think the word is originally a vn., i.e., [v2] is the more original value, and [v1] is secondary. But this is not necessarily true.
▪ DRS groups the word together with the obsol. ^†ṭarafa ‘battre des paupières; regarder’ and ^†ṭurifa ‘être atteint, blessé à l’œil’ (DRS #ṬRP-5), but not with Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to cast, knock’ or Aram Syr ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to shake, clap, smite’ (DRS #ṬRP-1), in spite of the notion of ‘casting/striking’ shared by all. Should there be a relation nevertheless, then the ‘eye’ would have developed from ‘to strike/hit/hurt the eye’, from ‘to strike/hit’, from ‘to cast, smite, knock, clap’, which perh. is a secondary value, evolved from a CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’, cf. Ar ṬRF_12 in root entry ↗ṬRF (≙ DRS #ṬRP-1). In contrast, Kogan2015 thinks that ^†ṭarafa ‘to strike one’s eye’ is almost certainly denominative from ṭarf ‘eye’, not the other way round; but he remains silent about the origin of ṭarf itself.
▪ Nişanyan23Oct2014 (s.v. Tu taraf) derives also Ar ↗ṭaraf ‘direction, side’ from Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘to look, cast an eye on’, from Ar ṭarf ‘eye’.

▪ eC7 (eyesight, sight, glance) Q 38:52 qāṣirātu ’l-ṭarfi ‘not given to staring, modest, restraining their glances, of modest gaze [lit., women who cast down their gaze/eyes]’, 42:45 yanẓurūna min ṭarfin ḫafiyyin ‘they look furtively [lit., they look with a hidden glance], 14:43 lā yartaddu ʔilay-him ṭarfu-hum ‘not blinking, utterly stupefied, they cannot take in what they see [lit., their glance does not return to them]’, 27:40 qabla ʔan yartadda ʔilay-ka ṭarfu-ka ‘before you bat an eye [lit., before your glance returns to you]’
▪ ClassAr ṭarafa (i, ṭarf) (ʕayna-hū) ‘to hit, strike, smit, hurt s.o.’s eye (with a garment, etc.) so that it sheds tears’, ^†ṭarf ‘slapping with the hand upon the extremity of the eye’, hence also ‘striking upon the head’, ^†ṭārifaẗ , pl. ṭawārifᵘ, ‘s.th. that causes a twinkling or winking of the eye’, ^†ṭarfaẗ ‘red spot of blood, in the eye, occasioned by a blow or some other cause’, ṭurfaẗ ‘hurt of the eye, occasioning its shedding tears’ (Lane).

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRP-5 Ar ṭarafa ‘battre des paupières; regarder’, ṭarf ‘(coup d’) œil’, ṭurifa ‘être atteint, blessé à l’œil’.
▪ Zammit2002: Aram ṭrp ‘wink of an eye’?, Ar ṭarf ‘eye, glance, sight of the eyes’.

▪ For the main picture, cf. above, section CONC.
▪ Any relation to ↗ṭaraf ‘end, extremity’ (the eye as an “extremity” of the head, or a twinkling interpreted as a look “from a side”)?
▪ Whatever the origin of ṭarf itself, some believe that ↗ṭurfaẗ ‘novelty’ essentially is *‘what strikes the eye (because it is new)’. (Others, however, would rather derive ‘novelty’ from CSem *ṬRP ‘to pluck’, regarding it as a generalization of ‘freshly plucked’, cf. ṬRF_3 in root entry ↗ṬRF.)
▪ In a similar vein, some Ar lexicographers explain Ar ^†ṭirf ‘noble, of high breed; generous’ as stemming from the more specific sense of ‘generous horse, one that is looked at (yuṭrafu) because of its beauty’, in this way connecting ‘nobility, generosity’ with ‘eye’ and ‘looking’. (Others, however, explain ‘nobility, generosity’ as having emerged from the idea of looking back to a long line of noble ancestors, i.e., “extremities”, in this way connecting it to ↗ṭaraf ‘end, extremity’.)

–

► mā ʔašāra bi-ṭarf, expr., he didn’t bat an eye
► min ṭarf ḫafiyy, adv., secretly, furtively, discreetly
► ka-’rtidād al-ṭarf, adv., in the twinkling of an eye, instantly

► ṭarafa, i (ṭarf), vb. I, to blink, twinkle, wink, squint (also bi-ʕaynay-hi): prob. denom.
► ṭarfaẗ, n.f.: quasi-n.vic. of ṭarafa | bi-/fī ~ ʕayn, adv., in the twinkling of an eye, instantly; mā… ~a ʕayn, adv., not one moment

ṭaraf طَرَف , pl. ʔaṭrāf

ID … • Sw – • BP 371 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

n.

1 utmost part, outermost point, extremity, end, tip, point, edge, fringe, limit, border; 2 side; 3 region, area, section; 4 ~ min, a part of, a bit of, some; 5 party (as, to a dispute, of a contract, etc.); 6 ~a…, prep., with, at, on the part or side of; 7 pl. ʔaṭrāf, limbs, extremities; 8 (with foll. gen.) sections of, parts of – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS finds cognates of Ar ṭaraf only in modSAr, keeping it separate from other values of Sem *ṬRP. In contrast, Nişanyan23Oct2014 (s.v. Tu taraf) derives ṭaraf ‘direction, side’ from Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘to look, cast an eye on’, from Ar ↗ṭarf ‘eye’. Yet another etymology is given by Klein1987 and Zammit2002: they see Ar ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ together with Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’, Aram ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to tear, seize’ (and derivates), i.e., with the value that lies at the basis also of the obsolete Ar vb. ^†ṭarafa ‘to seize, carry off by force’, preserved in ClassAr ^†sibāʕ ṭawārifᵘ (sg. ^†ṭārifaẗ, f. of *ṭārif, PA I) ‘animals that seize, or carry off by force, the objects of the chase’, which with all likelihood is the “purest”, least “contaminated” descendant of an original CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ (cf. ṬRF_12 in root entry ↗ṬRF). The link between ‘edge, extremity’ and ‘to tear, pluck’ here would be the obsolete vb. Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘to graze, depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage (said of a camel)’. This would give us the semantic chain *‘to tear, pluck, seize > to graze, depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage > utmost part, edge, extremity’—which, however, would contradict Kogan2015’s assumption that the vb. »almost certainly« is denom. from ṭaraf, not the other way round.
▪ If the affiliation of Ar ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ to CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ is correct, then ṭaraf is indeed a relative of many other values of ↗ṬRF, like ‘novelty’ (*freshly plucked, cf. ↗ṭurfaẗ) (cf. Klein1987’s grouping in section COGN below) and perh. also ‘tamarisk’ (↗ṭarfāʔᵘ). There are also theories that ultimately connect CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ with ↗ṭarf ‘eye’; if these can be substantiated then there would also be a relation, however indirect, between ṭarf and ṭaraf. – For the whole picture, cf. root entry ↗ṬRF.

▪ eC7 (edge, border; part; group) Q 3:127 li-yaqṭaʕa ṭarafan min-a ’llaḏīna kafarū ‘and that He might cut off a part of the disbelievers’ [army]’; (dual: two ends) 11:114 ṭarafay-i ’l-nahāri ‘two ends of the day, morning and evening’; [pl. ʔaṭrāf : edges, borders; notables; good things] 13:41 ʔa-wa-lam yaraw ʔannā naʔtī ’l-ʔarḍa nanquṣu-hā min ʔaṭrāfi-hā ‘do they not see how We visit the land, curtailing it from its borders (variously interpreted as: causing districts belonging to the disbelievers to fall one after the other to the Muslims, reducing its vegetation, curtailing it from its learned people’ (‘Scientific interpreters’ of the Q see in this verse reference to the fact that Earth’s sphere looks as if it had been clipped at the edges); 20:130 ʔaṭrāfa ’l-nahāri ‘the [two] ends/extremities of the day [lit., edges of the day]’
▪ ClassAr ^†ṭarif, f. ^†ṭarifaẗ, ‘male / she-camel that removes from one pasturage to another, not keeping constantly to one pasturage; that depastures the extremities, or sides, of the pasturage’; ^†ṭarifa a (ṭaraf), vb. I, ‘to depasture the lateral parts of the pasturage’; ^†ṭarrafa, vb. II, ‘to fight around the army (charging upon or assaulting those who form the side or flank or extreme portion of it), drive back, fight (those who formed the side or flank of an army)’; cf. also the description ḫayru ’l-kalāmi mā ṭurrifat maʕānī-hi wa-šurrifat mabānī-hi ‘the best of language is that of which the meanings are pointed, and of which the constructions are crowned with embellishments as though they were adorned with šuraf (pl. of šurfaẗ ‘balcony’)’; cf. also the expression, involving a vb. X, ^†ĭstaṭrafa, used for a woman who does not keep constantly to a husband: tastaṭrifu ’l-riǧāl ‘she takes, or chooses, new ones of the men’, she who does thus being likened to the she-camel termed ṭarifaẗ that depastures the extremities of the pasturage and/or tastes, and does not keep constantly to one pasturage – Lane.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRP-4 Ar ṭarifa ‘dévorer les bords, les extrémités d’un pré (chameau, etc.)’, ṭaraf ‘extrémité, côté, partie, portion, morceau’, Mhr Ḥrs ṭərēf, Jib ṭerä́f ‘côté’, Soq ṭaraf ‘zone’, Mhr ṭərūf, Jib ṭorof ‘mettre de côté pour une occasion meilleure’.
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭārap ‘to tear, rend, pluck’, Aram ṭarpā ‘a piece torn off, fragment’, ṭᵉrap ‘to tear’, Syr ṭarpā (d-ednā) ‘the lobe (of the ear)’, ṭᵉrap ‘to smite’, Ar ṭaraf ‘extremity; border’.
▪ Klein1987: Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’, Aram ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to tear, seize’, ṭᵊrêp̄â ‘torn animal, torn flesh’, Ar ṭarafa ‘to graze (said of a camel)’, ṭarufa ‘to be freshly plucked’; Hbr ṭārāp̄ ‘fresh-plucked’, hence also ‘fresh leaf’ and nHbr ‘leaf, blade’, Aram Syr ṭarpâ ‘fresh leaf’.

▪ For the general traits, see section CONC above.
▪ This value of ṬRF is without doubt one of the oldest ones in Ar, and quite a number of the other values may with some probability be derived from it (cf. root entry ↗ṬRF). One line of semantic development seems to be: ‘utmost part, edge, extremity > to depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage > to make a choice (for more, better, more delicate food) > to choose, anything chosen, choice’ (ṬRF_8, now obsol.). Another branch (unless dependent on ṬRF_1 ‘eye’) seems to identify the preference of the lateral parts of a pasturage with a looking for alternatives, hence: ‘…pasturage > to appreciate a novelty > novelty’ (ṬRF_3; however, another theory derives ‘novelty’ from CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ in the sense of ‘fresh-plucked’, cf. also ṬRF_5 ‘tamarisk’.) – The value ‘to drive away, repel’ (ṬRF_6), too, could be explained—in theory—as a derivation from ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’, the act of repelling being a driving away “to the utmost parts”; cf., however, DRS (and also Klein1987) where Ar ^†ṭarafa ‘éloigner qn de qc; repousser’ is grouped differently on account of the wider Sem evidence; but the D-stem may still be denom. from ṭaraf. – In contrast, there is almost no doubt that ↗miṭraf ‘shawl’ (ṬRF_4) depends on ṭaraf ‘edge, side’ because, in ClassAr use, it is a ‘garment […] having ornamental or coloured or figured borders’ (Lane). – ^†ṭirāf ‘leather tent, tent of skin’ (ṬRF_9), too, seems to be somehow connected to ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’, but the relation is not really clear and its exact nature will need further explanation.
▪ ṭaraf was, and is still, used in many expressions with a specialized or figurative meaning, particularly also in the pl. ʔaṭrāf. For instance, the latter can also mean ‘fingers’ (i.e., the extremities of the hand), if not ‘extremities’ in general. The construct ʔaṭrāf al-nahār signifies the *‘extremities of a day’, i.e., ‘morning and afternoon, daybreak and sunset’. And the *‘extremities of the people’, ʔaṭrāf al-nās , mean ‘the lower orders of society’. Furthermore, ʔaṭrāf can mean (in ClassAr) ‘a man’s father and mother and brothers and paternal uncles and any relations whom it is unlawful for him to marry’.
▪ Ar lexicographers also tend to regard ‘noble, of high breed; generous’ as a derivation from ṭaraf : as also ^†ṭarīf, ^†ṭaraf can mean ‘having many ancestors, up to the greatest (i.e. most remote [= “extreme”]) forefather, of long descent’ (Lane), and ^†ṭarf ‘man generous, noble’ is likewise explained as ‘…in respect of ancestry, up to the greatest [i.e. most remote] forefather’ (ibid.). – In addition, with the notion of ‘generosity’ and the plentitude of ancestors we are already in close neighbourhood of the value ‘to be numerous, abound with’ (ṬRF_11).
▪ For still other (obsolete) values that may be dependent on, or derived from, ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’, like ‘to lose the teeth’, cf. root entry ↗ṬRF.

–

► ṭaraf al-ġawr, n.prop.loc., Trafalgar (cape, SW Spain). – Cf., however, EtymOnline where Engl Trafalgar (famous sea battle, Oct. 21, 1805!) is said to be from Ar ṭaraf al-ġarb ‘end of the west’, or ṭaraf al-ʔaġar ‘end of the column’ (in reference to the pillars of Hercules).
► ṭaraf al-liḥāf, n., corner or tag of a cover
► ṭaraf al-lisān, n., tip of the tongue
► ṭarafay-i ’l-nahār, adv., in the morning and in the evening, mornings and evenings
► kānū ʕalà ṭarafay naqīḍ, expr., they were at variance, they varied on a feud
► kāna wa-ʔiyyā-hu ʕalà ṭarafay naqīḍ, expr., they held diametrically opposed views or positions
► ʔaṭrāf al-badan, n.pl., the extremities of the body, the limbs
► ʔaṭrāf al-ʔaṣābiʕ, n.pl., fingertips
► ʕalà ʔaṭrāf qadamay-hi, expr., on tiptoe
► ʔaṭrāf al-madīnaẗ, n.pl., the outskirts of the city
► al-ʔaṭrāf al-mutaʕāqidaẗ, n.f., the contracting parties
► ʔaṭrāf al-nizāʕ, n.pl., the contending parties
► bi-ṭaraf…, prep., with, at, on the part or side of
► min ṭaraf…, prep., on the part of
► min ṭaraf ʔilà ṭaraf, adv., from one end to the other
► ʔaḥzāb ṭaraf al-yamīn, n.pl., the right-wing parties
► ǧāḏaba ʔaṭrāfa ’l-ḥadīṯ, vb. I, to talk, converse, have a conversation
► ǧamaʕa ’l-barāʕaẗ min ʔaṭrāfi-hā, vb. I, to be a highly efficient man, be highly qualified
► ǧamaʕa ʔaṭrāf al-šayʔ, vb. I, to give a survey or outline of s.th., summarize, sum up s.th.
► qaṣṣa ʕalay-hi ṭarafan (ʔaṭrāfan) min ḥayāẗi-hī, vb. I, to tell s.o. an episode (episodes) of one’s life
► ʔaṭrāf al-ḥawādiṯ, n.pl., episodic events, experiences at the margin of events
► yanquṣu ’l-ʔarḍ min ʔaṭrāfi-hā, expr., (God) will reduce the country’s boundaries, i.e., will diminish its power

► taṭarrafa, vb. V, to be on the extreme side, hold an extreme viewpoint or position, go to extremes, be radical, bare radical views: tD-stem, denom., in ClassAr still with the more general literal meaning ‘to become pointed, tapering, dender at the extremity’, but also already in the expr. ~ ʕalà ’l-qawm ‘to make a sudden, unexpected attack upon the territory or dwellings of the people’.

► ṭarafī, adj., being at the outermost extremity, standing out, projecting, prominent: nsb-adj.
► ^BP#2974taṭarruf, n., 1 excess, excessiveness, immoderation, extravagance; 2 extremism, extreme standpoint or position, radical attitude, radicalism: vn. V.
► ^BP#2713mutaṭarrif, adj., 1 utmost, outmost, farthest outward, located at the outermost point; 2 extreme, extremistic; 3 radical: PA V; 4 n., an extremist, a radical: nominalization of the preceding | ǧihaẗ ~aẗ, n.f., outlying district, outskirt(s)

ṭurfaẗ طُرْفة , pl. ṭuraf

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

n.f.

1 novelty, rarity, curiosity, curio, rare object, choice item; 2 exquisite present; 3 masterpiece, chef-d’œuvre; 4 hit, high light, pièce de résistance – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS keeps Ar ṭarufa ‘to be newly acquired, be a recent acquisition’ completely separate from other values of Sem *ṬRP. In contrast, in assigning the slightly different (and more original?) meaning ‘to be freshly plucked’ to the same vb., Klein1987 can group it together with Hbr and Aram words for ‘to seize, pluck’, which in turn go back to a CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’. For the author of the present entry (SG), this gives a rather plausible chain of semantic development: *‘to tear, pluck, seize > to be freshly plucked > to be fresh, new, novelty’. With this, Ar ṭarufa, ṭurfaẗ, etc. would not only be akin to ↗ṭarfāʔᵘ ‘tamarisk’ but also to other items going back to the same ancestor, particularly those based on ↗ṭaraf ‘utmost part, edge, extremity’ (which is from *< ‘to depasture the lateral parts of a pasturage < to graze < to pluck’).
▪ In contrast, traditional Ar lexicography tends to relate ‘novelty’ to ↗ṭarf ‘eye’, as *‘s.th. that strikes the eye’.
▪ There seems also to be some overlapping with ↗ẒRF.

▪ ClassAr meanings: ‘newly-acquired property, anything that one has newly acquired, and that pleases, is strange and deemed good’, ‘s.th. newly found, gained, or acquired, hence s.th. strange, extraordinary, approved, deemed good (incl., e.g., information or tidings)’ – Lane.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRP-2 Ar ṭarufa ‘être d’acquisition récente; être nouveau, neuf, récent, frais’.
▪ Klein1987: Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’, Aram ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to tear, seize’, ṭᵊrêp̄â ‘torn animal, torn flesh’, Ar ṭarafa ‘to graze (said of a camel)’, ṭarufa ‘to be freshly plucked’; Hbr ṭārāp̄ ‘fresh-plucked’, hence also ‘fresh leaf’ and nHbr ‘leaf, blade’, Aram Syr ṭarpâ ‘fresh leaf’.

▪ Cf. section CONC above.

–

► ṭarufa u (ṭarāfaẗ), vb. I, to be newly acquired, be a recent acquisition: denom.?
► ʔaṭrafa, vb. IV, 1 to feature or tell s.th. new or novel, say s.th. new or original, introduce a novel angle or idea; 2 to present (s.o. bi‑ with s.th. new or novel), give (to s.o. bi‑ s.th. new or novel): Š-stem, denom.
► ĭstaṭrafa, vb. X, to value as rare, original, unusual: Št-stem, denom., evaluative.

