Bibliotheca Polyglotta

ẓāʔ ظاء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√

R₁

The letter ẓ of the Arabic alphabet.

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ẒRF ظرف

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023

√ẒRF

“root”

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ẓarfiyyaẗ ظَرْفيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023

√ẒRF

n.f.

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▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ẓarf

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ẒʕN ظعن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19Nov2022

√ẒʕN

“root”

▪ ẒʕN_1 ‘to move away, leave, depart’ ↗ẓaʕana
▪ ẒʕN_ ‘…’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to leave, depart, migrate, move around in search of pasture; camel litters in which women travel, howdaj; women travelling in the company of men’

▪ [v1] : from a vb., widely attested in Sem (protSem *Ṯ̣ʕN), with the basic meaning of *‘loading (an animal), decamping, hitting the road, etc.’ (DRS).
▪ [v2] : …

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▪ [v1] DRS #Ḏ̣ʕN: Akk ṣēnu, ṣānu, ṣeʔānu ‘charger’, Hbr *ṣāʕan ‘plier une tente’, EmpAram ṭʕn ‘porter, charger’, ṭʕwn ‘charge’, JudPal ṭᵊʕan ‘charger, porter’, Syr ṭᵊʕen ‘porter’, Palm ṭʕyn ‘chargé (chameau)’, Ar ẓaʕana ‘se mettre en route, partir’, Sab ẓʕn ‘faire route; se déplacer, changer de position, décamper’, Jib ẓaʕan ‘se disperser, gagner une nouvelle résidence’, Soq ṭaʕan ‘se mettre en route’, Gz ṣaʕana, Tña ṣäʕanä, Te ṣäʕana, Amh Gaf Gur č̣anä, Har ṭaʔana, Arg č̣ahana ‘charger une bête de somme’.
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ẓaʕan- ظَعَنَ , a (ẓaʕn)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 19Nov2022

√ẒʕN

vb., I

to move away, leave, depart – WehrCowan1976

▪ from a vb., widely attested in Sem (protSem *Ṯ̣ʕN), with the basic meaning of *‘loading (an animal), decamping, hitting the road, etc.’

▪ eC7 ẓaʕn (journeying, travelling, in particular with the entire household) Q 16:80 wa-ǧaʕala la-kum min ǧulūdi l-ʔanʕāmi buyūtan tastaḫiffūna-hā yawma ẓaʕni-kum wa-yawma ʔiqāmati-kum ‘and He has provided for you, from the hide of cattle, tents [lit. houses] that you find light on the day you travel and on the day you settle down’
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▪ DRS #Ḏ̣ʕN: Akk ṣēnu, ṣānu, ṣeʔānu ‘charger’, Hbr *ṣāʕan ‘plier une tente’, EmpAram ṭʕn ‘porter, charger’, ṭʕwn ‘charge’, JudPal ṭᵊʕan ‘charger, porter’, Syr ṭᵊʕen ‘porter’, Palm ṭʕyn ‘chargé (chameau)’, Ar ẓaʕana ‘se mettre en route, partir’, Sab ẓʕn ‘faire route; se déplacer, changer de position, décamper’, Jib ẓaʕan ‘se disperser, gagner une nouvelle résidence’, Soq ṭaʕan ‘se mettre en route’, Gz ṣaʕana, Tña ṣäʕanä, Te ṣäʕana, Amh Gaf Gur č̣anä, Har ṭaʔana, Arg č̣ahana ‘charger une bête de somme’.
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▪ It feels tempting to compare It zaino ‘rucksack’, Span zaina ‘money pouch’, Ge Zaine ‘wicker basket’. But these seem to have another origin. The Span and It words go back to Lomb zaina ‘basket’ (dle.rae.es, etimo.it), which, like also Ge Zaine, have their common ancestor in oHGe zaina ~ zein(n)a (C8) ‘id.’, a genuine Germ word (cf. oSax mLGe tēn, oEngl tān, oNo teinn), from reconstructed Germ *tainjō ‘basket woven from twigs’, from Germ *taina- ‘branch, rod, reed, staff’ (DWDS). According to DWDS (Pfeiffer), the further origin of the Germ word is unknown. But it is rather unlikely that it is related to the Sem *Ṯ̣ʕN.
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►ẓaʕn, n., departure, start, journey, trek (esp. of a caravan): vn. I.
►ẓaʕīnaẗ, pl. ẓuʕun, ʔaẓʕān, n.f., 1 camel-borne sedan chair for women; 2 a woman in such a sedan: quasi-PP I.f
►ẓāʕin, adj., ephemeral, transient, transitory: PA I

ẒFR ظفر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒFR

“root”

▪ ẒFR_1 ‘fingernail, claw’ ↗ẓufr
▪ ẒFR_2 ‘to be successful, victorious’ ↗ẓafira

Other values, now obsolete, include:

▪ ^†ẒFR_3 ‘disease of the eye, pellicle growing on the eyes, cataract’: ^†ẓufur and ^†ẓafaraẗ
▪ ^†ẒFR_4 ‘odoriferous substance added to incense’: ^†ẓafār, ^†ʔaẓfār

