▪ ĠBN_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠBN_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠBN_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to forget, to be lacking in judgement; to weaken, to deceive’
▪ ĠDR_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠDR_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠDR_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘puddles of rainwater; to leave behind, to double cross, to depart; long plaited locks of hair’
▪ ĠDW_1 ‘’ ↗ ▪ ĠDW_2 ‘’ ↗ ▪ ĠDW_3 ‘’ ↗ ▪ ĠDW_4 ‘’ ↗ ▪ ĠDW_5 ‘’ ↗ ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘time between the break of dawn and the rising of the sun, to do things during such time; the morrow, future’
▪ ĠRː (ĠRR)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠRː (ĠRR)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠRː (ĠRR)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘white spot on a horse’s face, first day of the month; blank, of clear complexion, to be foolish, be simple minded, gullible, inexperienced; to deceive, make vain promises, lull into false security; conceit, self deception’
▪ ĠRB_1 ‘sunset, the west, to travel westward’ ↗ġurūb, ↗maġrib ▪ ĠRB_2 ‘to leave home, become a stranger, strange, obscure words’ ↗ġurbaẗ, ↗ġarīb ▪ ĠRB_3 ‘crow’ ↗ġurāb ▪ ĠRB_4 ‘Euphrates poplar’ ↗ġarab ▪ ĠRB_5 ‘part between the hump and the neck’ ↗ġārib ▪ ĠRB_6 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sunset, the west, to travel westward; to leave home, to become a stranger, strange, obscure words; high sea waves; crow; black men’
▪ [v1] … ▪ [v2] … ▪ [v3] Kogan2011: from protSem *ġārib‑, *ġurā̆b‑ ‘crow, raven’. ▪ [v4] Kogan2011: from protWSem *ġarab‑ (probably) ‘Euphrates poplar’. ▪ [v5] Kogan2011: For a protSem term for ‘occiput’, one may compare Akk arūpu (arūbu) ‘part of neck’, ḫuruppu ‘hump’, Hbr ʕīräp ‘top of the head, neck’, Ar ġārib ‘part between the hump and the neck’ and ʕurf- ‘mane, feathers on the neck’, Mhr ġarb ‘camel’s back and neck in front of the hump’, Soq ʕárib ‘neck’. ▪ …
–
▪ … ▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to set (sun)’) Akk īrub, Hbr ʕrb, Syr ʕrba (u), Gz ʕrb – (a).
▪ … ▪ …
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl grab, from Ar ġurāb ‘raven, swift galley’. – Maghreb, Morocco ↗maġrib
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Ar root form √ĠRB ‘to depart’: Maghreb, Morocco, from Ar ↗maġrib ‘place where the sun sets, west’, from ġaraba ‘to depart, set (of the sun)’, akin to some items of Sem and Ar ↗√ʕRB.
▪ ĠRQ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠRQ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠRQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sink, be submerged, drown; to go to the extreme; to be preoccupied, to engross’
▪ ĠZW_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠZW_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠZW_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to intend, seek s.th., strive; to invade a territory, carry out a military offensive; sense, signification’
▪ From Ar root √ĠZW ‘to strive, make a raid’ – Huehnergard2011. ▪ …
–
.
.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl ghazi, from Ar ↗ġāzī ‘raider, warrior’, PA of ↗ġazā ‘to strive, make a raid’; razzia, from Ar ġazyaẗ, dialectal variant of ġazwaẗ ‘raid, military attack’, from ↗ġazā (see above).
▪ ĠSQ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠSQ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠSQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘evening dusk, darkness of the night; bright red; extreme coldness, pus, foul fluid, to pour out, (of the eye) to water’
▪ ĠSL_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠSL_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠSL_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘washing, dirty water left after washing, to wash, bathe, washed clothes, bath, washing place, filth’
▪ ĠṢː (ĠṢṢ)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṢː (ĠṢṢ)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṢː (ĠṢṢ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘choking, to choke, to be crowded’
▪ ĠṢB_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṢB_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṢB_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to extort, take by force, rape; to scrape hair off the skin by sheer force’
▪ ĠḌː (ĠḌḌ)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠḌː (ĠḌḌ)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠḌː (ĠḌḌ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be tender, be young; to be affluent; to cast one’s eyes down to show humility, be modest, check’
