▪ ʕṢB_1 ‘nerve; sinew’ ↗ʕaṣab; ‘nervous, neuro‑’ ↗ʕaṣabī; ‘nervosity’ ↗¹ʕaṣabiyyaẗ ▪ ʕṢB_2 ‘to wind, fold, tie, bind; to wrap (the head) with a band, turban, etc.’ ↗ʕaṣaba; ʻband(age), dressing; headcloth, brow band, frontlet; union, league, group, troop, gang’ ↗ʕiṣābaẗ; ʻto take sides, cling obdurately to; fanaticism, ardent zeal, bigotry’ ↗taʕaṣṣub; ʻtribal solidarity, tribalism’ ↗²ʕaṣabiyyaẗ; ʻstrike’ ↗ĭʕtiṣāb ▪ ʕṢB_3 ‘hot, crucial, critical (time, stage)’ ↗ʕaṣībOther values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899): ▪ †ʕṢB_4 ‘to take by force’: †ʕaṣaba (ʕaṣb) (ʕalà s.th.) ▪ †ʕṢB_5 ʻto dry in the mouth (saliva); to become unclean (teeth)’: †ʕaṣaba, †ʕaṣiba (ʕaṣb, ʕuṣūb) ▪ †ʕṢB_6 ʻto starve (people: dearth)’: †ʕaṣṣaba; cf. also †muʕaṣṣab ʻreduced to straitness by dearth’; †taʕaṣṣaba ‘to be satisfied (bi‑ with)’ ▪ †ʕṢB_7 ʻto become red (horizon)’: †ʕaṣaba, †ʕaṣiba (ʕaṣb, ʕuṣūb); cf. also †ʕiṣābaẗ ʻred mist seen in a time of drought’ ▪ †ʕṢB_8 ‘to walk at a quick pace (camel)’: †ʔaʕṣaba ▪ †ʕṢB_ ‘’ : …♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 tendons, bands, to wrap up; 2 to stick to; 3 gang, partisanship; to gang up; 4 to be prejudiced, prejudice, to be a fanatic; 5 creeper’.
▪ It is not clear whether all items in this root go back to one etymon (‘sinew, nerves, tendons’?) or whether we are dealing with two or more roots that have merged into one in Ar. It seems that previous research does not connect ‘sinew, nerves’ with the other values: SED I (Militarev&Kogan2000), on the one hand, only treats ‘sinew, nerves’ (with cognates in Mhr, Jib, and Te); Leslau2006 (CDG), on the other hand, does not mention ‘sinew, nerves’ at all and instead postulates a belonging together of Ar ʻto bind, fold, tighten’ [ʕṢB_2] as well as Ar ʻto be difficult’ [ʕṢB_3] with Hbr Aram ʻto hurt, pain, grieve’, and EthSem ʻharshness, trouble, distress, hunger, misery’. ▪ If ‘sinew, nerves’ should be related to the other values (which may belong together and be essentially one) the meaning ‘headache’ of Jib ʕaṣbɛ́t, alongside with ‘sinew, nerve’, may indicate a possible point of semantic transition from ‘sinew, nerve’ to the complex of ‘harshness, difficulty, pain, grievance’: according to MilitarevKogan, ‘headache’ could be »a late semantic development« (see below), i.e., the meaning ‘headache’ could be dependent on ‘sinew, nerve’. – In a similar vein, BK1860 interprets the obsol. Ar vb. XII, †ĭʕṣawṣaba ʻto gather one’s forces, make the highest effort’, as »proprem. tendre tous ses muscles pour aller au plus vite; de là (fig.) devenir très intense, violent«, in this way bringing together ʻsinews’ (muscles) and ʻintensity, violence’; cf. also the ClassAr expressions †ĭʕṣawṣaba ’l-šarr ʻle mal, le malheur, la guerre fut à son apogee’ and †ĭʕṣawṣaba ’l-yawm ʻla journée (du combat ou de la chaleur) fut dure’ (BK1860) – see [v3]. ▪ If ‘sinew, nerves’ and the other values are etymologically related, one could imagine a semantic development within the root along a hypothetical line such as *ʻsinew, nerves > tightness, contraction > a) to bind, tie, wrap; b) harshness, difficulty, tension, etc.’ or *ʻsinew, nerves > to bind, tie, wrap (with a sinew or) > to tighten up, tightness, contraction, tension > (fig. use) harshness, difficulty, precariousness, (etc.)’. If this should turn out to be untenable, it is perh. only the rather isolated ʻto bind, tighten’ that depends on ‘sinew, nerves’, while ʻharshness, difficulty, pain, etc.’ represent a domain in its own right. The same may hold for the obsolete values †ʕṢB_7 ʻto become red (horizon), red mist seen in a time of drought’ and †ʕṢB_8 ‘to walk at a quick pace (camel)’ both of which seem to be difficult to connect to any of the other values – at first sight, at least (for more details, see DISC below). ▪ For ‘sinew, nerves’, SED I (Militarev&Kogan2000) #16 reconstructs protSem *ʕa(n)ṣab‑ ~ *ʕa(n)c̣ab‑ ‘sinew, nerves’ but simultaneously underlines that the word is »poorly attested in Sem«.