► ṭarīf, adj., 1 curious, strange, odd; 2 novel, exquisite, singular, rare, uncommon: quasi-PP I.
► ṭarīfaẗ, pl. ṭarāʔifᵘ, n.f., 1 rare, exquisite thing; 2 uncommon object or piece (e.g., of art); 3 pl. ṭarāʔif, curiosities, oddities, uncommon qualities: nominalized f. of ṭarīf
► ṭarāfaẗ, n.f., 1 novelty, uncommonness, peculiarity, oddness, strangeness, curiosity, originality; 2 unusual new manner: vn. I.
► ʔaṭrafᵘ, adj., more curious or peculiar: elat.
► ʔuṭrūfaẗ, n.f., (Syr.) rare, exquisite work of art:… | ~ šiʕriyyaẗ, n.f., a masterpiece of poetry
► ṭārif, adj., newly acquired: quasi-PA I, from ṭarafa in the old (now obsol.) sense of *‘to hit the eye’, see ↗ṭarf.
► mustaṭraf, adj., considered as being unusual, exquisite, unique, prized as a valuable rarity: PP X.

ṭarfāʔᵘ طَرْفاءُ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

n.coll. (n.un. ‑aẗ)

tamarisk (bot.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology obscure. Zimmern1914: 53 is probably right in assuming that Ar ṭarfāʔ and Akk ṭarpaʔ‑ (var. ṭarpiʔ‑, kind of tamarisk) are somehow related, but it remains unclear how precisely this would be the case, given that the Akk word may be a borrowing from a foreign language.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 see Akk ṭarpaʔu together with Aram words for ‘leaf’. Adding to this juxtaposition that of Klein1987 who relates the Aram ‘leaf’ to the notion of ‘plucking’, one can be tempted to draw a line from CSem *ṬRP ‘to tear, pluck, seize’ to Hbr Aram ṭrp ‘to pluck’, to ‘(freshly plucked) leaf’, to ‘(certain type of tree,) tamarisk’. But the last shift of meaning in this chain would still remain difficult to be made plausible.
▪ In contrast, Kogan2011 reconstructs protSem *ṭarpaʔ‑ ‘kind of tree’.
▪ Any relation to other items of the root ↗ṬRF, such as ↗ṭarf ‘eye’, ↗ṭaraf ‘extremity, outermost part’, or ↗ṭurfaẗ ‘novelty’?

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ṬRP-9: Akk ṭarpaʔ- sorte de tamaris.
▪ (?) Klein1987: Hbr ṭārap̄ ‘to tear to pieces, rend; to pluck’, Aram ṭᵊrap̄ ‘to tear, seize’, ṭᵊrêp̄â ‘torn animal, torn flesh’, Ar ṭarafa ‘to graze (said of a camel)’, ṭarufa ‘to be freshly plucked’; Hbr ṭārāp̄ ‘fresh-plucked’, hence also ‘fresh leaf’ and nHbr ‘leaf, blade’, Aram Syr ṭarp̄â ‘fresh leaf’.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 (in StarLing, Sem#1507): Akk ṭarpaʔu ‘a variety of tamarisk’, PalAram ṭrp, ṭrb, Syr ṭarp̄ā, UrmAram ṭarp, Mand a-ṭirp ‘leaf’. Outside Sem: (EChad) Bidiya tìrìp ‘kind of tree’.

▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 (in StarLing, Sem#1507) reconstruct protSem *ṭarpaʔ- ‘tamarind [sic!]; leaf’ and EChad *tirip- ‘kind of tree’, both from a hypothetical AfrAs *ṭarip- ‘tree’.
▪ For all other aspects see above, section CONC.

–

miṭraf مِطْرَف , var. muṭraf

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

n.

shawl – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The explanation, given by ClassAr lexicographers, that miṭraf is a ‘garment, square or four-sided, having ornamental or coloured or figured borders’ (Lane) connects the word with ↗ṭaraf ‘edge, extremity’, which seems plausible.

▪ Hava1899: ‘a square silk gown, adorned with figures’.

↗ṭaraf.

–

taṭarruf تَطَرُّف

ID 536 • Sw – • BP 2974 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

n.

1 excess, excessiveness, immoderation, extravagance; 2 extremism, extreme standpoint or position, radical attitude, radicalism – WehrCowan1979.

Morphologically a vn. V, from taṭarrafa, vb. V, ‘to be on the extreme side, hold an extreme viewpoint or position, go to extremes, be radical, bare radical views’, tD-stem, denom., from ↗ṭaraf ‘utmost part, outermost point, extremity, end, tip, point, edge, fringe, limit, border’.

▪ …

↗ṭaraf.

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

mutaṭarrif مُتَطَرِّف

ID 537 • Sw – • BP 2713 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRF

¹adj.; ²n.

1 utmost, outmost, farthest outward, located at the outermost point; 2 extreme, extremistic; 3 radical; 4 n., an extremist, a radical: nominalization of the preceding – WehrCowan1979.

Morphologically a PA V, from taṭarrafa, vb. V, ‘to be on the extreme side, hold an extreme viewpoint or position, go to extremes, be radical, bare radical views’, tD-stem, denom., from ↗ṭaraf ‘utmost part, outermost point, extremity, end, tip, point, edge, fringe, limit, border’.

▪ …

↗ṭaraf.

▪ …
▪ …

–

► ǧihaẗ mutaṭarrifaẗ, n.f., outlying district, outskirt(s)

ṬRQ طرق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRQ

“root”

▪ ṬRQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬRQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬRQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘road, way, method; to strike, knock, to divine (by knocking stones or shells together); to arrive at night; to happen; mating of cattle’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ṭarīq طَرِيق

ID 538 • Sw 85 • BP 115 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRQ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ṭarīqaẗ طَرِيقَة

ID 539 • Sw – • BP 401 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬRQ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ṬRW/Y طرو/ي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2023

√ṬRW/Y

“root”

▪ ṬRW/Y_1 ‘to be or become fresh, succulent, moist, tender, soft, mild ↗ṭaruwa / ṭariya
▪ ṬRW/Y_2 ‘to praise (highly), extol, laud, lavish praise (on s.o.)’ ↗ʔaṭrà
▪ ṬRW/Y_3 ‘vermicelli’ ↗ʔiṭriyaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane v 1874, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ṬRW/Y_4 ‘to come, arrive from afar’: ^†ṭarā (u, ṭurūw); cf. also ^†ṭariya (a, ṭaràⁿ) ‘to run up to; to come, pass near (ʔilà)’
▪ ^†ṬRW/Y_5 ‘to have the belly swollen, suffer from indigestion’: ^†ĭṭrawrà, vb. XII
▪ ^†ṬRW/Y_6 ‘être surnaturel | spiritual being; création, créature qui par leur nombre immense échappent le calcul | numberless | the sorts of created things whereof the number cannot be reckoned’: ^†ṭarāⁿ~ṭirāⁿ
▪ ^†ṬRW/Y_ ‘…’: ^†…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘all that is on the face of the Earth, all of creation; to come from far away; to be soft, tender, fresh, succulent; to praise’

▪ [v1] : widely attested in WSem, from protWSem *√ṬRY ‘to be fresh, raw’ – Kogan2015: 99 #63.
▪ [v2] : The value ‘to praise’ of the *Š-stem, ʔaṭrà, of ṭaruwa/ṭariya ‘to be fresh’, seems to be fig. use in the sense of *‘to freshen up (by seasoning), add spices, etc.’.
▪ [v3] : According to Fraenkel1886, Ar ʔiṭriyaẗ ‘vermicelli’ goes back to Aram ʔiṭrīn ‘id.’ (PayneSmith1903), from Grk ʰítria, pl. of ʰítrion ‘in Öl gebackene Pfannekuchen aus Mehl und Honig (Gemoll1965) | name of a cake, made from sesame and honey (usually pl.; Beekes2016)’, itself of unknown etymology, »probably a loanword« (ibid.).
▪ ^†[v4] : Neither ^†ṭarā (u, ṭurūw) ‘to come, arrive from afar’ nor ^†ṭariya (a, ṭaràⁿ) ‘to run up to; to come, pass near (ʔilà)’ have obvious cognates in Sem or outside. Cf., however, DRS #ṬRY-2 where the authors report (see below, section COGN) that the compiler of a dictionary of SudAr thinks that SudAr ṭira ‘to mention, remind; to remember’ etc. are related to ṭarā (#ṬRW/Y-2) ‘to arrive’. But such a relation is far from obvious and looks rather doubtful.
▪ ^†[v5] The vb. ^†ĭṭrawrà, coined on the rare verbal pattern XII (ĭFʕawʕaLa) and meaning ‘to have the belly swollen, suffer from indigestion’, is of unknown origin.
▪ ^†[v6] ^†ṭarāⁿ~ṭirāⁿ ‘supernatural\spiritual being; innumerable created things’: of obscure etymology.
▪ …

–

▪ DRS #ṬRW/Y-1 Ug ṭry, Hbr ṭārī ‘frais, récent’, Syr ṭarūnā ‘frais, récent’, Ar ṭariya, ṭaruwa ‘être frais, nouveau’, Mhr ṭayri, Jib ṭeriʔ ‘être mouillé, humide, frais’, Mhr ṭəráy, Jib ṭeríʔ, Ḥrs ṭərīʔ ‘frais’, Gz Te ṭəray ‘cru, frais’, Tña ṭərä, Arg Gur ṭəre, Har ṭiri ‘cru’; Amh ṭəre ‘cru, non mûr, graine’ ; tout ce qui est naturel, inaltéré : par exemple ‘grain, viande fraîche’, Har ṭiri, Gur təri ‘cru, frais’. -2 Ar ṭarā ‘venir, arriver’
▪ ? DRS #ṬRY-1 TargAram ṭᵊrā ‘donner, négocier’, tᵊrītā ‘don’, Gz ʔaṭraya, Tña ʔaṭräya ‘acquérir, posséder’, Amh ṭärra ‘amasser de l’argent’, Gz Tña ṭərit ‘biens, possessions’.¹ -2 SudAr ṭira ‘mentionner, rappeler; se rappeler’, ṭāri ‘fait de mentionner qn, de parler de lui’.² -3 Amh ṭariya, ṭara, Gur ṭara ‘toit, plafond’
▪ [v1] Leslau2008 (CDG), Kogan2015: 99 #63 : Ug ṭry ‘fresh food’, Hbr ṭārī ‘fresh’, Syr ṭarrunā ‘recens’, Ar ṭarīy ‘fresh, juicy, moist’, Gz ṭəre, ṭərāy ‘raw, crude’, Te ṭəray ‘raw, fresh’, Tña Amh Arg Gur ṭəre, Har ṭiri ‘raw’, Mhr ṭáyri ‘to get wet, damp; to be fresh’, Jib ṭériʔ ‘to be damp, fresh’
▪ ? Leslau2008 (CDG): Aram ṭᵊrā (ṬRY) ‘to give, negotiate’, ṭᵊrīṯā ‘gift’, Gz ṭar(a)ya, ʔaṭraya ‘to possess, make possession, purchase, obtain, acquire’, Tña ʔaṭräyä ‘to acquire, gain possession’, ṭərit ‘wealth, possession’, Amh ṭärra ‘to amass money’, ṭərit ‘accumulation of property’
▪ …

1. Should one compare ↗ṯariya ‘to be wealthy’ < *‘plentitude, copiousness’ ? – EtymArab. 2. DRS remarks that according to ʕAwn al-Šarīf, Qāmūs al-lahǧa al-ʕarabiyya fī l-Sūdān, is related to ṭarā (#ṬRW/Y-2) ‘to arrive’.

▪ [v1] Kogan2015: 99 #63 : There is no direct parallel to protWSem *ṭry ‘to be fresh, raw’ in Akk, but cf. perhaps ṭeru ‘to extract, press out liquid; to ooze’.
▪ [v1] Should one compare ↗ṯaràⁿ ‘moist earth’ < NWSem *√ṮRY ‘to immerse, soak, steep, etc.; moist earth, moisture’?
▪ …

–

ṭaruw‑ طَرُوَ , u, and ṭariy‑ طَرِيَ , a (ṭarāwaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2023

√ṬRW/Y

vb., I

to be or become fresh, succulent, moist, tender, soft, mild – WehrCowan1976

▪ The Ar vb. belongs to a root that is widely attested in WSem. Kogan2015: 99 #63 reconstructs protWSem *√ṬRY ‘to be fresh, raw’.
▪ Should one also compare ↗ṯaràⁿ ‘moist earth’ < NWSem *√ṮRY ‘to immerse, soak, steep, etc.; moist earth, moisture’?
▪ …

▪ BK1860, Lane v 1874, Hava1899: ^†ʔuṭruwān ‘freshness; first beginning of s.th.’
▪ …

▪ DRS #ṬRW/Y-1 Ug ṭry, Hbr ṭārī ‘frais, récent’, Syr ṭarūnā ‘frais, récent’, Ar ṭariya, ṭaruwa ‘être frais, nouveau’, Mhr ṭayri, Jib ṭeriʔ ‘être mouillé, humide, frais’, Mhr ṭəráy, Jib ṭeríʔ, Ḥrs ṭərīʔ ‘frais’, Gz Te ṭəray ‘cru, frais’, Tña ṭərä, Arg Gur ṭəre, Har ṭiri ‘cru’; Amh ṭəre ‘cru, non mûr, graine’ ; tout ce qui est naturel, inaltéré : par exemple ‘grain, viande fraîche’, Har ṭiri, Gur təri ‘cru, frais’. -2 […].
▪ Leslau2008 (CDG), Kogan2015: 99 #63 : Ug ṭry ‘fresh food’, Hbr ṭārī ‘fresh’, Syr ṭarrunā ‘recens’, Ar ṭarīy ‘fresh, juicy, moist’, Gz ṭəre, ṭərāy ‘raw, crude’, Te ṭəray ‘raw, fresh’, Tña Amh Arg Gur ṭəre, Har ṭiri ‘raw’, Mhr ṭáyri ‘to get wet, damp; to be fresh’, Jib ṭériʔ ‘to be damp, fresh’
▪ …

▪ Kogan2015: 99 #63 : There is no direct parallel to protWSem *ṭry ‘to be fresh, raw’ in Akk, but cf. perhaps ṭeru ‘to extract, press out liquid; to ooze’. – ? Cf. also ↗√ṮRY ‘to soak; moisture’ ?
▪ …

–

►ṭarrà, vb. II, 1a to make fresh, succulent, moist, tender, soft, mild; b to moisten, wet; 2 to perfume, scent: D-stem, caus.
►ʔaṭrà, vb. IV, to praise (highly), extol, laud, lavish praise (on s.o.): Š-stem, caus., fig. use (< *’to perfume, scent s.o.’)

►ṭarīy, adj., 1a fresh, succulent, new; b moist; c tender, soft, mild: quasi-PP I, adj. formation in FaʕīL
►ṭarāwaẗ, n.f., 1a freshness, succulence, moistness; b tenderness, softness, mildness: vn. I | ṭarāwaẗ al-ḫulq, gentleness; softness of character
►ʔiṭrāʔ, n., (high) commendation, praise, laudation, extolment: vn. IV

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔiṭriyaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ṬRW/Y.

ʔaṭrà أَطْرَى (ʔiṭrāʔ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2023

√ṬRW/Y

vb., IV

to praise (highly), extol, laud, lavish praise (on s.o.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ *Š-stem, caus. of ↗ṭaruwa/ṭariya ‘to be fresh, tender, soft, mild’, prob. fig. use of the lit. meaning, developed along the line *‘to make fresh(er) > to perfume, scent > to describe with flowery, “fragrant” words > to praise, extol’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ṭaruwa/ṭariya.
▪ …

▪ …

–

►ʔiṭrāʔ, n., (high) commendation, praise, laudation, extolment: vn. IV

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ṭaruwa / ṭariya and ↗ʔiṭriyaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ṬRW/Y.

ʔiṭriyaẗ إِطْرِيَة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Feb2023

√ṬRW/Y

n.f.

vermicelli – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to Fraenkel1886, Ar ʔiṭriyaẗ ‘vermicelli’ goes back to Aram ʔiṭrīn ‘id.’ (PayneSmith1903), from Grk ʰítria, pl. of ʰítrion ‘in Öl gebackene Pfannekuchen aus Mehl und Honig (Gemoll1965) | name of a cake, made from sesame and honey (usually pl.; Beekes2016)’, itself of unknown origin, »probably a loanword« (ibid.).
▪ …

▪ ‘espèce de vermicelles cuits dans le jus (BK1860) | certain food (made by the people of Syria), like threads, made of flour or softened starch, called ġazl al-banāt in Egypt, [apparently similar to/identical with] ↗kunāfaẗ (Lane v 1874) | vermicelli, macaroni (Hava1899)’

▪ – (loanword)

▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ṭaruwa / ṭariya and ↗ʔaṭrà, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ṬRW/Y.

ṬʕM طعم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬʕM

“root”

▪ ṬʕM_1 ‘taste, to eat’ ↗ṭaʕima
▪ ṬʕM_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬʕM_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘food, nourishment; taste, to eat, to eat one’s fill, to taste, to find palatable’

▪ ṬʕM_1 : (Orel&Stolbova1994#2454:) from protSem *ṭ˅ʕam‑ ‘to taste, eat’ < AfrAs *ṭaʕam‑ ‘to taste, eat’.
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▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

ṭaʕim‑ طَعِمَ , a (ṭaʕm)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬʕM

vb., I

1 to eat; 2 to taste; 3 to relish, enjoy, savor – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2454: from protSem *ṭ˅ʕam‑ ‘to taste, eat’ < AfrAs *ṭaʕam‑ ‘to taste, eat’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘taste’) Akk ṭēmu ‘reason, intelligence’, Hbr ṭáʕam, Syr ṭaʕmā, Gz ṭāʕm.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2454: Hbr ṭʕm, Aram ṭʕm, Gz ṭʕm, Jib ṭaʕam, Soq ṭaʕam, Ḥrs ṭām, Mhr ṭām, Šḥr ṭʕam). – Outside Sem: Saho ḍaʕam‑ ‘to taste’, Som ḍaʕan ‘taste’ (n.), Dhl ṯem‑ ‘to try, look at’.
▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2454: protSem *ṭ˅ʕam‑ ‘to taste, eat’, protSA *ḍaʕam‑) ‘to taste’ protLEC *ḍaʕam‑) ‘taste’ (n.), Dhl ṯem‑ ‘to try, look at’, all from hypothetical AfrAs *ṭaʕam‑ ‘to taste, eat’.
▪ …

…

►ṭaʕʕama, vb. II, 1 to graft, engraft; 2 to inoculate, vaccinate; 3 to inlay (e.g., wood with ivory): D‑stem.
►ʔaṭʕama, vb. IV, 1 to feed, give to eat, nourish, serve food or drink to s.o.; 2 to have s.o. taste, relish or enjoy: *Š‑stem, caus.
►taṭaʕʕama, vb. V, 1 to taste; 2 (Eg) to be inoculated or vaccinated: Dt‑stem.
►ĭstaṭʕama, vb. X, 1 to taste; 2 to ask for food: *Št‑stem, desiderative.

