Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ KBR_1 ‘(to be) large, big, numerous, old (of age, person); (fig.) important, powerful, eminent, mighty; notable, chief, head’ ↗kabīr
▪ KBR_2 ‘capers’ ↗kabar
▪ KBR_3 ‘bridge’ ↗kūbrī
▪ KBR_4 ‘cabaret’ ↗kabārēh
▪ KBR_5 ‘crab’ ↗kabūriyā (eg.)
▪ KBR_6 ‘asafoetida, devil’s dung (pharm.)’: ʔabū kabīr, cf. perh. ↗kibrīt

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to grow big, to increase, to augment, to gain significance, to grow tall; majority, magnitude; to become old, to become infirm; honour, pride, to show pride; to become serious; to be awed; worst part of s.th., great sin, great crime; dignitaries, leaders, chiefs; praise, exaltation, glorification, deference, regard’

▪ Out of the 5 values listed for the Sem root KBR in DRS, only 1 is represented in Ar (#1 = KBR_1): ‘(to be) large, big, numerous, old (of age, person)’, hence the fig. use as ‘important, powerful, eminent, mighty; notable, chief, head’.
▪ Values KBR_2 to KBR_5 are clearly borrowings (from Grk, Tu, and Fr, respectively).
▪ The value KBR_6, appearing only in the name ʔabū kabīr for asafoetida, has perhaps to be put together with ↗kibrīt ‘sulfur’ due to the herb’s fetid smell.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KBR-1 Akk kabāru ‘être gros, large, vigoureux, épais, gras’, Ebl kabar - ‘massif’, Hbr hikbīr ‘multiplier’, oAram kbr ‘multiplier’, ya. kbr ‘abonder’, hkbr ‘rendre nombreux’, Syr kᵉbar ‘être nombreux’, Mand kbar ‘être grand, puissant, dominer’, Ar kabura ‘être gros, grand’, Gz kabra ‘être honoré, glorieux’, Amh käbbärä ‘être honoré’, Arg akäbbärä ‘honorer, célébrer’, Gur käbbärä ‘devenir riche’, Tña käbärä ‘honorer’. – Sab kbr ‘rendre abondantes (les récoltes), rendre fertiles (les champs)’, kbr ‘richesse, abondance’, Mhr məkbīr ‘tas, pile’; Sab Qat kbr ‘magistrat’; Sab kbr ‘contrôler, superviser’, Qat ‘diriger, administrer’, Soq kber ‘regarder, aller voir, examiner; mettre’; Mhr əktēbūr, Jib əkətēr ‘se conduire de manière arrogante’.¹ – Akk kabr - ‘gros, gras’; Hbr kabbīr ‘fort, puissant’, Ar kabīr-, Sab kbr ‘grand’, Jib kēr ‘cheikh, vieil homme’, Soq keber ‘vieillard’. – Aram kabbīrā ‘nombreux, grand’; Gz kəbūr ‘honoré, noble’, Amh kəbər, käbbärte, Arg kəbər ‘riche’. – Ar kābara ‘ravir, emporter par la force’. -? 2 Hbr kᵉbār, JP kᵉbar ‘déjà, depuis longtemps’, Syr kᵉbar, ʔakbar ‘déjà, depuis longtemps, peut-être, presque’, Mand kbar ‘déjà, auparavant’. -3 Akk kibarr - ‘sorte de bateau’, Hbr kābīr ‘entrelacs’, makᵉbbēr ‘natte’, mikᵉbbār ‘treillis’, ? kebārāh ‘tamis’, Mhr katber, Jib kōr ‘se blottir, se recroqueviller (de honte, de peur)’, kotber ‘s’enrouler autour’, Jib ekber, Śḥr kber ‘retourner de la ville à la montagne’. -4 Ar kabar, SudAr kəbūr, Gz kabaro, Te Tña Amh Gaf kabäro ‘tambour’. -5 Mhr kbūr ‘aller voir des gens pour boire du lait chez eux’, kber ‘aller voir, regarder, examiner’.

1. Cf. also Ḥrs metkabber ‘arrogant, prétentieux’ < Ar mutakabbir.

▪ KBR_1: Nişanyan (Sözlük 14.05.2015, #kebir) holds that Ar kab˅ra is related to Sem GBR¹ ‘to be(come) strong, prevail, work’ (cf. Akk gabru ~ gapru ‘strong’, Aram gəbar ‘be strong, overpower’, Ar ↗ǧabr) – an idea that is not found elsewhere. – Outside Sem: According to DRS (#KBR-1), Cohen1969#179 »propose un rapprochement avec l’Eg čmʔ ‘être puissant’ […]. Le Cush connaît des formes apparentées: Af Sa kabaro, Bed kabūr, Ag kiriwi (voir Leslau EDG III /334)«.
▪ The non-Ar forms of KBR_1 have been connected to l’Eg čmʔ ‘to be powerful’ and some forms in Cush langs.
▪ KBR_2: < Grk káppari ‘capres’.
▪ KBR_3: < Tu köprü ‘bridge’.
▪ KBR_4: < Fr cabaret ‘cabaret’.
▪ KBR_5: perh. < Grk kaboúras ‘crawfish, crab, lobster’.
▪ KBR_6: perh. akin to Ar kabrīt (*stinking like sulphur).