–
▪ Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED I) #16: Mhr ʔāṣbīt, Ḥrs ʔāṣebét ‘sinew, nerve’, Jib ʕaṣbɛ́t ‘dto.; condition of having headaches1
’, Ar ʕaṣab (coll.) ‘nerves’, Te ʕanṣäbät, ʔanṣäbät ‘sinew, (Munzinger: nerv, corde)’. ▪ Leslau2006 (CDG): Hbr ʕāṣab ‘to hurt, pain, grieve’ (BDB1906), (Ni) ‘to be grieved’, (Hi) ‘to grieve’, Aram ʕᵃṣaḇ ‘to be grieved’; Ar ʕaṣaba ‘to bind, tighten’, ĭnʕaṣaba ‘to be difficult’; Gz ʕəṣab ‘harshness, rigor, severity, difficulty, trouble, [etc.]’, ʕəṣub, (Y) ʕəḍub ‘hard, harsh, difficult, severe, serious, rough, rugged, harassed, oppressed, troublesome, vehement, grievous, fierce, austere, onerous […]’, Te ʕaṣba ‘to be in distress, suffer from hunger’, Tña ʕaṣäbä ‘to be in misery, be in distress’, Amh aṭṭäbä ‘to be in distress, marvel’, aṣäba ‘poverty, distress’, əṣub ‘distressed, astounding, marvelous’.2
– Buhl 609, Baumgartner 818 (following Gesenius and Lagarde)3
also compare Ar ↗ġaḍiba ‘to be angry’ [mentioned also in BDB1906 but qualified as »dubious« parallel there]; to Leslau, a comparison with Ar ↗ṣaʕuba (by metathesis) ‘to be hard, be difficult’ seems more likely. ▪ …
▪ ʕṢB_1 : Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED I) #16 state that the word is »poorly attested in Sem. The modSAr terms may be Arabisms. The Te form is hardly an Ar loan pace. Note modHbr ʕāṣāb ‘nerve’ which does not seem to be attested in early Jewish writings and may be a medieval Arabism.«[(cn :: For Klein1987 the mHbr word is unquestionably »[f]rom Arabic ʕaṣab (= nerve).«] ▪ ʕṢB_2 : As mentioned above (section CONC), the idea of ‘binding, wrapping’ may be derived from ʻnerve, sinew’. BK1860 gives the primary value as ʻceindre tout autour, entourer un lieu (se dit, p.ex., des bestiaux qui entourent une pièce d’eau pour y boire); empoigner, prendre avec la main (de manière que la chose entre toute entière dans la main); saisir, p.ex., plusieurs rameaux ou herbes à la fois, pour les arracher’. In Ar, this basic theme has developed a larger semantic field in its own right, with no similar or directly corresponding developments in Sem (at first sight, at least). Two main lines of development can be distinguished: 1 ‘binding, wrapping’ > ‘headcloth, turban’; 2 ‘binding, wrapping’ > a ‘to stick to, gather around (*tie o.s. to) s.th./s.o.’ > ‘union, group, gang; clan solidarity’, etc.; b ‘to cling obdurately to s.th./s.o.; fanaticism, ardent zeal, bigotry’; ĭʕtiṣāb that was used for a long time to render the Engl ‘strike’ before it became replaced by ↗ʔiḍrāb is prob. a variant of ‘to form a group of fanatic followers’. – Leslau2006 thinks Ar ʕaṣaba ʻto wind, fold, tie, bind, wrap’ should be seen together with the semantic complex of ʻto hurt, pain, grieve; harshness, trouble, distress, hunger, misery’ as found in Hbr, Aram, and EthSem. Obviously meant as a kind of semantic link, he notes Ar vb. VII, ĭnʕaṣaba ‘to be difficult’ (from *ʻto tighten, get denser, contract’?). If this should reflect historical reality, one may feel tempted to connect also values ʕṢB_3-6 to this complex and assume a further development from ‘binding, wrapping’ via *3 ʻto tighten, contract’ into *3a ʻto become critical, crucial (< *suffocating)’ (ʕṢB_3), b ‘to take by force (< *to tighten a siege, intensify one’s attack)’ (†ʕṢB_4), c ʻto dry in the mouth (saliva), become unclean (teeth) (*< contraction in the mouth)’ (†ʕṢB_5), d ʻ(*to make s.o. tighten his/her belt =) ʻto reduce to straitness, make people starve, (*to tighten one’s own belt =) to be satisfied’ (†ʕṢB_6). – Leslau also mentions that earlier research (Buhl, Baumgartner) had proposed a relation between these items and Ar ↗ġaḍiba ʻto be angry, vexed, irritated’, a suggestion Leslau himself is not comfortable with (without giving further reasons). Indeed, the regular correspondence of Ar √ĠḌB in Gz should be √ʕṢ́B, not √ʕṢB. To Leslau, a connection with Ar ↗ṣaʕuba (metathesis) seems more likely. ▪ ʕṢB_3-6 : As discussed in the preceding paragraph, all these values can be thought to be based on ʕṢB_2 ‘to bind, tie, wrap’ etc. There is, however, no clear evidence for such a dependence yet, so that one should not prematurely exclude the possibility of an independent complex *‘to be difficult, harsh, hard, (hence:) pain, suffering, etc.’ (which may be related to ↗√ṢʕB, as considered by Leslau). However, the degree of semantic overlapping between the Hbr Aram EthSem values and Ar ʕaṣīb ‘hot, crucial, critical (time, stage)’, †ĭnʕaṣaba ‘to be difficult’, †ĭʕṣawṣaba (vb. XII) ‘to be hot, dangerous, grow worse’, as well as the ideas of ʻdearth’, ʻhunger’ and ʻstarvation’ associated with the root suggests a closeness of ʻbinding, wrapping’ and ʻdifficulty, pain’, linked by the notion of ʻto tighten, make dense, be(come) tense, have to tighten one’s belt’. An ultimate dependence on ʕṢB_1 could be plausible in the light of Ar †ĭʕṣawṣaba ʻto gather one’s forces, make the highest effort’, interpreted by BK1860 as »proprem. tendre tous ses muscles pour aller au plus vite; de là (fig.) devenir très intense, violent«, in this way bringing together ʻsinews’ (muscles), ʻgathering, contraction’ and ʻintensity, violence’. ▪ †ʕṢB_7 : The value ʻto become red (horizon)’, represented by the vb. I †ʕaṣaba (ʕaṣb, ʕuṣūb), does, at first sight, not seem to be related to any other value found in the root. Cf., however, the n.f. †ʕiṣābaẗ ʻred mist seen in a time of drought’ in which the redness of the air is connected to a ʻtime of drought’. Thus, it may be related to the ʻheat’ of ʕṢB_3 and/or the ʻhunger, starvation, dearth’ of †ʕṢB_6, i.e., ultimately, depend on ʻdifficulty, hardship, etc.’. ▪ †ʕṢB_8 : The meaning ‘to walk at a quick pace (camel)’ is expressed with the help of a vb. IV, †ʔaʕṣaba. Given that form IV often produces causatives, it seems possible that ‘to walk at a quick pace’ originally is *ʻto accelerate, hasten, increase one’s speed (< intensify it, make it “tighter”)’. Should this be correct, the value would belong to ʕṢB_2 as a further notion developed from *3 ʻto tighten, contract’. BK1860 interprets the meaning ʻmarcher avec vitesse’ as »proprem. tendre tous les muscles à cet effet«, an explanation that connects the value to both ʕṢB_1 ʻnerve, sinew’ and ʕṢB_2 ʻto bind, tie, tighten’. ▪ … ▪ …
1a to wind, fold, tie, bind, wrap (s.th. ʕalà around or about s.th.); b to bind up, bandage (s.th.); c to fold (s.th.); d to wrap (the head) with a brow band, sash, or turban – WehrCowan1976.
▪ For ClassAr, BK1860 gives the primary value of ʕaṣaba as ʻceindre tout autour, entourer un lieu (se dit, p.ex., des bestiaux qui entourent une pièce d’eau pour y boire); empoigner, prendre avec la main (de manière que la chose entre toute entière dans la main); saisir, p.ex., plusieurs rameaux ou herbes à la fois, pour les arracher’ (to gather round s.th.; to clasp, grasp, hold tight). ▪ It seems possible that the semantic complex based on ʻto bind, tie, wrap’ and, as its derivative (?), perh. also ʻharshness, hardship, difficulty, pain, grieve’ (↗ʕaṣīb), ultimately depends on ↗ʕaṣab ʻnerves, sinew, tendons’ (as the material with which s.th. is tied together, and/or which is associated with the idea of *contraction, tightening, becoming tense\dense’). ▪ Inside Sem, Ar is the only language that has developed the value ‘to bind, tie, tighten’ as a meaning of √ʕṢB. With this sense, Ar ʕaṣaba has no direct cognates. However, the fact that ‘to bind, tie, tighten’ evidently has produced a larger complex of derived meanings can serve as an indication of the old age of this value, prob. older than the theme of ʻharshness, hardship, difficulty, pain, grieve’ which is the main value of √ʕṢB in Hbr, Aram, and EthSem (represented also in Ar ↗ʕaṣīb). In fact, it seems not unlikely that this latter complex is derived from ʻto bind, tie, tighten’. Accordingly, Leslau2006 lists it, without further comment, as cognate to Ar ʕaṣaba ‘to bind, tie, tighten’ (giving also vb. VII, ĭnʕaṣaba, where the passive-refl. of the N-stem, lit. *ʻto be tied up, be tightened’, has assumed the fig. meaning ‘to be\become difficult’). ▪ Leslau2006 (CDG) reports that Buhl and Baumgartner1
