Bibliotheca Polyglotta

lām لام

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

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R₁

The letter l of the Arabic alphabet.

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LʔLʔ لألأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√LʔLʔ

“root”

▪ LʔLʔ_1 ‘pearls’ ↗luʔluʔ
▪ LʔLʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LʔLʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pearls, to shine, shimmer, glitter, radiate, (of fire) rage; (of animals, deer, in particular) to flash the tail’

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LʔM لأم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LʔM

“root”

▪ LʔM_1 ‘to dress, bandage (a wound); to repair, mend; to solder, weld; to suit, fit together, be adequate, appropriate; peace, harmony’ ↗laʔama
▪ LʔM_2 ‘meanness, baseness, wickedness; niggardliness, miserliness; sordidness; iniquity’ ↗luʔm
▪ LʔM_3 ‘cuirass, chainmail’ ↗laʔmaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†LʔM_4 ‘apparatus or gear of a plough, ploughshare’ : luʔ(a)maẗ

▪ It is not clear whether we are dealing with one or more "roots" here. LʔM_3 ‘cuirass, chainmail’ and ^†LʔM_4 ‘ploughshare’ most probably belong to LʔM_1 (ClassAr meaning: ‘to put s.th. together, fit together, connect, repair; to fit into one another, set on top of one another, esp. the feathers of an arrow’ – WKAS), both showing the overlapping of single elements, put together and/or on top of one another. Opinion differs however with regard to the question of relatedness, or non-relatedness, of LʔM_1 and LʔM_2.
▪ Those who do not exclude some kind of kinship between LʔM_1 and LʔM_2 are divided on the question which of the two may be the basic value from which the other should be derived. BDB1906 implicitly suggests that the value ‘people’ (Hbr, Ug, and as a loan also in Akk) originally was *‘common, vulgar people’, developed from the notion of ‘baseness, meanness, commonness’ of LʔM_2. But there is no further discussion that would try to answer the question how, if at all, the Ar value of ‘putting together, collecting, assembling’ (LʔM_1) that others usually see together with Hbr Ug (Akk) ‘people’, could be related to LʔM_2. As a secondary development, based on ‘people’ (the *‘collective’ body, the *‘assembled ones’)? A derivation of ‘baseness, meanness’ (LʔM_2) from ‘people’ (in its turn from LʔM_1 ‘to put together, collect, assemble’) would correspond to that of Engl vulgar from Lat vulgus ‘common people, crowd’.
▪ The value ‘people’ in Hbr and Ug may also not be the *‘collective’ but rather *‘those who have reached an agreement’ (cf. the notion of ‘to suit, fit, be adequate’ and ‘to make peace’, prominent esp. in the L-stem of LʔM_1). ‘People’ would then be a group who has ‘repaired’ internal conflicts and ‘dressed the wounds’ that had been open after disagreement.
▪ StarLing(Militarev2006) reconstructs Sem *LʔM, *LMM ‘to get together; to unite by common consent; peace treaty’, going back, like also extra-Sem cognates, to AfrAs *liʔam‑ ‘to get together; to be relative, companion’.
▪ For further details, cf. section DISC below.
▪ For other roots containing L and M and expressing a ‘putting together, joining, connecting, assembling, uniting’, cf. ↗lamma ‘to gather, collect’ (√LMː/LMM, also lamlama ‘id.’), ↗laḥama ‘to meld, patch, weld, solder’ (also laḥḥama, √LḤM), ↗lazima ‘to cling, adhere, belong, accompany’ (√LZM). A distant relationship exists perhaps also between the *L-M sequence and the one with the reverse order, *M-L, often expressing a similar notion of ‘company’ (cf., e.g., ↗zumlaẗ ‘party, company of people’, ↗zamīl ‘companion, associate, comrade; colleague; accomplice’, √Z-ML), but also ‘inclusion’ and ‘completeness’ (↗ǧamala ‘to sum up’, ↗ǧumlaẗ ‘totality, sum, whole; group’, √Ǧ-ML; ↗šamila ‘to contain, enclose, include’, √ŠML; ↗kam˅la ‘to be/become whole, entire, integral, perfect, complete’, √K-ML; etc.).

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▪ StarLing (Militarev2006): Akk līmu (*liʔmu) ‘one thousand’, Ug li͗m ‘people, clan’, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔūm, pl. lᵊʔummīm ‘people, nation’, Syr lam ‘to collect’, Ar lʔm ‘to gather’, liʔam- ‘accord, harmony (between people); peace, concord’, liʔamaẗ, liʔāmaẗ ‘equal, similar, corresponding counterpart’; laʔīm ‘ignoble, mean; similar, equal, adequate’; līm ‘peace, concord; ressemblance betw. two people’; lumaẗ ‘small group of people (3-10 persons); similar, identical; equal (age, form)’; lām- ‘parenté’; lummaẗ ‘compagnon; compagnons de voyage, qui participent aux provisions de route; troupe d’hommes (3-10 people); troupe de femmes’, lamūm ‘qui réunit dans son sein plusieurs personnes ou choses, et offre un rendez-vous’, LMM ‘ressembler, réunir en ramassant de tous côtés ce qui était dispersé’, Sab lʔm ‘to make a peace settlement’, lmw (*lmm) ‘to come to an agreement with s.o.’, Te läʔamä ‘to be attached, friendly’, Tña cf. läʔamä ‘to be good, patient’.
▪ Tropper2008: Akk liʔmu, līmu, Ug li͗m /liʔmu/, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔôm ‘people’.
▪ Klein1987: Akk liʔmu, līmu ‘thousand’, Ug li͗m ‘people, crowd’, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔôm ‘nation, people’, Ar laʔama ‘to gather together, assemble’
▪ BDB1906: Ar laʔuma ‘to be low, ignoble’, liʔām (pl.) ‘common ones’, Hbr lᵊʔōm ‘people’

▪ WehrCowan1979 treats LʔM_1 through LʔM_3 in one lemma, suggesting that they are semantically related. StarLing, too, does not separate the cognates of LʔM_1 and LʔM_2, not without adding, however, that the two values are quite far from each other and it therefore is legitimate to have serious doubts about their belonging together. According to the author (Militarev?), even the relation between Akk līmu (*liʔmu) ‘one thousand’, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔôm ‘nation, people’ and Ar laʔama ‘to put together, gather together, assemble’, as put forward by Klein1987 and Tropper2008 (‘thousand’ and ‘people’ as a larger number of things or persons, a *‘collective, assembly’, held together by mutual agreement) cannot be taken for granted.¹
▪ In contrast, BDB1906 speculates that the notion of ‘lowness, commonness’ (LʔM_2), expressed in Ar laʔuma ‘to be low, ignoble’, liʔām (pl.) ‘common ones’, may be the basic value of √LʔM from which Hbr lᵊʔōm ‘people’, »prop. ‘common, vulgar people’«, is derived. – It remains unclear, however, where BDB would place LʔM_1 in this picture.
▪ BadawiHinds1986 keeps EgAr lāʔam (vb. III, tr.) ‘to suit, be compatible with’ (LʔM_1) apart from laʔam u (vb. I, intr.) ‘to behave with deceit or cunning’ (LʔM_2), treating them as two homonymous roots. Interestingly enough, in EgAr, LʔM_2 has variants based on √LʕN (↗laʕana ‘to curse’) in all its forms.² It seems that fuṣḥā terminology is reinterpreted here by the vernacular to make better sense of the abstract moral concept of luʔm for the common people.
▪ Irrespective of due reservations as to the belonging of some values (‘thousand’, ‘wickedness’, etc.) to the same Sem root, StarLing reconstructs Sem *LʔM, *LMM ‘to get together; to unite by common consent; peace treaty’, *liʔa/ām- ‘union, fraternity, people’ and puts this together with Eg rmṯ ‘person’ (< *l˅m-˅k ?, cf. Fay lōm-i ‘id.’), WChad *lilim- ‘assembly for special occasions’ (reconstr. from evid. in 1 lang), CChad *luma (?) ‘market’ (< *‘gathering of people’?), EChad *lam˅m- (based on forms like lùm, lámmà, lũmmè) ‘to gather’ (intr.), pile’; LEC *lamm- ‘companion, relative’ (cf. Som lammaan ‘to be companion’, Or lammii ‘(close) relations’³ ), HEC *lamm- ~ *m˅ll- ‘close relative; person’ (based on moollo ‘close relative’, lámmi ‘person’), SCush *lama(l)- ‘age-set’ (lama ‘serpentine ochre marking on body’ in 1 lang). The common ancestor of all these is reconstructed as AfrAs *liʔam- ‘to get together; to be relative, companion’.

1. Note that there are several līmu in Akk (cf. CAD): While līmu A ‘thousand’ seems to be genuine Akk, there is also līmu C ‘family, clan’, which accord. to CAD is a WSem loanword. 2. Vb. I laʔam ~ laʕan; vn. I luʔm ~ luʕn and n. luʔumiyyaẗ ~ luʕuniyyaẗ ‘cunning’; adj./quasi-PP laʔīm ~ laʕīn ‘cunning, sly’; elat. ʔalʔam ~ ʔalʕan ‘more/most wicked or sly/abominable’; vb. VI ĭtlāʔim ~ ĭtlāʕin ‘to behave deviously or cunningly’; vb. X ĭstalʔim ~ ĭstalʕin ‘1 to consider cunning; 2 to behave cunningly’. 3. Perhaps from Ar.

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laʔam‑ لَأَمَ , a (laʔm)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LʔM

vb., I

1 to dress, bandage (a wound). – 2 to repair, mend (s.th.). – 3 to solder, weld – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The modern meanings of the vb. go back to a basic notion, in ClassAr, of ‘to put s.th. together, fit together, connect, repair; to fit into one another, set on top of one another (feathers of an arrow)’, in its turn perhaps (as suggested by Militarev) from a Sem *LʔM, *LMM ‘to get together; to unite by common consent; peace treaty’, from AfrAs *liʔam‑ ‘to get together; to be relative, companion’.
▪ Via the value ‘people’, not realized in Ar but in Hbr and Ug, which is likely to be from Sem *to get together, unite’, Ar laʔama may also be connected to laʔuma (↗luʔm) ‘to be ignoble, lowly (of character and birth); to be base, mean, vile, evil, wicked’, the development ‘base, mean’ < ‘people’ being similar to that of Engl vulgar from Lat vulgus ‘common people, multitude, crowd, throng’.