1. Identified by Huehnergard2011 as a WSem variant, assimilated from Sem GPR.

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kibriyāʔᵘ كِبْرِياءُ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√KBR

1 grandeur, glory, magnificence, majesty; 2 pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance – WehrCowan1979.

Etymologically related to ↗kabīr etc., but itself (according to Jeffery1938) perhaps a loan from Gz kəbər ‘gloria, honor; magnificentia, splendor’.

▪ eC7 (pride, greatness, glory) Q 45:37 wa-la-hu ’l-kibriyāʔu fī ’l-samawāti wa’l-ʔarḍi ‘true pride in the heavens an the earth is His’

Cf. DISC and ↗kabīr

▪ Jeffery1938: »The root is common Sem, cf. Akk kabāru ‘to become great’, Hbr hikbîr ‘to make many’, Aram kᵊḇar, Syr kᵊḇar, Eth [Gz] kabəra ‘to honour’, and cf. Sab kbr ‘large; prince’ (Hommel, Südarab. Chrest, 127; Rossini, Glossarium, 167). – The usual theory is that the Qurʔānic word is a development from the Ar kabura ‘to become great, magnificent’, but as it was in Eth [Gz] that the root developed prominently the meaning of ‘gloriosum, illustrum esse’, we may perhaps see in the Eth [Gz] kəbər, commonly used as meaning ‘gloria, honor’ (= [Grk] dóxa) and then ‘magnificentia, splendor’ (Dillmann, Lex, 846), the source of the word (cf. Ahrens, Christliches, 23; Muḥammad, 78).«

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For other items of the root cf. ↗KBR, ↗kabīr, ↗kabar, ↗kūbrī, ↗kabārēh, ↗kabūriyā.

kabīr كَبير , pl. kibār , kubarāʔᵘ

√KBR

adj.; n. (nominalized adj.)

1 great, big, large, sizable; bulky, voluminous, spacious; extensive, comprehensive; 2 significant, considerable, formidable, huge, vast, enormous; 3 powerful, influential, distinguished, eminent; important; 4 old; 5 (with foll. gen.) head, chief (in compounds) – WehrCowan1979.

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eC7 kabura 1 (to be great, be awesome) Q 17:50-1 qul kūnū ḥiǧāratan ʔaw ḥadīdan ʔaw ḫalqan mim-mā yakburu fī ṣudūri-kum ‘say, “Be [as hard as] stone, iron, or any other substance that may inspire awe in your bosoms”’; 2 (with prep. ʕalà : to cause distress; to be burdensome, be intolerable, become too much to bear) Q 6:35 wa-ʔin kāna kabura ʕalay-ka ʔiʕrāḍu-hum ‘and if their turning away has greatly distressed you’. – kabīr I (quasi-PA) 1 (great, much) Q 2:219 yasʔlūna-ka ʕan-i ’l-ḫamri wa’l-maysiri qul fī-himā ʔiṯmun kabīrun ‘they ask you [Prophet] about intoxicants and gambling: say, “There is great sin in both”’; 2 (intense, grave, serious, heinous) Q 2:217 yasʔlūna-ka ʕan-i ’l-šahri ’l-ḥarāmi qitālin fī-hi qul qitālun fī-hi kabīrun ‘they ask you [Prophet] about fighting in the prohibited month; say, “Fighting in it is a grave offence”’; 3 (old infirm) Q 28:23 wa-ʔabū-nā šayḫun kabīrun ‘and our father is an old man’; II (n.pl., kubarāʔ, chief, leader, dignitary) Q 33:67 ʔin-nā ʔaṭaʕnā sādata-nā w-kubarāʔa-nā fa-ʔaḍallū-nā ’l-sabīlā ‘We obeyed our leaders and our nobility, so they led us astray from the guidance [lit. path]’. – kabīraẗ I (quasi-PA f.) 1 (great, much) Q 9:121 yunfiqūna nafaqatan ṣaġīratan wa-lā kabīratan wa-lā yaqṭaʕūna wādiyan ʔillā kutiba la-hum ‘and they do not spend a little or a lot [for God’s cause], nor traverse a mountain pass, but all is recorded to them [lit. the reward is credited to them]’; 2 (hard, difficult) Q 2:45 wa-’staʕīnū bi’l-ṣabri wa’l-ṣalāẗi wa-ʔinna-hā la-kabīraẗun ʔillā ʕalà ’l-ḫāšiʕīna ‘seek help with steadfastness and prayer—though this is hard, indeed, for anyone but the humble; II (n.pl., kabāʔir, great sin) Q 4:31 ʔin taǧtanibū kabāʔira mā tunhawna ʕan-hu nukaffir ʕan-kum sayyiʔāti-kum ‘if you avoid the great sins of the things We have forbidden you, We will wipe out your [minor] misdeeds’. – kibriyāʔ: see s.v.