also compared Ar ↗ġaḍiba ‘to be angry’, an idea that Leslau himself does not find convincing.2
To Leslau, a comparison with Ar ↗ṣaʕuba (with metathesis) ‘to be hard, be difficult’ would seem more likely. ▪ The semantic field that has grown out of the basic ‘binding, wrapping’ (or ʻgathering around, clasping, grasping’, as BK1860 sees it) is wide. Meanings seem to have developed mainly into two directions: 1 ‘binding, wrapping’ > ‘headcloth, turban’; 2 ‘binding, wrapping’ > a ‘to stick to, gather around (*tie o.s. to) s.th./s.o.’ > ‘union, group, gang; clan solidarity’, etc.; b ‘to cling obdurately to s.th./s.o.; fanaticism, ardent zeal, bigotry’; ĭʕtiṣāb that was used for a long time to render the Engl ‘strike’ before it became replaced by ↗ʔiḍrāb, is prob. a variant of ‘to form a group of fanatic followers’.– If ʻbinding, wrapping’ also belongs together with the complex of ʻto hurt, pain, grieve; harshness, trouble, distress, hunger, misery’ as found in Hbr, Aram, and EthSem, perh. via *ʻto tighten, get denser, contract’, then the values treated sub ʕṢB_3-6 in root entry ↗√ʕṢB will have to be counted as a third string of derivations: *3 ‘binding, wrapping’ > ʻto tighten, contract’ > *a ʻto become critical, crucial (< *suffocating)’ (↗ʕaṣīb); b ‘to take by force (< *to tighten a siege, intensify one’s attack)’ (†ʕaṣaba); c ʻto dry in the mouth (saliva), become unclean (teeth) (*< contraction in the mouth)’ (†ʕaṣaba, †ʕaṣiba); d ʻ(*to make s.o. tighten his/her belt >) ʻto reduce to straitness, (*to let the saliva dry out in s.o.’s mouth or on his\her lips >) to make people starve or die of thirst’ (†ʕaṣṣaba), (*to tighten one’s own belt >) to be satisfied, content o.s. (†taʕaṣṣaba)’. – Leslau also mentions that earlier research (Buhl, Baumgartner) had proposed a relation between these items and Ar ↗ġaḍiba ʻto be angry, vexed, irritated’, a suggestion Leslau himself is not comfortable with (without giving further reasons). Indeed, the regular correspondence of Ar √ĠḌB in Gz should be √ʕṢ́B, not √ʕṢB. To Leslau, a connection with Ar ↗ṣaʕb (metathesis) seems more likely. ▪ There is no clear evidence for such a dependence of 3 on 2 yet, so that one should not prematurely exclude the possibility of an independent complex *‘to be difficult, harsh, hard, (hence:) pain, suffering, etc.’ (which may be related to ↗√ṢʕB, as considered by Leslau). The degree of semantic overlapping between the Hbr Aram EthSem values and Ar ʕaṣīb ‘hot, crucial, critical (time, stage)’, †ĭnʕaṣaba ‘to be difficult’, †ĭʕṣawṣaba (vb. XII) ‘to make the highest efforts; to be hot, dangerous, grow worse’, as well as the ideas of ʻdearth’, ʻhunger’ and ʻstarvation’ associated with the root suggest a closeness of ʻbinding, wrapping’ and ʻdifficulty, pain’, linked by the notion of ʻto tighten, make dense, become tense, intensify, have to tighten one’s belt’. ▪ … ▪ …
►ʕaṣaba ’l-rīqu famahū, expr., the saliva dried in his mouth, clogged his mouth: lit., *ʻmade it contract’.►ʕaṣṣaba, vb. II, 1a to wind around, fold around, tie around, wrap around (s.th.); b to bind up, bandage (s.th.); c to wrap (the head) with a brow band, sash, or turban: D-stem, ints., and/or denom. from ʕṣabaẗ, ʕuṣbaẗ, ʕiṣāb(aẗ), or a similar n. ►taʕaṣṣaba, vb. V, 1a to wind the turban round one’s head, put on the turban; b to apply a bandage, bandage o.s.; 2a to take sides, to side (maʕa, li‑ with; ʕalà against); b to form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; c to cling obdurately or fanatically (li‑ to); d to be fanatic, bigoted, be a fanatic, a zealot; e to plot, conspire, collude, connive (ʕalà against): Dt-stem, with [v1] as the primary value and [v2] extended use of [v1]. ►ĭʕtaṣaba, vb. VIII, 1 to form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; 2 to go on strike, to strike: Gt-stem, with [v1] as the primary value (from ʕaṣabaẗ, ʕuṣbaẗ, or ʕiṣābaẗ, see below), and [v2] extended use of [v1].