▪ ĠḌB_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ĠḌB_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘protruding rock; to be angry, to frown; to have a severe eruption of small pox; (of the eyes) to swell’
▪ ĠṬŠ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṬŠ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṬŠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘weak eye sight; (of night) to be dark, cause to be dark; to be difficult; to travel through the land’
▪ ĠṬY_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṬY_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠṬY_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to become full; to cover, veil, hide; to be overbearing, become dark’
▪ ĠFR_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠFR_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠFR_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cover, hide; helmet, cloak; large crowd of people; to pardon, forgiveness; large increase in wealth’
▪ ĠFL_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠFL_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠFL_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to neglect, overlook, forget, be distracted; to be simple, be unmarked; to be anonymous, be of low birth’
▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_1 ‘to insert, enter, penetrate’ ↗¹ġalla ▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_2 ‘iron collar; manacles, handcuffs; chains, shackles, fetters’ ↗²ġull ▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_3 ‘produce, crops; revenue, returns; grain, cereals, corn; fruits’ ↗ġallaẗ ; ‘to rake in, gain, win, obtain, reap; toderive advantage or profit from, capitalize on s.th.; to exploit’ ↗ĭstaġalla ▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_4 ‘burning thirst’ ↗¹ġull ▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_5 ‘rancor, hatred, spite, malice’ ↗ġill ▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_6 ‘fine, diaphanous, cape, mantilla, veil; shirtlike garment, gown’ ↗ġilālaẗ Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane vi 1877, Hava1899)▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_7 ‘to perfume (the beard, bi‑ with balm) | enduire, parfumer (de musc, †ġāliyaẗ1
)’: †ġallala ▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_8 ‘water flowing amid trees’: †ġalal (pl. ʔaġlāl ); cf. also †ġalla ‘couler, pénétrer, entrer (bayn au milieu de; se dit de l’eau qui coule entre les arbres)’, and †mutaġallil ‘qui circule entre les arbres, dans une avenue plantée d’arbres’ ▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_9 ‘filtre pour coler, clarifier un liquide (= miṣfāẗ ) | strainer’: †ġalal ▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_10 ‘mêler, mélanger l’un avec l’autre’: †ġalla ▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_11 ‘couvrir’: †ġalla ▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_12 ‘certaine maladie des moutons’2
: †ġalal ; cf. also †ĭnġalla ‘avoir la maladie ġalal ’ ▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_13 ‘oter la peau de l’animal égorgé avec trop de précipitation ou en tirant trop, au point que des morceaux de chair et de graisse restent après la peau’: †ʔaġalla ▪ †ĠLː (ĠLL)_ ‘...’: †...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘extreme thirst; to bar from drinking; shackles, to shackle; treachery, animosity, hatred; to confiscate; to purloin, to yield, to produce, to earn’
▪ [v1] : Attested in Ug, Hbr, several varieties of Aram, and Ar; from protWSem *ġll ‘to insert; to immerse’ – Kogan2015: 381 #51
– The value *‘to insert, enter’ may be the origin of several others, see [v2], [v5]?, [v6]-†[v10], below. – For the aspect of *‘passing through/between/beneath’, etc., accompanying that of ‘entering’, and its possible connection to final *‑Lː/‑LL, see DISC in entry ↗ġalla. ▪ [v2] : According to Zammit2002, Ar ²ġull ‘yoke, collar’ has cognates in Akk ḫalālu ‘einsperren, festhalten | (CAD ) to detain, keep waiting’, Ug ġll ‘to tie up’, Hbr ʕōl (√ʕLL) ‘yoke’. If this juxtaposition is valid, [v2] may represent a value in its own right that should be kept distinct from [v1]. Others interpret ²ġull (esp. in the meaning ‘manacles, handcuffs; chains, shackles, fetters’) as *‘s.th. into which hands, feet, etc. are inserted’, thus dependent on [v1]. ▪ [v3] : Borg2021 #494 shows that the term is widespread also in the Ar dialects (with the Maġrib tending to the meaning of ‘fruit’, e.g., MorAr and TunAr), but the author’s identification of the Ar ġallaẗ with (Eg jꜣrrt, Dem ꜣllj, Copt ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ‘grapes’ and) Hbr ʕôlēlōt ‘gleanings (of grapes and olives)’ is questionable, as these may belong to ↗ʕLː (ʕLL) *‘to repeat, do s.th. a second time’ rather