2. Cf. also Ḥrs metkabber ‘arrogant, prétentieux’ < Ar mutakabbir.

▪ Nişanyan (Sözlük 14.05.2015, #kebir) holds that Ar kab˅ra is related to Sem GBR² ‘to be(come) strong, prevail, work’ (cf. Akk gabru ~ gapru ‘strong’, Aram gəbar ‘be strong, overpower’, Ar ↗ǦBR, ↗ǧabr) – an idea that is not found elsewhere. – Outside Sem: According to DRS (#KBR-1), Cohen1969#179 »propose un rapprochement avec l’Eg čmʔ ‘être puissant’ […]. Le Cush connaît des formes apparentées: Af Sa kabaro, Bed kabūr, Ag kiriwi (voir Leslau EDG III /334)«.
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2. Identified by Huehnergard2011 as a WSem variant, assimilated from Sem GPR.

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► kabīr al-ʔaṭibbāʔ, n., head physician
► kabīraẗ al-ḫadam, n.f., female head of the household staff
► kabīr al-ʔasāqifaẗ, n.f., archbishop
► kabīr al-sinn, adj., old
► kabīr al-quḍāẗ, n., chief justice, chief magistrate
► ʔabū kabīr, n., asafetida, devil’s dung (pharm.): perh. not belonging here but to ↗kibrīt.
► kull ṣaġīraẗ wa-kabīraẗ, expr., every single detail
► kibār al-ḍubbāṭ, n.pl., senior officers
► kibār al-muwaẓẓafīn, n.pl., senior officials
► kibār al-hayʔāt, n.pl., the leading personalities of public corporations

► ► kabara u (kabr) to exceed in age (bi‑ by), be older; — ^BP#1925kabura u (kubr, kibar, kabāraẗ) 1 to be or become great, big, large; to grow, increase, augment, become greater, bigger or larger; to become too great, too big, too large (ʕan for s.th.); 2 to become famous, gain significance, become important; 3 to disdain (ʕan s.th.); 4 to become too oppressive, too painful, too distressing, too burdensome; to appear intolerable (ʕalà to s.o.); to become too difficult, too hard (ʕalà for s.o.), appear insurmountable (ʕalà to s.o.): prob. denom. | kaburat nafsu-h, expr., he felt emboldened, he was, or became, proud and courageous.
► kabbara, vb. II, 1 to make great(er), big(ger), large(r), enlarge, magnify, enhance, aggrandize; to extend, expand, widen, amplify; to increase, augment; to intensify; 2 to exaggerate, play up; to aggravate, make worse; 3 to praise, laud, extol, exalt, glorify, celebrate: D-stem, caus.; 4 to exclaim allāhu akbar : denom. from ʔakbarᵘ.
► kābara, vb. III, 1 to treat haughtily, with disdain, with contempt (s.o.); 2 to seek to excel, try to surpass, strive to outdo (s.o.); to contend, vie, strive, contest with; 3 to oppose, resist, contradict; to renege, renounce, offend against, act contrary to; 4 to stickle, insist stubbornly on one’s opinion: L-stem, assoc.
► ʔakbara, vb. IV, 1 to consider great, deem significant, regard as formidable (s.th.); 2 to praise, laud, extol (s.o.); 3 to show respect, be deferential toward; 4 to admire: Š-stem, declar. | ʔakbara šaʔna-hū (or ~ min šaʔni-hī), expr., to extol s.o.
► takabbara, vb. V, and takābara, vb. VI, to be proud or haughty, give o.s. airs, swagger; to be overweening, overbearing (ʕalà toward s.o.): tD-stem, intr./refl. of II.
► ĭstakbara, vb. X, 1 to deem great or important (s.th.); 2 to be proud, haughty, display arrogance (ʕalà toward s.o.): Št-stem.