►ʕaṣab, pl. ʔaʕṣāb, n., 1 nerve; 2 sinew: related to ʕaṣaba ʻto wind, fold, tie’ or to be treated separately? – Cf. ↗s.v. ►ʕaṣabī, adj., 1 sinewy, nerved, nervy; 2 nervous, neural, nerve‑, neuro‑, neur‑ (in compounds); 3 nervous, high-strung: nisba formation of ʕaṣab (see preceding item and ↗s.v.) | ʕaṣabiyyu ’l-mazāǧ, adj., nervous, high-strung; al-ǧihāz al-ʕaṣabī, n., the nervous system; ḥālaẗ ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, n.f., nervousness, nervosity; al-ḍuʕf al-ʕaṣabī, n., neurasthenia. ►ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 nervousness, nervosity: abstract formation in ‑iyyaẗ, from of ʕaṣab ʻnerve’ (see above and ↗s.v.); – 2a (pl. ‑āt) zealous partisanship, bigotry, fanaticism; b party spirit, team spirit, esprit de corps; c tribal solidarity, racialism, clannishness, tribalism, national consciousness, nationalism: abstract formation in ‑iyyaẗ, from of ʕaṣabaẗ ʻnerve’ (see below and ↗ʕaṣābaẗ). ►ʕaṣbaẗ, pl. ʕuṣab (EgAr), n.f., a black headcloth with red or yellow border: cf. also †ʕaṣabaẗ ʻblack head-kerchief worn by women’, marked as SyrAr in Hava1899. ►ʕaṣabaẗ, pl. ‑āt, and ʕuṣbaẗ, pl. ʕuṣab, n.f., 1a union, league, federation, association; b group, troop, band, gang, clique; 2ʕaṣabaẗ, paternal relations, relationship, agnates | ʕuṣbaẗ al‑ʔumam, n.f., the League of Nations. – In Hava1899, ʕuṣbaẗ ʻfaction, gang’ is marked with the sign for SyrAr dialect. ►ʕaṣīb, adj., hot, crucial, critical (time, stage): related to ʕaṣaba ʻto wind, fold, tie’, or to ʕaṣab ʻnerves’, or to be treated separately? – Cf. ↗s.v. ►ʕiṣāb, n., band, ligature, dressing, bandage. ►ʕiṣābaẗ, pl. ʕaṣāʔibᵘ, n.f., 1a band, ligature, dressing, bandage; b headcloth, headband, fillet; c brow band, frontlet; – 2a (pl. ‑āt) union, league, federation, association; b group, troop, band, gang | ʕiṣābāt al-ḫaṭf, n.non-hum.pl., bands of robbers; ḥarb al‑ʕiṣābāt, n.f., guerrilla warfare. ►taʕaṣṣub, n., 1 fanaticism, ardent zeal, bigotry, fanatical enthusiasm; 2a party spirit, partisanship; b clannishness, racialism, race consciousness, tribalism: vn. V. ►ĭʕtiṣāb, pl. ‑āt, n., strike: vn. VIII. ►mutaʕaṣṣib, adj., 1 fanatically enthusiastic (li‑ for); 2 n., enthusiast, fanatic, bigot, zealot: PA V.
1 (coll.) nerves; – 2 (pl. ʔaʕṣāb) a nerve; b vein, artery; c sinew – WehrCowan1979.
▪ The Ar term has only few cognates in Sem. Militarev&Kogan2000’s tentative reconstruction, based on the scarce evidence: protSem *ʕa(n)ṣab‑ ~ *ʕa(n)c̣ab‑ ‘sinew, nerves’. ▪ It seems possible that, ultimately, the semantic complex based on ʻto bind, tie, wrap’ (↗ʕaṣaba) and, as its derivative (?), perh. also ʻharshness, difficulty, hardship’ (↗ʕaṣīb), are dependent on ↗ʕaṣab ʻnerves, sinew’ (as the material with which s.th. is bound together, or being associated with the idea of *contraction, tightening, becoming tense\dense’); see discussion in root entry ↗√ʕṢB. ▪ …
▪ …
▪ Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED I) #16: Mhr ʔāṣbīt, Ḥrs ʔāṣebét ‘sinew, nerve’, Jib ʕaṣbɛ́t ‘dto.; condition of having headaches5
’, Ar ʕaṣab (coll.) ‘nerves’, Te ʕanṣäbät, ʔanṣäbät ‘sinew, (Munzinger: nerv, corde)’. ▪ For further cognates, cf., perh., ↗ʕaṣaba. ▪ … ▪ …
►ʕaṣabī, adj., 1 sinewy, nerved, nervy; 2 nervous, neural, nerve‑, neuro‑, neur‑ (in compounds); 3 nervous, high-strung: nisba formation; see also ↗s.v. | ʕaṣabiyyu ’l-mazāǧ, adj., nervous, high-strung; al-ǧihāz al‑ʕaṣabī, n., the nervous system; ḥālaẗ ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, n.f., nervousness, nervosity; al-ḍuʕf al‑ʕaṣabī, n., neurasthenia ►ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 nervousness, nervosity: abstract formation in ‑iyyaẗ, from of ʕaṣab ʻnerve’; – 2 ↗s.v. ►ʕaṣīb, adj., hot, crucial, critical (time, stage): related to ʕaṣab ʻnerve; sinew’, and\or to ↗ʕaṣaba ʻto bind, tie, wrap’, or to be treated separately? – Cf. ↗s.v.For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕaṣaba, ↗ʕiṣābaẗ, ↗taʕaṣṣub, ↗ĭʕtiṣāb, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√ʕṢB.