than to ĠLː (ĠLL). A more obvious cognate is Syr ʕᵃlaltâ, esp. in one of the pl.s, ʕallᵊtâ) ‘what is brought in, ingathering, increase, harvest, crop, fruit, yield, produce’), from Syr ʕal ‘enter’, (Af) ʔaʕel ‘to bring, put, carry in, introduce; […] to bring in (ʕallᵊlātâ the harvest)’, Aram ʕᵃlal, Hbr ²ʕLL ‘to insert, thrust in’. Ar ġallaẗ thus seems to stem from [v1] ġalla ‘to put in, thrust in’. ▪ [v4] : Kogan2015: 325 #8 would not exclude an identification of Ar ġll ‘to be thirsty’ with the Ug hapax ġll ‘thirsty one’, but adds that such an identification, though possible, is »but by no means compelling«. ▪ [v5] : Most ClassAr dictionaries explain Ar ġill ‘rancor, hatred, spite, malice’ as fig. use of [v4] ‘burning thirst’. However, while [v4] has no cognates in SAr, [v5] has many in Sab, both with the meaning ‘grudge, anger, hatred, to hate’ and its extension ‘to act fraudulently against s.o., (H -stem:) to damage s.o.’. One rendering of Sab ġll – ‘to inject (anger)’ (Jamme 1976: 29) – seems to suggest that the vb. is related to [v1] ‘to insert, enter’. ▪ [v6] : Lane’s (vi 1877) rendering of ġilālaẗ as ‘garment that is worn next the body, beneath the other garment, and likewise beneath the coat of mail’ suggests that it is derived from [v1] *‘to insert, enter’ ▪ †[v7] : ‘to perfume o.s.’ is either cognate to [v1] (as suggested by explanations of †ġalla as ‘huiler, pommader abondamment les cheveux, de manière que l’huile pénètre jusqu’à la racine des cheveux’) or denominative from †ġāliyaẗ ‘Galia : parfum de couleur noire composé de musc, d’ambre et autres aromates, et employé comme cosmétique pour les cheveux’, itself of unknown etymology (discussion reproduced in Lane vi 1877.) ▪ †[v8] : Kogan2015: 555 #35 thinks Ar †ġalal ‘water flowing amid trees’2
might be akin to prot-modSAr *ġill-at - ‘mist’, but dependence on [v1] seems more likely (< *‘water squeezing itself through the trees\bushes’). ▪ †[v9] : †ġalal ‘filter, strainer’ is prob. extended use of †[v8] (‘filter, strainer’ = *‘device through which water is running’) and thus, ultimately, prob. from [v1]. ▪ †[v10] : prob. cognate to [v1], as ‘mêler, mélanger l’un avec l’autre’ is a form of *‘inserting’ o.s. among others. ▪ †[v11] : The value ‘couvrir’ for †ġalla is mentioned only in BK1860. Is it reliably attested? ▪ †[v12] : The identity of the term †ġalal for a ‘certain disease that attacks sheep, or goats’3
with that for †[v8] ‘water flowing amid trees’ and †[v9] ‘filter, strainer’ seems to imply some kind of semantic link between the three, so that, ultimately, also the term for this specific disease would have s.th. to do with [v1] ‘inserting, entering’ s.th. But semantics are not clear… ▪ †[v13] : ?
▪ [v1] : Ug ġll ‘to enter’, Hbr ʕālal ‘to insert, thrust in; to ascend, land, enter’, oAram ʕll (so also continued in later Aram varieties, such as JPA, Syr, etc.; Aram ʕᵃlal ‘to enter a town, a house, come in’, Syr ʕal ‘to enter; to come in to a woman; to attack, invade’), Ar ġalla ‘to enter’ – Zammit2002, Kogan2015: 381 #5 ▪ [v2] : Zammit2002 juxtaposes Akk ḫalālu ‘einsperren, festhalten | (CAD ) to detain, keep waiting’, Ug ġll ‘to tie up’, Hbr ʕōl (√ʕLL) ‘yoke’, Ar ²ġull ‘yoke, collar’, ġalla ‘to bind’. Reliable? ▪ [v3] : Syr ʕᵃlaltâ (pl. ʕallᵊlātâ and ʕallᵊtâ) ‘what is brought in, ingathering, increase, harvest, crop, fruit, yield, produce’), from Syr ʕal ‘to enter’, (Af) ʔaʕel ‘to bring, put, carry in, introduce; to substitute, put instead; to bring in (ʕallᵊlātâ the harvest)’, Aram ʕᵃlal, cf. Hbr ²ʕLL ‘to insert, thrust in’, Ar ġalla ‘to put in, thrust in’ (see [v1]). – Borg2021 #494 shows that the term is widespread also among the Ar dialects (with the Maġrib tending to the meaning of ‘fruit’): DamAr ġalleẗ ‘crop, harvest’, AlepAr ‘récolte qu’on attend’, LebAr ġallīl ‘récolte abondante’, Malta ‹għallaẗ› ‘prodotto della terra annuale’, TunAr ġallaẗ ‘fruit(s)’, Takrūna ġallaẗ ʔarð̣iyyaẗ ‘cucurbitacées et tomates’, MorAr ġellaẗ ‘fruit’, Djidjelli ġollaẗ ‘fruits, récolte’. The author suggests to see this evidence together with Hbr ʕôlēlōt ‘gleanings (of grapes and olives)’ (and Eg jꜣrrt, Dem ꜣllj, Copt ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ‘grapes’), which, however, may be from *ʕLː (ʕLL) ‘to do (a second time)’ rather than from *ĠLː (ĠLL) ‘to enter, insert, bring in’. ▪ [v4] : Ug ġll ‘thirsty one’, Ar ġll ‘to be thirsty’, ¹ġull ‘burning thirst’1 ▪ [v5] : SAr (Sab) ġll ‘to be angry (deity ), be filled with hatred, wrath | exercer (de la haine)’, Ar ġalla ‘von Haß, Groll erfüllt sein’, Gz (ʕll ) ‘to separate, set aside a place, excommunicate, grant someone a fief’; Sab ġlyt ‘anger, hate, wrath’, Ar YemAr ġill ‘Groll, Haß, Bosheit | hidden enmity, grudge’. – Extended meaning: Sab ġll ‘to