► ^BP#3569kibr, n., bigness, largeness, magnitude; greatness, eminence, grandeur; significance, importance; standing, prestige; nobility; pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance: quasi-vn., may itself be the etymon proper.
► kubr, n., 1 greatness, eminence, grandeur; bigness, largeness, magnitude; size, bulk, extent, expanse; 2 power, might; 3 glory, fame, renown, standing, prestige; 4 nobility; 5 main part, bulk: quasi-vn., may itself be the etymon proper.
► kibar, n., 1 bigness, largeness, magnitude; greatness, eminence, grandeur; 2 old age: quasi-vn., may itself be the etymon proper.
► kabraẗ, n.f., old age: vn.f., from kabura.
► kabīraẗ, pl. ‑āt, kabāʔirᵘ, kubur, n.f., great sin, grave offense, atrocious crime: nominalized adj. f., fig. use.
► kubār, kubbār, adj., very great, very big, huge: ints. formation (?).
► kibriyāʔᵘ, n.f., grandeur, glory, magnificence, majesty; pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance: etymologically related to kabīr etc., but itself perhaps a loan, cf. ↗s.v.
► ^BP#195ʔakbarᵘ, pl. ‑ūn, ʔakābirᵘ, f. kubrà, pl. kubrayāt, adj., greater, bigger, larger; older; senior-ranking: elat. | ~ sinnan, adj., older, more advanced in years; al-duwal al-kubrà, n.pl., the Big Powers; al-muftī al-~, n., grand mufti; ʔakābir al-qawm, n.pl., the leaders of the people; al-ʔakābir wa’l-ʔaʕyān, n.pl., the grandees and notables; al-ʔakābir wa’l-kubrayāt, n.pl., seniors (male and female), adult age class (sport; Tun.); ibn ʔakābir, f. bint ʔakābir, n., s.o. from a respected family.
► takbīr, n., 1 enlargement, increase, augmentation, magnification; enhancement, aggrandizement; intensification, amplification; exaggeration; 2 augmentative (gram.); 3 praise, laudation, extolment, exaltation, glorification; 4 the exclamation allāhu ʔakbar : vn. II.
► mukābaraẗ, n.f., 1 haughtiness, superciliousness, overweening, overbearingness; self-importance, pomposity; 2 stubbornness, obstinacy, self-will: vn. III.
► ʔikbār, n., admiration; deference, respect, regard, esteem: vn. IV.
► takabbur and takābur, n., pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance: vn. V.
► mukabbir, pl. ‑āt, n., amplifier (el.): nominalized PA II. | ~ al-ṣawt or ~ ṣawtī, n., loud-speaker (radio); megaphone; naẓẓāraẗ ~aẗ, n.f., magnifying glass.
► mukabbiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., magnifying glass: nominalized PA II f., short for naẓẓāraẗ ~aẗ.
► mukabbar, adj., enlarged, magnified: PP II. | ṣūraẗ ~aẗ, n.f., enlargement, blowup (phot.); bi-ṣūraẗ ~aẗ, adv., increasingly, on a larger scale, to an increasing degree.
► mukābir, adj., 1 presumptuous, arrogant, supercilious, haughty, overweening; 2 quarrelsome, contentious, cantankerous; 3 self-willed, obstinate, stubborn; stickler: PA III.
► mutakabbir, adj., proud, imperious, high-handed, haughty, supercilious, overweening: PA V.

For other items of the root cf. ↗KBR, ↗kabar, ↗kūbrī, ↗kabārēh, ↗kabūriyā.

kabar كَبَر

√KBR

n.coll.

capers; caper shrub – WehrCowan1979.

From Grk kápparis (of unclear origin) – Lokotsch1927, Kluge2008.

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▪ Lokotsch1927#978: Ar kabbār (which is from Grk) gave (with art. al-) Span Port alcaparra, It caparra.
▪ The words for ‘capers’ in other Eur langs are akin to Ar kabar (~ kabbār), though not borrowed from the Ar word itself. Rather, they go back to Lat capparis (like the Ar term from Grk): Fr câpres; Engl capers, Ge Kapern, Kappern; Ru kapersy, Bulg kapari, Serb kapre, kapra, Cz kapary, kaparky, Pol kapary, kaparki [vgl. nGrk kapárr)].

No derivates. – For other items of the root cf. ↗KBR, ↗kabīr, ↗kūbrī, ↗kabārēh, ↗kabūriyā.

kūbrī كُوبْري , var. kubrī , pl. kabārī

√KBR, KWBRY, KBRY

bridge; deck – WehrCowan1979.

From Tu köprü ‘bridge’.

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▪ From Tu köprü ‘bridge’, first attested in Uygh Maniheaen texts, before 900, as oTu köprüg ‘bridge’, from oTu köpür- ‘to grow, become inflated, fat, increase’.
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For other items of the root cf. ↗KBR, ↗kabīr, ↗kabar, ↗kabārēh, ↗kabūriyā.

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