▪ ClassAr (as in WKAS): laʔama, vb. I, 1 to put s.th. together, fit together, connect, repair; 2 to fit into one another, set on top of one another (feathers of an arrow). – ^†talaʔʔama, vb. V, to close, heal (wound). – III and VI: as mod. use. – laʔm, 1 vn. I, joining, union, connection; 2 adj., firm, solid, hard, strong; 3 n. (as also laʔmaẗ, n.un., f.), armour made of iron rings, chain-mail; 4 (arrow) with feathers fitted into one another, set on top of one another. – liʔm, n., 1 agreement, concord; 2 fitting, appropriate person, companion.

▪ Militarev2006 (in StarLing): Akk līmu (*liʔmu) ‘one thousand’, Ug li͗m ‘people, clan’, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔūm, pl. lᵊʔummīm ‘people, nation’, Syr lam ‘to collect’, Ar lʔm ‘to gather’, liʔam- ‘accord, harmony (between people); peace, concord’, liʔamaẗ, liʔāmaẗ ‘equal, similar, corresponding counterpart’; laʔīm ‘ignoble, mean; similar, equal, adequate’; līm ‘peace, concord; ressemblance betw. two people’; lumaẗ ‘small group of people (3-10 persons); similar, identical; equal (age, form)’; lām- ‘parenté’; lummaẗ ‘compagnon; compagnons de voyage, qui participent aux provisions de route; troupe d’hommes (3-10 people); troupe de femmes’, lamūm ‘qui réunit dans son sein plusieurs personnes ou choses, et offre un rendez-vous’, LMM ‘ressembler, réunir en ramassant de tous côtés ce qui était dispersé’, Sab lʔm ‘to make a peace settlement’, lmw (*lmm) ‘to come to an agreement with s.o.’, Te läʔamä ‘to be attached, friendly’, Tña cf. läʔamä ‘to be good, patient’.
▪ Tropper2008: Akk liʔmu, līmu, Ug li͗m /liʔmu/, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔôm ‘people’.
▪ Klein1987: Akk liʔmu, līmu ‘thousand’, Ug li͗m ‘people, crowd’, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔôm ‘nation, people’, Ar laʔama ‘to gather together, assemble’
▪ BDB1906: Ar laʔuma ‘to be low, ignoble’, liʔām (pl.) ‘common ones’, Hbr lᵊʔōm ‘people’

▪ Militarev2006 (in StarLing) underlines that his putting together such a large variety of diverging semantic values (‘thousand’, ‘to gather, collect’, ‘companionship, people, clan, nation’, ‘accord, harmony, peace’, ‘ressemblance, similarity’, ‘baseness, meanness’, etc.) may raise severe doubts. Nevertheless, he seems to be convinced that, ultimately, we are dealing with one etymon. Irrespective of the question whether Akk līmu ‘one thousand’ and Ar laʔīm ‘ignoble, mean, base, wicked’ (↗luʔm) rightfully belong here, the prevalence of the notion of companionship and accord/harmony among a group of people seems to have convinced the author that ‘coming/putting together, uniting, assembling’, as in Ar laʔama, is the basic meaning of the root. Accordingly, he reconstructs Sem *LʔM, *LMM ‘to get together; to unite by common consent; peace treaty’, *liʔa/ām- ‘union, fraternity, people’. Given what may be extra-Sem cognates,⁴ the author even suggests to trace all these back to an AfrAs *liʔam- ‘to get together; to be relative, companion’.
▪ Like Militarev2006, also WehrCowan1979 treats all items with the root LʔM in one lemma, suggesting that they are semantically related.

4. Eg rmṯ ‘person’ (<*l˅m-˅k?, cf. Fay lōm-i ‘id.’), WChad *lilim- ‘assembly for special occasions’ (reconstr. from evid. in 1 lang), CChad *luma (?) ‘market’ (< *‘gathering of people’?), EChad *lam˅m- (based on forms like lùm, lámmà, lũmmè) ‘to gather’ (intr.), pile’; LEC *lamm- ‘companion, relative’ (cf. Som lammaan ‘to be companion’, Or lammii ‘(close) relations’; perh. < Ar), HEC *lamm- ~ *m˅ll- ‘close relative; person’ (based on moollo ‘close relative’, lámmi ‘person’), SCush *lama(l)- ‘age-set’ (lama ‘serpentine ochre marking on body’ in 1 lang).

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► lāʔama, vb. III, to agree (DO with s.o.); to suit, fit (garment; s.o.); to be adequate, appropriate (to s.th.), be suitable, fit, proper, convenient, favorable, propitious (for s.th.); to be adapted (DO to), be in harmony with, match (s.th.); to agree (climate, food; with s.o.), be wholesome (climate, air, food; DO for s.o.); to bring about a reconciliation, make peace (bayna between), reconcile (bayna… wa‑ s.o. with); to make consistent or congruous, reconcile, harmonize, bring into harmony (different things): L-stem, assoc.
► talāʔama, vb. VI, 1 to be mended, be repaired, be corrected: tD-stem, quasi-pass. of vb. III. – 2 to go well (maʕa with): intr. – 3 ↗luʔm.
► ĭltaʔama, vb. VIII, 1 to be mended, be repaired, be corrected. – 2 to be joined, be connected, be patched up, be soldered, be welded. – 3 to match, fit together, harmonize, be in harmony, agree, go together, be congruous, conformable, consistent; to be tuned or geared to each other (fig.). – 4 to unite, combine. – 5 to cohere, stick together. – 6 to heal, close (wound). – 7 to gather, assemble, convene (persons); to meet (committee, congress, council, etc.): t-stem, quasi-pass./intr. of I.
► laʔm, n., 1 dressing, bandaging (of a wound). – 2 joining, junction, connection. – 3 repair: vn. I.
► laʔmaẗ, n.f., cuirass, pair of cuirasses: probably called so on account of the interlocking of its chain links, set on top of one another (cf. SEMHIST).
► liʔm, n., 1 peace. – 2 concord, agreement, union, unity, unanimity. – 3 conformity, consistency, harmony: obviously a fig. use of the basic value of ‘binding together, repairing, joining’.¹
► mulāʔamaẗ, n.f., 1 adequacy, appropriateness, properness, suitability, fitness. – 2 peacemaking, (re)conciliation. – 3 concord, union, agreement, harmony: vn. III.
► ^BP#3142mulāʔim, adj., adapted, suited, appropriate (li‑ to), suitable, fit, proper, convenient, favorable, propitious (li‑ for); agreeing, harmonizing, in conformity, consistent (li‑ with): PA III.

1. Cf. Freytag1830 on laʔama : ‘obligavit (vulnus), colligavit (rupturam); inde (!) in gratiam reduxit, pacem composuit’.

luʔm لُؤْم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LʔM

n.

1 ignoble mind, baseness, meanness, vileness, wickedness. – 2 niggardliness, miserliness. – 3 sordidness. – 4 iniquity – WehrCowan1979.

▪ As also ↗buḫl ‘avarice, niggardliness, miserliness’, luʔm is a major antonym of the key concept of ↗karam.
▪ Of obscure etymology. BDB1906 evidently considers ‘baseness’ as the basic value of the root ↗LʔM to which also Hbr lᵊʔōm ‘people’ belongs, suggesting that the latter properly is *‘common, vulgar people’. But it could well be the other way round, given that ‘baseness’ seems to be peculiar to Ar, while ‘people’ etc. is more widespread in Sem (and possibly also AfrAs), cf. section COGN s.v. ↗LʔM. If ‘baseness, meanness, wickedness’ is from ‘people, crowd’ then we are dealing with an etymology corresponding to that of Engl vulgar from Lat vulgus ‘common people’. In Ar, however, there is no word meaning ‘people, crowd’ that would belong to the root LʔM. Hbr and Ug words for ‘people, crowd’ are often seen as a derivation from yet another value of LʔM, namely ‘to put together, assemble, join’ (people = *‘collective, assembly’), which in its turn is absent from these langs. If luʔm ‘baseness’ is from ‘people’, and the latter from ‘to put together, assemble’, then one will have to compare entry ↗laʔama (and, for the whole picture, ↗LʔM).

▪ ClassAr (as in WKAS): laʔuma 1 to be ignoble, base, mean, dishonourable; 2 to be miserly, avaricious. – luʔm, n., 1 low, base attitude or sentiments, lowness, baseness, vileness, infamy; 2 miserliness. – laʔīm: as mod. use. – Cf. also ^†malʔamaẗ, n.f., baseness, vile, mean attitude or sentiments, vile deed, ignominy. – For attestations, cf. WKAS ii: 63, col. 2 f.; (laʔīm) 67, col. 1 ff.

▪ BDB1906 regards Ar laʔuma ‘to be low, ignoble’, liʔām (pl.) ‘common ones’ as akin to Hbr lᵊʔōm ‘people’.
▪ In contrast, Klein1987 connects Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔôm ‘nation, people’ (as well as Ug li͗m ‘people, crowd’ and Akk liʔmu, līmu ‘thousand’) with ↗Ar laʔama ‘to gather together, assemble’ (without mentioning luʔm).
▪ Militarev2006 (in StarLing), though with strong reservations and without discussion of internal dependence, presents all the following items in one unit: Akk līmu (*liʔmu) ‘one thousand’, Ug li͗m ‘people, clan’, Hbr lᵊʔōm, lᵊʔūm, pl. lᵊʔummīm ‘people, nation’, Syr lam ‘to collect’, Ar laʔama ‘to gather’, liʔm ‘agreement, harmony (between people); peace, concord’, liʔamaẗ, liʔāmaẗ ‘equal, similar, corresponding counterpart’, laʔīm ‘ignoble, mean; alike, equal, adequate’, liʔm ‘peace, concord; ressemblance betw. two people’; lumaẗ ‘small group of people (3-10 persons); similar, alike; equal (age, form)’; lām ‘similarity’; lummaẗ ‘companion; fellow-traveler who contributes to the travel provision; groupe of men (3-10 people), or women’, lamma ‘to pick up, collect s.th.’; Sab lʔm ‘to make a peace settlement’, lmw (*lmm) ‘to come to an agreement with s.o.’, Te läʔamä ‘to be attached, friendly’, Tña läʔamä ‘to be good, patient’. – He reconstructs Sem *LʔM, *LMM ‘to get together; to unite by common consent; peace treaty’, *liʔa/ām- ‘union, fraternity, people’ (implicitly relating ‘ignoble, mean’ etc. to the position of a derivation from ‘to get together, unite’), from AfrAs *liʔam- ‘to get together; to be relative, companion’.