fraudulently appropriate, withhold’, Ar ġalla ‘to be unfaithful in respect of a thing privily, defraud’, ġalla, ʔaġalla ‘to act unfaithfully, become unfaithful’ (Lane vi 1877). – Causative: Sab h-ġll ‘schädigen; Verlust bescheren | to damage | endommager’, Ar ʔaġalla ‘to water one’s camels ill, so that they do not satisfy their thirst, or bring\send them back from the water without satisfying their thirst’, ġalla, ʔaġalla ‘to act unfaithfully, become unfaithful’, Gz ʔaʕlala ‘to separate, consecrate, excommunicate’ (Leslau 1991: 60) – Zammit2002, SabaWeb#ĠLL ▪ [v6] : prob. cognate to [v1]. ▪ †[v7] : either cognate to [v1] or derived from †ġāliyaẗ ‘Galia : parfum de couleur noire composé de musc, d’ambre et autres aromates, et employé comme cosmétique pour les cheveux’ ▪ †[v8] : Kogan2015: 555 #35 thinks Ar †ġalal ‘water flowing amid trees’ might be akin to Mhr ġəllēt, Jib ġíẑẑɔt ‘mist’, Soq aʕlʼílʼo ‘cloud’ (< prot-modSAr *ġill -at - ‘mist’), but dependence on [v1] seems more likely (< *‘water squeezing itself through the trees\bushes’) ▪ †[v9] : prob. cognate to †[v8] and thus < [v1] (‘filter, strainer’ < *‘device through which the water flows’) ▪ †[v10] : prob. cognate to [v1] (‘mêler, mélanger l’un avec l’autre’ < * ‘to insert s.th. in s.th. else’) ▪ †[v11] : ? ▪ †[v12] : ? ▪ †[v13] : ?
▪ [v1], [v2], [v6]-†[v10] : The aspect of *‘passing through/between/beneath’, etc., which accompanies that of ‘entering’, seems to be expressed by the final *‑Lː/‑LL, see DISC in entry ↗ġalla. ▪ ...
1a to insert, put, stick, enter (s.th. fī in, into, between); b to penetrate, enter (s.th., into s.th.); 2 ↗²ġull ; 3 ↗ġallaẗ – WehrCowan1976
▪ Attested in Ug, Hbr, several varieties of Aram, and Ar; from protWSem *ġll ‘to insert; to immerse’ – Kogan2015: 381 #54 ▪ See also below, section DISC. ▪ …
▪ †ġalla ‘cohabiter (avec une femme)’, †ʔaġalla ‘to make a raid’ ▪ ...
▪ Ug ġll ‘to enter’, Hbr ʕālal ‘to insert, thrust in; to ascend, land, enter’, oAram ʕll (so also continued in later Aram varieties, such as JPA, Syr, etc.; Aram ʕᵃlal ‘to enter a town, a house, come in’, Syr ʕal ‘to enter; to come in to a woman; to attack, invade’), Ar ġalla ‘to enter’ – Zammit2002, Kogan2015: 381 #5. ▪ For the possibly related ↗²ġull ‘yoke, collar’, Zammit2002 juxtaposes Akk ḫalālu ‘einsperren, festhalten | (CAD ) to detain, keep waiting’, Ug ġll ‘to tie up’, Hbr ʕōl (√ʕLL) ‘yoke’, Ar ²ġull ‘yoke, collar’, ġalla ‘to bind’. ▪ ...
▪ The value *‘to insert, enter’ is possibly at the origin of several others. Thus, Ar ↗²ġull ‘manacles, handcuffs; chains, shackles, fetters’ may be a *‘device into which hands, feet, etc. are inserted’; ↗ġallaẗ ‘produce, harvest; corn’ is originally *‘what is brought in, harvested’; ↗ġilālaẗ goes back to a ‘garment that is worn next the body, beneath the other garment, and likewise beneath the coat of mail’, thus prob. *‘what is inserted\worn betw. outer garment and inner layers, or the skin’; ClassAr dictionaries often analyze the vb. I ġalla in the sense of ‘to perfume o.s.’ as cognate of ‘to insert’ (as suggested, e.g., by explanations of †ġalla as ‘huiler, pommader abondamment les cheveux, de manière que l’huile pénètre jusqu’à la racine des cheveux’);1†ġalal ‘water flowing amid trees’[↗†ĠLː (ĠLL)_8]2
could be *‘water “entering”\squeezing itself through the trees\bushes’;3
; †ġalal can also mean ‘filter, strainer’ [↗†ĠLː (ĠLL)_9], conveying an idea (*‘water running through between...’) that is very similar to the preceding, so that the ‘filter, strainer’ may be a *‘device through which water is running’; in ClassAr, the vb. †ġalla is also attested with the value ‘mêler, mélanger l’un avec l’autre’ [↗†ĠLː (ĠLL)_10], which can be seen as a mutual *‘entering, penetration’, too. ▪ If, as suggested above, values like *‘garment worn between...’, *‘water running between/beneath/through...’, *‘mutual penetration’, etc., belong to ġalla ‘to insert, enter (s.th. in, into, between), penetrate’, this would underline the aspect of *‘passing through/between/beneath s.th.’ coming in addition to the simple directionality of *‘entering, penetration’. It seems that this aspect is mainly expressed by the final *‑Lː/‑LL, cf., for instance, ↗ḫalla (u, ḫall ) ‘to pierce, transfix’, ḫalal ‘gap, interval, interstice; cleft, crack, rupture, fissure’, ḫilālᵃ ‘during; through, via’, ↗zalla (zalal-, i, zall ; zalil-, a, zalal ) ‘to slip’, ↗tasallala ‘to slip, slink, sneak (into); to invade, infiltrate, enter, penetrate’, ↗šallāl ‘cataract, waterfall’, ↗ʕalla (i, ʕillaẗ ) *‘to befall, afflict (s.o., a disease, etc.)’, perh. also ↗ḥalla (i,u, ḥulūl ) ‘to descend, come down, befall; to set in, arrive, begin (time, season)’ and ↗halla (i, hall ) ‘to appear, come up, show (new moon); to begin, set in (month)’. ▪ ...