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘fingernails, toenails, claws, talons; to capture; victory, triumph, to succeed, to win’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣PR thinks that »la base sémantique générale peut être le nom de l’ongle, avec des développements métaphoriques«. But semantic relations inside the root, if any, remain far from evident.
▪ ẒFR_1 : (Orel&Stolbova1994#513:) The Sem word *ṯ̣upr‑ ‘fingernail’ (Kogan2015 Sw#13 < SED I #285: protSem *ṯ̣ipr‑ ‘claw’) has cognates in Agaw, HEC, Omot, and Rift. An AfrAs etymon may be reconstructed as *č̣upar‑ ‘fingernail’. According to the authors, the item is phonetically close to AfrAs *c̣ib˅ʕ ‘finger’ (↗Ar ʔiṣbaʕ).
– Relation (if any) to ↗ẓafira ‘be victorious, triumphant’ remains obscure.
▪ ẒFR_2 : Ar ẓafira ‘to be successful, victorious’ has an obvious cognate only in Sab. Etymology obscure. Any relation to ↗ẓufr ‘fingernail, claw’ ?
▪ ẒFR_3-4 : see below, section DISC.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣PR-1 Akk ṣupr-, ṣupur-, Hbr ṣippōren, JudPal ṭuprā, Ar ẓufr, Mhr ẓēfēr, ṭayfir, Soq ṭifer, ṭayfher, Jib ẓifär, Ḥrs ẓefīr, Gz Te ṣəfər, Tña ṣəfri, Gaf ṣəfrä, Amh Gur ṭəfər, Har ṭifir, Arg č̣əffər ‘ongle, griffe’. – Ar ẓafara ‘égratigner avec les ongles’, Gz ṣafara ‘couper les ongles’, Gur č̣äfärä ‘griffer en laissant une marque’. - ? 2 Ar ẓafira ‘se saisir de; avoir le dessus, vaincre’, Sab ṯ̣fr ‘vaincre’. - ? 3 Ar ẓafār ‘arôme, parfum’, ʔaẓfār ‘espèce d’aromate’, Phoen ṣpr ‘parfum (?)’. -4 PalAr ẓafar ‘maladie qui atteint les naseaux de l’âne’. – Outside Sem: Pour AfrAs, Cohen 160 fournit: (Berb) Tua atfer ‘partie antérieure du pied (avec les doigts)’; aussi tifḍənt ‘orteil’?, (Cush) Ag Bil čiffer ‘ongle’.

See above, section CONC.

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▪ For ẒFR_1 and _2, cf. also above, section CONC.
▪ ẒFR_3 : The value ‘disease of the eye, pellicle growing on the eyes, cataract’, registered by Hava1899 and others for the obs. items ^†ẓufur or ^†ẓafaraẗ appears to be close to PalAr ẓafar ‘maladie qui atteint les naseaux de l’âne’, given in DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣PR-4. – Cf. also the (denom.) vb. ^†ẓafira or (pass.) ^†ẓufira (a, ẓafar) ‘to have a pellicle over the eye, have the cataract’ (Hava1899). – The value is likely to be a metaphorical use of ẓufr, though the exact nature of a possible relation betw. ‘fingernail, claw’ and ‘eye-disease’ remains to be explained.
▪ ẒFR_4 : Accord. to Ar lexicographers, the odoriferious substance is attained from claw-shaped plants. That the value ‘perfume’ is metonymic use of ‘claw’ becomes clear also from several combinations of the type *‘claw of…x’, such as ^†ẓufr al-ṭīb\al-ʕifrīt ‘unguis odoratus: odoriferous substance added to incense’, lit., *‘claw of fragrance\the genie’, ^†ẓufr al-ḥaǧar ‘sard, cornelian (stone)’, lit., *‘fingernail of the stone’, or ^†ẓufr al-qiṭṭ ‘lion’s (lit., *the cat’s’) foot (a plant)’ (Hava1899). Moreover, DRS reports that *‘odoriferous fingernail\claw’ also is »l’opercule de certains gastéropodes, utilisé en parfumerie dans l’antiquité«, which would make the use of ‘fingernail, claw’ for ‘perfume’ quite plausible.
▪ Accord. to DRS, »Dolgopol’skij 129 propose un rapprochement avec ZRP«.

ẓafir‑ ظَفِرَ , a (ẓafar)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒFR

vb., I

1a to be successful, succeed, be victorious, be triumphant; 1b to gain a victory, conquer, vanquish, defeat, overcome, surmount, overwhelm, get the better; 2a to seize, take possession; 2b to get, obtain, attain, achieve, gain, win – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ar ẓafira ‘to be successful, victorious’ has an obvious cognate only in Sab (see below). Etymology obscure. Any relation to ↗ẓufr ‘fingernail, claw’ ?

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▪ DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣PR-1 [perh. unrelated to -2!] Akk ṣupr-, ṣupur-, Hbr ṣippōren, JudPal ṭuprā, Ar ẓufr, Mhr ẓēfēr, ṭayfir, Soq ṭifer, ṭayfher, Jib ẓifär, Ḥrs ẓefīr, Gz Te ṣəfər, Tña ṣəfri, Gaf ṣəfrä, Amh Gur ṭəfər, Har ṭifir, Arg č̣əffər ‘ongle, griffe’. – Ar ẓafara ‘égratigner avec les ongles’, Gz ṣafara ‘couper les ongles’, Gur č̣äfärä ‘griffer en laissant une marque’. - ? 2 Ar ẓafira ‘se saisir de; avoir le dessus, vaincre’, Sab ṯ̣fr ‘vaincre’. -3–4 […].

▪ See above, section CONC.

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►ẓaffara, vb. II, to grant victory, make triumph, render victorious: D-stem, caus.
►ʔaẓfara, vb. IV, = II: *Š-stem, caus.
►taẓāfara, vb. VI, to ally, enter into an alliance or confederacy, join forces: Lt-stem, assoc.

►ẓafar, n., victory, triumph: vn. I, which may be the etymon proper.
►ẓafir, adj., victorious, successful, triumphant; (pl. ẓufrān) ↗ẓufr
►ʔuẓfūr, n., ↗ẓufr
►ẓāfir, adj., victorious, triumphant; successful; victor, conqueror
►muẓaffar, adj., victorious, successful, triumphant

For other items formed from the root, cf. ↗ẓufr and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ẒFR

ẓufr ظُفْر , var. ẓufur, ẓifr, pl. ʔaẓfār, ʔaẓāfirᵘ, ʔaẓāfīrᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒFR

n.