▪ See CONC above, and for more details ↗LʔM and ↗laʔama.

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► laʔuma u (luʔm, laʔāmaẗ, malʔamaẗ), vb. I, to be ignoble, lowly (of character and birth); to be base, mean, vile, evil, wicked: denom., or the etymon proper?
► ʔalʔama, vb. IV, to act ignobly, behave shabbily: denom.
► talāʔama, vb. VI, 1 ↗laʔama. – 2 to act meanly: tL-stem, recipr.
► laʔīm, pl. liʔām, luʔamāʔᵘ, luʔmān, adj., ignoble, lowly, low, base, mean, evil, vile, wicked, depraved; sordid, filthy, dirty; niggardly, miserly: quasi-PP I, ints.adj.

laʔmaẗ لَأْمَة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LʔM

n.f.

cuirass, pair of cuirasses – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Together with an obsol. ^†luʔ(a)maẗ ‘ploughshare’, laʔmaẗ ‘cuirass, chainmail’ most probably belongs to ↗laʔama (ClassAr meaning: ‘to put s.th. together, fit together, connect, repair; to fit into one another, set on top of one another, esp. the feathers of an arrow’ – WKAS), both showing the overlapping of single elements, put together and/or on top of one another.

▪ WKAS : in ClassAr also laʔm ‘armour made of iron rings, chainmail’

▪ No direct cognates.
▪ If akin to ↗laʔama, cf. there and, for the general picture, ↗LʔM.

Cf. CONC above.

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LBː (LBB) لبّ / لبب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBː (LBB)

“root”

▪ LBː (LBB)_1 ‘to remain, abide, stay (in a place)’ ↗labba?
▪ LBː (LBB)_2 ‘kernel, core, innermost, essence, best part; heart, mind, intellect, reason; to be sensible, reasonable, intelligent’ ↗lubb?
▪ LBː (LBB)_3 ‘breast collar (of a horse’s harness); martingale¹ ; to gird o.s.’ ↗labab; ‘upper part of the chest, throat’ ↗labbaẗ; ‘golden necklace’ ↗EgAr libbaẗ
▪ LBː (LBB)_4 ‘lion’ ↗LBʔ, ↗LBW
▪ LBː (LBB)_5 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘kernel, core, the edible inside of nuts and fruits; the essence; heart, mind, reason; veins in the heart said to be the source of kindness, amiable person, diligent person, upper part of the chest’

1. Strap passing between the forelegs of a horse as part of the harness.

▪ LBː (LBB)_1-3 : three roots or (partly?) related to each other? Unclear semantics.
▪ LBː (LBB)_1 : (Kogan2015 Sw#40:) from protSem *libb‑ ‘heart’ (SED I #174).
▪ LBː (LBB)_2 : …
▪ LBː (LBB)_3 : …
▪ LBː (LBB)_4 : short for full forms with R₃ = ʔ or W, cf. ↗LBʔ, ↗LBW
▪ LBː (LBB)_5 : …

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▪ …
▪ …

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labb‑ / labab‑ لَبّـ / لَبَبْـ , u (labb)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBː (LBB)

vb., I

to remain, abide, stay (bi‑ in a place) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Dependent on, or akin to, ↗lubb ‘kernel, core, heart, essence’, ↗labbaẗ ‘upper part of the chest, throat’, and/or ↗labab ‘martingale¹ ’?

1. strap passing between the forelegs of a horse as part of the harness

▪ …

…

See above, section CONC.

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗lubb, ↗labbaẗ, ↗EgAr libbaẗ, ↗labab, and, for the overall picture, ↗LBː (LBB).

lubb لُبّ , pl. lubūb, ʔalbāb

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBː (LBB)

n.

1a (pl. lubūb) kernel, core (of fruits); b the innermost, marrow, pith; c core, gist, essence; d prime, best part; 2 (pl. ʔalbāb) a heart; b mind, intellect, reason, understanding – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1668: from protSem *libab‑ ‘heart’ < AfrAs *lib‑ / *lub‑ ‘heart’.
▪ Kogan2015: from protSem *libb‑ ‘heart’ (SED I No. 174). Successors of protSem *libb‑ are the main word for ‘heart’ throughout Sem, except in Ar, where it is replaced by ↗qalb, probably related to Akk ḳablu ‘middle’ (SED I No. 161). In Ar, protSem *libb‑ is preserved as lubb ‘what is in the inside; understanding, intelligence, mind’ (Lane 2643).

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: Akk libbu, Hbr lēḇ, Aram lebbā, Gz lebb ‘heart’
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1668: Akk libbu, Ug lb, Hbr lēb, Syr lebbā, Gz ləbb, Ḥrs ḥelbēb, Mhr ḥewbēb, Soq elbeb). – Outside Sem: Eg (pyr) i͗b ‘heart’, (WCh) ləp ‘lungs’ (in 1 idiom), (CCh) liḅī, lib(i) ‘belly, stomach'; ʔurvə‑ŋude, rivi‑ḍiya, arve ‘heart’, (ECh) ʔulbo ‘heart’ (1 idiom), Agaw läbbäka, läbakaa, ləbäkaa ‘heart’, (SA) Afar lubbi ‘heart’, (LEC) Som laab, Or lubbu, labbe, (Omot) yiboo ‘heart’, libʔa ‘belly’, (Rift) liba ‘chest’ (1 idom).
▪ Elmedlaoui2012 treats lubb and ↗qalb as one item and gives Berb ul / ulaw‑n ‘heart/s’ as cognates.
▪ See also ↗√LBː (LBB) !

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1668: protSem *libab‑ ‘heart’, Eg (pyr) i͗b ‘heart’, protWCh *l˅b‑, protCCh *(H˅‑)lib‑, protECh *lub‑, protAgaw *l˅b‑ak‑ ‘heart’ (suffix *‑ak‑), protSA *lub(b)‑, protLEC *lab‑ / *lub‑ ‘heart’, protOmot *lib‑ ‘heart’, protRift *lib‑ ‘chest’; all from a hypothetical AfrAs *lib‑ / *lub‑ ‘heart’.
▪ Any relation to ↗labba ‘to stay, remain, abide’ and/or ↗labab ‘upper part of the chest, throat; breast collar (of a horse’s harness); martingale⁵ ; to gird o.s.’? Cf. also EgAr ↗libbaẗ ‘golden necklace’.
▪ …

5. strap passing between the forelegs of a horse as part of the harness

…

► labba / labib‑, a (labab), and ~ / labub‑, u (labābaẗ), vb. I, to be sensible, reasonable, intelligent: prob. denom. from lubb [v2b].
► labbaba, vb. II, to kernel, ripen into kernels, produce kernels (grain, nuts): D‑stem, caus., denom. of [v1].
► talabbaba, vb. V, to gird o.s., prepare o.s.: Dt‑stem, intr./refl., from labab (akin to lubb [v1])?

► labbaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1a upper part of the chest; b throat of an animal, spot where its throat is slit in slaughtering: akin to lubb [v1]?
► EgAr libbaẗ, n.f., golden necklace: akin to lubb [v1]?
► labab, pl. ʔalbāb, n., 1 = labbaẗ; 2 breast collar (of a horse’s harness); 3 martingale² : akin to lubb [v1]?
► lubāb, n., marrow, pith, core, quintessence, gist, prime, best part.
► labīb, pl. ʔalibbāʔᵘ, adj., understanding, reasonable, sensible, intelligent: ints.adj., quasi-PP, from labba / lubb [v2].
► talbīb, pl. talābībᵘ, n., collar: taFʕīL formation, rarely producing nouns other than vn. II, but here evidently used to signify an object that is worn on the chest, like labab / EgAr libbaẗ.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗labba, ↗lubb, ↗labbaẗ, ↗EgAr libbaẗ, ↗labab, and, for the overall picture, ↗LBː (LBB).

2. strap passing between the forelegs of a horse as part of the harness

labbaẗ لَبّة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBː (LBB)

n.f.

1a upper part of the chest; b throat of an animal, spot where its throat is slit in slaughtering – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Prob. related to ↗labab ‘breast collar (of a horse’s harness); martingale² ’; cf. also EgAr libbaẗ ‘golden necklace’.
▪ Relation (if any) to ↗lubb ‘kernel, core, essence, heart’ unclear.
▪ MSA has preserved the orig. meaning, which, according to WKAS II/1, is ‘upper part of the chest, low neckline; place on the throat where an animal is slaughtered’.
▪ …

2. strap passing between the forelegs of a horse as part of the harness

▪ …

…

See above, section CONC.

…

► EgAr libbaẗ, n.f., golden necklace.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗labba, ↗lubb, ↗labab, and, for the overall picture, ↗LBː (LBB).

libbaẗ لِبّة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBː (LBB)

n.f.

(EgAr) golden necklace – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Apparently related to ↗labab ‘breast collar (of a horse’s harness)’ (orig. *‘chest strap preventing the saddle from slipping backwards’) and ↗labbaẗ ‘upper part of the chest; throat of an animal, spot where its throat is slit in slaughtering’.
▪ Perh. also related to ↗lubb ‘kernel, core, essence, heart’, but nature of relation unclear.

▪ …

…

See above, section CONC.

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗labba, ↗lubb, ↗labbaẗ, ↗labab, and, for the overall picture, ↗LBː (LBB).

labab لَبَب , pl. ʔalbāb

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBː (LBB)

n.

1a upper part of the chest; b throat of an animal, spot where its throat is slit in slaughtering; 2 breast collar (of a horse’s harness); 3 martingale² – WehrCowan1976.

2. strap passing between the forelegs of a horse as part of the harness

▪ According to WKAS II/1, the orig. meaning is ‘chest strap (of horse, etc., which prevents the saddle from slipping backwards)’, i.e., the value closest to modern [v3] ‘martingale’.
▪ Apparently related to ↗labbaẗ with which it is overlapping in meaning today ([v1], [v2]).
▪ Perh. also related to ↗lubb ‘kernel, core, essence, heart’, but the precise nature of such a relation remains unclear.

▪ …

…

See above, section CONC.

…

► talabbaba, vb. V, to gird o.s., prepare o.s.: Dt‑stem, intr./refl., [v3], *‘to put on the labab’.

► labbaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1a upper part of the chest; b throat of an animal, spot where its throat is slit in slaughtering: now semantically almost identical with labab; cf., however, WKAS II/1 where the original values are given as ‘chest strap (of horse, etc., which prevents the saddle from slipping backwards)’ for labab, and ‘upper part of the chest, low neckline; place on the throat where an animal is slaughtered’ for labbaẗ.
► EgAr libbaẗ, n.f., golden necklace: also akin to lubb?
► talbīb, pl. talābībᵘ, n., collar: taFʕīL formation, rarely producing nouns other than vn. II, but here evidently used to signify an object that is worn on the chest, cf. [v2]; cf. also libbaẗ.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗labba, ↗lubb, ↗labbaẗ, ↗EgAr libbaẗ, and, for the overall picture, ↗LBː (LBB).

LBṮ لبث

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√LBṮ

“root”

▪ LBṮ_1 ‘to stay, remain’ ↗labiṯa
▪ LBṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LBṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to stay, be slow, tarry, be late in coming, abide, stopover, lingering; mixture’

▪ …

–

.

–

LBD لبد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√LBD

“root”

▪ LBD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LBD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LBD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mane; felt; ticks, locusts, crowd; to stay, accumulate, congregate; to patch up; to be stuck to the earth’

▪ …

–

.

–

LBS لبس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBS

“root”

▪ LBS_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LBS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wear, to put on, to clothe, garment, clothes, armour, cover; to confuse; wife, husband; condition; to tarry or to remain in a place’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

labis‑ لَبِسَ

ID 778 • Sw – • BP 2617 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBS

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to put on (dress)’) Akk lbš, Hbr lḇš e (a), Syr lḇš e (a), Gz lbs – (a).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LBN لبن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

“root”

▪ LBN_1 ‘(unburnt) brick’ ↗libn
▪ LBN_2 ‘milk’ ↗laban
▪ LBN_3 ‘frankincense; chewing gum’ ↗lubān
▪ LBN_4 ‘wish, aim, goal; business, enterprise’ ↗lubānaẗ
▪ LBN_5 ‘Lebanon’ ↗lubnān
▪ LBN_6 ‘storax/styrax tree’ ↗lubnà
▪ LBN_7 ‘towline’ (EgAr) ↗libān

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘milk, (of a female) to be with milk [LBN_2]; quest, wish, desire [LBN_4]; mud brick [LBN_1]; tree sap [LBN_3]’

▪ LBN_1 ‘brick(s)’ seems to be a loan, via Syr, from Akk, perhaps lit. *‘accumulated, hardened, solidified (sc. mud)’ (cf. also LBN_3 below).
▪ LBN_2 ‘milk’ is a value not to be found in other Sem languages (unless loaned from Ar) and is therefore thought to be the result of a development, peculiar to Ar, from an original *‘white(ness)’ (which also lies at the basis of the name for Lebanon, cf. LBN_5).
▪ LBN_3 ‘frankincense’ may be either *‘hardened, solidified (sc. resin)’ and thus, basically, built on the same idea as LBN_1 ‘brick(s)’ (applied to resin in this case rather than to mud in that of LBN_1), or it is *‘the product of the styrax tree’ (cf. LBN_6, below), or *‘the white one’ (cf. LBN_2 above, and LBN_5 below). The meaning ‘chewing gum’ is, of course, a modern development.
▪ LBN_4 ‘wish, aim, goal; business, enterprise’: not directly related to any of the other values and therefore difficult to explain. The semantics suggest a relation to ↗lubb ‘kernel, core; heart, mind, intellect, reason’, but this would be difficult to explain phonologically and morphologically. — For the time being, this word’s etymology remains obscure.
▪ LBN_5 ‘Lebanon’, as a geographical term, goes back, via Aram/Hbr Lᵊḇānōn, to Phoen lbnn. Ultimately, it is either *‘(the country with) the white (mountain tops)’ or *‘the snowy one’. If from *‘white’, then the closest relatives would be LBN_2 ‘milk’ (and perhaps also LBN_3 ‘frankincense’). If from *‘snow’, the idea of congelation/solidification connects it more closely to LBN_1 ‘brick(s) (but perhaps also to LBN_3 ‘frankincense’, if the latter is *‘hardened resin’).
▪ LBN_6 ‘storax/styrax tree’ may be *‘the white tree’ (cf. LBN_2 ‘milk’, LBN_5 ‘Lebanon’), or *‘the tree that produces an aromatically smelling resin’ (cf. LBN_3 ‘frankincense’), or it is a loan from Copt < Eg (unless the latter itself is from Sem).
▪ LBN_7 ‘towline’ (eg.) is agreed upon to go back to a Copt word for ‘(a ship’s) hauling-cable’.

–

(based on data supplied by Nicolas2013)
▪ LBN_1: Akk libittu (*libintu), Ug lbnt (pl., *labinātu), Hbr lᵊḇīnāh, lᵊḇēnāh, Aram lᵊḇīntā, Syr lᵊḇettā (*lᵊḇentā) ‘brick, tile’, Ar libn, libin, SAr lbn ‘brick(s)’
▪ LBN_2: Ug lbn (*labanu), Hbr lāḇān ‘blanc’ (et nom propre),¹ Phn lbn ‘white’, Mand laben ‘être blanc’, Ar laban ‘lait’ (> labana ‘avoir en abondance du lait dans ses pis’, talbīn(aẗ) ‘soupe faite avec du lait ou du miel’, mulabban ‘sorte de nougat fait de noix et d’amandes’)
▪ LBN_3: Hbr lᵊḇōnāh, lᵊḇônāh, Phn lbnh, Aram Syr lᵊḇûntāh, Ar lubān ‘résine qui sert d’encens’, SAr lbn ‘encens’;² cf. also Mand labna ‘gluten’.
▪ LBN_4: Ar lubānaẗ ‘wish, aim, goal; business, enterprise’: –.
▪ LBN_5: Akk labnanu (BDB1906), Ug lbnn, Hbr lᵊḇānôn, Phn lbnh, oSyr leḇnān (Wild1973: 154), Ar lubnān ‘Lebanon’.
▪ LBN_6: Hbr liḇnäh ‘poplar (BDB1906), styrax, birch (Klein1987)’, Syr lebanītā, Ar lubnà, Gz ləbən ‘arbrisseau qui donne du storax, (BDB1906:) styrax officinalis’, Gz lebne ‘sorte de palme; sorte d’arbres’, Ar lubnà
▪ LBN_7: EgAr libān ‘towline’: no cognates in Sem.

1. Cf. also poet. lᵊḇānāh ‘moon’, lit. *‘the white one’. 2. According to BDB1906, Gz libānos ‘incense’ is from Grk líbanos.

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Lebanon ↗lubnān. – Engl benjamin, benzoin ↗lubān.

–

libn لِبْن , var. labin

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

n.coll.

unburnt brick(s), adobes – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

► labbana, vb. II, to make brick: denom.

► libnaẗ, labinaẗ, n.un., pl. ‑āt, unburnt brick, adobe; (saud.-ar.) a sort of cheese | ~āt ʔasāsiyyaẗ, n.pl., basic structural units.
► labbān, n., 1 brickmaker; 2 For another meaning see ↗laban.

laban لَبَن , pl. ʔalbān , libān

ID 779 • Sw – • BP 3085 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

n.

milk; (syr.) leban, coagulated sour milk – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *lbn ‘white’, one of the four basic colours in the protSem colour spectrum³ (see also Ar ↗BYḌ for ‘white’, ↗ẒLM and SWD for ‘black’, ↗ʔDM and ḤMR for ‘red’, ↗WRQ and ḪḌR for ‘green’).
▪ ……

3. As reconstructed by Bulakh 2003, 2004, 2006a, 2006b.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► ʔalbān, n.pl., dairy products, milk products.
► laban al-ḫaḍḍ, n., buttermilk.
► laban rāʔib, n., curdled milk, curds.
► laban al-zīr (eg.) and laban ʕāqid, n., curds, cottage cheese.
► širs al-laban, n., whey.
► mīzān al-laban, n., lactoscope.
► farʕ al-ʔalbān, n., dairy department.

► ĭltabana, vb. VIII, to suck milk: T-stem, denom., autobenef..
► labanī, adj., lactic, milk (adj.); milky, milklike, lacteous, lacteal: nsb-adj.
► labaniyyaẗ, n.f., a dish prepared of milk: nominalized adj., f. of labanī.
► labanāt, n., lactate: neologism. | ~ al-ǧīr, n., calcium lactate.
► labān, n., breast:.
► libān, n., 1 sucking, nursing: vn. III, denom., assoc. – 2 For another meaning see ↗s.v.
► labbān, n., 1 milkman: n.prof. – 2 For another meaning see ↗libn.
► libānaẗ, n.f., selling or production of milk products, dairy: n. of profession, denom.
► labinaẗ, labūn, labūnaẗ, pl. libān, lubn, lubun, labāʔinᵘ, n., milch, giving milk: adj. | ḥayawān labūn, n., mammal.
► malbanaẗ, n.f., dairy: n.loc. (place where mild is produced/processed)

lubān لُبان

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

n.

frankincense, olibanum; chewing gum (=~ al-maḍġ) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ WSem *lubān(at)‑ ‘frankincense’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl benjamin, benzoin, from Ar lubān ‘frankincense’.↗

► lubān ǧāwī, n., benzoin.
► lubān ḏakar, n., (eg.) olibanum, oriental frankincense (resin of Boswellia carteri; bot.).
► lubān šāmī, n., (eg.) a pitchy resin used as a depilatory (resin of Pinus Brutia Ten.).
► lubān al-ʕaḏrāʔ, n., magnesia, Epsom salts, bitter salt.

► malban, n., a sweet made of cornstarch, sugar, mastic and pistachios

libān لِبان

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

n.

1 (EgAr) towline. – 2 For another meaning see ↗laban . – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

lubānaẗ لُبانة , pl. ‑āt , lubān

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

n.f.

wish, desire, object, aim, goal, end; business, undertaking, enterprise – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

lubnà لُبْنَى

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

n.f.f.

storax/styrax tree – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

lubnānᵘ لُبْنانُ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

n.prop.topon., m./f.

Lebanon – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Lebanon, from Hbr lᵊbānôn ‘Lebanon’, from lābān ‘white’, from lābēn ‘to be(come) white’.

► ^BP#212lubnānī, adj., Lebanese; (pl. ‑ūn), n., a Lebanese: nsb-adj. (and nominal.).

lubnānī لُبْنانِيّ

ID 780 • Sw – • BP 212 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LBN

¹adj.; ²n.

adj., Lebanese; (pl. ‑ūn), n., a Lebanese – WehrCowan1979.

nsb-adj., from ↗Lubnān.