►taġallala, vb. V, to enter, penetrate (fī s.th., into s.th.): tD-stem, self-ref. ►ĭnġalla, vb. VII, = V: N-stem For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ġallaẗ (with ↗ĭstaġalla), ↗ġill, ↗¹ġull, ↗²ġull, and ↗ġilālaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ĠLː (ĠLL).
1a to rake in, gain, win, obtain, reap; b to realize, or make, a profit (‑h on s.th.), receive the proceeds (-h of s.th., esp. of land, and the like), turn to (good) account, invest profitably, utilize; c to profit (‑h by s.o., s.th.), derive advantage or profit from, make capital (-h out of s.th.), capitalize (on s.th.); d to take advantage (-h of), exploit – WehrCowan1976
▪ The form X vb. is a typical desiderative *Št- formation, based on ↗ġalla ‘to produce, yield, yield crops (land)’ or the corresponding n.f., ↗ġallaẗ ‘yield, produce, crops; proceeds, revenue, returns (esp. of farming); grain, cereals, corn; fruits’, from ↗ġalla ‘to bring in, enter, insert’, from protWSem *ġll ‘to insert; to immerse’. ▪ …
–
▪ ↗ġalla, ↗ġallaẗ
▪ See above, section CONC.
–
►BP#1957ĭstiġlāl, n., 1a utilization; b usufruct; 2 development, working (of a mine, and the like), exploitation (of a mine; also = selfish utilization, sweating); 3 abuse ►ĭstiġlālī, adj., serving exploitation, exploitative: nsb-formaton of preceding ►mustaġill, n., exploiter, utilizer, usufructuary, beneficiary: PA X, desiderative ►mustaġall, pl. ‑āt, n., 1a that which yields crops, proceeds, or profit; b yield, produce, proceeds; c profit: PP X For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ġalla, ↗ġill, ↗¹ġull, ↗²ġull, and ↗ġilālaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ĠLː (ĠLL).
1a yield, produce, crops; b proceeds, revenue, returns (esp. of farming); 2a grain, cereals; b corn; c fruits – WehrCowan1976
▪ Like Syr ʕᵃlaltâ (pl. ʕallᵊlātâ and ʕallᵊtâ) ‘what is brought in, ingathering, increase, harvest, crop, fruit, yield, produce’), which belongs to Syr ʕal ‘enter’, (Af) ʔaʕel ‘to bring, put, carry in, introduce’, Ar ġallaẗ seems to stem from the corresponding vb., ↗ġalla ‘to put in, thrust in’. ▪ For the most frequent derivative in MSA, the desiderative *Št-stem with the most widespread meaning ‘to exploit’, see ↗ĭstaġalla. ▪ …
▪ †ġalūl ‘light food | aliment léger et qu’on avale facilement’, †ʔaġalla ‘apporter des vivres, des denrées à qn, en pourvoir qn (p.ex., sa famille, sa tribu)’
▪ Syr ʕᵃlaltâ (pl. ʕallᵊlātâ and ʕallᵊtâ) ‘what is brought in, ingathering, increase, harvest, crop, fruit, yield, produce’), from Syr ʕal ‘to enter’, (Af) ʔaʕel ‘to bring, put, carry in, introduce; to substitute, put instead; to bring in (ʕallᵊlātâ the harvest)’, Aram ʕᵃlal, cf. Hbr ²ʕLL ‘to insert, thrust in’, Ar ġalla ‘to put in, thrust in’. ▪ Borg2021 #494: DamAr ġalleẗ ‘crop, harvest’, AlepAr ‘récolte qu’on attend’, LebAr ġallīl ‘récolte abondante’, Malta ‹għallaẗ› ‘prodotto della terra annuale’, TunAr ġallaẗ ‘fruit(s)’, Takrūna ġallaẗ ʔarð̣iyyaẗ ‘cucurbitacées et tomates’, MorAr ġellaẗ ‘fruit’, Djidjelli ġollaẗ ‘fruits, récolte’. The author suggests to see this evidence together with Eg jꜣrrt, Dem ꜣllj, Copt ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ‘grapes’ and Hbr ʕôlēlōt ‘gleanings (of grapes and olives)’; see, however, DISC. ▪ ...