1a nail, fingernail; 1b toenail; 1c claw, talon – WehrCowan1976.

▪ (Kogan2015 Sw#13:) from protSem *ṯ̣ipr‑ ‘claw’ (SED I #285). Passim throughout Sem.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#513: from protSem *ṯ̣upr‑ < AfrAs *č̣upar‑ ‘fingernail’, phonetically close to AfrAs *c̣ib˅ʕ ‘finger’ (> Ar ↗ʔiṣbaʕ).
▪ Any connection to ↗√ẒFR ‘to be victorious, triumphant’?

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘fingernail, toe nail’) Akk ṣupru, Hbr (ṣippóren), Syr ṭep̄rā, Gz ṣefr.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#513: Akk ṣupru, Hbr ṣipporen, PalAram ṭuprā, Ar ẓufr, Gz ṣǝfr, Te ṣǝfǝr, Tña ṣǝfri, Amh ṭǝfǝr, Gaf ṣǝfra, Arg č̣uffǝr, Gur ṭǝfǝr, Soq ṭifǝr, Mhr ṭayfer, Šḥr ẓefer, Jib ẓifɛr ‘fingernail’. – Outside Sem cognates in Agaw, HEC, Omot, Rift (see DISC below).
▪ Is ↗√ẒFR ‘to be victorious, triumphant’ cognate?

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#513: protSem *ṯ̣upr‑ ‘fingernail’, protAgaw *c̣ifar ‘finger’, protHEC *ʒurup‑ ‘finger’ (unexpected *ʒ‑), protOmot *ǯafar‑ ‘finger’ (which may be a common HEC‑Omot innovation or a loan), protRift *č̣araf‑ ‘fingernail’, all from an hypothetical AfrAs *č̣upar‑ ‘fingernail’. According to the authors, the word is phonetically close to AfrAs *c̣ib˅ʕ ‘finger’ (> Ar↗ʔiṣbaʕ).
▪ Any connection to ↗ẓafira ‘to be victorious, triumphant’ ?

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►min/munḏu nuʕūmaẗ ʔaẓfārih, adv.expr., from (the days of) his earliest youth
►nāʕim al‑ẓufr, adj., youthful, of tender age
►ḤiǧAr ẓafir, pl. ẓufrān, n., young man, youth

For other items formed from the root, cf. ↗ẓafira and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ẒFR

ẒLː (ẒLL) ظلّ / ظلل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒLː (ẒLL)

“root”

▪ ẒLː (ẒLL)_1 ‘shadow’ ↗ẓill
▪ ẒLː (ẒLL)_2 ‘to remain’ ↗ẓalla
▪ ẒLː (ẒLL)_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shadow, shade, parasol; shelter, protection, patronage; to seek the shade; to seek protection; to continue doing s.th. by day, to remain’

▪ Any relation betw. ẒLː (ẒLL)_1 and ẒLː (ẒLL)_2? The latter seems to be a value peculiar to Ar.
▪ ẒLː (ẒLL)_1 : from protSem *ṯ̣ilal‑ (Kogan2011) or *ṯ̣il(l)‑ (Militarev2006) ‘shadow’ < AfrAs *č̣al-/*č̣il- (Militarev&Stolbova2007) < perh. from Nostr *č̣˹o˺l˻w˼˅ ‘shadow, shade, dark’ (Dolgopolsky2012).
▪ ẒLː (ẒLL)_2 : ?

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▪ DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣LL-1 Akk ṣillu, Ug ṯ̣l ‘ombre’, mẓll ‘abri, maison’, Hbr ṣēl, JudPal ṭᵊlālā, Syr ṭillālā, nSyr ṭellā, Mnd ṭwlʔ, Palm ṭll ‘couvrir d’un toit’, Ar ẓill ‘ombre’, Ṣaf mẓll ‘couvert d’ombre, accablé’, MġrAr mẓalla ‘parasol, ombrelle’; Sab ṯ̣ll, mṯ̣lln, mṯ̣lt, mhṯ̣ll: sorte de structure couverte, tombeau (?)’, hθṯ̣l ‘construire une structure couverte’, Mhr aẓlēl, Jib ẓell ‘faire de l’ombre’, Mhr məẓallət, Jib ẓallät ‘ombrelle’, Gz ṣalala, ṣallala ‘ombrager, couvrir, cacher’, ṣəlālot ‘ombre, obscurité, protection’, Te ʔaṣläla ‘faire de l’ombre’, ṣəlal ‘ombre, obscurité’, Tña ʔaṣlälä ‘s’abriter’, ʔanṣälaläwä ‘faire de l’ombre’, ṣəlal(ot) ‘ombre’, Amh tällälä ‘faire de l’ombre’, Amh Arg ṭəla ‘ombre’, Gaf č̣əlayä, Har č̣āya, Gur ṭəlal, č̣al ‘ombre’, aṭṭillälä ‘séparer par un rideau’. -2 Ar ẓalla ‘être dans la journée; persister à, continuer à, devenir’, ḤassAr ẓall ‘passer la journée’, MġrAr ẓall ‘faire une chose sans cesse, ne cesser de’. -3 ẓelāl ‘coussinet placé sur le bât’. – Outside Sem (perh. < Sem?): Sa ṣalat, Bilin č̣aläla, Or č̣āya ‘ombre’.
▪ For further cognates (outside Sem) cf. individual entries.