►^BP#2860ṭaʕm, pl. ṭuʕūm, n., 1a taste, flavor, savor; 1b pleasing flavor, relish.
►ṭaʕmiyyaẗ, n.f., (Eg) a dish made of broad beans pounded to a paste, mixed with garlic, parsley, leeks, etc., and fried as croquettes in boiling oil.
►ṭuʕm, n., 1 graft, cion; 2 bait, lure, decoy; 3 (pl. ṭuʕūm) vaccine | جر ل ǧurʕat al‑ṭuʕm, n.f., oral vaccination (med.).
►ṭaʕim, adj., tasty, savory, delicious.
►ṭuʕmaẗ, pl. ṭuʕam, n.f., 1 food; bait; 2 quarry, catch, bag.
►^BP#1051ṭaʕām, pl. ʔaṭʕimaẗ, n., food, nourishment, fare, diet; meal, repast.
►^BP#1823maṭʕam, pl. maṭāʕimᵘ, n., 1a eating house, restaurant; 1b dining room; 2 mess, messhall (on a ship): n.loc.; 3 food.
►taṭʕīm, n., 1 inoculation, vaccination; 2 grafting (bot.); 3 rejuvenation, regeneration (by taking in new elements); 4 inlay work: vn. II | لقر taṭʕīm al‑qarniyyaẗ, n., transplantation of the cornea (med.).
►ʔiṭʕām, n., feeding: vn. IV.
►maṭʕūm, adj., 1 tasted; 2 already known: PP I.

ṬĠW/Y طغو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ṬĠW/Y

“root”

▪ ṬĠW/Y_1 ‘to exceed, be excessive; to be rough, tumultuous, rage (sea); flood, inundation, deluge; tyranny, oppression, repression’ ↗ṭaġā/ṭaġà/ṭaġiya, ‘tyrant, tyrannical’ ↗ṭāġiⁿ
▪ ṬĠW/Y_2 ‘an idol, a false god; seducer, tempter (to error)’ ↗ṭāġūt
▪ ṬĠW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of a liquid) to overflow, transgress, exceed the limits, be excessive, violate established norms, be tyrannical, tyranny’

▪ [gnrl][v1] Reliably attested in Aram and Ar, perh. Akk (though not as vb.al root there); from protSem *ṬĠW/Y ‘to exceed, transgress, go astray (?)’
▪ [v2] DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Ar ṭāġūt (and Gz ṭāʕot) < Aram ṭāʕūtā ‘error, idol’. – BAH2008: »The word ṭāġūt, which is classified under this root, is recognised by al-Suyūṭī as a borrowing from Gz, meaning kāhin (‘diviner, priest’), while the majority of Ar philologists, however, consider it to be a genuine Ar word. Western scholars generally regard it as a loan from either Hbr or Aram.«
▪ …

–

▪ [gnrl] DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Akk ṭāt ‘don pour corrompre, pot-de-vin’, Hbr hiṭʕāʰ ‘égarer’, nHbr ṭāʕūt, JudPalAram ṭāʕūtā ‘erreur, idole’, Palm ṭʕy ‘commettre une erreur’, ṭʕwn ‘erreur’, Syr ṭᵊʕā ‘se tromper, oublier, être séduit’, ʔaṭʕī ‘séduire, corrompre’, Mnd aṭa ‘séduire’, Ar ṭaġā ‘sortir des bornes, déborder; bouillonner (sang, mer)’, ṭāġiⁿ ‘qui sort des bornes; injuste, orgueilleux’; ṭāġūt ‘idole; démon; sorcier, magicien’, Gz ṭāʕot, Tña ṭaʕot, Te Amh ṭaʔot ‘idole’. | Le radical présente en Hbr une forme parallèle TʕW/Y. – D’après Wagner 61, Hbr < Aram.
▪ …

▪ [gnrl] DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Le radical présente en Hbr une forme parallèle TʕW/Y. – D’après Wagner 61, Hbr < Aram.
▪ See also above, section CONC.

–

ṭaġā / ṭaġaw- طَغا/طَغَوْــ , u,
ṭaġà / ṭaġay- طَغَى/طَغَيْــ , a (ṭaġy), and
ṭaġiya / ṭaġī- طَغِيَ/طَغِيــ , a (ṭaġaⁿ, ṭuġyān)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 12Apr2023

√ṬĠW/Y

vb., I

1 to exceed proper bounds, overstep the bounds, be excessive; 2a to be rough, tumultuous, rage (sea); b to overflow, leave its banks (river); c to flood, overflow, inundate, deluge (ʕalà s.th.); 3 to overcome, seize, grip, befall (ʕalà s.o.); 4 to be tyrannical or cruel (ʕalà against s.o.), tyrannize, oppress, terrorize (ʕalà s.o.), ride roughshod (ʕalà over s.o.); 5 ṭaġà, a, to predominate, prevail, preponderate (ʕalà in, at), dominate, outweigh, outbalance (ʕalà s.th.), be preponderant (ʕalà over, in comparison with s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protSem *ṬĠW/Y ‘to exceed, transgress, go astray’ (?)
▪ …

▪ eC7 ṭaġā 1 ([of water] to overflow, to be tumultuous) Q 69:11 ʔinnā lammā ṭaġà ’l-māʔu ḥamalnā-kum fī ’l-ǧāriyaẗi ‘when the water flooded We carried you in the sailing vessel’; 2 (to violate the established norms of justice) Q 55:8 ʔallā taṭġaw fī ’l-mīzāni ‘so that you do not transgress [the norms of justice] in weighing [judgement]’; 3 (to become tyrannical) Q 20:24 ’ḏhab ʔilà Firʕawna ʔinna-hū ṭaġà ‘go to Pharaoh, for he has truly become tyrannical’; 4 (to veer away, wander off, quit, go off the mark) Q 53:17 mā zāġa ’l-baṣaru wa-mā ṭaġà ‘[his] sight never wavered, nor did it wander’
▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Akk ṭāt ‘don pour corrompre, pot-de-vin’, Hbr hiṭʕāʰ ‘égarer’, nHbr ṭāʕūt, JudPalAram ṭāʕūtā ‘erreur, idole’, Palm ṭʕy ‘commettre une erreur’, ṭʕwn ‘erreur’, Syr ṭᵊʕā ‘se tromper, oublier, être séduit’, ʔaṭʕī ‘séduire, corrompre’, Mnd aṭa ‘séduire’, Ar ṭaġā ‘sortir des bornes, déborder; bouillonner (sang, mer)’, ṭāġiⁿ ‘qui sort des bornes; injuste, orgueilleux’; ṭāġūt ‘idole; démon; sorcier, magicien’, Gz ṭāʕot, Tña ṭaʕot, Te Amh ṭaʔot ‘idole’. | Le radical présente en Hbr une forme parallèle TʕW/Y. – D’après Wagner 61, Hbr < Aram.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ The Qur’ānic ↗ṭāġūt ‘idol, false god; seducer, tempter (to error)’ has, ultimately, the same Sem background, but must be considered an inner-Sem borrowing, via Aram.
▪ …

-

►ṭuġwān, n., flood, inundation, deluge
►ṭuġyān, n., 1 flood, inundation, deluge; 2 tyranny, oppression, suppression, repression, terrorization
►^BP#3641ṭāġiⁿ, pl. ṭuġāẗ, n., tyrant, oppressor, despot
►^BP#3806ṭāġiyaẗ, n.(m.), 1 tyrant, oppressor, despot; 2 bully, brute, gorilla

ṭāġiⁿ طاغٍ , pl. ṭuġāẗ

ID – • Sw – • BP 3641 • APD … • © SG | 12Apr2023

√ṬĠW/Y

n.

tyrant, oppressor, despot – WehrCowan1976

▪ nominalized PA I, from ↗ṭaġā/ṭaġà

▪ ...

▪ ↗ṭaġā/ṭaġà

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

►^BP#3806ṭāġiyaẗ, n.(m.), 1 tyrant, oppressor, despot; 2 bully, brute, gorilla

ṭāġūt طاغوت

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 9Apr2023

√ṬĠW/Y

n.

1 an idol, a false god; 2 seducer, tempter (to error) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘idolatry’) Q 2:256, 257; 4:51, 60, 76; 5:60; 16:36; 39:17. – 1 ([generic for] false deity/deities) Q 2:256 fa-man yakfur bi’l-ṭāġūti wa-yuʔmin bi’l-lāhi fa-qad-i ’stamsaka bi’l-ʕurwaẗi ’l-wuṯqà ‘so whoever rejects false gods and believes in God has taken grasp of the firmest link’; 2 ([generic for] evil powers; variously named by the interpreters as: the Devil, diviners, enchanters, any head or leader in error, the idol al-Lāt or Kaʕb b. al-ʔAšraf, a Jewish man who directed hostilities against the new religion) Q 4:60 yurīdūna ʔan yataḥākamū ʔilà ’l-ṭāġūti wa-qad ʔumirū ʔan yakfurū bi-hī ‘they desire to seek the arbitration of false idols (or, leaders of disbelievers) when they have been ordered to reject them?’

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »This curious word is used by Muḥammad to indicate an alternative to the worship of Allah, as Rāġib, Mufradāt, 307, recognizes. Men are warned to ‘serve Allah and avoid ṭāġūt’ (16:36, 39:17); those who disbelieve are said to fight in the way of ṭāġūt and have ṭāġūt as their patron (4:76; 2:257); some seek oracles from ṭāġūt (4:60), and the People of the Book are reproached because some of them, though they have a Revelation, yet believe in ṭāġūt (4:51, 5:60). / It is thus clearly a technical religious term, but the Commentators know nothing certain about it. From Ṭab. and Bagh. on ii, 257, we learn that some thought it meant al-šayṭān, others al-sāḥir or al-kāhin, others ʔawṯān or ʔaṣnām, and some thought it a name for al-Lāt and al-ʕUzzà. The general opinion, however, is that it is a genuine Ar word, a form FaʕLūt from ṭaġà ‘to go beyond the limit’ (LA, xix, 232; TA , x, 225, and Rāġib, op. cit.). This is plausible, but hardly satisfactory, and we learn from al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 322; Mutaw, 37, that some of the early authorities recognized it as a loan-word from Abyssinian. / Geiger, 56, sought its origin in the Rabbinic ṭāʕûṯ ‘error’ which is sometimes used for idols, as in the Jerusalem Talmud, Sanh, x, 28d , ʔwy l-km w-l-ṭʕwt-km ‘woe to you and to your idols’, and whose cognate ṭʕwtā is frequently used in the Targums for ‘idolatry’¹¹ a meaning easily developed from the primary verbal meaning of ṭʕā ‘to go astray’ (cf. Hbr ṭāʕāʰ, Syr ṭᵊʕā, Ar ṭaġà). / Geiger has had many followers in this theory of a Jewish origin for ṭāġūt,¹² but others have thought a Christian origin more probable. / Schwally, Idioticon, 38, points out that whereas in Edessene Syr the common form is ṭaʕyūtā meaning ‘error’, yet in the ChrPal dialect we find the form ṭᵊʕūtā,¹³ which gives quite as close an equivalent as the Targumic ṭāʕūṯā. The closest parallel, however, is the Eth [Gz] ṭāʕot from an unused verbal root ṭʕw (the equivalent of [Hbr] ṭāʕāʰ, Ar ṭaġà), which primitively means ‘defection from the true religion’, and then is used to name any superstitious beliefs, and also is a common word for ‘idols’, translating the [Grk] eídōla of both the LXX and N.T. It is probable, as Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 35, notes, that this word itself is ultimately derived from Aram, but we can be reasonably certain that al-Suyūṭī’s authorities were right in giving the Ar word an Abyssinian [Gz] origin.¹⁴ «
▪ ...
▪ ...

11. Geiger, 203, and see examples in Levy, TW, i, 312. 12. Von Kremer, Ideen, 226, n.; Fraenkel, Vocab, 23; Pautz, Offenbarung, 175; Eickmann, Angelologie, 48; Margoliouth, ERE, vi, 249; Hirschfeld, Jüdische Elemente, 65. 13. Schulthess, Lex, 76; Mingana, Syriac Influence, 85, also holds to a Syr origin for the word. 14. Nöldeke, op. cit., 48. It should be noted, however, that in the incantation texts ṭāʕūṯā means ‘false deity’, which is very close to the Qurʔānic usage. Cf. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts, p. 290.

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ṬFː (ṬFF) طفّ/طفف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ ṬFː (ṬFF)

“root”

▪ ṬFː (ṬFF)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬFː (ṬFF)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬFː (ṬFF)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a small measure, trivial matter; to be deficient; to be miserly; to become near, become due’

▪ …

–

.

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ṬFʔ طفأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ṬFʔ

“root”

▪ ṬFʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬFʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬFʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of fire) to become extinguished’

▪ …

–

.

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ṬFQ طفق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√ṬFQ

“root”

▪ ṬFQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬFQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬFQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to imitate; to commence, continue doing s.th.; to seize’

▪ …

–

.

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ṬFL طفل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬFL

“root”

▪ ṬFL_1 ‘infant, baby, child’ ↗ṭifl
▪ ṬFL_2 ‘tender, soft’ ↗ṭafl
▪ ṬFL_3 ‘clay, argil, loam’ ↗ṭufāl
▪ ṬFL_4 ‘uninvited guest, intruder, sponger, hanger-on, parasite’ ↗ṭufaylī

Other values, now obsolete, include:

ṬFL_5 ‘time before sunset’: ^†ṭafal ; cf. also vb. I ^†ṭafala u (ṭufūl), IV ^†ʔaṭfala ‘to be about to rise or set (sun)’ (Hava1899)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 infant, baby, child, the young of animals in general; 2 to be of a tender age, be tender, soft; 3 to be with child; 4 (of the sun) to be about to rise or set’

▪ Out of the four main values listed in DRS for √ṬPL in Sem, three are represented in Ar where all of them have survived into MSA.
▪ As for relations inside the root, DRS mentions only that the Akk ṭapālu ‘to scorn, treat scornfully, with disrespect’ (DRS #ṬPL-1) may have to be seen together with DRS #ṬPL-2 (≙ ṬFL_3) where the basic notion seems to be that of ‘dirt, soil, mud, dust’. All other values are kept apart in DRS although they are (with the exception of ṬFL_4 ≙ DRS ṬPL#4?) perhaps related etymologically as well. The basic meaning of the root could be that of ‘softness, tenderness, smoothness’ (ṬFL_2 ) which is a quality of both ‘clay, argil, loam’ (ṬFL_3) and ‘infant, baby, child’ (ṬFL_1). However, it is also possible, and perh. even more likely (given the wider Sem evidence), that ‘soil, mud, dust’ is the basic value, whence (fig. use) the Akk ‘to treat scornfully’ (*like dirt), but also (more specifically) ‘clay, argil, loam’ (Ar ṬFL_3). From the latter may have developed the idea of ‘softness, tenderness, smoothness’ and, hence, also ‘infant, baby, child’.

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬPL-1 Akk ṭapālu ‘insulter, mépriser, traiter sans respect, insulter’. ? -2 Hbr ṭāpal ‘enduire de’, JP ṭᵉpal ‘frotter de’, Syr ṭᵉfal ‘salir’, Ar ṭafila ‘être endommagé par la poussière (plante)’, ṭufāl ‘argile, boue’, Soq meṭfel ‘cavité’. -3 Syr ṭeflā ‘enfants’, Ar ṭifl, Mhr Ḥrs ṭāfəl, Jib ṭäfəl, Soq ṭafel ‘enfants en bas âge’, Te ʔaṭfal (pl.) ‘enfants’. -4 Ar taṭaffala ‘être pique-assiette’, ṭufaylī ‘pique-assiette‘.

▪ ṬFL_1 ṭifl ‘infant, baby, child’ : lit., *‘the tiny, soft, tender one’.
▪ ṬFL_2 ṭafl ‘tender, soft’ : represents perh. either the primary value from which most others are derived, or is in itself the result of a transfer of meaning from ṬFL_3 ṭufāl ‘clay, argil, loam’ (* > ‘the soft thing’ > ‘soft’).
▪ ṬFL_3 ṭufāl ‘clay, argil, loam’: cf. also ^†ṭafāl ~ ṭufāl ‘dry mud’, vb. I ^†ṭafila a (ṭafal) ‘to be(come) soiled by dust (herbage, plant)’, ^†ṭafīl ‘turbid water remaining in a watering-trough, in the bottom of a tank’ (Lane, Hava1899). – The value can is perh. a specialisation from a more general *‘soil, mud, dust’ (see above). There may be some overlapping with ↗TFL and/or ↗ṮFL (MSA tufl, tufāl ‘spit, spittle, saliva’, tafil ‘ill-smelling, malodorous’, EgAr tifl ‘fibrous vegetable sediment, dregs’ ≙ MSA ṯufl ‘dregs, lees, sediment’).
▪ ṬFL_4 ṭufaylī ‘uninvited guest, parasite’: accord. to ClassAr lexicographers an eponymous nisba formation from the n.prop. Ṭufayl, a person who used to show up invited at weddings. – Should we, however, also compare ṬFL_5 ?
▪ ṬFL_5 ^†ṭafal ‘time before sunset or sunrise’: any relation to ṬFL_2 ‘tender, soft’ (*‘period of the soft light’?) or to ṬFL_4 (sharing the notion of *‘intrusion’)? In the ClassAr vb. II ^†ṭaffala both values overlap: ‘1 to intrude at a feast; 2 to come on (night); to be near setting (sun)’ (Hava1899).

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ṭafl طَفْل

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬFL

adj.

1 tender, soft; 2 n., ↗ṭufāl .

▪ One could imagine that the idea of ‘softness, tenderness, smoothness’ represents a/the basic meaning of the root ↗ṬFL and that from it, both ‘clay, argil, loam’ (↗ṭufāl) and ‘infant, baby, child’ (↗ṭifl) have developed. It is also possible, however, and perh. even more likely (given the wider Sem evidence), that ‘softness, tenderness, smoothness’ derives from *‘soil, mud, dust’, as represented in Syr ṭᵉfal ‘to soil’, Ar ^†ṭafāl ~ ṭufāl ‘dry mud’, vb. I ^†ṭafila a (ṭafal) ‘to be(come) soiled by dust (herbage, plant)’, ^†ṭafīl ‘turbid water remaining in a watering-trough, in the bottom of a tank’ (Lane, Hava1899).

▪ …

▪ ? DRS 10 (2012)#ṬPL-2 Hbr ṭāpal ‘enduire de’, JP ṭᵉpal ‘frotter de’, Syr ṭᵉfal ‘salir’, Ar ṭafila ‘être endommagé par la poussière (plante)’, ṭufāl ‘argile, boue’, Soq meṭfel ‘cavité’. -3 Syr ṭeflā ‘enfants’, Ar ṭifl, Mhr Ḥrs ṭāfəl, Jib ṭäfəl, Soq ṭafel ‘enfants en bas âge’, Te ʔaṭfal (pl.) ‘enfants’.