▪ nisba formation, from ↗ʕaṣab ʻnerves’, from protSem *ʕa(n)ṣab‑ ~ *ʕa(n)c̣ab‑ ‘sinew, nerves’ (Militarev&Kogan2000). ▪ [v2] : modern neologism – cf. Monteil1960: 123 (on ↗ʕaṣabiyyaẗ in the modern sense of ʻnervosity’). ▪ …
▪ …
▪ ↗ʕaṣab. ▪ … ▪ …
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ …
–
►ʕaṣabiyyu ’l-mazāǧ, adj., nervous, high-strung ►al-ǧihāz al‑ʕaṣabī, n., the nervous system ►ḥālaẗ ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, n.f., nervousness, nervosity ►al-ḍuʕf al‑ʕaṣabī, n., neurasthenia►ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 nervousness, nervosity; – 2 ↗s.v.: abstract formation in ‑iyyaẗ; in the meaning ʻnervousness, nervosity’ a neologism (see Monteil1960: 123).For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕaṣaba, ↗ʕaṣab, ↗ʕaṣīb, ↗ʕiṣābaẗ, ↗taʕaṣṣub, ↗ĭʕtiṣāb, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√ʕṢB.
1 nervousness, nervosity; – C2a (pl. ‑āt) zealous partisanship, bigotry, fanaticism; b party spirit, team spirit, esprit de corps; c tribal solidarity, racialism, clannishness, tribalism, national consciousness, nationalism – WehrCowan1976.
▪ [v1] : modern neologism, from ↗ʕaṣab ʻnerves’ – cf. Monteil1960: 123. ▪ [v2]: From ↗ʕaṣaba ʻto wind, fold, tie, wrap, bind up, bandage; (in ClassAr also:) to gather round s.th.; to clasp, grasp, hold tight’.3
– »ʻʕaṣabiyyaẗ’ referred in Arab antiquity to kinship solidarity. The verb ʕaṣaba means ʻto bind, fold, or wind,’ and the noun ʕaṣabaẗ denotes the blood relations in the male line. Various translations and interpretations of ʕaṣabiyyaẗ have been suggested by modern scholars, ranging from ʻgroup feeling,’ ʻesprit de corps,’ ʻcohesiveness,’ or ʻsolidarity’ to ʻidea of nationhood,’ but all of them refer to the later complex reading attributed to it by the philosopher Ibn Ḫaldūn (d. 808/1406)«.4
– »Already used in the ḥadīṯ in which the Prophet condemns ʕaṣabiyyaẗ as contrary to the spirit of Islam, the term became famous as a result of the use to which it was put by Ibn Ḫaldūn, who made this concept the basis of his interpretation of history and his doctrine of the state. ʕAṣabiyyaẗ is, for Ibn Ḫaldūn, the fundamental bond of human society and the basic motive force of history […]. The first basis of the concept is undoubtedly of a natural character, in the sense that ʕaṣabiyyaẗ in its most normal form is derived from tribal consanguinity (nasab, ĭltiḥām), but the inconvenience of this racial conception was already overcome in Arab antiquity itself by the institution of affiliation (walāʔ), to which Ibn Ḫaldūn accords great importance in the formation of an effective ʕaṣabiyyaẗ. Whether it is based on blood ties or on some other social grouping, it is for Ibn Ḫaldūn the force which impels groups of human beings to assert themselves, to struggle for primacy, to establish hegemonies, dynasties and empires […]«.5 ▪ …
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕaṣaba, ↗ʕaṣab, ↗ʕaṣabī, ↗ʕaṣīb, ↗ʕiṣābaẗ, ↗taʕaṣṣub, ↗ĭʕtiṣāb, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√ʕṢB.