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ẓall‑ / ẓalil‑ ظَلَّ / ظَلِلْـ , a (ẓall, ẓulūl)

ID … • Sw – • BP 387 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒLː (ẒLL)

vb., I

to remain; to persist; (with foll. imperf. or participle:) to keep doing s.th., do s.th. constantly or continuously, persist in s.th. – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The vb. does not seem to have cognates outside Ar. Is it somehow connected to ↗ẓill ‘shadow’?

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣LL-1 […]. -2 Ar ẓalla ‘être dans la journée; persister à, continuer à, devenir’, ḤassAr ẓall ‘passer la journée’, MġrAr ẓall ‘faire une chose sans cesse, ne cesser de’. -3 […].
▪ If related to ↗ẓill ‘shadow’, cf. s.v. for further cognates.

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ẓill and, for the overall picture, ↗√ẒLː (ẒLL).

ẓill ظِلّ , pl. ẓilāl, ẓulūl, ʔaẓlāl

ID … • Sw – • BP 876 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒLː (ẒLL)

n.

1 shadow, shade, umbra; 2 shelter, protection, patronage; 3 shading, hue; 4 slightest indication, semblance, trace, glimpse (of s.th.); 5 tangent (geom.) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ From protSem *ṯ̣ilal‑ (Kogan2011) or *ṯ̣il(l)‑ (Militarev2006) ‘shadow’ < AfrAs *č̣al-/*č̣il- (Militarev&Stolbova2007) < perh. from Nostr *č̣˹o˺l˻w˼˅ ‘shadow, shade, dark’ (Dolgopolsky2012).
▪ Connected to ↗ẓalla ‘to remain’?

▪ …

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣LL-1 Akk ṣillu, Ug ṯ̣l ‘ombre’, mẓll ‘abri, maison’, Hbr ṣēl, JudPal ṭᵊlālā, Syr ṭillālā, nSyr ṭellā, Mnd ṭwlʔ, Palm ṭll ‘couvrir d’un toit’, Ar ẓill ‘ombre’, Ṣaf mẓll ‘couvert d’ombre, accablé’, MġrAr mẓalla ‘parasol, ombrelle’; Sab ṯ̣ll, mṯ̣lln, mṯ̣lt, mhṯ̣ll: sorte de structure couverte, tombeau (?)’, hθṯ̣l ‘construire une structure couverte’, Mhr aẓlēl, Jib ẓell ‘faire de l’ombre’, Mhr məẓallət, Jib ẓallät ‘ombrelle’, Gz ṣalala, ṣallala ‘ombrager, couvrir, cacher’, ṣəlālot ‘ombre, obscurité, protection’, Te ʔaṣläla ‘faire de l’ombre’, ṣəlal ‘ombre, obscurité’, Tña ʔaṣlälä ‘s’abriter’, ʔanṣälaläwä ‘faire de l’ombre’, ṣəlal(ot) ‘ombre’, Amh tällälä ‘faire de l’ombre’, Amh Arg ṭəla ‘ombre’, Gaf č̣əlayä, Har č̣āya, Gur ṭəlal, č̣al ‘ombre’, aṭṭillälä ‘séparer par un rideau’. -2 Ar ẓalla ‘être dans la journée; persister à, continuer à, devenir’, ḤassAr ẓall ‘passer la journée’, MġrAr ẓall ‘faire une chose sans cesse, ne cesser de’. -3 ẓelāl ‘coussinet placé sur le bât’. – Outside Sem (perh. < Sem?): Sa ṣalat, Bilin č̣aläla, Or č̣āya ‘ombre’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#503, Militarev&Stolbova2007: Akk ṣillu, Ug ẓl, Hbr ṣēl, Syr ṭullā, Gz ṣelālāt, Te ẓelɛl. – Outside Sem: (WCh) Angas ǯil ‘shade under trees’, Sha čalâ ‘shadow’, (CCh) Gisiga nʒala ‘west’, (HEC) Sid c̣aale ‘shade’, and Dhl ṯälali‑ (with partial reduplication) ‘shadow’.
▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘shadow’) Akk ṣillu, Hbr ṣēl, Syr ṭullā, Gz (ṣelālṓt).
▪ Almedlaoui 2012: For ClassAr ẓll / Hbr ṣll ‘to be dark/black’ cf. Tashl ḍla ‘dto.’. – Cf. also Bennett1998:229 (#125): JebNaf eṭːlålː, Ghad tēle Warg AytSegr Kab tili.
▪ Is ↗ẓalla ‘to remain’ related to ẓill?

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#503 and Militarev&Stolbova2007 reconstruct protSem *ṯ̣il(l)‑, protWCh *(n˅)č̣ila‑, protCCh *n˅‑ǯal‑ < *n˅‑čal‑, HEC *c̣al‑, Dhl ṯälali‑ (with partial reduplication), all ‘shadow, shade’ (but CCh: ‘west’). An AfrAs origin is thus highly probable; the authors suggest AfrAs *č̣al‑ / *č̣il‑ ‘shadow’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012) #Ṯ̣LL: Cf. also ṬLṬ. – Outside Sem: Cush probably loaned from EthSem.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 sees parallels also outside AfrAs and reconstructs Nostr *č̣˹o˺l˻w˼˅ ‘shadow, shade, dark’.
▪ Is ↗ẓalla ‘to remain’ akin to ẓill?

…

►fī ẓill …, quasi‑prep. (with foll. genit.), under the protection or patronage of, under the auspices of; under the sovereignty of
►taḥt ẓill … (with foll. genit.), quasi‑prep., under the protection or patronage of, under the auspices of;
►ṯaqīl al‑ẓill, adj., unsufferable, repugnant (of a person)
►ḫafīf al‑ẓill, adj., likable, nice (of a person)
►ĭstaṯqala ẓillah, expr., to dislike s.o., find s.o. insufferable, unbearable, a bore;
►taqallaṣa ẓilluh, expr., his prestige or authority faded, diminished; it decreased, diminished, dwindled away, waned
►wizāraẗ ẓill, n.f., shadow cabinet (pol.)