▪ Is ↗ṭifl ‘infant, baby, child’ dependent on ṭafl as, lit., *‘of tender ager, tiny, soft’.
▪ Is ↗ṭufāl ‘clay, argil, loam’ literally *‘the soft (material)’.
▪ Is there perh. also a connection to ClassAr ^†ṭafal ‘time before sunset or sunrise’ (perh. *‘period of the soft light’)?

–

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ṭifl, ↗ṭufāl, ↗ṭufaylī, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬFL.

ṭifl, pl. ʔaṭfāl

ID 540 • Sw –/20 • BP 174 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬFL

n.

infant, baby, child – WehrCowan 1979.

▪ Literally prob. *‘the tiny, soft, tender one’, cf. ↗ṭafl ‘tender, soft’.

▪ eC7 1 (used as a n. of the species: the child population, children, infants) Q 40:67 huwa ’llaḏī ḫalaqa-kum min turābin ṯumma min nuṭfatin ṯumma min ʕalaqatin ṯumma yuḫriǧu-kum ṭiflan ‘He it is who created you from dust, then from a drop of seed, then from a clinging mass, then He brought you forth as infants’. – 2 (child, infant, baby) Q 24:59 wa-ʔiḏā balaġa ’l-ʔaṭfālu min-kum-u ’l-ḥuluma fa-l-yastaʔḏinū ‘and when your children reach puberty, they should ask leave (to enter)’
▪ Hava1899: ṭafula, u (ṭufūlaẗ, ṭafālaẗ), vb. I, ‘to be in infancy, delicate’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬPL-3 Syr ṭeflā ‘enfants’, Ar ṭifl, Mhr Ḥrs ṭāfəl, Jib ṭäfəl, Soq ṭafel ‘enfants en bas âge’, Te ʔaṭfal (pl.) ‘enfants’.
▪ Zammit2002: Akk ṭāpalā(tu) ‘Erbin’,³ Hbr ṭap ‘children’, Aram ṭaplā ‘children, family, household’, Syr ṭapālā ‘infant’, Ar ṭifl ‘very young child, infant’, Gz ṭāf ‘infans, parvulus’ (? < Hbr)
3. This item is unlikely to be related -- SG.

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

► ṭiflaẗ, n.f., little girl: f. formation.
► ṭiflī, adj., 1 child (adj.), baby (adj.), children’s, of or pertaining to childhood or infancy; 2 infantile, childlike, childish: nsb-adj. | al-ṭibb al-~, n., pediatrics.
► ṭafal, n., 1 infancy, babyhood, early childhood; 2 childhood, childhood stage: quasi-vn. I.
► ṭafālaẗ, n.f., 1 infancy, babyhood, early childhood; 2 childhood, childhood stage; 3 initial stage, beginnings, dawn, early period: vn. I (of obsol. vb. I, ^†ṭafula ‘to be in infancy’).
► ṭufūlaẗ, n.f., 1 infancy, babyhood, early childhood; 2 childhood, childhood stage: vn. I (of obsol. vb. I, ^†ṭafula ‘to be in infancy’); 3 children: fig. use of [v1-2].
► ṭufūlī, adj., 1 child (adj.), baby (adj.), children’s, of or pertaining to childhood or infancy; 2 infantile, childlike, childish: nsb-adj., from ṭufūlaẗ.
► ṭufūliyyaẗ, n.f., 1 infancy, babyhood, early childhood; 2 childhood, childhood stage: abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ṭufūlaẗ.
For other items of the root, cf. ↗ṭafl, ↗ṭufāl, ↗ṭufaylī, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬFL.

ṭufāl طُفال

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬFL

n.

1 potter’s clay, argil; 2 clay, loam – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Prob. from *‘soil, mud, dust’ (not attested as such in Sem, but cf. Syr ṭᵉfal ‘to soil’, Ar ^†ṭafila ‘to be covered with/soiled by dust’; a reflex—fig. use—may also be Akk ṭapālu ‘to scorn, treat scornfully, with disrespect’, i.e., *like dirt).

▪ Lane, Hava1899: ^†ṭafāl ~ ṭufāl ‘dry mud’, ^†ṭafīl ‘turbid water remaining in a watering-trough, in the bottom of a tank’, ^†ṭafila a (ṭafal) ‘to be covered with/soiled by dust (plant)’.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬPL-2 Hbr ṭāpal ‘enduire de’, JP ṭᵉpal ‘frotter de’, Syr ṭᵉfal ‘salir’, Ar ṭafila ‘être endommagé par la poussière (plante)’, ṭufāl ‘argile, boue’, Soq meṭfel ‘cavité’.

▪ ‘Clay, argil, loam’ may be one of the oldest values of the root ↗ṬFL (Sem *ṬPL), secondary only to *‘soil, mud, dust’. From here, the meaning of of ‘softness, tenderness, smoothness’ (↗ṭafl) may have developed, and from the latter the word for ‘infant, baby, child’ (↗ṭifl, lit. *‘of tender age’).
▪ There may be some overlapping with ↗TFL and/or ↗ṮFL (MSA tufl, tufāl ‘spit, spittle, saliva’, tafil ‘ill-smelling, malodorous’, EgAr tifl ‘fibrous vegetable sediment, dregs’ ≙ MSA ṯufl ‘dregs, lees, sediment’).
▪ Neither ↗ṭufaylī ‘uninvited guest, parasite’ nor ^†ṭafal ‘time before sunset or sunrise’ seem to be related in any way.

–

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ṭafl, ↗ṭifl, ↗ṭufaylī, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬFL.

ṭufaylī طُفَيْليّ , pl. ‑ūn

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬFL

n.

1 uninvited guest, intruder, obtruder, sponger, hanger-on, parasite, sycophant; 2 f.pl. ṭufayliyyāt, parasites (med., biol.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to ClassAr lexicographers, the word is a nsb-adj. from the n.prop. Ṭufayl, »the name of a certain man of El-Koofeh [= al-Kūfaẗ;…] who used to intrude at feasts, uninvited, […] and who was called Ṭufayl al-ʔaʕrās and Ṭufayl al-ʕarāʔis [the Ṭufayl of the Weddings]«.

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬPL-4 Ar taṭaffala ‘être pique-assiette’, ṭufaylī ‘pique-assiette‘.

▪ ClassAr lexicography notwithstanding, should we perh. nevertheless compare the obsol. ^†ṭafal ‘time before sunset or sunrise’? ^†ṭafal and ṭufaylī share the notion of *‘intrusion’… In the ClassAr vb. II ^†ṭaffala both values even overlap: ‘1 to intrude at a feast; 2 to come on (night); to be near setting (sun)’ (Hava1899).

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► ʕilm al- ṭufayliyyāt, n., parasitology
► ṭaffala, vb. II, 1 to intrude, obtrude, impose o.s. (ʕalà upon); 2 to sponge (ʕalà on s.o., ʕalà māʔidaẗ X at s.o.’s table), live at other people’s expense: D-stem, denom. from ṭufaylī ?
► taṭaffala, vb. V, 1 = vb. II; 2 to arrive uninvited or at an inconvenient time, disturb, intrude; 3 to be obtrusive: tD-stem, denom. from ṭufaylī ?
► mutaṭaffil, adj., n., 1 parasitic(al); 2 parasite, sponger, uninvited guest: PA V.
For other items of the root, cf. ↗ṭafl, ↗ṭifl, ↗ṭufāl, and, for the general picture, ↗ṬFL.

ṬQS طقس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬQS

“root”

▪ ṬQS_1 ‘weather, climate; rite, ritual’ ↗ṭaqs
▪ ṬQS_ ‘’ ↗
♦ BAH2008: Ø

From among the two values listed for the root ṬQS in DRS, only one is represented in Ar: ↗ṭaqs.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬQS-1 Ar ṭaqs ‘rite, coutume; temps (qu’il fait)’. – 2 Gz ṭaqasa, Tña Har Gur ṭäqäsä, Amh ṭäqqäsä ‘montrer qn du doigt’, Gur ṭäqäsä ‘faire signe, faire un clin d’œil’

↗ṭaqs.

–

ṭaqs طَقْس , pl. ṭuqūs

ID 541 • Sw – • BP 2657 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬQS

n.

1 weather; 2 climate; 3 pl. ṭuqūs, rite, ritual; 4 religious custom; 5 order of the ministry, clerical rank (Chr.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬQS-1: Without doubt via Aram ṭeksā ‘order’, from Grk táxis ‘arrangement, an arranging, the order or disposition of an army, battle array; order, regularity’.
▪ The values [v1] ‘weather’ and [v2] ‘climate’ derive from the original ‘order, arrangement’ as short for *‘order of nature’ (Syr ṭeksâ kᵉyānāyâ), while [v3] ‘rite, ritual’ and [v4] ‘religious custom’ are short for *‘arrangement of religious performance, liturgical order’; [v5] is the *‘monastic order’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬQS -1 Ar ṭaqs ‘rite, coutume; temps (qu’il fait)’.

▪ Cf. also Rolland2014a (with the same etymology as in DRS), adding that Grk táxis belongs to the vb. táss-ein ‘to draw up in order of battle, form, array, marshal’, IE *tāg- ‘to set aright, set in order’.

▪ From the same Grk etymon are western words like Engl taxi, taxis, hypo-, para-, chemotaxis, ataxia, taxeme, taxidermy, taximetre, taxonomy, tactics, etc.

► ṭaqqasa, vb. II, to introduce into one of the orders of the ministry (Chr.): D-stem, denom., from [v5].
► taṭaqqasa, vb. V, to perform a rite, follow a ritual: Dt-stem, denom., from [v3].
► ṭaqsī, 1 adj., liturgical; 2 n., liturgist (Chr.); 3 pl. al-ṭaqsiyyāẗ, n.pl., the liturgical books (Chr.)

ṬLː (ṬLL) طلّ/طلل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 8Apr2023
√ ṬLː (ṬLL)

“root”

▪ ṬLː (ṬLL)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬLː (ṬLL)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬLː (ṬLL)_3 ‘(King) Saul’ ↗ṭālūt (see alphabetically)
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘drizzle, dew; to moisten, to sprinkle; to come into view, to look down upon; good living; ruins’

▪ …

–

.

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ṬLB طلب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬLB

“root”

▪ ṬLB_1 ‘to look, search for, request, seek, try to obtain, ask, appeal to, order, demand, etc.’ ↗ṭalaba
▪ ṬLB_ ‘…’ ↗
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to seek, set out, go after, pursue, request’

▪ According to DRS, the root ṬLB is attested in Sem with only one basic value. For this, Huehnergard2011 reconstructs (WSem) *ṬLB ‘to seek, request, claim’.

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬLB: Ar ṭalaba ‘chercher, rechercher, demander’, DaṯAr ṭalab, MġrAr ṭlab ‘mendier’, Mhr ṭəlub, Jib ṭolob, Ḥrs ṭēlōb ‘demander, réclamer’, Soq ṭlb ‘mendier’, SudAr ṭulbah ‘impôt (sur les troupeaux de nomades)’, Te ṭälbä ‘appeler; payer des impôts’, Tña ṭäläbä ‘demander, exiger’.

▪ See above, section CONC, as well as ↗ṭalaba.

▪ ↗ṭālib.

–

ṭalab‑ طَلَبَ , u (ṭalab , maṭlab)

ID 543 • Sw – • BP 457 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬLB

vb., I

1 to look, search (for s.o., for s.th.); 2 to set out (for a place), get one’s way (to), go to see (s.o., s.th.); 3 to request (s.th.), apply (s.o., s.th.); 4 to seek, try to obtain, claim (s.th., min from), ask, beg (min s.o. for); 5 to demand, exact, require (ʔilà of s.o. s.th.); 6 to want, wish (min s.th from; ʔilà s.o. ʔan to do s.th.); 7 to call (ʔilà upon s.o.), appeal (ʔilà to s.o.), invite, request, entreat, beseech (ʔilà s.o.); 8 to order, demand (min s.th. from), call (for s.th., min from), call in (s.th., min from); 9 to be after s.o. or s.th.; 10 to study – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Huehnergard2011: From WSem ṬLB ‘to seek, request, claim’.

▪ eC7 (to pursue, go after) Q 7:54 yuġšī ’l-layla ’l-nahāra yaṭlubu-hū ḥaṯīṯan ‘He makes the night cover the day, pursuing it swiftly’.
▪ Cf. also ▪ eC7 ṭalab (searching for, prospecting) Q 18:41 ʔaw yuṣbiḥu māʔu-hā ġawran fa-lan tastaṭīʕu la-hū ṭalaban ‘or its water may sink so deep [into the ground] that you cannot search for it’. – ṭālib (one who pursues, seeks, petitions) and maṭlūb (one who is pursued, sought, petitioned) Q 22:73 wa-ʔin yaslub-hum-u ’l-ḏabābu šayʔan lā yastanqiḏū-hu min-hu ḍaʕufa ’l-ṭālibu wa’l-maṭlūbu ‘and if the flies rob them of something, they would not be able to retrieve it from them. Feeble are the petitioners and feeble are those they petition’.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬLB: Ar ṭalaba ‘chercher, rechercher, demander’, DaṯAr ṭalab, MġrAr ṭlab ‘mendier’, Mhr ṭəlub, Jib ṭolob, Ḥrs ṭēlōb ‘demander, réclamer’, Soq ṭlb ‘mendier’, SudAr ṭulbah ‘impôt (sur les troupeaux de nomades)’, Te ṭälbä ‘appeler; payer des impôts’, Tña ṭäläbä ‘demander, exiger’.
▪ Zammit2002: Ug ṭlb ‘verlangen; sought’, Ar ṭalaba ‘to follow up; search for’

▪ Huehnergard2011: from WSem ṬLB ‘to seek, request, claim’.

▪ Engl Taliban, »Sunni fundamentalist movement begun in Afghanistan«, Pashto pl. of Ar ṭālib ‘seeker, student’, so called because it originated among students in Pakistani religious schools; group formed c. 1993. Often incorrectly treated as sg. in Engl.

► ^BP#774ṭālaba, vb. III, 1 to demand back, reclaim (bi‑ or DO, s.th. from s.o., s.th.); 2 call for the return or restitution of s.th. (bi‑ orDO), demand, claim (bi‑ or DO, from s.o., s.th.); 3 to demand, claim (bi‑ s.th): L-stem.
► ^BP#1572taṭallaba, vb. V, to require, necessitate, make necessary or requisite (s.th.): tD-stem.
► ĭnṭalaba, vb. VII, pass. of I: n-stem.
► ^BP#575ṭalab, n., 1 fold search, quest, pursuit. – (pl. ‑āt) 2 demand, claim, call (for), invitation (to), solicitation, wish, desire, request, entreaty; 3 application, petition; 4 order, commission; 5 demand (com.); 6 study : vn. I and lexicalisations.| taḥt ~i-hī, expr., at s.o.’s disposal; ʕinda ~ and ladà ~, expr., on demand, by request, if desired, on application; li-ḥīni ’l-~, expr., at sight (com.); al-ʕarḍ wa’l-~, n., supply and demand; ~ al-ʕilm, expr., quest of knowledge, craving for knowledge, studiousness; ~ ʕadam al-ṯiqaẗ, expr., motion of ‘no confidence’.
► ṭalbaẗ, n.f., litany, prayer (Chr.):.
► ṭalibaẗ, var. ṭilbaẗ, n.f., 1 desire, wish, request, demand; 2 application: quasi n.un.
► ṭalabiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., order, commission (com.): abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ.
► ṭalāb, n., exacting, persistently claiming or demanding: quasi-vn. I.
► ^BP#1841maṭlab, n., 1 search, quest, pursuit; 2 pl. maṭālibᵘ, n., demand, call (for); 3 request, wish; 4 claim; 5 problem, issue; 6 pl. maṭālibᵘ, n., (claims of the government), taxes: n.loc.
► ^BP#2324muṭālabaẗ, n.f., 1 demand; 2 call, appeal (with genit. or bi‑ for); 3 claim (with genit. or bi‑ to): lexicalized vn. III.
► ^BP#270ṭālib, pl. ṭullāb, var. ṭalabaẗ, n., 1 seeker, pursuer; 2 claimer, claimant; 3 applicant, petitioner; 3 candidate; 4 student, scholar, also ~ al-ʕilm; 5 pupil; 6 a naval rank, approx.: midshipman (Eg. 1939): PA, I. | ~ mumtāz, n., a naval rank, approx.: ensign (Eg. 1939); ṭullāb al-ḥāǧāt, n., petitioners; ~ al-zawāǧ, n., suitor.
► ^BP#3788ṭālibī and ṭullābī adj., student’s, student- (in compounds), of or pertaining to studies or students: nsb-formation from ṭālib and pl. ṭullāb, respectively.
► ^BP#802maṭlūb, adj., 1 wanted (in classified ads); 2 due, owed (money); 3 unknown (of a quantity; math.); 4 (pl. maṭālībᵘ), n., wish, desire; 5 (pl. maṭlūbāt), n., liabilities, debts; 6 (pl. maṭālībᵘ), n., claims: PP I.
► ^BP#2792muṭālib, n., claimer, claimant: PA III.
► muṭālab, n., one of whom s.th. or s.o. is demanded, one accountable (bi‑ for), held answerable (bi‑ for): PP III.
► ^BP#2559mutaṭallabāt, f.pl., requirements: PP V, f.pl.

ṭālib طالِب , pl. ṭullāb , var. ṭalabaẗ

ID 542 • Sw – • BP 270 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬLB

n.

1 seeker, pursuer; 2 claimer, claimant; 3 applicant, petitioner; 3 candidate; 4 student, scholar, also ~ al-ʕilm ; 5 pupil; 6 a naval rank, approx.: midshipman (Eg. 1939)– WehrCowan1979.

▪ Grammatically a PA I meaning ‘seeking’, from vb. I, ↗ṭalaba ‘to seek, request, claim’, the word is now mostly lexicalized as a noun.

▪ eC7 (one who pursues, seeks, petitions) Q 22:73 wa-ʔin yaslub-hum-u ’l-ḏabābu šayʔan lā yastanqiḏū-hu min-hu ḍaʕufa ’l-ṭālibu wa’l-maṭlūbu ‘and if the flies rob them of something, they would not be able to retrieve it from them. Feeble are the petitioners and feeble are those they petition’.

▪ ↗ṭalaba.

↗ṭalaba.
▪ …

▪ Engl Taliban, »Sunni fundamentalist movement begun in Afghanistan«, Pashto pl. of Ar ṭālib ‘seeker, student’, so called because it originated among students in Pakistani religious schools; group formed c. 1993. Often incorrectly treated as sg. in Engl.

► ṭālib mumtāz, n., a naval rank, approx.: ensign (Eg. 1939)
► ṭullāb al-ḥāǧāt, n., petitioners; ~ al-zawāǧ, n., suitor.
► ^BP#3788ṭālibī and ṭullābī adj., student’s, student- (in compounds), of or pertaining to studies or students: nsb-formation from ṭālib and pl. ṭullāb, respectively.