▪ With all probability, the item belongs to the complex of ʻharshness, hardship, difficulty, hence also pain, grieve’ attached to the root ʕṢB mostly in Hbr, Aram and EthSem. Closer relatives in Ar may be (among others) the notions, now obsol., of ‘to be(come) difficult’ (†ĭnʕaṣaba, vb. VII), ʻto dry in the mouth (saliva); to become red (horizon) (< due to dryness)’ (†ʕaṣaba, †ʕaṣiba), ʻred mist seen in a time of drought’ (†ʕiṣābaẗ), ʻto reduce s.o. to straitness, make (people) starve (dearth)’ (†ʕaṣṣaba, vb. II). Leslau2006 would not exclude a (metathetical) relation to Ar ↗ṣaʕuba ʻto be(come) difficult, hard’. But the complex may also simply be dependent on the idea of *ʻtension, tightening, contraction’ implied in the vb. ↗ʕaṣaba ʻto bind, tie, wrap’, which, it its turn, may, ultimately, be derived from ↗ʕaṣab ʻnerves, sinews’. ▪ A more direct link (without the “detour” via ʻto bind, tie, wrap’) between ʻnerves, sinews’ and ʻhardship, pain’ can probably be seen in Jib ʕaṣbɛ́t which not only signifies ‘sinew, nerve’ but also ‘headache’.6
– In a similar vein, BK1860 interprets the obsol. Ar vb. XII, †ĭʕṣawṣaba ʻto gather one’s forces, make the highest effort’, as »proprem. tendre tous ses muscles pour aller au plus vite; de là (fig.) devenir très intense, violent«, in this way bringing together ʻsinews’ (muscles) and ʻintensity, violence’; cf. also the ClassAr expressions †ĭʕṣawṣaba ’l-šarr ʻle mal, le malheur, la guerre fut à son apogee’ and †ĭʕṣawṣaba ’l-yawm ʻla journée (du combat ou de la chaleur) fut dure’. The same relation can be observed in †ʔaʕṣaba, vb. IV, ‘to walk at a quick pace (camel)’, »proprem. tendre tous les muscles à cet effet« – BK1860.
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ Leslau2006 (CDG) reports that Buhl and Baumgartner1
also compared Ar ↗ġaḍiba ‘to be angry’, an idea that Leslau himself does not find convincing.2
. To Leslau, a comparison with Ar ↗ṣaʕuba (with metathesis) ‘to be hard, be difficult’ would seem more likely. ▪ … ▪ …
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕaṣaba, ↗ʕaṣab, ↗ʕaṣabī, ↗ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, ↗ʕiṣābaẗ, ↗taʕaṣṣub, ↗ĭʕtiṣāb, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√ʕṢB.
1a band, ligature, dressing, bandage; b headcloth, headband, fillet; c brow band, frontlet; – 2a (pl. ‑āt) union, league, federation, association; b group, troop, band, gang – WehrCowan1976.
▪ From ↗ʕaṣaba ʻto wind, tie, wrap’ and (in ClassAr also) ʻto gather around s.th./s.o. (e.g., cattle around a well)’. ▪ …
…
▪ ↗ʕaṣaba. ▪ …
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ …
–
►ʕiṣābāt al-ḫaṭf, n.non-hum.pl., bands of robbers ►ḥarb al-ʕiṣābāt, n.f., guerrilla warfare►taʕaṣṣaba, vb. V, 1a to wind the turban round one’s head, put on the turban; b to apply a bandage, bandage o.s.; 2a to take sides, to side (maʕa, li‑ with; ʕalà against); b to form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; c to cling obdurately or fanatically (li‑ to); d to be fanatic, bigoted, be a fanatic, a zealot; e to plot, conspire, collude, connive (ʕalà against): Dt-stem, self-referential, based on ʕiṣābaẗ or an item of similar semantics (ʕaṣabaẗ, ʕuṣbaẗ, ʕiṣāb, etc. – see below). ►ĭʕtaṣaba, vb. VIII, 1 to form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; 2 to go on strike, to strike: Gt-stem, self-referential, based on ʕiṣābaẗ or an item of similar semantics (ʕaṣabaẗ, ʕuṣbaẗ, ʕiṣāb, etc. – see below); [v2] seems to be a rather modern use.►ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 ↗ʕaṣab; – 2a (pl. ‑āt) zealous partisanship, bigotry, fanaticism; b party spirit, team spirit, esprit de corps; c tribal solidarity, racialism, clannishness, tribalism, national consciousness, nationalism: not directly from ʕiṣābaẗ, but from the semantically close ʕaṣabaẗ (see below); a key term in Ibn Ḫaldūn’s sociology. ►ʕaṣbaẗ, pl. ʕuṣab (EgAr), n.f., a black headcloth with red or yellow border: semantically close to ¹ʕiṣābaẗ. – Cf. also †ʕaṣabaẗ ʻblack head-kerchief worn by women’, marked as SyrAr in Hava1899. ►ʕaṣabaẗ, pl. ‑āt, and ʕuṣbaẗ, pl. ʕuṣab, n.f., 1a union, league, federation, association; b group, troop, band, gang, clique; 2ʕaṣabaẗ, paternal relations, relationship, agnates: not derived from ʕiṣābaẗ, but semantically close to the latter’s [v2]. | ʕuṣbaẗ al‑ʔumam, n.f., the League of Nations. – In Hava1899, ʕuṣbaẗ ʻfaction, gang’ is marked with the sign for SyrAr dialect. ►ʕiṣāb, n., band, ligature, dressing, bandage: not derived from ʕiṣābaẗ, but semantically close to the latter’s [v1]. ►taʕaṣṣub, n., 1 fanaticism, ardent zeal, bigotry, fanatical enthusiasm; 2a party spirit, partisanship; b clannishness, racialism, race consciousness, tribalism: vn. V (see above). ►ĭʕtiṣāb, pl. ‑āt, n., strike: vn. VIII, probably a rather modern (fig.?) use (cf. also ↗s.v.). ►mutaʕaṣṣib, adj., 1 fanatically enthusiastic (li‑ for); 2 n., enthusiast, fanatic, bigot, zealot: PA V.For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕaṣaba, ↗ʕaṣab, ↗ʕaṣabī, ↗ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, ↗ʕaṣīb, ↗ʕiṣābaẗ, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√ʕṢB.