►ẓallala, vb. II, 1 to shade, overshadow, cast a shadow; 2 to screen, shelter, protect; 3 to preserve, guard, maintain, keep up: D-stem, caus.
►ʔaẓalla, vb. IV, = II.
►taẓallala, vb. V, to be shaded, sit in the shadow: Dt-stem, refl., autobenefact.
►ĭstaẓalla, vb. X, 1a = V; 1b to protect o.s. from the sun, hide in the shadow, seek the shadow; 2 to place o.s. unter the protection or patronage of s.o., seek shelter or refuge with s.o., be under the patronage or protection of s.o.: *Št-stem, desiderative.

►ẓullaẗ, pl. ẓulal, n.f., 1 awning, marquee, canopy, sheltering hut or tent, shelter; 2 shack, shanty; 3 kiosk, stall; 4 beach chair
►ẓalīl, adj., shady, shaded, umbrageous
►^BP#3906miẓallaẗ, vulgAr maẓallaẗ, pl. ‑āt, maẓāllᵘ, n.f., 1 umbrella, parasol, sunshade; lamp shade; 2 awning; 3 veranda, porch: n.instr. | ʕīd al‑miẓallaẗ, n., Feast of Tabernacles, Sukkoth (Jud.); miẓallaẗ wāqiyaẗ\hābiṭaẗ, n.f., parachute; ǧundī al‑miẓallaẗ, n., paratrooper
►miẓallī, n., paratrooper; pl. paratroops, airborne troops: nisba formation from miẓallaẗ.
►muẓallil, and muẓill, adj., shady, shadowy, umbrageous, shading, causing shadow: PA II and IV, respectively.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗ẓalla and, for the overall picture, ↗√ẒLː (ẒLL).

ẒLM ظلم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒLM

“root”

▪ ẒLM_1 ‘to be dark, darkness’ ↗ẓlm
▪ ẒLM_2 ‘’ ↗ẓlm

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘darkness, (of darkness) to descend; to put s.th. in the wrong place, to act improperly; to cause s.o. to suffer a loss; to wrong s.o., to act unjustly, injustice, tyranny, oppression’

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ṯ̣lm ‘to be black’, one of the four basic colours in the protSem colour spectrum¹ (see also Ar ↗LBN and BYḌ for ‘white’, ↗ʔDM and ḤMR for ‘red’, ↗WRQ and ḪḌR for ‘green’).
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1. As reconstructed by Bulakh 2003, 2004, 2006a, 2006b.

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ẓulm ظُلْم

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1404 • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023

√ẒLM

n.

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maẓlūm مَظْلُوم

ID 556 • Sw – • BP 4008 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒLM

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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ẒMʔ ظمأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√ ẒMʔ

“root”

▪ ẒMʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ẒMʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ẒMʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘thirst, to be thirsty, to cause to be thirsty; span of time, to be mean, to be unjust’

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ẒNː (ẒNN) ظنّ/ظنن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023

√ẒNː (ẒNN)

“root”

▪ ẒNː (ẒNN)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ẒNː (ẒNN)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ẒNː (ẒNN)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘assumption, supposition, conjecture, guessing; opinion, belief, to realise, to know; doubt, to have a low opinion of, to think ill of, to be suspicious, to accuse. Contexts in which derivatives of this root occur vary greatly as regards the degree of doubt/certainty associated with them, and therefore cause interpretational problems’

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ẒHR ظهر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ẒHR

“root”

▪ ẒHR_1 ‘back, rear part; upper part, top; to endorse, support, help, assist’ ↗¹ẓahr
▪ ẒHR_2 ‘noon, midday’ ↗ẓuhr
▪ ẒHR_3 ‘to appear, seem, become visible, evident’ ↗ẓahara
▪ ẒHR_4 ‘cast iron’ ↗²ẓahr
▪ ẒHR_5 ‘Dhahran’ ↗ẓahrān

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘back, rear; backer, to back up; to neglect, to turn one’s back on; to carry on one’s back; outside, exterior, external, outward; to be apparent, perceptible, manifest, plain, evident; to assist, to gang up on; appearances; to travel from one place to another; to overpower, to conquer; noon, midday’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR: »Les valeurs les plus fréquentes sont fondées sur la notion de ‘dos’: surface supérieure, prêter le dos, adosser, tourner le dos, etc. Les dictionnaires arabes montrent bien les rapports entre ces usages métaphoriques, fréquents d’ailleurs dans bien d’autres langues.«

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-1 Akk ṣēr‑ ‘dos, dessus, steppe’, Ug ẓr ‘dos, sommet’, Hbr ṣohᵃr ‘toit’, Ar ẓahr ‘dos, dessus, surface d’une chose’, SAr b-θ̣hr ‘sur le dos de, sur’, Jib źähər, Mhr źāhər, Ḥrs ẓahr, źahr ‘dos, dos de chameau’, Mhr ẓār, Jib ẓer, Soq ṭhar ‘sur’. – Ar ẓahara, ẓāhara ‘servir d’appui, aider, assister’, Soq ṣwr ‘porter’, Gz ṣora, Amh ṭorä, ṭäwwärä ‘entretenir, pourvoir aux besoins de ses parents’, Arg ṭora ‘porter’, Gur ṭäwärä ‘porter sur le dos ou sur la tête, pourvoir au besoins de qn (particulièrement de ses parents)’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-2 Hbr ṣāḫ^ārayim, Aram ṭēhᵃrā, Syr ṭahrā, Ar ẓuhr, Mhr Ḥrs ẓahr, Jib ẓohur ‘midi’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-3 Ar ẓahara ‘paraître, apparaître; manifester, rendre évident, divulguer’, ʔaẓhara ‘proclamer, témoigner hautement’, YemAr ʔiẓhār ‘annonce publique, proclamation’, Sab hθ̣hr ‘attester, certifier’, θ̣hr ‘document, acte’, Mhr źəhēr, Ḥrs ẓehōr, ẓehār, lehōr, Jib źähär ‘apparaître’.
▪ Two other values, but not represented in Ar.