ṬLḤ طلح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 8Apr2023
√ṬLḤ

“root”

▪ ṬLḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬLḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬLḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘acacia plantation or banana tree; to be(come) bad, wicked, evil, depraved; to become tired’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṬLʕ طلع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 8Apr2023
√ṬLʕ

“root”

▪ ṬLʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬLʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬLʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘spadix or inflorescence of the palm tree, pollen; to ascend, rise, come up, come into view, emerge, break forth; to become acquainted with, inspect, become aware; to consult’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṬLQ طلق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬLQ

“root”

▪ ṬLQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬLQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be free, to free, to let go, to set off, to set out, to bring forth shoots; to be generous; to divorce’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ṭalāq طَلاق

ID 544 • Sw – • BP 2616 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṬLQ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

ṬMː (ṬMM) طمّ/طمم

“root”

▪ ṬMː (ṬMM)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMː (ṬMM)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMː (ṬMM)_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to overflow, flood, inundate, engulf; the deep sea, the multitude; calamity’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṬMʔN طمأن

“root”

▪ ṬMʔN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬMʔN_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r. ṬMN): ‘lowland; to calm, to soothe, to rest, to be peacefully quiet, tranquillity; to stoop’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

muṭmaʔinn مُطْمَئِنّ

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ṬMṮ طمث

“root”

▪ ṬMṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to place a halter on a horse or camel for the first time, to graze a piece of land for the first time; to deflower; to menstruate’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṬMS طمس

“root”

▪ ṬMS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMS_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be effaced, be obliterated, be blotted out, wiped out; to go far; to reckon’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṬMʕ طمع

“root”

▪ ṬMʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬMʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to hope, desire, crave; to expect; to covet; greed’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṬHR طهر

“root”

▪ ṬHR_1 ‘to make clean, make pure’ ↗ṭahara
▪ ṬHR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬHR_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be clean, be pure, be ritually cleansed, perform the ritual ablution for prayers, be free of menstruation, purify one’s heart; to circumcise’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṭahara طَهَرَ

vb., I

to make clean or pure – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Occurs very frequently in the Q, e.g. iii, 37; v, 45 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The root itself is genuine Arabic, and may be compared with Aram ṭhar ‘to be clean’, ṭyhrʔ, Syr ṭyhrā ‘brightness’, Hbr ṭāhar ‘to be clean, pure’; the SAr ṭhr in Hal, 682 (Rossini, Glossarium, 159), and the Ras Shamra ṭhr.
In its technical sense of ‘to make religiously pure’, however, there can be little doubt that it, like the Eth [Gz] ʔaṭhara and taṭāhara (Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 36), has been influenced by Jewish usage. It will be remembered that [Hbr] ṭhr is used frequently in Leviticus for ‘ceremonial cleanness’, and particularly in Ezekiel for ‘moral cleanliness’. Similar is its use in the Rabbinic writings, and in late passages Muḥammad’s use of the word is sometimes strikingly parallel to Rabbinic usage.«

–

ṬWD طود

“root”

▪ ṬWD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬWD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬWD_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a great mountain; to be firm; to travel far and wide; to strive to earn a living’

▪ …

–

.

–

ṬWR طور

“root”

▪ ṬWR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬWR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬWR_3 ‘mountains, Mt. Sinai’ ↗ṭūr
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mountain, rock; boundaries, limitation; state, stage; to parallel; to approach; (of animals and people) to be wild’.

▪ BAH2008: »It has been suggested by some philologists that ṭūr ‘mountains’ is a borrowing from Syr or possibly Nab.«
▪ …

–

.

–

ṭūr طُور

n.topon.

Mt. Sinai – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q ii, 60, 87; iv, 153; xix, 53; xx, 82; xxiii, 20; xxviii, 29, 46; lii, 1; xcv, 2 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »Twice it is expressly coupled with sīnāʔ, and except in lii, 1, where it might mean ‘mountain’ in general, it is used only in connection with the experiences of the Israelites at Sinai.¹⁵ / It was early recognized by the philologers as a foreign word. al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 100; Ibn Qutayba, Adab al-Kātib, 527; al-Suyūṭī, Muzhir, i, 130; and Bayḍ. on lii, 1, give it as a Syr word, though others, as we learn from al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 322, thought that it was a Nabataean word. / Hbr ṣûr = [Grk] pétra, from meaning a ‘single rock, boulder’, comes to have the sense of ‘cliff’, and Aram ṭwrʔ is a ‘mountain’. So in the Targums ṭwrʔ d-syny is ‘Mt. Sinai’,¹⁶ but the ṭūr sīnāʔ of the Qurʔān is obviously the Syr ṭūr sīnāy which occurs beside ṭūrā d-sīnāy.¹⁷ «

15. See Kunstlinger, ‘“Ṭūr und Ǧabal im Ḳurān”, in Rocznik Orjentalistyczny, v (1927), pp. 58-67. 16. Vide Onkelos on Ex. xix, 18. 17. Fraenkel, Vocab, 21; Mingana, Syr Influence, 88; and see Horovitz, JPN, 170; KU, 123 ff.; Guidi, Della Sede, 571.

–

ṬWʕ طوع

“root”

▪ ṬWʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬWʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṬWʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to obey, be amenable, be subservient, submit to, volunteer, be able to do’

▪ From CSem *√ṬWʕ ‘to obey’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

ṬWF طوف

“root”

▪ ṬWF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬWF_2 ‘the Deluge’ ↗ṭūfān
▪ ṬWF_3 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r. Ṭw/yF): ‘apparition, phantom, spectre; to go about, to walk about, to roam about; to circulate; to encompass, to circuit; to appear in one’s dream; to be touched by the devil; group of people, flood; raft’

▪ It has been suggested that the derivative ṭūfān is a pre-Islamic borrowing from either Hbr or Syr. The overlap between the derivatives of the root ṬWF and ṬYF is such that it is impractical to attempt to separate what belongs to either – BAH2008

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ṭāʔifaẗ طائِفَة

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ṭāʔifiyyaẗ طائِفِيَّة

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ṭūfān طُوفان

n.

▪ the Deluge – Jeffery1938
▪ … – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q vii, 130; xxix, 13 – Jeffery1938.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »The Commentators did not know what to make of it. Ṭab. tells us that some took it to mean ‘water’, others ‘death’, others ‘a torrent of rain’, others ‘a great storm’,¹⁸ and so on, and from Zam. we learn that yet others thought it meant ‘smallpox’, or the ‘rinderpest’ or a ‘plague of boils’. / Fraenkel, Vocab, 22, recognized that it was the Rabbinic ṭwpnʔ which is used, e.g., by Onkelos in Gen. vii, and which occurs in the Talmud in connection with Noah’s story (Sanh. 96a). Fraenkel’s theory has been generally accepted,¹⁹ but we find ṭwpʔnyʔ in Mandaean meaning ‘deluge’ in general (Nöldeke, Mand. Gramm., 22, 136, 309),²⁰ and Syr ṭūpānā is used of Noah’s flood in Gen. vi, 17, and translates kataklusmós in the N.T., so that Mingana, Syr Influence, 86, would derive the Arabic word from a Christian source.
The flood story was known before Muḥammad’s time, and we find the word ṭūfān used in connection therewith in verses of al-ʔAʕshà and ʔUmayya b. ʔAbī ṣ-Ṣalt,²¹ but it is hardly possible to decide whether it came into Arabic from a Jewish or a Christian source.«
▪ …

18. It can hardly be connected, however, with the Grk tufôn. 19. Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 45; Horovitz, KU, 23; Massignon, Lexique, 52; Wellhausen, ZDMG, lxvii, 633. 20. Also on the incantation bowls, cf. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts, Glossary, p. 290. 21. Al-ʔAʕshà in Geyer, Zwei Gedichte, i, 145 = Dīwān, xiii, 59; Umayya, xxvi, 1; xxx, 10 (ed. Schulthess).

–

►

ṬWQ طوق

“root”

▪ ṬWQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬWQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘neckband, tore, collar, loop, circle, to encircle, to encompass; ability, power, capacity, to be capable of, to be able, to bear’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl pataca, from Ar ʔabū ṭāqaẗ ‘father of a window’, from Ar ʔabū, bound form of ʔab ‘father’, and ṭāqaẗ ‘window’, from ṭāqa, vb. I, ‘to be able, be capable, sustain’, in D-stem ṭawwaqa, vb. II, ‘to surround, enclose’. The name of the coin, ʔabū ṭāqaẗ ‘father of a window’, derives from a scene on early piasters picturing the columns of Hercules, mistaken for windows. – czardas, from Ar ṭāq ‘arch’.↗

–

ṭawq طَوْق

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

ṬWL طول

“root”

▪ ṬWL_1 ‘(to be) long, length; to extend, reach; (to have) power, ability, means’ ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭawl
▪ ṬWL_2 ‘long-legged waterfowl’ ↗ṭuwwal
▪ ṬWL_3 ‘vengeance, revenge, retribution, retaliation; ^†enmity, rancour’ ↗ṭāʔilaẗ ▪ ṬWL_4 ‘stable’ ↗ṭuwālaẗ
▪ ṬWL_5 ‘table’ ↗ṭāwilaẗ
Other items, now obsolete, include

ṬWL_6 ‘long rope, tether’: ^†ṭiwal(l) ~ ṭiyal
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘length, tallness, to grow long, tall, to lengthen, be elongated; long rope; power, ability, means; to overcome, outdo; to outlast’

▪ ṬWL_1-3 and ṬWL_6 form one etymological unit, going back to (W)Sem *ṬWL ‘to be long, extend, stretch out’. The value ‘(to have) power, ability, means’ a secondary development (fig. use) and an Ar specificity within Sem.
▪ ṬWL_2 ṭuwwal ‘long-legged waterfowl’ : prob. so called because of its long legs, i.e., dependent on ṬWL_1.
▪ ṬWL_3 ṭāʔilaẗ ‘vengeance, revenge, retribution, retaliation’, in ClassAr also ^†‘enmity, rancour’ : a PA f. from ṬWL_1, lit. *‘s.th. that reaches far’. Semantics not satisfactorily clear.
▪ ṬWL_4 ṭuwālaẗ ‘stable’ : perh. a confusion of an extended use of ṬWL_6 (*‘rope, tether with which horses are tied together’ > ‘place where such horses are kept’?) and a borrowing (via Grk stávla ?) from Lat stabulum.
▪ ṬWL_5 ṭāwilaẗ ‘table’ : from It tavola (< Lat tabula).
▪ ṬWL_6 ^†ṭiwal(l) ~ ṭiyal ‘long rope, tether’ : belonging to the complex of ṬWL_1 ‘to be long, extend, stretch out’

–

For ṬWL_1-3, (ṬWL_4 ?) and ṬWL_6, cf.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬW/YL: Hbr hēṭīl ‘jeter au loin’, Syr ṭayyēl ‘se promener; circuler à cheval’, Ar ṭāla ‘être long; durer longtemps’, ṭawl ‘longueur’, Sab hṭl ‘s’étendre’, ṭl ‘longueur’, EthSar ṭl ‘durer longtemps’, Mhr ṭōl, Jib ṭol, Ḥrs ṭawl ‘longueur’, Mhr ʔaṭwīl, Ḥrs aṭwōl ‘prolonger’, Jib etyél ‘compter sur qc de bon dans le futur’, Te ṭäwwäla ‘allonger’
▪ Militarev2006#3042: Hbr ṭwl (hif) ‘to throw far’, SAr (Sab) ṭl ‘length’, Ar ṭwl ‘être long, s’étendre en longueur’, ṭawīl ‘long’, LebAr ṭawil, Mec ṭawiyl, Malt twīl ‘long’, Te ṭawwala ‘to extend’, Mhr ṭǝwīl, Ḥrs ṭewīl ‘long’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭūl (pilp.) ‘to hurl, cast’, (hif.) ‘to cast, cast out (javelin)’, nHbr (pi.) ‘to walk about, be at leisure, enjoy o.s.’, Aram ṭayyēl ‘to walk about; to drive off, send away’, Syr ṭayel ‘to walk to and fro’, SAr ṭwl ‘to extend, lengthen (lifespan)’, Ar ṭāla ‘to be long, last long, be prolonged’

▪ ṬWL_1-3,6: Militarev2006#3042 reconstructs Sem *ṬWL ‘to be long’. The Mhr and Ḥrs cognates given by Militarev himself are said to be prob. from Ar; but cf. the other forms in these langs given in DRS.
▪ ṬWL_1-3,6: Dolgopolsky2012#2382 thinks that Sem *ṬWL has a cognate in Eg dwn (Copt tōoun) ‘(intr.) to be stretched out; (tr.) to stretch out, stretch (bows), straighten (knees)’, and that the AfrAs forms, together with non-AfrAs correspondences, ultimately go back to Nostr *ṭoʔan̄˅ (= * ṭoʔan̄ū ??) ‘to draw, stretch, extend’. If this is correct then Sem *ṬWL may even be akin to Grk teín-ein ‘to stretch (by force), stretch to the uttermost, spannen’ (tetanós ‘stretched, rigid; straightened, smooth’, tétanos ‘convulsive tension, tetanus; erectio penis’), Lat tend-ere ‘to stretch, stretch out, extend, spread’, oNo Þenja ‘ausspannen, ausstrecken’, oHGe dennen ‘to extend, tense, pull’, nHGe dehnen, aus-dehnen ‘to stretch, extend’, from IE *ten- (?), *tenu- ‘to draw, stretch, extend’ (Skr tanōti ‘expands, extends, spreads’, Av ustāna ‘stretched out’).
▪ ṬWL_4 : cf. ↗ṭawālaẗ.
▪ ṬWL_5 : cf. ↗ṭāwilaẗ.

▪ ṬWL_5 : cf. ↗ṭāwilaẗ.

–

ṭāl‑ طالَ / طُـِلْـ
A ṭāl‑ / ṭul‑ , u (ṭūl)
B ṭāl‑ / ṭil‑ , a (ṭawl)

vb., I

I 1 to be or become long; 2 to last long; 3 to lengthen, grow longer, extend, be protracted, become drawn out; 4 to surpass, excel (ʕalà or s.o.); 5 to extend (ʔilà to)
II 1 to reach, catch, get hold of (DO); 2 to have power over (DO)

▪ From (W)Sem *ṬWL ‘to be long, extend, stretch out’. [A] is usually treated as *ṭawula, while [B] is considered to be *ṭawila.
▪ [vB2] ‘(to have) power, ability, means’ is a secondary development (fig. use) and an Ar specificity within Sem.

▪ eC7 ṭāla 1 (to become drawn out, be protracted) Q 21:44 bal mattaʕnā hāʔulāʔi wa-ʔābāʔa-hum ḥattà ṭāla ʕalay-him-u ’l-ʕumuru ‘indeed, We have granted these and their forefathers power and longevity so that life has become extended for them’; 2 (to become part of the distant past [experiences, events]; to seem long) Q 20:86 ʔa-fa-ṭāla ʕalay-kum-u ’l-ʕahdu ‘did the time of the Covenant seem too long for you? [also interpreted as: has it been too long since you received God’s assistance, or: since I [Moses] have been among you?]’
▪ eC7 taṭāwala (to become too, or very, prolonged, become very extended) Q 28:45 wa-lākin-nā ʔanšaʔnā qurūnan fa-taṭāwala ʕalay-him-u ’l-ʕumuru ‘but We have brought forth generations and time dragged on for them’
▪ See also ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭawīl.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬW/YL: Hbr hēṭīl ‘jeter au loin’, Syr ṭayyēl ‘se promener; circuler à cheval’, Ar ṭāla ‘être long; durer longtemps’, ṭawl ‘longueur’, Sab hṭl ‘s’étendre’, ṭl ‘longueur’, EthSar ṭl ‘durer longtemps’, Mhr ṭōl, Jib ṭol, Ḥrs ṭawl ‘longueur’, Mhr ʔaṭwīl, Ḥrs aṭwōl ‘prolonger’, Jib etyél ‘compter sur qc de bon dans le futur’, Te ṭäwwäla ‘allonger’
▪ Militarev2006#3042: Hbr ṭwl (hif) ‘to throw far’, SAr (Sab) ṭl ‘length’, Ar ṭwl ‘être long, s’étendre en longueur’, ṭawīl ‘long’, LebAr ṭawil, Mec ṭawiyl, Malt twīl ‘long’, Te ṭawwala ‘to extend’, Mhr ṭǝwīl, Ḥrs ṭewīl ‘long’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭūl (pilp.) ‘to hurl, cast’, (hif.) ‘to cast, cast out (javelin)’, nHbr (pi.) ‘to walk about, be at leisure, enjoy o.s.’, Aram ṭayyēl ‘to walk about; to drive off, send away’, Syr ṭayel ‘to walk to and fro’, SAr ṭwl ‘to extend, lengthen (lifespan)’, Ar ṭāla ‘to be long, last long, be prolonged’

▪ Militarev2006#3042 reconstructs Sem *ṬWL ‘to be long’. The Mhr and Ḥrs cognates given by Militarev himself are said to be prob. from Ar; but cf. the other forms in these langs given in DRS.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2382 thinks that Sem *ṬWL has a cognate in Eg dwn (Copt tōoun) ‘(intr.) to be stretched out; (tr.) to stretch out, stretch (bows), straighten (knees)’, cf. DISC in ↗ṬWL.
▪ The vb. should perh. better be treated as denom., in which case we would have two etyma: ↗ṭawl (giving ṭāla B) and ↗ṭūl (giving ṭāla A).

