Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ṬĠW/Y_1 ‘to exceed, be excessive; to be rough, tumultuous, rage (sea); flood, inundation, deluge; tyranny, oppression, repression’ ↗ṭaġā/ṭaġà/ṭaġiya, ‘tyrant, tyrannical’ ↗ṭāġiⁿ
▪ ṬĠW/Y_2 ‘an idol, a false god; seducer, tempter (to error)’ ↗ṭāġūt
▪ ṬĠW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of a liquid) to overflow, transgress, exceed the limits, be excessive, violate established norms, be tyrannical, tyranny’

▪ [gnrl][v1] Reliably attested in Aram and Ar, perh. Akk (though not as vb.al root there); from protSem *ṬĠW/Y ‘to exceed, transgress, go astray (?)’
▪ [v2] DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Ar ṭāġūt (and Gz ṭāʕot) < Aram ṭāʕūtā ‘error, idol’. – BAH2008: »The word ṭāġūt, which is classified under this root, is recognised by al-Suyūṭī as a borrowing from Gz, meaning kāhin (‘diviner, priest’), while the majority of Ar philologists, however, consider it to be a genuine Ar word. Western scholars generally regard it as a loan from either Hbr or Aram.«
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▪ [gnrl] DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Akk ṭāt ‘don pour corrompre, pot-de-vin’, Hbr hiṭʕāʰ ‘égarer’, nHbr ṭāʕūt, JudPalAram ṭāʕūtā ‘erreur, idole’, Palm ṭʕy ‘commettre une erreur’, ṭʕwn ‘erreur’, Syr ṭᵊʕā ‘se tromper, oublier, être séduit’, ʔaṭʕī ‘séduire, corrompre’, Mnd aṭa ‘séduire’, Ar ṭaġā ‘sortir des bornes, déborder; bouillonner (sang, mer)’, ṭāġiⁿ ‘qui sort des bornes; injuste, orgueilleux’; ṭāġūt ‘idole; démon; sorcier, magicien’, Gz ṭāʕot, Tña ṭaʕot, Te Amh ṭaʔot ‘idole’. | Le radical présente en Hbr une forme parallèle TʕW/Y. – D’après Wagner 61, Hbr < Aram.
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▪ [gnrl] DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Le radical présente en Hbr une forme parallèle TʕW/Y. – D’après Wagner 61, Hbr < Aram.
▪ See also above, section CONC.

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ṭaġā / ṭaġaw- طَغا/طَغَوْــ , u,
ṭaġà / ṭaġay- طَغَى/طَغَيْــ , a (ṭaġy), and
ṭaġiya / ṭaġī- طَغِيَ/طَغِيــ , a (ṭaġaⁿ, ṭuġyān)

√ṬĠW/Y

vb., I

1 to exceed proper bounds, overstep the bounds, be excessive; 2a to be rough, tumultuous, rage (sea); b to overflow, leave its banks (river); c to flood, overflow, inundate, deluge (ʕalà s.th.); 3 to overcome, seize, grip, befall (ʕalà s.o.); 4 to be tyrannical or cruel (ʕalà against s.o.), tyrannize, oppress, terrorize (ʕalà s.o.), ride roughshod (ʕalà over s.o.); 5 ṭaġà, a, to predominate, prevail, preponderate (ʕalà in, at), dominate, outweigh, outbalance (ʕalà s.th.), be preponderant (ʕalà over, in comparison with s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protSem *ṬĠW/Y ‘to exceed, transgress, go astray’ (?)
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▪ eC7 ṭaġā 1 ([of water] to overflow, to be tumultuous) Q 69:11 ʔinnā lammā ṭaġà ’l-māʔu ḥamalnā-kum fī ’l-ǧāriyaẗi ‘when the water flooded We carried you in the sailing vessel’; 2 (to violate the established norms of justice) Q 55:8 ʔallā taṭġaw fī ’l-mīzāni ‘so that you do not transgress [the norms of justice] in weighing [judgement]’; 3 (to become tyrannical) Q 20:24 ’ḏhab ʔilà Firʕawna ʔinna-hū ṭaġà ‘go to Pharaoh, for he has truly become tyrannical’; 4 (to veer away, wander off, quit, go off the mark) Q 53:17 mā zāġa ’l-baṣaru wa-mā ṭaġà ‘[his] sight never wavered, nor did it wander’
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▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ṬĠW/Y: Akk ṭāt ‘don pour corrompre, pot-de-vin’, Hbr hiṭʕāʰ ‘égarer’, nHbr ṭāʕūt, JudPalAram ṭāʕūtā ‘erreur, idole’, Palm ṭʕy ‘commettre une erreur’, ṭʕwn ‘erreur’, Syr ṭᵊʕā ‘se tromper, oublier, être séduit’, ʔaṭʕī ‘séduire, corrompre’, Mnd aṭa ‘séduire’, Ar ṭaġā ‘sortir des bornes, déborder; bouillonner (sang, mer)’, ṭāġiⁿ ‘qui sort des bornes; injuste, orgueilleux’; ṭāġūt ‘idole; démon; sorcier, magicien’, Gz ṭāʕot, Tña ṭaʕot, Te Amh ṭaʔot ‘idole’. | Le radical présente en Hbr une forme parallèle TʕW/Y. – D’après Wagner 61, Hbr < Aram.
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▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ The Qur’ānic ↗ṭāġūt ‘idol, false god; seducer, tempter (to error)’ has, ultimately, the same Sem background, but must be considered an inner-Sem borrowing, via Aram.
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►ṭuġwān, n., flood, inundation, deluge
►ṭuġyān, n., 1 flood, inundation, deluge; 2 tyranny, oppression, suppression, repression, terrorization
►^BP#3641ṭāġiⁿ, pl. ṭuġāẗ, n., tyrant, oppressor, despot
►^BP#3806ṭāġiyaẗ, n.(m.), 1 tyrant, oppressor, despot; 2 bully, brute, gorilla

ṭāġiⁿ طاغٍ , pl. ṭuġāẗ

√ṬĠW/Y

tyrant, oppressor, despot – WehrCowan1976

▪ nominalized PA I, from ↗ṭaġā/ṭaġà

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▪ ↗ṭaġā/ṭaġà

▪ See above, section CONC.