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ẓahar‑ ظَهَرَ , a (ẓuhūr)

√ẒHR

vb., I

to be or become visible, perceptible, distinct, manifest, clear, apparent, evident, obvious, come to light, appear, manifest itself, come into view, show, emerge, crop up; to appear, seem; to break out (disease); to come out; to enter, appear (on the stage; theat.); to appear, be published (book, periodical); to arise, result (min from). – For other meanings ↗ẓahr, ẓuhr – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR, »[l]es valeurs les plus fréquentes [of the root ẒHR] sont fondées sur la notion de ‘dos’ [↗ẓahr ]: surface supérieure, prêter le dos, adosser, tourner le dos, etc. Les dictionnaires arabes montrent bien les rapports entre ces usages métaphoriques, fréquents d’ailleurs dans bien d’autres langues.«
▪ According to Orel&Stolbova1994#498, the vb. could go back via Sem *ṯ̣˅har‑ ‘to appear, be evident’ to AfrAs *č̣ahar‑ ‘to show’.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-3. Ar ẓahara ‘paraître, apparaître; manifester, rendre évident, divulguer’, ʔaẓhara ‘proclamer, témoigner hautement’, YemAr ʔiẓhār ‘annonce publique, proclamation’, Sab hθ̣hr ‘attester, certifier’, θ̣hr ‘document, acte’, Mhr źəhēr, Ḥrs ẓehōr, ẓehār, lehōr, Jib źähär ‘apparaître’. ▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#498: Mhr ẓahar, Soq ṭahar ‘to appear, be evident’. – Outside Sem: a vb. a-čäřmeaning ‘to show’ in one CCh language.

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► ^BP#1024ʔaẓhara, vb. IV, to make visible, make apparent, show, demonstrate, present, produce, bring to light, expose, disclose, divulge, reveal, manifest, announce, proclaim, make known, expound, set forth (s.th,); to develop (film; phot.); to articulate fully: caus. – For other meanings ↗ẓahr, ẓuhr.
► taẓāhara, vb. VI, to manifest, display, show outwardly, exhibit, parade (bi‑ s.th.); to feign, affect, pretend, simulate (bi‑ s.th.), act as if, make out as if (bi‑); to demonstrate, make a public demonstration:. – For other meanings ↗ẓahr.
► ĭstaẓhara, vb. X, to show, demonstrate, expose (s.th.); to memorize, learn by heart; to know by heart:. – For other meanings ↗ẓahara and ↗ẓuhr.

► ẓahīr, pl. ẓahāʔirᵘ, n., (mor.) decree, edict, ordinance: *‘the published one’ – For other meanings ↗ẓahr.
► ^BP#1507ẓuhūr, n., appearance; appearance, entry on the stage (theat.); visibility, conspicuousness; pomp, splendor, show, ostentation, window-dressing: vn. I | ḥubb al-ẓ. ostentatiousness, love of pomp; ʕīd al-ẓ., n., Epiphany (Chr.); badaʔa fī ‘l-ẓ., vb., to become visible, come into view.
► bayna ẓahrān ayhim, adv., in their midst, among them: ?.
► ẓihāraẗ, n.f., outside, right side (of a garment); blanket (e.g., of a mule):.
► ʔaẓharᵘ, adj., more distinct, more manifest, clearer: elat.
► ^BP#1831maẓhar, pl. maẓāhirᵘ, n., (external) appearance, external make-up, guise; outward bearing, comportment, conduct, behavior; exterior, look(s), sight, view; semblance, aspect; bearer or object of a phenomenon, object in which s.th. manifests itself; phenomenon; symptom (med.); pl. manifestations, expressions: n.loc. | maẓāhir al-ḥayāẗ, n.pl., manifestations of life (biol.); fī ‘l-m., adv., externally, in outward appearance, outwardly.
► ^BP#2723muẓāharaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration, rally: vn. III. – For another meaning ↗ẓahr.
► ^BP#3598ʔiẓhār, n., presentation, exposition, demonstration, exhibition, disclosure, exposure, revelation, announcement, declaration, manifestation, display; developing (phot.): vn. IV.
► taẓāhur, n., dissimulation, feigning, pretending, pretension; hypocrisy, dissemblance; (pl. ‑āt) (public) demonstration, rally: vn. VI.
► ^BP#3596taẓāhuraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration: n.vic. of vn. VI.
► ^BP#1832ẓāhir, adj., (of God) mastering, knowing (ʕalà s.th.); visible, perceptible, distinct, manifest, obvious, conspicuous, clear, patent, evident, apparent; external, exterior, outward; seeming, presumed, ostensible, alleged; outside, exterior, surface; outskirts, periphery (of a city); (gram.) substantive; (pl. ẓawāhirᵘ) external sense, literal meaning (specif., of Koran and Prophetic Tradition): PA I. | ẓāhiran, adv., externally, outwardly; seemingly, presumedly, ostensibly, allegedly; ẓ. al-lafẓ the literal meaning of an expression; al-ẓ. ʔanna, it seems, it appears that…; ḥasab al-ẓ., adv., in outward appearance, externally, outwardly; fī ‘l-ẓ., adv., apparently, obviously, evidently; fī ‘l-ẓ. and fī ‘l-ẓ. al-ʔamr, adv., seen outwardly, externally; outwardly; min al-ẓ., adv., from outside :.
► ẓāhirī, adj., outer, outside, external, exterior, outward; superficial; appararent, seeming (in contrast with ḥaqīqī real); Zahiritic, interpreting the Koran according to its literal meaning: nsb-adj from ẓāhir.
► ^BP#1057ẓāhiraẗ, pl. ẓawāhirᵘ, n., phenomenon, outward sign or token, external symptom or indication: PA I, f. | ẓawāhir al-ḥayāẗ, n.pl., biological phenomena (biol.); ʕilm al-ẓawāhir al-ǧawwiyyaẗ, n., meteorology; satara ‘l-ẓawāhir, vb., to keep up appearances.
► ẓāhirātī, adj., phenomenological | al-falsafaẗ al-ẓāhirātiyyaẗ, n., phenomenology (philos.): nsb-adj from ẓāhirāt, a pl. of ẓāhiraẗ.
► ^BP#3944mutaẓāhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., demonstrator: PA VI.