▪ …

See ↗Lubnān.

–

LǦː (LǦǦ) لجّ/لجج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√ LǦː (LǦǦ)

“root”

▪ LǦː (LǦǦ)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LǦː (LǦǦ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LǦː (LǦǦ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘depths of the sea, abyss; noise; to roar; to continue to argue or dispute obstinately; stammering; convoluted thick herbage’

▪ …

–

.

–

LǦʔ لجأ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LǦʔ

“root”

▪ LǦʔ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LǦʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘refuge, shelter, retreat; to appeal to s.o. for help, to have recourse to; to compel’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

lāǧiʔ لاجِئ

ID 781 • Sw – • BP 2312 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LǦʔ

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LǦN لجن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LǦN

“root”

▪ LǦN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LǦN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

laǧnaẗ لَجْنَة

ID 782 • Sw – • BP 258 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LǦN

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LḤD لحد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√LḤD

“root”

▪ LḤD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LḤD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LḤD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shelf in one side of a grave, to bury on such a shelf; to deviate, stray from the straight course, deviant; to object to, contradict, profane, violate; place of refuge, to seek refuge’

▪ …

–

.

–

LḤẒ لحظ

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√LḤẒ

“root” –

.

▪ …

–

.

–

mulāḥaẓaẗ مُلاحظة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1498 • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√LḤẒ

n.f.

.

▪ vn., III

.

LḤF لحف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√LḤF

“root”

▪ LḤF_1 ‘to wrap’ ↗laḥafa
▪ LḤF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LḤF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘outer garment, bedcover, to wrap up; to bestow a favour, request or ask persistently, demand urgently’

▪ …

–

.

–

LḤQ لحق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√LḤQ

“root”

▪ LḤQ_1 ‘to catch up, reach’ ↗laḥaqa
▪ LḤQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LḤQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to catch up, reach, follow, go after; pursuit; to attach, annex’

▪ …

–

.

–

LḤM لحم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤM

“root”

▪ LḤM_1 ‘meat’ ↗ laḥm
▪ LḤM_2 ‘to mend, patch, weld, solder (up); woof, weft (of a fabric); close union, conjunction, connection, coherence, cohesion, adhesion, to adhere, cleave, stick to s.th., get stuck; relationship, kinship’ ↗ laḥama
▪ LḤM_3 ‘bloody fight, slaughter, massacre, fierce battle’ ↗ malḥamaẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘meat; to be fleshy; to cling together; great battle; to patch up; kinship relation; to go after’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Bethlehem (↗bayt and) ↗laḥm.

–

laḥm لَحْم , pl. luḥūm, liḥām

ID 783 • Sw 29/96 • BP 1518 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤM

n.coll.

flesh; meat – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Specialized meaning in Ar, from protCSem *laḥm‑ ‘(solid) food’ (Kogan2011), protSem *√LḤM ‘to eat’ (Huehnergard2011).
▪ The item may be akin to, if not even dependent on, Sem *LḤM ‘to be/get in close contact, be glued together, be compact, solid’ (= LḤM_2, see ↗laḥama).

▪ …

▪ Orel/Stolbova 1994 #1642, Zammit 2002, Tropper 2008: Ug lḥm ‘food, bread; grain’, Phoen lḥm, Hbr läḥäm, TargAram lᵉḥēm, Syr laḥmā ‘bread, food’; Arab laḥm, laḥam ‘flesh, meat’. – Outside Sem: Cognates (acc. to Orel/Stolbova) in laam, laamu ‘meat’ in two WCh languages; note also Hs lamai ‘tuwo’. – Cf. also corresponding verbs: Akk laḫāmu (also leḫēmu, lêmu, leʔēmu, leʔāmu) ‘to consume, eat (and drink)’, Ug lḥm ‘to eat, devour’, Hbr läḥäm ‘to use as food, eat; to try, taste’.
▪ For further possible cognates cf. root entry ↗LḤM (for the general picture) as well as ↗laḥama (LḤM_2) and ↗malḥamaẗ (LḤM_3).

▪ On account of the Sem evidence Orel/Stolbova 1994 #1642 reconstruct Sem *laḥm- ‘bread, food; meat’. Taken together with the WCh evidence, for which the authors reconstruct WCh *laHam- ‘meat’, they postulate a common origin in AfrAs *laḥam- ‘meat, food’.
▪ Huehnergard 2011 assumes Sem √LḤM ‘to eat’.
▪ For a discussion of the relation between ‘meat’, ‘bread’ and the more general ‘food’, cf. Guidi 1879, Fraenkel 1889, Krotkoff 1969.
▪ For an attempt to make Sem *laḥm‑ ‘(solid) food’ dependent on *LḤM ‘to be/get in close contact, be glued together, be compact, solid’ (LḤM_2), see Krotkoff 1969. If there is such dependence, then Ar laḥm ‘meat’ is akin to other items of the root, such as ↗laḥama ‘to mend, patch, weld, solder (up)’, II laḥḥama ‘to solder’, VIII ĭltaḥama ‘to adhere, stick to, cling to, fit closely, be interjoined, closely united; to scar over, cicatrize (wound)’, laḥmaẗ, luḥmaẗ ‘woof, weft (of a fabric), luḥmaẗ ‘relationship, kinship’, as well as to the complex of ‘battle, fighting, etc.’ (LḤM_3), cf. ↗malḥamaẗ.
▪ »Laḥm was used in Classical Arabic to designate any type of meat, including flesh (edible or not), and even the core of fruit. In present-day Arabic, the same word, while still used to designate flesh and still within the domain of edible meats, conveys (red) meats almost exclusively, while other types of meats are referenced often by the name of their animal source (e.g. dajāj ‘chicken’)« – Esseesy 2009.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Bethlehem, from Hbr bêt-leḥem ‘house of bread’, from bêt ‘house’ (cf. Ar ↗bayt) and leḥem ‘bread’, cognate of Ar laḥm ‘meat’.

► bi-laḥmih wa-šaḥmih, expr., in his real human form; laḥman wa-daman, expr., dyed in the wool, inveterate

► laḥmaẗ, n.f., a piece of flesh or meat: n.un.
► laḥim, adj., fleshy, corpulent; carnivorous: adj. formation.
► laḥḥām, n., 1. butcher; 2. ↗laḥama : n.prof.
► laḥīm, adj., fleshy: quasi-PP.
► laḥāmaẗ, n.f., fleshiness, corpulence: n.abstr.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗laḥama and ↗malḥamaẗ and, for the general picture, root entry ↗LḤM.

laḥmaẗ لَحْمة

ID 784 • Sw – • BP 6217 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤM

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

malḥamaẗ ملْحمة , pl. malāḥimᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤM

n.f.

…

▪ …

…

–

►

LḤN لحن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤN

“root”

▪ LḤN_1 ‘to speak ungrammatical Arabic (interspersed with barbarisms)’ ↗laḥana
▪ LḤN_2 ‘air, tune, melody’ ↗laḥn
▪ LḤN_3 ‘intelligent, understanding, sensible’ ↗laḥin

Other values, now obsolete, include:

LḤN_4 ‘to incline’ : ^†laḥana a (laḥn) (ʔilà to)
LḤN_5 ‘to drop\give a veiled hint, speak in code, allude to, hint at’: ^†laḥana a (laḥn) (li- to); cf. also ^†lāḥana, vb. III, ‘to make insinuations’; ^†ʔalḥana, vb. IV, ‘to intimate s.th. to s.o., to give s.o. to understand s.th.’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 dialect, language; 2 to err in speaking or reading, deviate; 3 to speak in code, allude to, hint at; 4 tune, to read melodically’

▪ Apart from an uncertain item in Ug, Ar √LḤN does not seem to have cognates in Sem, nor outside Sem.
▪ Fück1950 derives values [v1] to [v3] and [v5] from the now obsolete ^†laḥana ‘to incline’ (LḤN_4), but this seems slightly doubtful. To the author of the present entry, what Fück thinks to be secondary, dependent on ‘to incline’, namely the idea of ‘deviation, modification, modulation’, seems more likely to be the “etymon proper”.
▪ LḤN_2: Günzburg1892 thought that laḥn in the sense of ‘air, tune, melody’ and Grk liχanós ‘tone’ probably go back to the same (Sem) source. Developing on this, LandbergZetterstéen1942 derives Ar laḥn from Grk liχanós ‘forefinger; (hence also:) the string struck with the forefinger, and its note’. Though semantically not without some plausibility, phonologically this etymology would be difficult to explain.

▪ …

▪ LḤN_1 : Zammit2002: Ar laḥn ‘a vicious pronunciation’ is without parallels in the langs the author has looked at (Akk, Ug, Hbr, Phoen, Aram, Syr, SAr, Gz).
▪ LḤN_3 : Tropper2008: Ug lḥn (meaning uncertain!) ‘to be understanding, intelligent’ or ‘to be closely related (to s.o.)’ (cf. Ar laḥḥ ‘close relationship’).

▪ According to Fück1950: 128-33, all values of the Ar root go back to one basic meaning, namely 0 ‘to incline, lean towards’ [= LḤN_4], indicating any deviation from/modification of the normal (position, situation). Directly from here Fück derives 1 the adj. laḥin *‘flexible, mobile, agile’ = ‘clever, intelligent, perspicacious’ and the n. ^†laḥan ‘cleverness, comprehension, perspicacity’ [= LḤN_3] and an extension into the field of speaking, with 2 *‘abnormal way of speaking’, forming a new extended base from which derive other values like 2a ‘eloquence’, or 2b ‘melody’ [= LḤN_2], or 2c ‘talking in riddles full of hidden meanings\veiled hints\allusions\insinuations’ [= LḤN_5], or 2d ‘delusive expression’, and, finally, 2e downright ‘grammatical mistake, blunder’ [= LḤN_1]. According to Ayoub, the positive connotations are earlier than the negative ones (art. “Laḥn” in EALL).
▪ Is Fück correct? WKAS does not have Fück’s ‘to incline, lean towards’ as a basic value. It seems that the latter rather is secondary, based on ‘deviation, modulation, modification’; it is right that laḥana can mean ‘to incline’, but only in the particular sense of ‘to incline to s.o., lean towards s.o., show affection to s.o. ’, i.e., to a person, cf. the lexicographers’ explanation of laḥana li- (which is similar to ʔilà) as ‘to talk to s.o. in a way that only he understands (it remains unintellegible to others)’ (laḥana la-hū ʔiḏā qāla la-hū qawlan yafhamu-hū ʕan-hu wa-yaḫfī ʕalà ġayri-hī) (≈ LḤN_5); so, the ‘inclination’ or ‘affection’ is a way of talking ‘abnormally’, or the result thereof.
▪ [LḤN_2] For the idea that laḥn ‘melody’ may be from Grk liχanós ‘forefinger (etc.)’, cf. ↗laḥn.