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►^BP#3806ṭāġiyaẗ, n.(m.), 1 tyrant, oppressor, despot; 2 bully, brute, gorilla

ṭāġūt طاغوت

√ṬĠW/Y

1 an idol, a false god; 2 seducer, tempter (to error) – WehrCowan1976

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▪ eC7 (‘idolatry’) Q 2:256, 257; 4:51, 60, 76; 5:60; 16:36; 39:17. – 1 ([generic for] false deity/deities) Q 2:256 fa-man yakfur bi’l-ṭāġūti wa-yuʔmin bi’l-lāhi fa-qad-i ’stamsaka bi’l-ʕurwaẗi ’l-wuṯqà ‘so whoever rejects false gods and believes in God has taken grasp of the firmest link’; 2 ([generic for] evil powers; variously named by the interpreters as: the Devil, diviners, enchanters, any head or leader in error, the idol al-Lāt or Kaʕb b. al-ʔAšraf, a Jewish man who directed hostilities against the new religion) Q 4:60 yurīdūna ʔan yataḥākamū ʔilà ’l-ṭāġūti wa-qad ʔumirū ʔan yakfurū bi-hī ‘they desire to seek the arbitration of false idols (or, leaders of disbelievers) when they have been ordered to reject them?’

▪ Jeffery1938: »This curious word is used by Muḥammad to indicate an alternative to the worship of Allah, as Rāġib, Mufradāt, 307, recognizes. Men are warned to ‘serve Allah and avoid ṭāġūt’ (16:36, 39:17); those who disbelieve are said to fight in the way of ṭāġūt and have ṭāġūt as their patron (4:76; 2:257); some seek oracles from ṭāġūt (4:60), and the People of the Book are reproached because some of them, though they have a Revelation, yet believe in ṭāġūt (4:51, 5:60). / It is thus clearly a technical religious term, but the Commentators know nothing certain about it. From Ṭab. and Bagh. on ii, 257, we learn that some thought it meant al-šayṭān, others al-sāḥir or al-kāhin, others ʔawṯān or ʔaṣnām, and some thought it a name for al-Lāt and al-ʕUzzà. The general opinion, however, is that it is a genuine Ar word, a form FaʕLūt from ṭaġà ‘to go beyond the limit’ (LA, xix, 232; TA , x, 225, and Rāġib, op. cit.). This is plausible, but hardly satisfactory, and we learn from al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 322; Mutaw, 37, that some of the early authorities recognized it as a loan-word from Abyssinian. / Geiger, 56, sought its origin in the Rabbinic ṭāʕûṯ ‘error’ which is sometimes used for idols, as in the Jerusalem Talmud, Sanh, x, 28d , ʔwy l-km w-l-ṭʕwt-km ‘woe to you and to your idols’, and whose cognate ṭʕwtā is frequently used in the Targums for ‘idolatry’¹ a meaning easily developed from the primary verbal meaning of ṭʕā ‘to go astray’ (cf. Hbr ṭāʕāʰ, Syr ṭᵊʕā, Ar ṭaġà). / Geiger has had many followers in this theory of a Jewish origin for ṭāġūt,² but others have thought a Christian origin more probable. / Schwally, Idioticon, 38, points out that whereas in Edessene Syr the common form is ṭaʕyūtā meaning ‘error’, yet in the ChrPal dialect we find the form ṭᵊʕūtā,³ which gives quite as close an equivalent as the Targumic ṭāʕūṯā. The closest parallel, however, is the Eth [Gz] ṭāʕot from an unused verbal root ṭʕw (the equivalent of [Hbr] ṭāʕāʰ, Ar ṭaġà), which primitively means ‘defection from the true religion’, and then is used to name any superstitious beliefs, and also is a common word for ‘idols’, translating the [Grk] eídōla of both the LXX and N.T. It is probable, as Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 35, notes, that this word itself is ultimately derived from Aram, but we can be reasonably certain that al-Suyūṭī’s authorities were right in giving the Ar word an Abyssinian [Gz] origin.⁴ «
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1. Geiger, 203, and see examples in Levy, TW, i, 312. 2. Von Kremer, Ideen, 226, n.; Fraenkel, Vocab, 23; Pautz, Offenbarung, 175; Eickmann, Angelologie, 48; Margoliouth, ERE, vi, 249; Hirschfeld, Jüdische Elemente, 65. 3. Schulthess, Lex, 76; Mingana, Syriac Influence, 85, also holds to a Syr origin for the word. 4. Nöldeke, op. cit., 48. It should be noted, however, that in the incantation texts ṭāʕūṯā means ‘false deity’, which is very close to the Qurʔānic usage. Cf. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts, p. 290.

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