▪ Borg2021 #494 shows that the term is widespread in the Ar dialects (with the Maġrib tending to the meaning of ‘fruit’, e.g., MorAr and TunAr), but the author’s identification of the Ar ġallaẗ with Hbr ʕôlēlōt ‘gleanings (of grapes and olives)’ (> Eg jꜣrrt, Dem ꜣllj, Copt ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ‘grapes’) is questionable, as these may belong to ↗ʕLː (ʕLL) *‘to repeat, do s.th. a second time’ rather than to ĠLː (ĠLL). ▪ ...
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►ġall‑ / ġalal‑, u (ġall ), vb. I, 1 ↗ġalla ; 2 ↗²ġull ; 3 to produce, yield, yield crops (land): G-stem, ?denom. ►ʔaġalla, vb. IV, 1a to produce, yield, yield crops (land); b to yield (s.th. ʕalà to s.o.): *Š-stem ►BP#2952ĭstaġalla, vb. X, 1a to rake in, gain, win, obtain, reap; b to realize, or make, a profit (‑h on s.th.), receive the proceeds (-h of s.th., esp. of land, and the like), turn to (good) account, invest profitably, utilize; c to profit (‑h by s.o., s.th.), derive advantage or profit from, make capital (-h out of s.th.), capitalize (on s.th.); d to take advantage (-h of), exploit: *Št-stem, desiderative ►BP#1957ĭstiġlāl, n., 1a utilization; b usufruct; 2 development, working (of a mine, and the like), exploitation (of a mine; also = selfish utilization, sweating); 3 abuse: vn. X ►ĭstiġlālī, adj., serving exploitation, exploitative: nsb-formaton of preceding ►muġill, adj., productive, fruitful, fertile (land, soil): PA IV ►mustaġill, n., exploiter, utilizer, usufructuary, beneficiary: PA X ►mustaġall, pl. ‑āt, n., 1a that which yields crops, proceeds, or profit; b yield, produce, proceeds; c profit: PP X For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ġalla, ↗ġill, ↗¹ġull, ↗²ġull, and ↗ġilālaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ĠLː (ĠLL).
▪ Most ClassAr dictionaries explain Ar ġill ‘rancor, hatred, spite, malice’ as fig. use of ↗¹ġull ‘burning thirst’. However, while ¹ġull has no reliable cognates in Sem,5ġill has many at least in Sab, both with the meaning ‘grudge, anger, hatred, to hate’ and its extension ‘to act fraudulently against s.o., (H -stem:) to damage s.o.’ – are these Arabisms or rather an indication of the value’s earlier origin and independence from ‘burning thirst’? ▪ One rendering of Sab ġll – ‘to inject (anger)’ (Jamme 1976: 29, quoted in SabaWeb) – seems to suggest that the vb. is related to Ar ↗ġalla ‘to insert, enter’. ▪ …
▪ †ġalla ‘tromper qn, frauder (= ↗ḫāna ); voler, frauder qn (‑h, min sur qc, p.ex., dans la distribution des lots qui reviennent à chacun)’; †ʔiġlāl ‘deceit, unfaithfulness’ | lā ʔiġlāl wa-lā ʔislāl ‘there shall be no deceit nor bribe’ ▪ ...
▪ Zammit2002, SabaWeb#ĠLL: SAr (Sab) ġll ‘to be angry (deity ), be filled with hatred, wrath | exercer (de la haine)’, Ar ġalla ‘von Haß, Groll erfüllt sein’, Gz ʕallala ‘to separate, set aside a place, excommunicate, grant someone a fief’. – Sab ġlyt ‘anger, hate, wrath’, Ar YemAr ġill ‘Groll, Haß, Bosheit | hidden enmity, grudge’. – Extended meaning: Sab ġll ‘to fraudulently appropriate, withhold’, Ar ġalla ‘to be unfaithful in respect of a thing privily, defraud’, ġalla, ʔaġalla ‘to act unfaithfully, become unfaithful’ (Lane vi 1877). – Causative: Sab h-ġll ‘schädigen; Verlust bescheren | to damage | endommager’, Ar ʔaġalla ‘to water one’s camels ill, so that they do not satisfy their thirst, or bring\ send them back from the water without satisfying their thirst’, ġalla, ʔaġalla ‘to act unfaithfully, become unfaithful’, Gz ʔaʕlala ‘to separate, consecrate, excommunicate’ (Leslau 1991: 60) ▪ See perh. also ↗¹ġull ‘burning thirst’ and ↗ġalla ‘to enter’ (cf. discussion in section CONC, above). ▪ ...
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ ...
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►ġall‑ / ġalal‑, i (ġill ), vb. I, to be filled with hatred or rancor (breast) For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ġalla, ↗ġallaẗ (with ↗ĭstaġalla ), ↗¹ġull, ↗²ġull, and ↗ġilālaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ĠLː (ĠLL).