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laḥan‑ لَحَنَ , a (laḥn , luḥūn , laḥānaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤN

vb., I

to speak ungrammatical Arabic (interspersed with barbarisms) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ √LḤN seems to be an exclusively Ar root, not attested elsewhere in Sem nor outside of it.
▪ The basic meaning of Ar √LḤN is probably *‘to deviate (from the normal), modulate, modify’. While an interpretation of this ‘deviation’ in a positive sense seems to be quite old (↗laḥn ‘melody’), the negative sense is believed to have become prevalent after the early Arab conquests only, when the language came to be normed and standardized by the grammarians (*‘deviation from the normal > abnormal way of speaking, modulation in language > to make grammatical mistakes, blunders’).
▪ In the sense of ‘bad, incorrect Arabic, gibberish; grammatical mistake, blunder’ (WKAS), the vn. laḥn became one of the antonyms of ↗ʔiʕrāb and ↗faṣāḥaẗ.
▪ For laḥn as one of the many so-called ʔaḍdād (words that can take contradictory meanings) cf. individual entry on ↗laḥn.

▪ eC7 laḥn (deviation, crookedness, twisting) Q 47:30 wa-la-taʕrifanna-hum fī laḥni ’l-qawli ‘but you will know them by [the] twisting of [their] speech’
▪ For ClassAr laḥana, WKAS gives: ‘to speak bad, incorrect Arabic, to talk gibberish, to make (a) grammatical error(s); †to drop a hint (li- to), give (li¬- s.o.) a veiled hint’.
▪ Fück1950 finds the earliest attestation for the meaning ‘to speak ungrammatical Arabic’ in a verse by an unknown poet from c. 630 CE.¹

1. layta ’l-ʔamīru ʔaṭāʕa-nī fa-šafaytu-hū / min kulli man yukfī ’l-qaṣīda wa-yalḥanu ‘if only the emir had followed my advice (lit., obeyed me), so I had cured him / from (the contact with) all those (poetasters) who make incorrect rhymes and mistakes in their speech’, quoted in Fück1950: 135.

–

▪ In ClassAr, laḥn is sometimes identified with ↗luġaẗ. According to Ayoub, this comes »from an archaic meaning of laḥn prior to the setting up of a linguistic norm. […] With the implementation of the norm, laḥn, which in its pre-classical acceptation meant a detour of speech in a positive sense [my emphasis—S.G.], came to express a negative ‘deviation’, a speech error.« Thus, in classical usage luġaẗ »represents legitimate linguistic variation, prior to the ‘corruption of the language’ that according to the sources appeared in the 1st century A.H.«, while laḥn came to mean »illegitimate linguistic change, “the diverging [in speech] from the correct form” (Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān 4013), as a result of ‘corruption of the language’.« This shift of meaning from a positive to a negative sense was accompanied by a transfer of the field of reference from the spoken to the written. Originally, in the pre-classical use of the term, »laḥn seems to have denoted the wrong use of language in speaking, since it is linked to voice and sound.« Later, however, it came to refer to mistakes in the written language, demonstrating the status acquired over nearly a century by the ʕarabiyya as a literary language, essentially linked to writing.«⁶
▪ Ayoub’s description matches that of Fück1950 who also believed that the preponderance of the value ‘grammatical mistake’ which in ClassAr overgrew most of the others (except ‘melody’), can be explained as a phenomenon of the period of futūḥ, when the Arabs conquered the territories of non-Arabic-speaking peoples and the knowledge of Arabic became a precondition of being accepted into the elites of the new ‘Islamicate’ society; in this period, Fück says, Arabs were confronted, for the first time on a larger scale, with groups of people trying to speak and write Arabic but still making a number of mistakes.
▪ Some lexicographers counted laḥn with its values a. al-ḫaṭaʔ, b. al-tawriyaẗ, and c. al-fiṭnaẗ among the words that can take contradictory meanings (ʔaḍdād).⁷

6. Georgine Ayoub, art. “Laḥn”, in: EALL. 7. Fück, ibid. – Cf. also Muḥ. Ḥus. ʔĀl Yāsīn, Ṯalāṯaẗ nuṣūṣ fī ’l-ʔaḍdād, [n.p.]: distributed by ʕĀlam al-Kutub, 1996: 18. – This idea has made its way even into Kazimirski’s dictionary, where we find, among the many values of laḥn, also these two: »4. Faute de prononciation, barbarisme, cacophonie, et 5. contr. Prononciation fort agréable et belle, belle accentuation des mots.«

–

► ʔalḥana, vb. IV, 1 = laḥana; 2 to mispronounce, esp. while reading the Koran aloud: Š-stem, caus. (of the original *‘to deviate’, i.e., lit. *‘to make deviate, sc. from correct pronunciation’), or denom. from laḥn.
► ^BP#3656laḥn, pl. ʔalḥān, luḥūn, n., 1 ↗laḥn; 2 grammatical mistake, solecism, barbarism: vn. I.
► malḥūn, adj., 1 incorrect, ungrammatical (language); 2 (maġr.) poetry in colloquial language: PP I. – Cf. also an earlier value, as given by Kazimirski: ^†‘agréable à l’oreille, mélodieux’, from ↗laḥn in the sense of ^†‘pleasant modulation, melody, tune’.

For other values attached to the same root, cf. ↗laḥn, ↗laḥin, and, for the whole picture, ↗LḤN.

laḥn لَحْن , pl. ʔalḥān , luḥūn

ID … • Sw – • BP 3656 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤN

n.

1 air, tune, melody; 2 ↗laḥana – WehrCowan1979.

▪ For Fück1950: 128-33, the value ‘melody’ is based on the original idea of a *‘deviation from the normal’, extended into the field of language and speaking; ‘melody’ would thus properly be an *‘abnormal way of speaking’. The positive connotation (pleasant deviation) seems to be earlier than the negative ones than laḥn took in Isl times (for these, cf. ↗laḥana ‘to make grammatical mistakes’, etc.).
▪ LandbergZetterstéen1942, misreading Günzburg1892, would derive laḥn ‘melody’ from Grk liχanós (see detail below, section DISC), but this seems unlikely for pholonogical reasons.
▪ For [v2] ‘incorrect Arabic, grammatical mistake’, etc., cf. ↗laḥana.

▪ …

–

▪ According to Fück1950, the value ‘melody’ is derived from the basic idea of a *‘deviation from the normal’ in language and speaking, whence also the other values of laḥn in ClassAr, like ‘manner of speaking, intonation, speech, dialect’, ‘bad, incorrect Arabic, gibberish; grammatical mistake, blunder’, and ‘allusion, hint, insinuation’ (WKAS) (for these, cf. ↗laḥana).
▪ While [v1] ‘melody’ is attested already for pre-Isl times, Fück believed that the preponderance of [v2] ‘grammatical mistake’ which somehow overgrew most of the others (with the exception of ‘melody’), can be explained as a phenomenon of the period of futūḥ (see ↗laḥana). Ayoub, too, thinks that the value ‘positive/pleasant deviation’ is prior to the negative connotations, which came with linguistic normativity in the early Islamicate period.
▪ In contrast to the established view which sees the LḤN as one etymological unit, Günzburg1892 thought that »some musical terms, like laḥn ([Grk] liχanós) and ↗naġam ([Grk] neûma), were probably borrowed by […] Greeks and Arabs […] from a third people, without doubt of Sem descent.«⁸
▪ Misreading Günzburg’s theory (but finding this reading more convincing), LandbergZetterstéen1942 derives laḥn in the sense of ‘melody’ directly from Grk liχanós ‘index, forefinger; hence also: the string struck with the forefinger, and its note’.⁹ »J’ai toujours pensé que laḥn ‘mélodie’ et laḥn ‘faute de grammaire’ sont deux mots de provenance différente. […]. Cette polysémie me paraît indiquer que tout ce thème LḤN peut pas provenir d’une source commune arabe. Mais déjà de bonne heure et avant l’Islam, laḥana a pris le sens de ‘chanter’.« LandbergZetterstéen finds this etymology »assez probable« because it also shows »en même temps l’origine de la musique arabe moderne«.¹⁰ – From the point of semantics, this theory is certainly not without some plausibility. Phonologically, however, it seems difficult to explain how liχanós should have become laḥn.
▪ On account of the many and partly contradictory values that laḥn could take in ClassAr, some lexicographers counted the word among the ʔaḍdād (for more details, cf. section DISC in entry ↗laḥana).

8. David Gincburg [Günzburg], Osnovy arabskogo stichosloženija [Introduction into Arabic Prosody], Sankt Peterburg: Tip. Imp. Akademii nauk, 1892, reviewed by W. Barthold in his “Russische Arbeiten über Westasien”, MSOS (Berlin), 1 (1898), 2. Abt.: 150-71, here 152-3. 9. Akin to Grk vb. leíχ-ein ‘to lick’ (Skr lehmi, Lat ling-ere, Got bi-laigōn = oHGe lecchōn, nHGe lecken ‘to lick’, Ir ligur ‘tongue’ < WGerm *likk-ō- < IE *leiǵʰ- ‘to lick’). => Is laḥn akin to Lat lingua ? Or perh luġaẗ to lingua , or is it mere coincidence? 10. Günzburg (as paraphrased by Barthold, in my [SG] translation from the German): »It is a well-known fact that Arabic music developed under the influence of Greek and Persian music […].«

▪ The Ar word has been borrowed into nHbr as laḥan ‘tune, melody’ (cf. also the denom. lāḥan ‘to sing, chant, psalmodize’ and the Š-stem hi-lḥîn ‘to set to music, compose; to sing, chant, psalmodize’ – Klein1987) and Malt lehen ‘voice’ (Rajki2005).

► laḥḥana, vb. II, 1 to chant, psalmodize; 2 to intone, strike up a melody; 3 to set to music, compose: D-stem, denom., caus.
► talḥīn, pl. talāḥīnᵘ, n., musical composition, musical arrangement: vn. II.
► talḥīnī, adj., singable: nsb-formation from vn. II.
► mulaḥḥin, pl. -ūn, n., composer (mus.): PA II.