► For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓuhr.

ĭstaẓhar- اِسْتَظْهَرَ

√ẒHR

vb., X

.

▪ *Št-stem, …

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¹ẓahr ظَهْر , pl. ẓuhūr , ʔaẓhur

√ẒHR

n.

back; rear, rear part, rear side, reverse; flyleaf; deck (of a steamer); upper part, top, surface; ẓuhūrāt (as a genit.; eg.) pro tempore, provisional, temporary – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ṯ̣ahr‑ ‘back’.
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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR–1: Akk ṣēr‑ ‘dos, dessus, steppe’, Ug ẓr ‘dos, sommet’, Hbr ṣohᵃr ‘toit’, Ar ẓahr ‘dos, dessus, surface d’une chose’, SAr b-θ̣hr ‘sur le dos de, sur’, Jib źähər, Mhr źāhər, Ḥrs ẓahr, źahr ‘dos, dos de chameau’, Mhr ẓār, Jib ẓer, Soq ṭhar ‘sur’. – Ar ẓahara, ẓāhara ‘servir d’appui, aider, assister’, Soq ṣwr ‘porter’, Gz ṣora, Amh ṭorä, ṭäwwärä ‘entretenir, pourvoir aux besoins de ses parents’, Arg ṭora ‘porter’, Gur ṭäwärä ‘porter sur le dos ou sur la tête, pourvoir au besoins de qn (particulièrement de ses parents)’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk ṣēru, Ug ẓr, Ar ẓahr, Mhr ẓār, Jib ẓér, Soq ṭhar. Hbr ṣōhar is only preserved as a designation of Noah’s Ark in Genesis 6:16, but the adverb ṣú-uḫ-ru-ma ‘on the back’ is well attested in AmarnaCan.
▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR.

▪ Fronzaroli#2.65, and others after him, reconstruct Sem *ẓahr‑ ‘back’.
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► silsilaẗ al-ẓahr, n., spine, vertebral column.
► ẓahran li-baṭnin, adv., upside down, topsy-turvy.
► ẓahran ʕalà ʕaqibin, adv., from the ground up, radically, entirely, completely.
► bi-ẓahr al-ġayb, adv., behind s.o.’s back, insidiously, treacherously; secretly, stealthily, clandestinely.
► bayna ʔaẓhurihim, adv., in their midst, among them.
► min bayni ʔaẓhurinā, adv., from our midst, from among us.
► ʕalà ẓahr, prep., on (e.g., on the ground, on the water, etc.).
► ʕalà ẓahr al-bāḫiraẗ, adv., on board the steamer.
► ʕan ẓahr al-qalb, ʕan ẓahr qalbin or ʕan ẓahr al-ġayb, adv., by heart.
► mustaḫdam ẓuhūrāt, n., temporary employee.

► ẓahara, a (ẓuhūr), vb. I, to ascend, climb, mount; to gain the upperhand, to triumph (ʕalà over), get the better (ʕalà of), overcome, overwhelm, conquer, vanquish (ʕalà s.o.); to get (ʕalà s.th.) into one’s power; to gain or have knowledge (ʕalà of), come to know (ʕalà s.th.), become acquainted (ʕalà with); to know (ʕalà s.th.); to learn, receive information (ʕalà about); to be cognizant (ʕalà of); to learn (ʕalà s.th.) : denom. from ẓahr (*‘to get on top of s.th.’), or from ẓuhr (*‘to rise above s.th. like the sun at noon’)? – For other meanings ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible, evident’.
► ẓahhara, vb. II, to endorse (a bill of exchange): denom. (‘to back s.o.’)
► ẓāhara, vb. III, to help, assist, aid, support (s.o.): benefactive (*‘to lend one’s support to s.o., back s.o.’).
► ʔaẓhara, vb. IV, to grant victory (ʕalà over), render victorious; to acquaint (s.o. ʕalà with s.th.), initiate (s.o. ʕalà into s.th.), give knowledge or information (ʕalà about), inform, enlighten, explain; to let (s.o.) in on s.th. (ʕalà), make (s.o.) realize (ʕalà s.th.); to show, reveal (ʕalà s.th.): (caus., semantics not clear, may also be from ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible’ or from ↗ẓuhr ‘noon, midday’). – For other meanings of the vb. ↗ẓahara.
► taẓāhara, vb. VI, to help one another, make common cause (ʕalà against): reciprocal (to support/back each other). – For other meanings ↗ẓahara.
► ĭstaẓhara, vb. X, to seek help, assistance, or support (bi‑ with), appeal for help, for assistance (bi‑ to s.o.): properly, *‘to ask for s.o.’s backing, support’. – For other meanings ↗ẓuhr and ↗ẓahara