▪ No obvious relation to other main values of the root ↗ĠLː (ĠLL), like ‘to insert, enter, penetrate’ (↗¹ġalla ), ‘iron collar; manacles, handcuffs; chains, shackles, fetters’ (↗²ġull ), ‘produce, crops; revenue, returns; grain, cereals, corn; fruits’ (↗ġallaẗ ), ‘fine cape, shirtlike garment, gown’ (↗ġilālaẗ ), or ‘water flowing amid trees’ [†ġalal, ↗†ĠLː (ĠLL)_8] ▪ Kogan2015: 325 #8 would not exclude an identification of Ar ġll ‘to be thirsty’ with the Ug hapax ġll ‘thirsty one’, but adds that such an identification, though possible, is »but by no means compelling«. ▪ Most ClassAr dictionaries regard ‘burning thirst’ as the basic value of which ↗ġill ‘rancor, hatred, spite, malice’ is fig. use. In the ints. form ġalīl, both values overlapp: it takes the meaning ‘burning thirst’ as well as that of ‘thirst for revenge; rancor, ill will’ (and also ‘ardent desire’ in general). While ¹ġull is without reliable cognates in Sem, ġill has clear parallels in Sab (see COGN s.v. ġill ) and may therefore represent a more original value (unless the Sab forms should be Arabisms). ▪ …
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▪ Kogan2015: 325 #8 : cf. perh. Ug ġll ‘thirsty one’; but this is a hapax in a partly broken context, thus not reliable. ▪ ...
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ ...
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►ġulla (ġull, ġullaẗ ), vb. I pass., to suffer violent thirst, burn with thirst: prob. denom. ►ġullaẗ, n.f., burning thirst: f. of ¹ġull, also serving as vn. of the vb. I. ►ġalīl, I n., 1 burning thirst; 2 (cf. also ↗ġill ) a thirst for revenge; b rancor, ill will; c ardent desire; II adj. (pl. ġilāl ), exhausted with thirst, very thirsty ►maġlūl, adj., 1 ↗²ġull ; 2 exhausted with thirst, very thirsty: PP I For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ġalla, ↗ġallaẗ (with ↗ĭstaġalla ), ↗ġill, ↗²ġull, and ↗ġilālaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ĠLː (ĠLL).
1 ↗¹ġull ; 2 (pl. ʔaġlāl ) a iron collar; b manacles, handcuffs; c pl. chains, shackles, fetters – WehrCowan1976
▪ According to Zammit2002, Ar ²ġull ‘yoke, collar’ has cognates in Akk ḫalālu ‘einsperren, festhalten | (CAD ) to detain, keep waiting’, Ug ġll ‘to tie up’, Hbr ʕōl (√ʕLL) ‘yoke’. If this juxtaposition is valid, the item may represent a value in its own right that should be kept distinct from ↗ġalla ‘to insert, enter’, the vb. that others interpret as the etymon, analyzing the meaning ‘manacles, handcuffs; chains, shackles, fetters’ as *‘s.th. into which hands, feet, etc. are inserted ’. ▪ …
▪ ...
▪ Zammit2002: Akk ḫalālu ‘einsperren, festhalten | (CAD ) to detain, keep waiting’, Ug ġll ‘to tie up’, Hbr ʕōl (√ʕLL) ‘yoke’, Ar ²ġull ‘yoke, collar’. ▪ If from ‘to insert’, see ↗ġalla. ▪ ...
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ ...
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►ġall‑ / ġalal‑, u (ġall ), vb. I, 1 ↗¹ġalla ; 2 to apply an iron collar or manacles (-h on s.o.), handcuff, shackle, fetter (-h s.o.) | ġalla yada-hū ʔilà ʕunuqi-h (lit., to fetter one’s hand to one’s neck, i.e. ) not to spend or give away anything, be niggardly; 3 ↗ġallaẗ ►ġallala, vb. II, to apply an iron collar or manacles (-h on s.o.), handcuff, shackle, fetter: D-stem, denom. ►maġlūl, adj., 1 fettered, shackled | maġlūl al-yad, inactive, idle; 2 ↗¹ġull : PP I For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ġalla, ↗ġallaẗ (with ↗ĭstaġalla ), ↗ġill, ↗¹ġull, and ↗ġilālaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ĠLː (ĠLL).
1a a fine, diaphanous cape, mantilla, veil; b shirtlike garment, gown – WehrCowan1976
▪ Lane’s (vi 1877) rendering of ġilālaẗ as ‘garment that is worn next the body, beneath the other garment, and likewise beneath the coat of mail’ suggests that it is derived from ↗ġalla ‘to insert, enter’. ▪ Historically, ġilālaẗ is also attested as †‘pin fastening two rings of a coat of mail’, a value that would bring it close to the idea of ‘holding together, binding together’, as in ↗²ġull ‘yoke; manicles, fetters’ ▪ …
▪ †ġilālaẗ ‘pin fastening two rings of a coat of mail’. ▪ Cf. also †ġullaẗ (pl. ġulal ) ‘robe de dessous’ (> †ĭnġalla ‘mettre, avoir un vêtement sous un autre’), †ġalīlaẗ ‘robe de dessous; garment worn beneath a coat of mail; coat of mail’ (> †ʔaġalla ‘to put on a coat of mail’). ▪ ...