For other values attached to the same root, cf. ↗laḥana, ↗laḥin, and, for the whole picture, ↗LḤN.

laḥin لَحِن

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LḤN

adj.

intelligent, understanding, sensible – WehrCowan1979.

▪ √LḤN seems to be an exclusively Ar root, not attested elsewhere in Sem nor outside of it.
▪ The basic meaning of Ar √LḤN is probably *‘to deviate (from the normal), modulate, modify’ (for Fück1950 this is secondary from a primary value ‘to incline, lean towards’). From ‘deviation’, Fück derives the adj. laḥin in the sense of *‘flexible, mobile, agile’, hence ‘clever, intelligent, perspicacious’ and the n. ^†laḥan ‘cleverness, comprehension, perspicacity’.
▪ Is Fück right? In my [SG] view, the semantic shift he assumes—from ‘deviation’ to *‘flexibility, mobility’—is not very convincing. But unless we assign the current value to another, homonymous root there are by now no better suggestions.

▪ WKAS has laḥina a (laḥan) ‘to be clever, intelligent, perspicacious; †to learn, grasp, understand (s.th., ʕan from s.o.); lāḥana, vb. III, ‘to outdo, excel in cleverness, astuteness’; †laḥan, n., ‘cleverness, comprehension, perspicacity’, laḥin and lāḥin, adj., ‘clever, intelligent, perspicacious’

▪ Probably without cognates. According to Tropper2008, the meaning of Ug lḥn is uncertain (either ‘to be understanding, intelligent’ or ‘to be closely related to s.o.’, cf. Ar laḥḥ ‘close relationship’).

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

► laḥina, a (laḥan), to be intelligent: denom.?

For other values attached to the same root, cf. ↗laḥana, ↗laḥn, and, for the whole picture, ↗LḤN.

LḤW/Y لحو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√LḤW/Y

“root”

▪ LḤW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LḤW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LḤW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tree bark; to peel off; to insult, rebuke; beard, the area where a beard grows’

▪ …

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.

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LDː (LDD) لدّ/لدد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 7May2023

√ LDː (LDD)

“root”

▪ LDː (LDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LDː (LDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LDː (LDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the two sides of a valley; to look about in confusion, be perplexed; to be fierce; to be grim; to be stubborn; to be quarrelsome, be contentious, defend; mortal enemy’

▪ …

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.

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LDN لدن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LDN

“root”

▪ LDN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LDN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LDN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be soft, be pliant; to ponder, tarry, to stay; point in time; location’

▪ From protSem *ladan‑ ‘labdanum’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

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.

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LḎː (LḎḎ) لذّ/لذذ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√ LḎː (LḎḎ)

“root”

▪ LḎː (LḎḎ)_1 ‘to be delicious’ ↗laḏḏa
▪ LḎː (LḎḎ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LḎː (LḎḎ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pleasure, sweetness, to be delicious, enjoy; speed, to be nimble’

▪ …

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.

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LZB لزب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LZB

“root”

▪ LZB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LZB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LZB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be narrow; to be scanty, famine, hardship; to adhere, stick together; to sting’

▪ …

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.

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LZM لزم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LZM

“root”

▪ LZM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LZM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cling, to adhere; to accompany; to persist, to force, to impose as a duty, necessity, obligation, compulsory’

▪ …

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▪ …
▪ …

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ĭltizām اِلْتِزام

ID 785 • Sw – • BP 1342 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LZM

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

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►

LSN لسن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LSN

“root”

▪ LSN_1 ‘tongue; language’ ↗lisān
▪ LSN_2 ‘’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 tongue, speech, language, message, spokesman; 2 good repute; 3 eloquence’

↗lisān

–

↗lisān

–

lisān لِسان , pl. ʔalsinaẗ , ʔalsun

ID 786 • Sw 44/172 • BP 1026 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LSN

n.m./f.

1 tongue; 2 language; 3 mouthpiece (fig.), organ (esp., of a newspaper; = ~ al-ḥāl see below) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *lišān‑ ‘tongue’.
▪ … perh. < AfrAs *les‑ ‘id.’.
▪ Acc. to Brockelmann1909 §133a the word is a n.instr. formed from a verbal basis lsn, while Bittner⁴ regards it as a nomen agentis from a base *ls‑ ‘to lick’, i.e., properly *‘licker, the licking one’.
▪ In ClassAr, lisān often meant ‘(foreign) language’, a value that today is mostly rendered by ↗luġaẗ (orig. perh. s.th. like ‘the way people [not in our tribe] speak’, i.e. similar to ↗lahǧaẗ ‘way of speaking; (later also :) ‘dialect’ – art. “Luġa” (Tamás Iványi), in EALL.

4. Maximilian Bittner, “Der gemeinsemitische Ausdruck für ‘Zunge’, ein nomen agentis ”, WZKM 23 (1909): 144-150.

▪ eC7 1 (tongue) Q 75:16 lā tuḥarrik bi-hī lisāna-ka li-taʕǧala bi-hī ‘[Prophet] do not move your tongue with it [Qur’anic verses as they are being revealed] in an attempt to hasten [your memorising] it’; 2 (language) Q 30:22 wa-min ʔāyāti-hī ḫalqu ’l-samawāti wa’l-ʔarḍi wa-’ḫtilāfu ʔalsinaẗi-kum wa-ʔalwāni-kum ‘and among His wonders are the creation of the heavens and earth, and the diversity of your languages and colours’; 3 (speech) Q 28:34 wa-ʔaḫī Hārūnu huwa ʔafṣaḥu min-nī lisānan ‘and my brother Aaron is more eloquent than me in speech’; 4 (repute) Q 19:50 wa-wahabnā la-hum min raḥmati-nā wa-ǧaʕalnā la-hum lisāna ṣidqin ʕaliyyan ‘and We granted them of Our grace, and bestowed on them high and true renown (or: We gave them a noble tongue of truthfulness)’
▪ Hava1899 has still also ^†lasana u (lasan) ‘to bite s.o. in words (WKAS: to abuse, revile, give s.o. a good dressing down)’; ^†lāsana, vb. III, ‘to contend in words with; (WKAS: to abuse, revile)’; ^†ʔalsana, vb. IV, ‘to relate to s.o. (the words) of, send s.o. a message from s.o. else; (WKAS:) to speak to, address s.o.’; ^†talassana, vb. V, ‘(WKAS: to be sharpened in the shape of a tongue); to flare in little tongues of flame, to blaze (fire)’; (WKAS : ^†lisn ‘language, dialect, idiom’); ^†milsan, n., ‘stone at the entrance of a trap’.

▪ Bergsträsser1928, Orel&Stolbova1994#1666, Zammit2002, Kogan2011#6.2.3.3: Akk lišānu, Ug lšn, Hbr lāšōn, Syr leššānā, Sab ls₁n, Gz ləssān, Jib εls̃έn, Mhr εwšēn, Soq léšin ‘tongue’.³
▪ For cognates outside Sem cf. DISC below.

3. Tña mälḥas, Amh məlas < Sem *LḤS (cf. Ar ↗laḥasa). Har arrāt is from Cush – Kogan2011#6.2.3.3.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1666: From Sem *lišān- ‘tongue’ (so also Kogan2011). – All Sem cognates show a final vowel + -n. Evidence in non-Sem branches of AfrAs however makes it highly probable that Sem *-ān- is only a suffix. Thus, Berb words for ‘tongue’ are, e.g., Siwa elles and Kby iləs (< Berb *l˅s-), Eg has ns (Copt *les), WCh forms (of which some show a prefix *ḥa- and/or a suffix *-um- for body parts) are liis, leus, lis, lisi-m, lusu, ḍi-lis, ilmiši, ḍe-linsa, lim, limši, ʔalis, ʔaləs, and, last but not least, Hs halše, harše (< WCh *ḥa-lis-um-), CCh has eles, ɛlɛsi (< CCh *ʔ˅-lyas-, with prefix *ʔ˅-), ECh li-t, lesi, ʔilze, lɛ:s-ɛn, leese (< ECh *lyas-), and Omot mi-laso (Omot *mi-las-, prefix *mi-). Ultimately, all these forms go back to AfrAs *les- ‘tongue’.
▪ For other extensions from the root nucleus *LS- ‘tongue, to lick, bite, sting, etc.’ cf. ^†lasaba ‘to sting (bee, scorpion)’, ^†lasada i (lasd) ~ lasida a (lasad) ‘to lick (honey, a vessel)’, ↗lasaʕa ‘to sting (scorpion etc.)’, ^†lasama u (lasm) ‘to taste s.th.’, ^†lasā u (lasw) ‘to eat greedily’, as well as ↗LHS and ↗LḤS ‘to lick’.

–

► ʕalà lisānih, adv., from his mouth, through him
► ʕalà lisān al-ṣuḥuf, adv., through the organ of the press
► qīla ʕalà lisāni-hī mā…, expr., things were ascribed to him which…, he was rumored to have said things which…
► lisān rasmī, n., official organ
► mutaḥaddiṯ bi-lisān al-ḫāriǧiyyaẗ, n.f., a spokesman of the Foreign Ministry
► bi’l-lisān, lisānan, adv., orally, verbally
► dāra ʕalà ʔalsinaẗ al-ʕāmma wa’l-khāṣṣa, vb. I, expr., to be the talk of the town, be on everyone’s lips
► lisān al-ṯawr, n., borage (Borago officinalia; bot.)
► lisān al-ḥāl, n., the language which things themselves speak, silent language, mute expression (as distinguished from the spoken word); organ (of a party or political movement; a newspaper)
► wa-lisān ḥāli-hī yaqūlu, expr., adv., while he seemed to say…, with an expression as if he wanted to say
► lisān al-ḥamal, n., plantain (Plantago major L.; bot.)
► lisān al-ʕuṣfūr, n., common ash (Fraxinus excelsior; bot.)
► lisān al-qufl, n., bolt of the lock
► lisān al-qawm, n., spokesman (of a crowd)
► lisān al-kalb, n., hound’s-tongue (Cynoglossum; bot.); (eg.) also a variety of scorpion’s tail (Scorpiurus muricatus L.; bot.), having circinately coiled pods
► lisān al-miftāḥ, n., bit of the key
► ḏū lisānayn, n., double-tongued, deceitful, insincere, two-faced
► lisān markazī, n., official party organ (newspaper)
► lisān al-nār, pl. ʔalsinaẗ al-nīrān, n., tongue of flame

► lasina, a (lasan, lasānaẗ), vb. I, to be eloquent: denom.
► lassana, vb. II, to point, taper, sharpen (* s.th.): D-stem, denom.fig. (*to give s.th. the shape of a tongue, make look like a tongue)
► lasan, n., eloquence: vn. I.
► lasin and ʔalsanᵘ, f. lasnāʔᵘ, pl. lusn, adj., eloquent.
► lisānī, adj., oral, verbal: nsb-adj.; pl. lisāniyyāt, (Mor.) linguistics: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ, pl.f.
► malsūn, n., liar: PP I (*equipped with a sharp tongue).