1 fanaticism, ardent zeal, bigotry, fanatical enthusiasm; 2a party spirit, partisanship; b clannishness, racialism, race consciousness, tribalism – WehrCowan1976.
▪ vn. of taʕaṣṣaba, vb. V, in the meaning of ʻto take sides, side (with s.o., against s.o./s.th.); to form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; to cling obdurately or fanatically (to s.th./s.o.); to be fanatic, bigoted, be a fanatic, a zealot; to plot, conspire, collude, connive (against s.o.)’, extension of the more original sense of ʻto wind the turban round one’s head, put on the turban; hence also: to apply a bandage, bandage o.s.’; Dt-stem, self-reflexive/self-referential, either from the vb. I, ʕaṣaba ʻto wind, tie, bind, bandage; to fold (s.th.); to wrap (the head) with a brow band, sash, or turban’, or directly from a n. akin to it (e.g., ʕaṣabaẗ, ʕuṣbaẗ, ʕiṣāb, or ʕiṣābaẗ). ▪ …
▪ …
▪ ↗ʕaṣaba. ▪ …
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ …
–
►mutaʕaṣṣib, adj., 1 fanatically enthusiastic (li‑ for); 2 n., enthusiast, fanatic, bigot, zealot: PA V.For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕaṣaba, ↗ʕaṣab, ↗ʕaṣabī, ↗ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, ↗ʕaṣīb, ↗ʕiṣābaẗ, ↗ĭʕtiṣāb, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√ʕṢB.
▪ vn. of ĭʕtaṣaba, vb. VIII, ʻto form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; (hence also:) to go on strike, to strike’, Gt-stem, self-referential, either from the vb. I, ʕaṣaba ʻto wind, tie, bind, bandage, fold, [etc.]’, or directly from a n. akin to it (e.g., ʕaṣabaẗ, ʕuṣbaẗ, ʕiṣāb, or ʕiṣābaẗ – see below, section DERIV).7 ▪ ʻStrike’ being in itself a modern concept that first emerged in Europe, Ar words for it seem to be calques. According to Beinin and Lockman 1998, »early accounts used the term ĭʕtiṣāb, from a root connoting tying or wrapping, and by extension, banding together: the workers had formed a cohesive group and stopped work. Only in the 1920s did ʔiḍrāb, the standard term today and intrinsically closer to our own ʻstrike,’ come into general use.«89 ▪ …
The following items are not derived from ĭʕtiṣāb but may rather be words on which ĭʕtiṣāb itself is dependent:►ʕaṣabaẗ, pl. ‑āt, and ʕuṣbaẗ, pl. ʕuṣab, n.f., 1a union, league, federation, association; b group, troop, band, gang, clique; 2ʕaṣabaẗ, paternal relations, relationship, agnates | ʕuṣbaẗ al‑ʔumam, n.f., the League of Nations. – In Hava1899, ʕuṣbaẗ ʻfaction, gang’ is marked with the sign for SyrAr dialect. ►ʕiṣāb, n., band, ligature, dressing, bandage. ►ʕiṣābaẗ, pl. ʕaṣāʔibᵘ, n.f., 1a band, ligature, dressing, bandage; b headcloth, headband, fillet; c brow band, frontlet; – 2a (pl. ‑āt) union, league, federation, association; b group, troop, band, gang | ʕiṣābāt al-ḫaṭf, n.non-hum.pl., bands of robbers; ḥarb al‑ʕiṣābāt, n.f., guerrilla warfare.For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕaṣaba, ↗ʕaṣab, ↗ʕaṣabī, ↗ʕaṣabiyyaẗ, ↗ʕaṣīb, ↗ʕiṣābaẗ, ↗taʕaṣṣub, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√ʕṢB.
Complete text
ʔ