–

► ṭāla bi-hī ’l-zaman ḥattà, expr., it took a long time before he…
► yaṭūlu bī hāḏā, expr., this will (would) take me too long
► ṭāla ’l-zamānu ʔaw qaṣura, expr., sooner or later, before long
► lam yaṭul bi-hī ’l-maqāmu ḥattà, expr., he hadn’t been there very long when…
► lā taṭūlu yad-ī ʔilay-hi, expr., my hand can’t reach that far, i.e., I have no control over it, it isn’t possible for me
► law ṭālat-ka yad-ī, expr., if I could get hold of you
► ^BP#4073ṭawwala, vb. II, 1 to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, prolong, extend, protract (s.th.): D-stem, caus.; 2 to be very elaborate, very detailed, very exhaustive, longwinded, prolix: D-stem, denom., from ↗ṭawīl; 3 to grant a delay or respite (li‑ to s.o.): D-stem, caus., fig. use (*to extend the deadline for s.o.) | ~ bāla-hū ʕalay-hi, vb., to be patient with.
► ṭāwala, vb. III, 1 to keep putting off (s.o., fī in or with s.th.); 2 to vie for power, greatness or stature, contend, compete (DO with s.o.), rival, emulate (s.o.): L-stem, assoc. (*‘to compete with s.o. in tallness or in how far one’s influence reaches’).
► ʔaṭāla, vb. IV, 1 to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, extend, prolong, protract, draw out (DO or min s.th.): Š-stem, caus.; 2 to take too long, find no end: Š-stem, denom. from ↗ṭawīl | ~ ʕalay-hi, vb., to keep s.o. waiting a long time; ~ lisāna-hū, to speak in a forward manner, be pert, saucy, insolent in speech; ~ al-naẓar ʔilay-hi, expr., he kept staring at him; ~ al-wuqūf, expr., he stayed a long time; ~ fī ’l-mawḍūʕ, expr., to dwell, expatiate on the subject.
► taṭāwala, vb. VI, 1 to become long, be lengthened, be extended, be prolonged; 2 to stretch up, stretch o.s.; 3 to stretch (ʔilà for), crane one’s neck (ʔilà at): [v1-3] tL-stem, intr., perh. denom. from ↗ṭawīl; 4 to attack (ʕalà s.o.); 5 to become insolent, get fresh (ʕalà with s.o.); 6 to be insolent enough, have the cheek (li‑ to do s.th.); 7 to dare do s.th. (bi‑), presume (bi‑ s.th.), pretend (bi‑ s.th.); 8 to arrogate to o.s. (ʔilà rank): [v4-8] tL-stem, assoc. autoref., fig. use, lit. *‘to compete with s.o. in tallness, claim one’s own “length” (ability, power, etc.) to be bigger than s.o. else’s’ | ~ bi-raʔsi-hī, vb., to bear one’s head high (with pride).
► ĭstaṭāla, vb. X, 1 to be or become long: Št-stem, denom. from ↗ṭawīl; 2 to be or become overbearing, presumptuous, display an arrogant behaviour (ʕalà toward): similar to [v4-8] of taṭāwala (see preceding paragraph).
► ^BP#1419ṭālamā, var. la-ṭālamā, adv., how often! often, frequently (with foll. verbal clause): lit., *‘there is a long time since’ | ~ ʔanna, conj., while, as, the more so as.
► ṭawl, n., might, power: vn. of ṭāla B, or the latter’s etymon proper. | ṣāḥib al-ḥawl wa’l-~, the Almighty.
► ^BP#713ṭūl, pl. ʔaṭwāl, n., 1 length; 2 size, height, tallness: vn. of ṭāla A, unless the latter’s etymon proper. | ~ al-ʔanāẗ, n., long-suffering, longanimity, forbearance, patience; ~ al-naẓar, n., farsightedness, hyperopia; ḫaṭṭ al-~, n., geographical longitude, degree of longitude, meridian; bi-~ and ṭūlan, adv., lengthwise, longitudinally; ṭūla, prep., during, throughout,…long, e.g., ṭūla hāḏihī ’l-muddaẗ, adv., during this period, during all this time, ṭūla ’l-nahār, adv., all day (long); ~ mā, conj., as long as; ʕalà ~i…, prep. (with foll. gen.), along, alongside of; ʕalà ~ , adv. (eg.), 1 straight ahead; 2 straightway, directly; 3 at last, finally, after all; fī ~i ’l-bilād wa-ʕarḍi-hā, expr., throughout the country, all over the country; ʔanā fī ~i-ka, expr. (eg.), have mercy on me!; ~ al-bāʕ, n., power; mastery, capability, ability; knowledge; generosity; ~ al-nafas, n., endurance, lasting power, stamina; ~ al-yad, n., power.
► ṭūlī, adj., of length, linear, longitudinal: nsb-adj., from ṭūl. | ḫaṭṭ ~, n., geographical longitude, degree of longitude, meridian.
► ṭuwwal, n., a long-legged waterfowl: see ↗s.v.
► ^BP#1343ṭiwāla, var. ṭawāla, prep., 1 during, throughout; 2 along, alongside of: lit. an acc. of time [v1] or place [v2], from an obsol. vn. ṭiwāl.
► ^BP#316ṭawīl, pl. ṭiwāl, adj., 1 long; 2 large, big, tall; 3 high: adj. formation, expressing ints. quality of length, height, etc. in s.th.; 4 al-ṭawīl, n., name of a poetical meter: ?; 5 ṭawīlan, adv., long, a long time: acc. of time | ~ al-ʔaǧal, adj., longterm, long-dated; ~ al-ʔanāẗ, adj., long-suffering, forbearing, patient; ~ al-bāʕ, adj., mighty, powerful; capable, efficient; generous, liberal, openhanded; ~ al-rūḥ, adj., long-suffering, forbearing, patient; ~ al-qāmaẗ, adj., tall; ~ al-lisān, adj., insolent, impertinent, pert, saucy.
► ṭuwāl, adj., long: ?
► ṭuwālaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., stable: etymologically probably not belonging here (see ↗s.v.), but in the course of time interpreted as *‘the long one’.
► ^BP#2806ṭīlaẗa, prep., during, throughout, … long: acc. of time, from the otherwise obsol. n.f. ṭīlaẗ ‘extension (in time), duration’.
► ṭūlānī, adj., measured lengthwise, longitudinal: adj. formation, from ṭūl.
► ^BP#2626ʔaṭwalᵘ, adj., 1 longer, larger, bigger, taller; 2 extremely tall, very long: elat. of ↗ṭawīl.
► taṭwīl, n., 1 lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; 2 elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness: vn. II.
► ʔiṭālaẗ, n.f., 1 lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; 2 elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness: vn. IV.
► taṭāwul, n., insolence, cheek, arrogance: vn. VI.
► ĭstiṭālaẗ, n.f., overbearing attitude, haughtiness, presumptuousness, arrogance: vn. X.
► ṭāʔil, adj., 1 long; 2 huge, immense, ample, enormous (of funds): PA I; – n., 3 use, avail; 4 might, power, force: fig. use of [v1-2], lit. *‘what reaches far’ | ~ al-ṣawlaẗ, adj., mighty, powerful, forceful; dūn ~ and lā ~a taḥta-hū (fī-hi), adj., of no use, of no avail, useless, unavailing, futile; fī ġayri ṭāʔilin, dto.; mā fāza bi-~, vb., to accomplish nothing, be unsuccessful, fail.
► ṭāʔilaẗ, n.f., 1 might, power, force: same as ṭāʔil (see preceding para); 2 vengeance, revenge, retribution, retaliation: obviously fig. use, but semantics not satisfactorily clear. | waqaʕa taḥt ~ al-qānūn, expr., to be subject to punishment by law; taḥt ~ al-mawt, expr., under penalty of death.
► muṭawwal, adj., 1 elaborate, detailed, exhaustive, circumstantial; 2 extended; 3 comprehensive, thick (book): PP II; 4 length: ?; 5 (pl. ‑āt) thick, detailed handbook: ext. use, nominalization; pl. muṭawwalāt, large volumes; heavy tomes | muʕǧam ~, n., comprehensive, unabridged dictionary.
► mutaṭāwil, adj., 1 long-extended, longstretched, long-protacted, prolonged, lengthy; 2 insolent, cheeky, arrogant: PA VI.
► mustaṭīl, adj., n., 1 long, oblong, elongate(d), long-stretched; 2 protracted, prolonged, long drawn out; 3 a rectangle, an oblong; 4 a saucy, presumptuous person: PA X.
For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāwilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṭawl طَوْل

n.

might, power – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Can be regarded as vn. I, from ↗ṭāla B ‘to reach, catch, get hold of; to have power over’, or as the latter’s etymon proper.
▪ In any case, the word is based on (W)Sem *ṬWL ‘to be long, extend, stretch out’. Within Sem, the figurative meaning is specific to Ar and therefore seems to be a secondary development.

▪ eC7 1 (might, power, bounty) Q 40:3 ḏī ’l-ṭawli lā ʔilāha ʔillā huwa ‘infinite in bounty—there is no god but He’; 2 (wealth, sufficiency of means) Q 4:25 wa-man lam yastaṭiʕ min-kum ṭawlan ʔan yankiḥa ’l-muḥṣanāti ’l-muʔmināti ‘those of you who do not have the means to marry chaste, believing, free women’, 9:86 ʔūlū ’l-ṭawli ‘the wealthy, the affluent [lit., the ones with the reach’

↗ṭāla.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ See also ↗ṭāla.

–

► ṣāḥib al-ḥawl wa’l-ṭawl, the Almighty
► ṭāla / ṭil‑, a (ṭawl), vb. I, 1 ↗ṭūl; 2 to have power over (DO): denom., or is ṭawl from the vb.? | law ~t-ka yad-ī, expr., if I could get hold of you
► taṭāwala, vb. VI, 1-3 ↗ṭūl; 4 to attack (ʕalà s.o.); 5 to become insolent, get fresh (ʕalà with s.o.); 6 to be insolent enough, have the cheek (li‑ to do s.th.); 7 to dare do s.th. (bi‑), presume (bi‑ s.th.), pretend (bi‑ s.th.); 8 to arrogate to o.s. (ʔilà rank): [v4-8] tL-stem, assoc. autoref., fig. use, lit. *‘to compete with s.o. in tallness, claim one’s own “length” (ability, power, etc.) to be bigger than s.o. else’s’ | ~ bi-raʔsi-hī, vb., to bear one’s head high (with pride).
► ĭstaṭāla, vb. X, 1 ↗ṭūl; 2 to be or become overbearing, presumptuous, display an arrogant behavior (ʕalà toward): Št-stem, similar to [v4-8] of taṭāwala (see preceding paragraph).
► taṭāwul, n., insolence, cheek, arrogance: vn. VI.
► ĭstiṭālaẗ, n.f., overbearing attitude, haughtiness, presumptuousness, arrogance: vn. X.
► ṭāʔil, adj., 1-3 ↗ṭūl; 4 might, power, force: PA I from ↗ṭāla B, fig. use, lit. *‘what reaches far’
| ~ al-ṣawlaẗ, adj., mighty, powerful, forceful
► ṭāʔilaẗ, n.f., 1 might, power, force: same as ṭāʔil (see preceding para); 2 vengeance, revenge, retribution, retaliation: obviously fig. use, but semantics not satisfactorily clear; prob. a specialisation of [v1]. | waqaʕa taḥt ~ al-qānūn, expr., to be subject to punishment by law; taḥt ~ al-mawt, expr., under penalty of death
► mutaṭāwil, adj., 1 ↗ṭūl; 2 insolent, cheeky, arrogant: PA VI.
► mustaṭīl, adj., n., 1-3 ↗ṭūl; 4 a saucy, presumptuous person: PA X.
For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭuwwal, ↗ṭuwālaẗ, ↗ṭāʔilaẗ, ↗ṭāwilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṭūl طُول , pl. ʔaṭwāl

n.

1 length; 2 size, height, tallness – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Can be regarded as vn. I, from ↗ṭāla A ‘to be(come) long’, or as the latter’s etymon proper.
▪ In any case, the word is based on (W)Sem *ṬWL ‘to be long, extend, stretch out’.

▪ eC7 ṭūl (length, height) Q 17:37 ʔinna-ka lan taḫriqa ’l-ʔarḍa wa-lan tabluġa ’l-ǧibāla ṭūlan ‘you wil never rend the earth open, nor attain the mountains in height’
▪ eC7 ṭawīl (long) Q 76:26 wa-min-a ’l-layli fa-’sǧud la-hū wa-sabbiḥ-hu laylan ṭawīlan ‘and in a portion of the night prostrate yourself before Him, and glorify Him throughout the long nights’

↗ṭāla.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ See also ↗ṭāla.

–

► ṭūl al-ʔanāẗ, n., long-suffering, longanimity, forbearance, patience
► ṭūl al-naẓar, n., farsightedness, hyperopia
► ḫaṭṭ al-ṭūl, n., geographical longitude, degree of longitude, meridian
► bi-ṭūl and ṭūlan, adv., lengthwise, longitudinally
► ṭūla, prep., during, throughout,…long, e.g., ṭūla hāḏihī ’l-muddaẗ, adv., during this period, during all this time, ṭūla ’l-nahār, adv., all day (long)
► ṭūla mā, conj., as long as
► ʕalà ṭūli…, prep. (with foll. gen.), along, alongside of
► ʕalà ṭūl, adv. (eg.), 1 straight ahead; 2 straightway, directly; 3 at last, finally, after all
► fī ṭūli ’l-bilād wa-ʕarḍi-hā, expr., throughout the country, all over the country
► ʔanā fī ṭūli-ka, expr. (eg.), have mercy on me!
► ṭūl al-bāʕ, n., power, mastery, capability, ability; knowledge; generosity
► ṭūl al-nafas, n., endurance, lasting power, stamina
► ṭūl al-yad, n., power
► ^BP#1284ṭāla / ṭul‑, u (ṭūl), vb. I, 1 to be or become long; 2 to last long; 3 to lengthen, grow longer, extend, be protracted, become drawn out; 4 to surpass, excel (ʕalà or s.o.); 5 to extend (ʔilà to): denom., or is ṭūl from the vb.? | ~ bi-hī ’l-zaman ḥattà, expr., it took a long time before he…; yaṭūlu bī hāḏā, expr., this will (would) take me too long; ~ al-zamānu ʔaw qaṣura, expr., sooner or later, before long; lam yaṭul bi-hī ’l-maqāmu ḥattà, expr., he hadn’t been there very long when…; lā taṭūlu yad-ī ʔilay-hi, expr., my hand can’t reach that far, i.e., I have no control over it, it isn’t possible for me; law ~t-ka yad-ī, expr., if I could get hold of you
► ^BP#4073ṭawwala, vb. II, 1 to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, prolong, extend, protract (s.th.): D-stem, caus.; 2 to be very elaborate, very detailed, very exhaustive, longwinded, prolix: D-stem, denom., from ↗ṭawīl; 3 to grant a delay or respite (li‑ to s.o.): D-stem, caus., fig. use (*to extend the deadline for s.o.) | ~ bāla-hū ʕalay-hi, vb., to be patient with.
► ṭāwala, vb. III, 1 to keep putting off (s.o., fī in or with s.th.); 2 to vie for power, greatness or stature, contend, compete (DO with s.o.), rival, emulate (s.o.): L-stem, assoc. (*‘to compete with s.o. in tallness or in how far one’s influence reaches’).
► ʔaṭāla, vb. IV, 1 to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, extend, prolong, protract, draw out (DO or min s.th.): Š-stem, caus.; 2 to take too long, find no end: Š-stem, denom. from ↗ṭawīl | ~ ʕalay-hi, vb., to keep s.o. waiting a long time; ~ lisāna-hū, to speak in a forward manner, be pert, saucy, insolent in speech; ~ al-naẓar ʔilay-hi, expr., he kept staring at him; ~ al-wuqūf, expr., he stayed a long time; ~ fī ’l-mawḍūʕ, expr., to dwell, expatiate on the subject.
► taṭāwala, vb. VI, 1 to become long, be lengthened, be extended, be prolonged; 2 to stretch up, stretch o.s.; 3 to stretch (ʔilà for), crane one’s neck (ʔilà at): [v1-3] tL-stem, intr., perh. denom. from ṭūl or ↗ṭawīl; 4 to attack (ʕalà s.o.); 5 to become insolent, get fresh (ʕalà with s.o.); 6 to be insolent enough, have the cheek (li‑ to do s.th.); 7 to dare do s.th. (bi‑), presume (bi‑ s.th.), pretend (bi‑ s.th.); 8 to arrogate to o.s. (ʔilà rank): [v4-8] tL-stem, assoc. autoref., fig. use, lit. *‘to compete with s.o. in tallness, claim one’s own “length” (ability, power, etc.) to be bigger than s.o. else’s’ | ~ bi-raʔsi-hī, vb., to bear one’s head high (with pride).
► ĭstaṭāla, vb. X, 1 to be or become long: Št-stem, denom., from ṭūl or ↗ṭawīl; 2 to be or become overbearing, presumptuous, display an arrogant behaviour (ʕalà toward): similar to [v4-8] of taṭāwala (see preceding paragraph).
► ṭūlī, adj., of length, linear, longitudinal: nsb-adj. | ḫaṭṭ ~, n., geographical longitude, degree of longitude, meridian.
► ^BP#316ṭawīl, pl. ṭiwāl, adj., 1 long; 2 large, big, tall; 3 high: adj. formation, expressing ints. quality of length, height, etc. in s.th.; 4 al-ṭawīl, n., name of a poetical meter: ?; 5 ṭawīlan, adv., long, a long time: acc. of time | ~ al-ʔaǧal, adj., longterm, long-dated; ~ al-ʔanāẗ, adj., long-suffering, forbearing, patient; ~ al-bāʕ, adj., mighty, powerful; capable, efficient; generous, liberal, openhanded; ~ al-rūḥ, adj., long-suffering, forbearing, patient; ~ al-qāmaẗ, adj., tall; ~ al-lisān, adj., insolent, impertinent, pert, saucy.
► ṭuwāl, adj., long: ?
► ṭuwālaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., stable: etymologically probably not belonging here (see ↗s.v.), but in the course of time interpreted as *‘the long one’.
► ṭūlānī, adj., measured lengthwise, longitudinal: adj. formation, from ṭūl (or *ṭūlān ?).
► taṭwīl, n., 1 lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; 2 elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness: vn. II.
► ʔiṭālaẗ, n.f., 1 lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; 2 elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness: vn. IV.
► taṭāwul, n., insolence, cheek, arrogance: vn. VI.
► ĭstiṭālaẗ, n.f., overbearing attitude, haughtiness, presumptuousness, arrogance: vn. X.
For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭuwwal, ↗ṭuwālaẗ, ↗ṭāʔilaẗ, ↗ṭāwilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṭuwwal طُوَّل

n.

a long-legged waterfowl – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Probably so called because of its long legs, i.e., etymologically belonging to the idea of ‘(to be) long’, ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭūl.

▪ …

↗ṭāla, ↗ṭūl.

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭuwālaẗ, ↗ṭāʔilaẗ, ↗ṭāwilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṭuwālaẗ طُوالة , pl. ‑āt

n.f.

stable – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymologically perh. an overlapping/confusion between the obsol. Ar n. ^†ṭiwal(l) ‘long rope, tether’, belonging to the theme of ‘length’ (↗ṭūl), and a borrowing (via Tu and/or Pers) from Grk stábla, < Lat stabulum, stabula ‘stable’ (cf. also ↗isṭabl ‘stable, barn’). In the course of time, the foreign origin may have been forgotten and the word thought to be akin to ^†ṭiwal(l), as *‘place sheltering the horses that are tied together with a long rope, or: where animals are tied with a tether’, or directly derived from √ṬWL, as *‘the long one’.

▪ …

▪ If the word is related to the idea of ‘length’, then one will have to compare the cognates given in entry ↗ṭāla.

▪ For Tu tavla ‘stable (esp. for the Sultan’s horses)’, Nişanyan_04Dec2013 gives: from Pers ṭawlaʰ ‘stable for horses; set of horses, of six or eight, exactly matched; long rope, tether’, from Grk stávla ‘stable for horses’, from Lat stabulum, stabula ‘place to stay, stop, stable’, from Lat stāre, stāt- ‘to stand, stay, stop’. – Yet, although the semantics of Ar ṭuwālaẗ and Tu tavla seem to be congruent, and although the latter’s etymon, Pers ṭawlaʰ, combines the values ‘stable for horses’ (Ar ṭuwālaẗ) and ‘long rope, tether’ (Ar ^†ṭiwal(l)), a derivation of Ar ṭuwālaẗ from Pers ṭawlaʰ or Tu tavla remains is problematic for phonological reasons: how should one explain the long -ā- ? Phonologically problematic also the derivation from the Grk/Lat words: why should initial st- have been reduced to t- in Pers, and the latter written with طـ ṭ- ?