► ẓihrī: nabaḏa hū (ṭaraḥa-hū) ẓihriyyan, vb., to pay no attention to s.th., not to care about s.th., disregard s.th.: a nsb-adj?
► ẓahīr, n., helper, assistant, aid, supporter; partisan, backer; back (in soccer): lit., *‘the one who lends s.o. his/her support/backing’. – For another meaning ↗ẓahara.
► bayna ẓahrān ayhim, adv., in their midst, among them: ?.
► taẓhīr, n., endorsement, transfer by endorsement (of a bill of exchange; fin.): vn. II., denom.
► ẓihār, n., pre-Islamic form of divorce, consisting in the words of repudiation, ‘you are to me like my mother’s back’ (ʔanti ʕalayya ka-ẓahri ʔummī): vn. III, denom.
► muẓāharaẗ, n.f., assistance, support, backing: vn. III. – For another meaning ↗ẓahara.
► muẓahhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., endorser (of a bill of exchange; fin.): PA II.

► For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓuhr, ↗ẓahara.

²ẓahr ظَهْر

√ẒHR

n.

cast iron – WehrCowan1979.

Probably confused with ↗zahr (with non-emphatic z).

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▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR.

Probably confused with ↗zahr.

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► ẓahr al-ḥadīd and ḥadīd al-ẓahr ↗zahr

ẓuhr ظُهْر , pl. ʔaẓhār

√ẒHR

n.

noon, midday; (f.) midday prayer (Isl. Law) | baʕd al-ẓ., adv., in the afternoon, p.m.; qabl al-ẓ., adv., in the forenoon, a.m.; qabl ẓ. ʔams, adv., yesterday morning – WehrCowan1979.

According to DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR, »[l]es valeurs les plus fréquentes [of the root ẒHR] sont fondées sur la notion de ‘dos’ [↗ẓahr ]: surface supérieure, prêter le dos, adosser, tourner le dos, etc. Les dictionnaires arabes montrent bien les rapports entre ces usages métaphoriques, fréquents d’ailleurs dans bien d’autres langues.«

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-2. Hbr ṣāḫ^ārayim, Aram ṭēhᵃrā, Syr ṭahrā, Ar ẓuhr, Mhr Ḥrs ẓahr, Jib ẓohur ‘midi’.
Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR.

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► ẓahara, a (ẓuhūr), vb. I, to ascend, climb, mount; to gain the upperhand, to triumph (ʕalà over), get the better (ʕalà of), overcome, overwhelm, conquer, vanquish (ʕalà s.o.); to get (ʕalà s.th.) into one’s power; to gain or have knowledge (ʕalà of), come to know (ʕalà s.th.), become acquainted (ʕalà with); to know (ʕalà s.th.); to learn, receive information (ʕalà about); to be cognizant (ʕalà of); to learn (ʕalà s.th.) : denom. from ẓahr (to get on top of s.th.) or from ẓuhr (to rise above s.th. like the sun at noon)? – For other meanings ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible, evident’.
► ʔaẓhara, vb. IV, to grant victory (ʕalà over), render victorious; to acquaint (s.o. ʕalà with s.th.), initiate (s.o. ʕalà into s.th.), give knowledge or information (ʕalà about), inform, enlighten, explain; to let (s.o.) in on s.th. (ʕalà), make (s.o.) realize (ʕalà s.th.); to show, reveal (ʕalà s.th.): (caus., but semantics not clear, may also be from ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible’ or from ↗ẓahr ‘back; top’). – For other meanings ↗ẓahara.
► ĭstaẓhara, vb. X, to overcome, surmount, conquer, vanquish (ʕalà s.o., s.th.), have or gain the upperhand (ʕalà over), get the better (ʕalà of): t-stem of IV. – For other meanings ↗ẓahr and ↗ẓahara.

► ^BP#4925ẓahīraẗ, n.f., noon, midday, midday heat: ints.f.

► For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓahara.

muẓāharaẗ مُظاهَرَة , pl. ‑āt

√ẒHR

n.f.

1 assistance, support, backing. – 2 pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration, rally – WehrCowan1979.

Essentially a vn. III, the two values of the word relate to (v1) the n. ↗ẓahr ‘back, rear’ and (v2) the vb. ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, become visible’, respectively.

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↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓahara.

Since there is an overlapping between the three main values of ↗√ẒHR (‘back, rear’, ‘noon, midday’, and ‘to appear, become visible’), the value ‘(public) demonstration, rally’ may be derived from both ↗ẓahr and/or ↗ẓahara. In the first case, the proper meaning would be ‘mutual backing, support’, in the second the aspect of publicity (‘becoming visible together with s.o.’) would be prominent.

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See also:
► ẓāhara, vb. III, to help, assist, aid, support (s.o.): benefactive (*‘to lend one’s support to s.o., back s.o.’).
► taẓāhara, vb. VI, to help one another, make common cause (ʕalà against); to manifest, display, show outwardly, exhibit, parade (bi‑ s.th.); to demonstrate, make a public demonstration.
► ^BP#3596taẓāhuraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration: n.vic. of vn. VI.
► ^BP#3944mutaẓāhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., demonstrator: PA VI.

al-Ẓahrān الظَّهْران

√ẒHR

n.prop.loc.

Dhahran (town in extensive oil region of E Saudi Arabia) – WehrCowan1979.

Connection to other items of ↗√ẒHR unclear.

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▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR.

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