▪ ↗ġalla, perh. also ↗²ġull. ▪ ...
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ ...
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►ġilālaẗ al-nawm, n.f., nightshirt, nightgown For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ġalla, ↗ġallaẗ (with ↗ĭstaġalla ), ↗ġill, ↗¹ġull and ↗²ġull, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ĠLː (ĠLL).
▪ ĠLB_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ĠLB_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of the neck) to be thick and long, (of trees) to be leafy and full of branches, (of gardens) to be full of thick trees; to prevail over, to overpower, to defeat’
▪ ĠLẒ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠLẒ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠLẒ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be thick, gross, strong; to be severe, harsh, firm’
▪ ĠLF_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠLF_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠLF_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cover, wrap, seal; to be uncircumcised; to be covered with vegetation’
▪ ĠLM_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ĠLM_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘youth, boy, to be young, beautiful women; lust, to be lustful; to exceed the boundaries; to be in a rage’
▪ ĠLW_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠLW_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠLW_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be excessive, run too fast, go too high, rashness of youth; to be expensive; to value highly; (of plants) to be thick and leafy’
▪ ĠMḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠMḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠMḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sleep, close one’s eyes; to let go; to be obscure; to travel through unchartered land; to lower the price of goods because of their inferior quality; to ignore; to examine carefully’
▪ ĠNM_1 ‘…’ ↗ġanam ▪ ĠNM_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sheep, to acquire sheep, to gain without trouble, to acquire as booty, spoils of war; to avail o.s. of an opportunity’
▪ ĠNY_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠNY_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠNY_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be able to do without others, be independent, be free from want, be self-sufficient; to be rich, enrich; to be beautiful enough not to have to use cosmetics; to sing; (of a garden) to be full of flowering trees, flourish’
▪ ĠWṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go to the aid of, call for assistance, cry for assistance’
▪ BAH2008: »Considering the uncertainty surrounding w and y when they function as radicals, there is a connection and a degree of overlapping between this root and the root ↗ĠYṮ resulting in classifying yuġāṯ under ĠYṮ but classifying yuġāṯū here.«
▪ ĠWR_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWR_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWR_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘depth, bottom, valley, lowlands, cave; to reach the bottom, sink, disappear, (of the moon and stars) to set; to raid; to be jealous; to go in haste’
▪ From protSem *√ĠRR, also *√ĠWR; > CSem *ġār‑, *ġarr‑, *miġarr ‘cave’ – Huehnergard2011. ▪ …
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl realgar, from Ar rahǧ al-ġār ‘powder of the cave’, from ġār ‘cave’, see ↗maġāraẗ.
▪ ĠWṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to dive under water, dive for pearls, diver, a dive’
▪ ĠWṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘valley, lowland, to dig, go deep in the ground, relieve o.s.; a place full of thick intertwined trees’
▪ ĠWL_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ĠWL_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to kill by stealth; to devour; to overwhelm, to deprive of reason, intoxication, materials affecting the mind or judgement; to seize; ghoul, troll, adder’
▪ … ▪ … ▪ From Ar root √ĠWL ‘to snatch, grab, destroy’ – Huehnergard2011. …
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▪ … ▪ …
▪ … ▪ …
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Algol, ghoul, from Ar (al‑)ġūl ‘(the) desert demon, ogre, ghoul’, from ġāla, vb. I, ‘to snatch, grab, destroy’.
▪ ĠWY_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWY_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠWY_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘darkness, hole in the ground dug up as a trap for wolves, to lure, mislead, seduce; to err, stray from the right path; (of young camels) to become bloated from drinking too much milk’
▪ ĠYB_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ĠYB_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the unknown, the invisible, depth of a well, to vanish, to be concealed, to be absent; to be doubtful; setting of the sun, the moon or the stars; to travel in the folds of the Earth; to slander, to backbite, gossip’
▪ ĠYṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠYṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠYṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘rain, to rain, be given rain; herbage, pasture’.
▪ BAH2008: »Considering the uncertainty surrounding w and y when they function as radicals, there is a connection and a degree of overlapping between this root and the root ↗ĠWṮ resulting in classifying yuġāṯ here but classifying yuġāṯū under ĠWṮ«
▪ ĠYR_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ĠYR_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to alter, to modify, to change, to interchange; to be zealous; to be jealous; calamities, to raid’. – There is a certain degree of overlapping and confusion between members of this root and those of the root ĠWR (cf. ʔaġāra ‘to raid’.
▪ ĠYḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠYḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ĠYḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘den, thicket, bush, to disappear (by water into the soil), recede, dwindle, abate, diminish’
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