▪ According to Nişanyan_04Dec2013, we have to conform Engl stable (n., eC13) ‘building or enclosure where horses or cows are kept, building for domestic animals’, which, according to EtymOnline , is from oFr stable, estable ‘stable, stall’ (modFr étable), from Lat stabulum ‘stall, fold, aviary, beehive, lowly cottage, brothel [etc.]’, lit. *‘standing place’, from IE *ste-dhlo-, suffixed form of root *stā- ‘to stand’.²
2. In Kluge2002 (s.v. Ge Stall), the IE form is given as *stə-tlo- and characterized as an “instrumental” formation. Unlike Engl stable, Ge Stall does not go back to Lat stabulum, but to Germ *stalla- ‘stand, standing place’, which, however, has also been connected by some to IE *stə-tlo-; others have disputed this on phonological grounds. Other suggestions for Ge Stall : »Der Anschluß an Grk stéll-ō ‘ich setze instand’ wäre lautlich einwandfrei, befriedigt aber semantisch nicht. Lat locus, oLat *stlocus würde ebenfalls für eine Wurzelform *stel- sprechen.«

For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭuwwal, ↗ṭāʔilaẗ, ↗ṭāwilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṭawīl طَوِيل , pl. ṭiwāl

adj.

1 long; 2 large, big, tall; 3 high; 4 al-ṭawīl, n., name of a poetical meter – WehrCowan1979.

▪ [v1-3] : adj. formation, expressing ints. quality of length, height, etc. in s.th., see ↗ṭāla.
▪ [v4] : probably the same as [v1-3], but it is not clear why the metre is called ‘the long one’.

▪ eC7 (long) Q 76:26 wa-min-a ’l-layli fa-’sǧud la-hū wa-sabbiḥ-hu laylan ṭawīlan ‘and in a portion of the night prostrate yourself before Him, and glorify Him throughout the long nights’
▪ Cf. also ↗ṭūl.

↗ṭāla.

–

► ṭawīlan, adv., long, a long time: acc. of time
► ṭawīl al-ʔaǧal, adj., longterm, long-dated
► ṭawīl al-ʔanāẗ, adj., long-suffering, forbearing, patient
► ṭawīl al-bāʕ, adj., mighty, powerful; capable, efficient; generous, liberal, openhanded
► ṭawīl al-rūḥ, adj., long-suffering, forbearing, patient
► ṭawīl al-qāmaẗ, adj., tall
► ṭawīl al-lisān, adj., insolent, impertinent, pert, saucy.
► ^BP#4073ṭawwala, vb. II, 1 to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, prolong, extend, protract (s.th.): D-stem, caus.; 2 to be very elaborate, very detailed, very exhaustive, longwinded, prolix: D-stem, denom.; 3 to grant a delay or respite (li‑ to s.o.): D-stem, caus., fig. use (*to extend the deadline for s.o.) | ~ bāla-hū ʕalay-hi, vb., to be patient with.
► ṭāwala, vb. III, 1 to keep putting off (s.o., fī in or with s.th.); 2 to vie for power, greatness or stature, contend, compete (DO with s.o.), rival, emulate (s.o.): L-stem, assoc. (*‘to compete with s.o. in tallness or in how far one’s influence reaches’).
► ʔaṭāla, vb. IV, 1 to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, extend, prolong, protract, draw out (DO or min s.th.): Š-stem, caus.; 2 to take too long, find no end: Š-stem, denom. | ~ ʕalay-hi, vb., to keep s.o. waiting a long time; ~ lisāna-hū, to speak in a forward manner, be pert, saucy, insolent in speech; ~ al-naẓar ʔilay-hi, expr., he kept staring at him; ~ al-wuqūf, expr., he stayed a long time; ~ fī ’l-mawḍūʕ, expr., to dwell, expatiate on the subject.
► taṭāwala, vb. VI, 1 to become long, be lengthened, be extended, be prolonged; 2 to stretch up, stretch o.s.; 3 to stretch (ʔilà for), crane one’s neck (ʔilà at): [v1-3] tL-stem, intr., perh. denom.; 4 to attack (ʕalà s.o.); 5 to become insolent, get fresh (ʕalà with s.o.); 6 to be insolent enough, have the cheek (li‑ to do s.th.); 7 to dare do s.th. (bi‑), presume (bi‑ s.th.), pretend (bi‑ s.th.); 8 to arrogate to o.s. (ʔilà rank): [v4-8] tL-stem, assoc. autoref., fig. use, lit. *‘to compete with s.o. in tallness, claim one’s own “length” (ability, power, etc.) to be bigger than s.o. else’s’ | ~ bi-raʔsi-hī, vb., to bear one’s head high (with pride).
► ĭstaṭāla, vb. X, 1 to be or become long: Št-stem, denom.; 2 to be or become overbearing, presumptuous, display an arrogant behaviour (ʕalà toward): similar to [v4-8] of taṭāwala (see preceding paragraph).
► ^BP#1419ṭālamā, var. la-ṭālamā, adv., how often! often, frequently (with foll. verbal clause): lit., *‘there is a long time since’ | ~ ʔanna, conj., while, as, the more so as.
► ^BP#2626ʔaṭwalᵘ, adj., 1 longer, larger, bigger, taller; 2 extremely tall, very long: elat. of ↗ṭawīl.
► taṭwīl, n., 1 lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; 2 elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness: vn. II.
► ʔiṭālaẗ, n.f., 1 lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; 2 elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness: vn. IV.
► taṭāwul, n., insolence, cheek, arrogance: vn. VI.
► ĭstiṭālaẗ, n.f., overbearing attitude, haughtiness, presumptuousness, arrogance: vn. X.
► muṭawwal, adj., 1 elaborate, detailed, exhaustive, circumstantial; 2 extended; 3 comprehensive, thick (book): PP II, from ṭāla; 4 length: ?; 5 (pl. ‑āt) thick, detailed handbook: specialisation of [v1-3]; pl. muṭawwalāt, large volumes; heavy tomes | muʕǧam ~, n., comprehensive, unabridged dictionary.
► mutaṭāwil, adj., 1 long-extended, longstretched, long-protacted, prolonged, lengthy; 2 insolent, cheeky, arrogant: PA VI.
► mustaṭīl, adj., n., 1 long, oblong, elongate(d), long-stretched; 2 protracted, prolonged, long drawn out; 3 a rectangle, an oblong; 4 a saucy, presumptuous person: PA X.
For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭuwwal, ↗ṭāʔilaẗ, ↗ṭāwilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṭāʔilaẗ طائِلة

n.f.

1 might, power, force; 2 vengeance, revenge, retribution, retaliation – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Grammatically a PA I f., lit. *‘(s.th.) reaching far’, from ↗ṭāla B, vb. I, ‘to reach, catch, get hold of; (fig.) to have power over’, fig. use of ↗ṭāla A, ‘to be(come) long, extend, stretch out’.
▪ [v2] ‘vengeance, revenge, retribution, retaliation’, in ClassAr also ^†‘enmity, rancour’ : obviously fig. use, but semantics not satisfactorily clear; prob. a specialisation of [v1].

▪ …

↗ṭāla.

–

► waqaʕa taḥta ṭāʔilaẗ al-qānūn, expr., to be subject to punishment by law;
taḥta ṭāʔilaẗ al-mawt, expr., under penalty of death
For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭuwwal, ↗ṭuwālaẗ, ↗ṭāwilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṭāwilaẗ طاوِلة , var. ṭāwulaẗ , pl. ‑āt

n.f.

table – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From It tavola, from Lat tabula.

▪ …

–

▪ Perhaps Ar ṭablaẗ ‘drum, tambourine’ and Lat tabula , the ultimate etymon of ṭāwilaẗ ~ ṭāwulaẗ, have a common Sem ancestor. Cf. also ↗ṭunbūr ‘long-necked, stringed instrument resembling the mandoline; a device used to raise water for irrigation, Archimedean screw; drum, cylinder (techn.)’, perh. from mPers tabūrāk ‘tambour’, unless it is a slightly altered derivation from ṭabl ‘tambour, timbale’ – Rolland2014a.

▪ Not from It tavola, but ultimately from the same Lat (< Umbr ?) source are also many Eur words for ‘table’, like Engl table itself, lC12, ‘board, slab, plate’, from oFr table ‘board, square panel, plank; writing table; picture; food, fare’ (C11), and loEngl tabele ‘writing tablet, gaming table’, from Germ *tabal (cognates: Du tafel, Dan tavle, oHGe zabel ‘board, plank’, Ge Tafel). Both the Fr and Germ words are from Lat tabula ‘a board, plank; writing table; list, schedule; picture, painted panel’, originally ‘small flat slab or piece’ usually for inscriptions or for games (source also of Span tabla, It tavola), of uncertain origin, related to Umbr tafle ‘on the board’.

► laʕbaẗ al-ṭāwilaẗ, n.f., backgammon, trick-track
► tinnis al-ṭāwilaẗ, n.f., table tennis
For other values of the root, cf. ↗ṭāla, ↗ṭawl, ↗ṭūl, ↗ṭuwwal, ↗ṭuwālaẗ, ↗ṭāʔilaẗ, and (for the general picture) ↗ṬWL.

ṬYB طيب

…

▪ ṬYB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṬYB_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be good, to be agreeable, to be willing, to mollify; to be wholesome, to become ripe; to regain health; to be fragrant, fragrance, perfume’. – It has been suggested by some scholars that the derivative ṭūbà is linked to a corresponding Syr and a common Semitic root. Other scholars attribute the derivative ṭūbà to a borrowing from Hindi.

▪ …

–

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘¹odoriferous; ²good’) Akk ¹ṭābu, ¹^,²Hbr ṭōḇ, Syr ²ṭāḇā, SAr (ṭyb ‘incense’).
▪ Hoch1994: Akk ṭâbu ‘good’, Ug ṭb ‘good, pleasant’, Amor ṭābum, Hbr ṭôḇ , oAram, EmpAram ṭb, BiblAram ṭāḇ, TargAram ṭāḇâ, Syr ṭaḇ ‘good’, SAr ṭb ‘to be good’.

▪ …
▪ nEg twby3, twi͗ub */ṭōbu/ ‘good’ »is almost certainly related to the common Sem root ṬWB« – Hoch1994.

–

…

ṬYR طير

“root”

▪ ṬYR_1 ‘bird; to fly’ ↗ṭayr
▪ ṬYR_2 ‘bad omen, augury; to take as ~, see a ~ in s.th.’ ↗ṭīraẗ
Other values (dialectal only):

ṬYR_3 ‘to pierce, perforate’: YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar
ṬYR_4 ‘to appear, sprout, start to break through (plants, etc.)’: YemAr ṭayyar
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flying thing/creature, bird, insect; to fly, fly away; to hasten; to rejoice; to scatter, spread out; bad omen, augury; deed’

▪ All values given for Sem ṬYR in DRS are represented in Ar, though two of them are dialectal use only and therefore not treated in EtymArab.
▪ ṬYR_1 and ṬYR_2 are etymologically the same item. However, given the more or less equal distribution of both values in Sem, it seems difficult to decide which was first. As a hypothesis, one may assume a priority of ‘bird’ and think of ‘to augur’ as secondary development, lit., *‘to take the way a bird flies as a (bad) omen’.
▪ Within ṬYR_1, we tacitly take etymological priority of ‘bird’ over ‘to fly’ for granted and therefore make the n. the main entry, classifying the vb. under DERIV. But this priority has still to be proven.
▪ ṬYR_3 YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar ‘to pierce, perforate’ : etymology obscure (but perh. related to ṬYR_1?)
▪ ṬYR_4 YemAr ṭayyar ‘to appear, sprout, start to break through (plants, etc.)’ : etymology obscure (but perh. related to ṬYR_1?)

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYR-1 JP ṭayyār, Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr, Soq ṭaireh ‘oiseau’; Ar ṭāra ‘voler’; JP ṭᵉyārā ‘science des augures’, Ar Gz taṭayyara ‘prédire par le vol des oiseaux’. -2 YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar ‘percer, perforer’, Te ṭäyyärä ‘périr, être perdu’, Amh ṭarä ‘être affligé, souffrant, agonisant; s’appliquer de tout son cœur à ce qu’on fait’. -3 YemAr ṭayyar ‘apparaître, poindre, commencer à sortir de terre (plantes, etc.)’.
▪ SED II#235: Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr ‘bird’; pBiblHbr ṭayir, ṭəyār ‘divination from birds, augury’, JudAram ṭyr (pa, itpa.) ‘to augur’, Ar ṭayyār ‘Vogel, besonders ein solcher, dessen man sich beim Wahrsagen… bediente’, ṭayr ‘augure, surtout mauvais’, Gz taṭayyara ‘to divine by observing the flight of birds’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭiyyūr ‘divination’, Aram ṭayyār ‘bird’, ṭayyēr ‘to espy, augur’, Syr ṭayrā ‘avis, aves’, (pa.) ‘volare fecit (mentem)’, (af.) ‘volare fecit’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’ (< Ar), taṭayyara ‘augurari, auspicia/omina captare’ (< Ar)

▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs CSem *ṬYR ‘to fly’.
▪ SED II#235: protSem *ṭayr- ‘bird’ is »[a]ttested as a faunal term in Aram and Ar only [… but is t]o be nevertheless reconstructed as a protSem animal name in view of clearly related forms connected with divination from birds whose attestation is not confined to Aram and Ar«. – »No AfrAs parallels found. Supposed cognates adduced in CHVAL no. 203 and HSED No. 2443 (*ṭaʔür-) are all erroneous or highly doubtful.«

▪ Engl Altair ↗ṭayr.

–

ṭār‑ / ṭir‑ طارَ / طِرْـ , i (ṭayarān)

vb., I

1 to fly; 2 to fly away, fly off, take to the wing; 3 to hasten, hurry, rush, fly (ʔilà to); 4 to be in a state of commotion, be jubilant, exult, rejoice; 5 ṭāra bi‑, to snatch away, carry away, carry off (s.o., s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

Denom. from ↗ṭayr — or is ṭayr from ṭāra ?

▪ eC7 ṭāra (to fly) Q 6:38 ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ‘a bird that flies with its [two] wings’

↗ṭayr.

▪ ↗ṭayr.

ṭāra bi-ḫayāli-hī ʔilà, vb., to let one’s imagination wander to
ṭāra la-hū ṣīt fī ’l-nās, expr., his fame spread among people, he became well-known
ṭāra ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top
ṭāra ʕaqlu-hū, vb., to lose one’s mind, go crazy
ṭāra fuʔādu-hū (rūḥu-hū) šaʕāʕan, expr., his mind became confused, he became all mixed up
ṭāra faraḥan, vb., to be beside o.s. with joy, be overjoyed
ṭāra šawqan, vb., to be ecstatic with anticipation, be overjoyed
ṭāra bi-lubbi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind
ṭāra bi-ṣawābi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; to make s.o. unconscious.
For other items, cf. ↗ṭayr.

ṭayr طَيْر , pl. ṭuyūr , ʔaṭyār

n.coll.

1 birds, bird; 2 augury, omen. – pl. ṭuyūr : 3 poultry; 4 fowl – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *ṭayr‑ ‘bird’, or — deverb. — from (CSem) *ṬYR ‘to fly’?
▪ EtymArab^© assumes an etymological priority of [v1] ‘bird’ over [v2] ‘(to take as bad) omen’, which is almost equally widespread in Sem, i.e., we consider a development *‘bird’ > ‘(to take a bird’s flying as a bad) omen’ > ‘augury’ as more probable than the reverse order.
▪ For the value ‘evil omen’ cf. also individual entry ↗ṭīraẗ.

▪ eC7 ṭayr (birds, insects) Q 16:79 ʔa-lam yaraw ʔilà ’l-ṭayri musaḫḫarātin fī ǧawwi ’l-samāʔi mā yumsiku-hunna ʔillā ’llāhu ‘do they not consider the birds, sustained in the air [of the sky], nothing holding them up except God’
▪ eC7 ṭāra (to fly) Q 6:38 ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ‘a bird that flies with its [two] wings’
▪ eC7 ṭāʔir 1 (bird/s; insect/s) Q 6:38 wa-mā min dābbaẗin fī ’l-ʔarḍi wa-lā ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ʔillā ʔumamun ʔamṯālu-kum ‘there is not a creature of the earth nor a bird that flies with its [two] wings but are communitiers like yourselves’. – 2a (deed; destiny) and 2b (bad omen): ↗ṭīraẗ.
▪ eC7 mustaṭīr (of evil in particular: spreading far and wide) Q yūfūna bi’l-naḏri wa-yaḫāfūna yawman kāna šārru-hū mustaṭīran ‘they fulfil their vows; and fear a day whose harm is widespread’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYR-1 JP ṭayyār, Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr, Soq ṭaireh ‘oiseau’; Ar ṭāra ‘voler’; JP ṭᵉyārā ‘science des augures’, Ar Gz taṭayyara ‘prédire par le vol des oiseaux’.
▪ SED II#235: Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr ‘bird’; pBiblHbr ṭayir, ṭəyār ‘divination from birds, augury’, JudAram ṭyr (pa, itpa.) ‘to augur’, Ar ṭayyār ‘Vogel, besonders ein solcher, dessen man sich beim Wahrsagen… bediente’, ṭayr ‘augure, surtout mauvais’, Gz taṭayyara ‘to divine by observing the flight of birds’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭiyyūr ‘divination’, Aram ṭayyār ‘bird’, ṭayyēr ‘to espy, augur’, Syr ṭayrā ‘avis, aves’, (pa.) ‘volare fecit (mentem)’, (af.) ‘volare fecit’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’ (< Ar), taṭayyara ‘augurari, auspicia/omina captare’ (< Ar)

▪ SED II#235: protSem *ṭayr- ‘bird’ is »[a]ttested as a faunal term in Aram and Ar only [… but is t]o be nevertheless reconstructed as a protSem animal name in view of clearly related forms connected with divination from birds whose attestation is not confined to Aram and Ar«. – »No AfrAs parallels found. Supposed cognates adduced in CHVAL no. 203 and HSED No. 2443 (*ṭaʔür-) are all erroneous or highly doubtful.«
▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs CSem *ṬYR ‘to fly’.
▪ Not without reservation, Hoch1994 compares (as a borrowing from Sem) nEg t3rr3 */darra/?, */ṭallil/?, */ṭarir/ ‘to race; to go for an outing’. »Gardiner translated the word as ‘to sail around’, probably connecting it with BiblHbr TWR ‘to travel around; to spy’, Akk târu ‘to go around’. This derivation is somewhat questionable on semantic grounds. Waard proposed a link with Akk darāru ‘emancipation’, but the derivation is semantically even more dubious. Other possibilities include mHbr ṭwl ‘to walk about, enjoy o.s.’, Syr ṭwl (D-stem) ‘to walk to and fro, pace about for pleasure’, TargAram ṭll ‘to sport, play, have fun’, Syr ṭwr ‘to fly’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly; to hurry, rush’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’.

▪ Engl Altair, C16, a bright star in the constellation Aquila, from Ar (al-nasr) al-ṭāʔir ‘the flying (eagle)’, from ṭāʔir ‘flying’, PA of ṭāra ‘to fly’ – Huehnergard2011, EtymOnline .

► ṭuyūr ǧāriḥaẗ, n.pl., predatory birds, birds of prey
► ʕilm al-ṭuyūr, n., ornithology
► ka-ʔanna ʕalà ruʔūsi-him al-ṭayr, expr., motionless or silent with awe
► ^BP#2395ṭāra, ṭir-, i (ṭayarān), vb. I, 1 to fly; 2 to fly away, fly off, take to the wing; 3 to hasten, hurry, rush, fly (ʔilà to); 4 to be in a state of commotion, be jubilant, exult, rejoice; 5 ṭāra bi‑, to snatch away, carry away, carry off (s.o., s.th.) : denom. from ṭayr —or is ṭayr from ṭāra ? | ~ bi-ḫayāli-hī ʔilà, vb., to let one’s imagination wander to; ~ la-hū ṣīt fī ’l-nās, expr., his fame spread among people, he became well-known; ~ ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top; ~ ʕaqlu-hū, vb., to lose one’s mind, go crazy; ~ fuʔādu-hū (rūḥu-hū) šaʕāʕan, expr., his mind became confused, he became all mixed up; ~ faraḥan, vb., to be beside o.s. with joy, be overjoyed; ~ šawqan, vb., to be ecstatic with anticipation, be overjoyed; ~ bi-lubbi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; ~ bi-ṣawābi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; to make s.o. unconscious
► ṭayyara, vb. II, 1 to make or let fly (s.o., s.th.), to fly, send up (a s.th., e.g., a balloon, a kite); 2 to pass on promptly, dispatch posthaste, forward without delay, rush, shoot (s.th., esp. a report, a message, ʔilà to); 3 to knock out (s.th., e.g., an eye, a tooth): D-stem, caus. | ~ raʔsa-hū, vb., to chop off s.o.’s head, behead s.o.
► ʔaṭāra, vb. IV, 1 to make or let fly (s.o., s.th.), to fly (s.th.); 2 to blow away (s.th.; of the wind); 3 to make (s.th.) disappear at once, dispel (s.th.): Š-stem, caus.
► taṭayyara, vb. V, to see an evil omen (min or bi‑ in): tD-stem, denom. from ṭayr in the fig. sense of ‘evil omen’; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ.
► taṭāyara, vb. VI, 1 to be scattered, be dispersed, scatter, disperse, spread, diffuse; 2 to be exuded, rise (fragrance); 3 to fly apart, fly about, fly in all directions (esp. sparks); 4 to vanish, disappear, be dispelled: tL-stem.
► ĭstaṭāra, vb. X, 1 to make fly, cause to fly (s.th.): Št-stem, caus. refl./autoref.; 2 to knock (s.th.) out of s.o.’s hand; to alarm or upset seriously (s.o.), agitate, excite (s.o., s.th.): fig. use of [v1]; 3 = VI; 4 ŭstuṭīra, to be terrified: pass., fig. use; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ. | ~ ʕaqlu-hū, expr., to go out of one’s mind (with astonishment or fright)
► ṭayraẗ, n.f., 1 commotion, agitation (of anger, wrath); 2 flight: quasi-n.vic.; 3 female bird: f. of ṭayr.
► ṭīraẗ, var. ṭiyaraẗ, n.f., evil omen, portent, foreboding: quasi-n.vic., fig., lit. *‘the flight of a bird (which is interpreted as an evil omen)’; cf. also ↗s.v..
► ṭayyār, adj., 1 flying; 2 evanescent, fleeting; 3 volatile (liquid); 4 floating, wafting, hovering. – n., 5 pl. ‑ūn, flyer, aviator, pilot: ints. formation, in [v5] used as n.prof. | zuyūt ~aẗ, n.pl., volatile oils; ~ ʔawwal, n., first lieutenant of the Air Force (formerly, Eg.); ~ musāʕid, n., copilot.
► ṭayyāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 aviatrix, woman pilot: n.prof.f.; 2 airplane, aircraft; 3 kite (toy): neolog., properly an ints. formation, quasi-PA I, f. | ~ riyāḍiyyaẗ, n.f.,sport plane; ~ qaḏḏāfaẗ, n.f., bomber; ~ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane
► ^BP#1463ṭayarān, n., 1 flying, flight; 2 aviation, aeronautics: vn. I | ~ bahlawānī, n., stunt flying; ~ širāʕī, n., glider flying, gliding; ḫuṭūṭ al-~, n., airlines; silāḥ al-~, n., airforce; wazīr al-~, n., minister of aviation
► ^BP#1349maṭār, pl. ‑āt, n., airfield, airport: n.loc. | ~ ʕāʔim, n., (tech.) aircraft carrier
► maṭāraẗ, n.f., aircraft carrier: n.loc.f.
► maṭīr, n., airfield, airport: n.loc.
► taṭayyur, n., pessimism: vn. V; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ.
► ^BP#2403ṭāʔir, 1 adj., flying. – n., 2 flyer, aviator, pilot; 3 (pl. ‑āt, ṭayr) bird: PA I, from ṭāra ‘to fly’; 4 omen, presage: prob. fig. use, a ‘flying one’ (bird) being taken as a (bad) omen; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ. | sukūn al-~, n., graveness, sedateness; ʕalà al-~ al-maymūn, expr., good luck! Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey); ṭāra ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top
► ^BP#973ṭāʔiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., airplane, aircraft: neolog., properly a PA I f. | ʕalà matn al-~, adv., aboard the airplane; by (air)plane (e.g., traveling); ~ baḥriyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane; ~ dawriyyaẗ, n.f., (tech.) (short-range) reconnaissance plane, observation plane; ~ širāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., sailplane, glider; ~ al-muṭāradaẗ, n.f., fighter, pursuit plane, interceptor; ~ ʕamūdiyyaẗ, n.f., helicopter; ~ al-qitāl, n.f., light bomber, combat plane; ~ al-muqātalaẗ, n.f. (do.); ~ al-ĭnqiḍāḍ or ~ ĭnqiḍāḍiyyaẗ, n.f. (tech.), dive bomber; ~ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane; ~ naffāṯaẗ, n.f., jet plane; ~ al-naql, n.f., transport (plane); ~ hilīkōbtir, n.f., helicopter; ḥāmilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt and nāqilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt, n.f., aircraft carrier
► mutaṭayyir, n., pessimist: PA V.
► mustaṭīr, adj., 1 imminent, impending, threatening (of disaster); 2 scattered, dispersed; 3 spread out, spread all over, scattered about; 4 widespread; 5 pessimist: PA X.

ṭīraẗ طِيرَة

n.f.

evil omen, portent, foreboding – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The word seems to be dependent on Sem *ṭayr‑ ‘bird’ (or *ṬYR ‘to fly’, cf. ↗ṭayr). EtymArab^© assumes a semantic development *‘bird’ > ‘(to take a bird’s flying as a bad) omen’ > ‘augury’.

▪ eC7 taṭayyara (to take as an evil omen, augur evil) Q 36:18 ʔinnā taṭayyarnā bi-kum ‘we augur evil from you’
▪ eC7 ĭṭṭayyara (to take as an evil omen) Q 27:47 qālū ’ṭṭayyarnā bi-ka wa-bi-man maʕa-ka ‘they said, “We augur ill of you and those with you”’
▪ eC7 ṭāʔir 1 (bird/s; insect/s) ↗ṭayr. – 2a (deed; destiny) Q wa-kulla ʔinsānin ʔalzamnā-hu ṭāʔira-hū fī ʕunuqi-hī ‘and every human—We have bound his destiny (or: deeds) to his neck’; 2b (bad omen) Q 27:47 qālū ’ṭṭayyarnā bi-ka wa-bi-man maʕa-ka qāla ṭāʔiru-kum ʕinda ’ḷḷāhi ‘they said, “We augur ill of you and those with you”; he replied, “Your augury is with God.”’

↗ṭayr.

–

► taṭayyara, vb. V, to see an evil omen (min or bi‑ in): tD-stem, denom.
► ĭstaṭāra, vb. X, 1 2 3 ↗ṭayr; 4 ŭstuṭīra, to be terrified: pass. of Št-stem, belonging here or rather to ‘bird; to fly’ (↗ṭayr)?; literally probably *‘to be made to interpret the flight of a bird as an evil omen’.
► ^BP#1233ṭayr, pl. ṭuyūr, ʔaṭyār, n., 1 ↗s.v.; 2 augury, omen: fig. use of ↗ṭayr ‘bird’ (or of vn. I); 3 4 ↗s.v.
► taṭayyur, n., pessimism: vn. V.
► ^BP#2403ṭāʔir, n., 1 2 3 ↗ṭayr; 4 omen, presage: formally PA I; fig. use of [v3] ‘bird’ of ṭāʔir, cf. ↗ṭayr. | ʕalà al-~ al-maymūn, expr., good luck! Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey).
► mutaṭayyir, n., pessimist: PA V.
► mustaṭīr, adj., 1 2 3 4 ↗ṭayr; 5 pessimist: PA X.

ṭāʔir طائِر

adj., n.

1 flying; 2 flyer, aviator, pilot; 3 (pl. -āt, ṭayr) bird; 4 omen, presage – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Grammatically a PA, from ṭāra, vb. I, ‘to fly’ (↗ṭayr). [v1] is the primary meaning.
▪ [v2] neolog., nominalized adj.
▪ [v3] lit., *‘the flying one’.
▪ [v4] prob. fig. use, a ‘flying one’ (bird) being taken as a (bad) omen; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ

▪ …

↗ṭayr, ↗ṭīraẗ

▪ Engl Altair, C16, a bright star in the constellation Aquila, from Ar (al-nasr) al-ṭāʔir ‘the flying (eagle)’, from ṭāʔir ‘flying’, PA of ṭāra ‘to fly’ – Huehnergard2011, EtymOnline .

► sukūn al-ṭāʔir, n., graveness, sedateness
► ʕalà al-ṭāʔir al-maymūn, expr., good luck! Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey)
► ṭāra ṭāʔiru-hū, vb. I, to become angry, blow one’s top
For other items from this root, see ↗ṭayr, ↗ṭīraẗ; for the general picture, ↗ṬYR.

ṭāʔiraẗ طائِرَة , pl. ‑āt

n.f.

airplane, aircraft – WehrCowan1979.

▪ neolog., properly a PA f., from ṭāra, vb. I, ‘to fly’ (↗ṭayr).

▪ …

↗ṭayr.

–

► ʕalà matn al-ṭāʔiraẗ, adv., aboard the airplane; by (air)plane (e.g., traveling)
► ṭāʔiraẗ baḥriyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane
► ṭāʔiraẗ dawriyyaẗ, n.f., (tech.) (short-range) reconnaissance plane, observation plane
► ṭāʔiraẗ širāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., sailplane, glider
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-muṭāradaẗ, n.f., fighter, pursuit plane, interceptor
► ṭāʔiraẗ ʕamūdiyyaẗ, n.f., helicopter
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-qitāl and ṭāʔiraẗ al-muqātalaẗ, n.f., light bomber, combat plane
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-ĭnqiḍāḍ or ṭāʔiraẗ ĭnqiḍāḍiyyaẗ, n.f. (tech.), dive bomber
► ṭāʔiraẗ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane
► ṭāʔiraẗ naffāṯaẗ, n.f., jet plane
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-naql, n.f., transport (plane)
► ṭāʔiraẗ hilīkōbtir, n.f., helicopter
► ḥāmilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt and nāqilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt, n.f., aircraft carrier
For other items from this root, see ↗ṭayr, ↗ṭīraẗ; for the general picture, ↗ṬYR.

ṬYN طين

“root”

▪ ṬYN_1 ‘clay, argil; soil; mud; slime; (pl.) farm lands, fields, estates’ ↗ṭīn
▪ ṬYN_2 ‘Linula viscosa (bot.) ’ ↗ṭayyūn
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mud, clay, to be muddy, to coat with mud; nature, disposition; specific character’. – Some scholars attribute the word ṭīn to an early borrowing from either Syr or Aram.

▪ From among the two values attributed to the Sem √ṬYN in DRS, only one is represented in Ar. The basic meaning of this latter is ‘clay, mud’ (ṬYN_1). Sources differ, however, as to whether it is of Sem or Iranian origin.
▪ ṬYN_2 : obscure; related to ṬYN_1 ?

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYN-1 EmpAram ṭyn, BiblAram ṭīn, JP Syr ṭīnā, Ar ṭīn, ṭīnaẗ, Mhr Ḥrs ṭayn, Jib ṭun ‘glaise, argile, boue’, Ar ṭāna ‘enduire de boue’, Te ṭəṭäyyänä ‘s’ensabler, devenir désertique; devenir calme (temps)’. -2 Gur ṭanä, ṭānä ‘selle, charge, fardeau’.
▪ ṬYN_1 – Kogan2011: Akk ṭīṭu, ṭiṭṭu, Hbr ṭīṭ, Syr ṭīnā, Ar ṭīn, Mhr ṭayn, Jib ṭun, Te (tə)ṭäyyänä ‘to be filled with sand’.

▪ ṬYN_1 ṭīn ‘clay, mud, etc.’ : Although there is a Sem word *ṭīn- ‘clay, mud, etc.’ (Kogan2011), Ar ṭīn has often been regarded as a borrowing, either from Aram (Syr) ṭīnā or from Pers tīna. For details cf. ↗s.v.
▪ ṬYN_2 ṭayyūn ‘Linula viscosa (bot.) ’ : etymology obscure. Related to ṬYN_1 ‘clay, mud’ ?

–

ṭīn طِين , pl. ʔaṭyān

n.

1 clay, potter’s clay, argil; 2 soil; 3 mud; 4 slime; 5 pl. ʔaṭyān, farm lands, fields, estates – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Although there is a protSem *ṭīn‑ ‘wet, glutinous earth (mud, clay)’ (Kogan2011), sources differ as to whether Ar ṭīn is directly from there, or an inner-Sem loan (from NSem, from Syr), or of Iranian origin (mPers < a Mesopotamian source).

▪ eC7 1 (clay, mud) Q 23:12 wa-laqad ḫalaqnā ’l-ʔinsāna min sulālaẗin min ṭīnin ‘We created man from an essence of clay’; 2 (mud bricks) Q 28:38 fa-ʔawqid lī yā Hāmānu ʕalà ’l-ṭīni fa-’ǧʕal lī ṣarḥan ‘so. light a fire for me, Hāmān, on [bricks of] clay, then build me a tall building’. – Cf. also Q 3:46, 5:110, 6:2, 7:12, 17:61, 32:7, 37:11, 38:71,76, 51:33.

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYN-1 EmpAram ṭyn, BiblAram ṭīn, JP Syr ṭīnā, Ar ṭīn, ṭīnaẗ, Mhr Ḥrs ṭayn, Jib ṭun ‘glaise, argile, boue’, Ar ṭāna ‘enduire de boue’, Te ṭəṭäyyänä ‘s’ensabler, devenir désertique; devenir calme (temps)’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk ṭīṭu, ṭiṭṭu, Hbr ṭīṭ, Syr ṭīnā, Ar ṭīn, Mhr ṭayn, Jib ṭun, Te (tə)ṭäyyänä ‘to be filled with sand’.

▪ Although there is a Sem word *ṭīn- ‘clay, mud, etc.’ (Kogan2011), Ar ṭīn has often been regarded as a borrowing, either from Aram (Syr) ṭīnā or from mPers tīna. Here is a sample of previous opinions:

Jeffery1938: »The Qurʔān uses it particularly for the clay out of which man was created. / Ǧawharī and others take it to be from ṭāna, but this vb. is clearly denominative, and Fraenkel, Fremdw, 8, is doubtless correct in thinking it a loan-word from NSem. – We find ṭynʔ ‘clay’ in JudAram but not commonly used. The Syr ṭīnā was much more widely used. From some source in the Mesopotamian area the word passed into Iranian, where we find the Phlv ideogram tīna, meaning ‘clay’ or ‘mud’ (PPGJ, 219; Frahang, Glossary, p. 119), and it was probably from the same source that it came as an early borrowing into Ar, where we find it used in a general sense in the old poetry, e.g. Ḥamāsa, 712, 1. 14.
BAH2008: »Some scholars attribute the word ṭīn to an early borrowing from either Syr or Aram.«
Kogan2011 reconstructs protSem *ṭīn- ‘wet, glutinous earth (mud, clay)’, adding that some of the Sem words have been treated as inner-Sem borrowings: Hbr ṭīṭ < Akk ṭīṭ (Mankowski2000: 57-8), Ar ṭīn < Syr ṭīnā (Jeffery1938: 208).²²
Rolland2014a: ṭīn, from mPers tīna ‘id.’, which seems to be of Mesopotamian origin.²³
▪ Pennacchio2014 (probably the most correct reading of previous research and the most convincing conclusion from it): »Pour A. Jeffery, il s’agirait d’un emprunt ancien à la Mésopotamie, tandis que Fraenkel estime que l’Ar ṭīn pourrait être soit commun au Sem, soit un emprunt à Dn (2-41). Le mot est ancien car il est utilisé dans la poésie ancienne. […] Pour Moshe Bar-Asher, ṭīṭ et ṭīn en Hbr sont deux mots différents. Ils sont interchangeables, mais ils ons deux racines différentes. La proximité phonologique de ṭīn et ṭīṭ nous laisse supposer une origine commune. HALOT explique ainsi la transformation de l’Akk en attestant d’un affixe -t, ṭin-tu > ṭittu (ṭiddu ?) > ṭiṭṭu > ṭīṭu. Le -t serait probable puisqu’en Ug on a ṭt n.f. Il semblerait qu’il y ait une coexistence de deux formes: ṭīṭ et ṭīn. Soit l’Ar vient de l’Aram, soit d’une forme commune.«
22. Kogan seems to have slightly misread Jeffery here. 23. Is also this a misreading of Jeffery?

–

► ṭayyana, vb. II, to daub or coat with clay: D-stem, denom., applic.
► ṭīnaẗ, n.f., 1 clay, potter’s clay, argil: parallel f. form; 2 (Eg.) a piece or plot of ground: specialisation; 3 stuff, material, substance (of which s.th. is made): generalisation; 4 specific character, disposition, constitution, nature: fig. use.
► ṭīnī, adj., 1 made of clay; 2 argillaceous, clayey: nsb-adj.
► ṭayyān, n., mortar carrier, hod carrier: quasi-PA, quasi-n.prof., ints.
► ṭayyūn, n., Linula viscosa (bot.): belonging here?

ṭayyūn طَيُّون

n.

Linula viscosa (bot.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology obscure. Related in any way to ↗ṭīn ‘clay, argil; soil; mud’?

▪ …

?

▪ …
▪ …

–

For other items of √ṬYN, cf. ↗ṭīn and, for the general picture, ↗ṬYN.

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