LṢː (LṢṢ) لصّ / لصص

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LṢː (LṢṢ)

“root”

▪ LṢː (LṢṢ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LṢː (LṢṢ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

liṣṣ لِصّ

ID 787 • Sw – • BP 4308 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LṢː (LṢṢ)

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LṬF لطف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LṬF

“root”

▪ LṬF_1 ‘to be gentle, amiable, courteous’ ↗laṭufa
▪ LṬF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LṬF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gentleness, benevolence, to be amiable, be courteous, be merciful, be thin; to alleviate, caress, be obscure in meaning; discreetly’

▪ …

–

.

–

LẒY لظي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LẒY

“root”

▪ LẒY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LẒY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LẒY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘fire, raging fire, to burn brightly; to be mad with anger’

▪ …

–

.

–

LʕB لعب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LʕB

“root”

▪ LʕB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LʕB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to play, to jest, to trick; pastime, amusement; flirtatious, coquettish’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

laʕib‑ لَعِبَ

ID 788 • Sw –/112 • BP 619 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LʕB

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LʕN لعن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LʕN

“root”

▪ LʕN_1 ‘to curse, damn’ ↗laʕana
▪ LʕN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LʕN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to drive away, eject, reject; to curse, damn; to torture, imprecation; the devil; scarecrow’

▪ …

–

.

–

LĠ(ẗ) لغـ(ة)

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√LĠ(ẗ)

“root”

▪ LĠ(ẗ)_1 ‘language’ ↗luġaẗ (arranged s.r. ↗LĠW)

▪ …

–

.

–

LĠB لغب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LĠB

“root”

▪ LĠB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LĠB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LĠB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘badly made arrow, weariness, fatigue, weak-minded person; to undertake a task tirelessly; long chase’

▪ …

–

.

–

LĠW لغو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LĠW

“root”

▪ LĠW_1 ‘language, idiom’ ↗luġaẗ
▪ LĠW_2 ‘to cancel’ ↗laġà
▪ LĠW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to speak, language, dialect, idiom, useless idle talk, chatter, nonsense, outrageous talk; to cancel, void; to digress’

▪ …

–

.

–

luġaẗ لُغة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 441 • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√LĠẗ, LĠW

n.f.

.

▪ …

.

LFː (LFF) لفّ/لفف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√ LFː (LFF)

“root”

▪ LFː (LFF)_1 ‘to wrap’ ↗laffa
▪ LFː (LFF)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LFː (LFF)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of the thighs) to be fleshy; to gather together, wrap up; large crowd of a mixture of people, thicket of trees; to stutter’

▪ …

–

.

–

LFT لفت

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LFT

“root”

▪ LFT_1 ‘to turn to one side, look back, divert, distract; gesture’ ↗lafata
▪ LFT_2 ‘left-handed’ ↗ʔalfatᵘ
▪ LFT_3 ‘turnip’ ↗lift
▪ ^†LFT_4 ‘gruel made from the white colocynth’: ^†lafītaẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to turn to one side, to turn back, to look back, to divert; to distract, to dissuade; to twist; to take care; eesture’

▪ …

–

▪ LFT_1: Akk lapātu ‘to touch lightly, grasp, affect, attack,…’; (caus.) šulputu ‘to make touch, overthrow, defeat, destroy,…’ (CAD), Hbr lāpat ‘to twist, clasp, turn, grasp with twisting motion’ (Klein1987); Aram lappēt ‘to twine around, cling to, clasp’ (Zammit2002); ClassAr ^†ʔalfatᵘ ‘strong-handed’, ^†lafata (vn. laft) ‘to turn, roll about in the mouth; to fold; to turn from’, lafata 'l-māšiyaẗ ‘he beat the camel or sheep or goats, not caring which of them he truck’ (lufataẗ ‘s.o. who beats his camels etc., in this way’), lafata 'l-kalām ‘he sent forth, or uttered, words, without caring what might be the meaning⁴ ’ (Lane), ^†lift ‘half; side, edge; inclination towards’; ? ^†lafata (vn. laft) ‘to stir s.th. about and over’, ? ^†lafata (vn. laft, lift) ‘to bark a tree, remove the peel/rind’
▪ LFT_2: Akk (stdBab) lupputu ‘damaged, soiled’; laptu, f. lapittu ‘damaged; anomalous’, liptu A ‘(handi)work, craft, creation (with ref. to human beings), touch (in the physical sense); affliction, disease; (discoloured) spot’, lipittu ‘disease, work, craft’, ClassAr (Lane vii 1885) ^†ʔalfatᵘ ‘(he-goat) having crooked horn, having one of his horns twisted upon, or over the other (also lafat); (in the dial. of Qays) stupid, foolish, of little sense; of difficult or stubborn disposition (also: lafūt); (in the dial. of Tamīm) left-handed, who works with the left hand; (f. laftāʔᵘ) (woman) having distorted eyes’.
▪ LFT_3: Akk (oBab) laptu A ‘turnip’, var. reading (stdBab) liptu B ‘(a vegetable)’, postbibHbr lä̆p̄äṯ ‘turnip; vegetables eaten with bread’, Aram lip̄tā, Syr läp̄tā, lap̄tā, Ar lift ‘turnip’. – Accord. Klein1987, the nHbr ləpātît ‘Hirschfeldia (a genus of plants)’ is formed from lpt ‘to twist’ (cf. LFT_1); the author does not see it together with the lä̆p̄äṯ . – Cf. also the cognates of LFT_1? – Outside Sem: Copt (Sah) latp, (Boh) lapt, lebt ‘salt turnip, pickled turnip’.

4. in all directions, to all sides, turning aimlessly here and there? – SG.

▪ LFT_1: It is difficult to decide whether ‘to touch, grasp, affect’, as in Akk, or ‘to twist, turn’, as appearing in Ar, should be regarded as the older value. I tend to regard ‘to touch, grasp, affect’ as primary, perhaps with the notion of ‘turning, twisting and overthrowing’ already included (as in Hbr). From there, the meanings (a) ‘to distract (attention), attract (the view)’ etc., prominent in MSA, as well as (b) ‘to twist’ and (c) ‘to overthrow, destroy’ can be derived. From (a) is ‘side; half’ (*attention turned away to one side, focus on the other half). From (a), (b) or (c) is LFT_2 (see below). For Ar, Gabal2012 suggests the basic value of √LFT as ‘to twist s.th., turn s.th. from one condition into another, or from one side to the other, or around it so that it sticks to it’ (layy al-šayʔ ʔaw taḥwīluh ʕan ḥāl ʔaw waǧh ʔilà ʔāḫar, ʔaw ḥawla šayʔ fa-yamtasik).
▪ LFT_2 is probably dependent on LFT_1, since ‘left-handed’ originally seems to be either *‘twisted, anomalous’, i.e., s.th. that is “the other way round, turned upside down”, or *‘having a focus on the one/other side’. The value ‘left-handed’ is the only meaning of ʔalfatᵘ that survived into MSA. But ClassAr, where it also can mean ‘having crooked horn’ (goat, cattle)’ and, in the dialect of Qays, ‘stupid, foolish’ or ‘of difficult or stubborn disposition’, or ‘having distorted eyes’, shows that ‘left-handed’ is only one out of a variety of meanings that developed from a more general *‘twisted, distorted, anomalous’. Cf. also the fact that ‘left-handed’, for some ClassAr lexicographers, seems to have been a specific use of the word in the dialect of the Tamīm tribe.
▪ For LFT_3 a Copt etymology has been suggested (Youssef2003), while the nHbr word for a similar plant is explained as derived from ‘to twist’. So, perhaps, there is a relation between LFT_3 ‘turnip’ and LFT_1 ‘to twist, turn’? This would be an interesting parallel to Engl turnip that is thought to be composed of turn (»from its shape, as though turned on a lathe«, etymonline.com) and mEngl nepe ‘turnip’. However, given the fact that there are Akk and Syr cognates, the most probable etymology is (as also put forward by Ullmann, WKAS, following Zimmern1914) that the word is of Akk or Aram origin.
▪ ^†LFT_4: ClassAr ^†lafītaẗ, described as ‘[a certain kind of gruel] made by straining water [or juice, or a decoction] of the white colocynth, then putting it into a stone cooking-pot, and cooking it until it has become thoroughly done and thickened, and then sprinkling flour upon it’ (Lane vii 1885), looks distinct from the other values, though it is unlikely that it does not belong to one of them. But how?

–

lafat‑ لَفَتَ , i (laft)

ID … • Sw – • BP 1701 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LFT

vb., I

to turn, bend, tilt, incline, direct, focus; to turn away, avert (s.th. ʕan from) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 lafata Q 10:78 qālū ʔa-ǧiʔta-nā li-talfita-nā ʕammā waǧadnā ʕalayhi ʔābāʔa-nā ‘they said, “Have you come to turn us away from that [the faith] which we found our fathers upholding?”’ – ĭltafata Q 11:81 fa-ʔasri bi-ʔahli-ka bi-qiṭʕin min-a ’l-layli wa-lā yaltafit min-kum ʔaḥad ‘so, travel with your household in the dead of night, and let none of you look behind’

Akk lapātu ‘to touch lightly, grasp, affect, attack,…’; (caus.) šulputu ‘to make touch, overthrow, defeat, destroy,…’ (CAD), Hbr lāpat ‘to twist, clasp, turn, grasp with twisting motion’ (Klein1987); Aram lappēt ‘to twine around, cling to, clasp’ (Zammit2002); ClassAr ^†ʔalfatᵘ ‘strong-handed’, ^†lafata (vn. laft) ‘to turn, roll about in the mouth; to fold; to turn from’, lafata 'l-māšiyaẗ ‘he beat the camel or sheep or goats, not caring which of them he truck’ (lufataẗ ‘s.o. who beats his camels etc., in this way’), lafata 'l-kalām ‘he sent forth, or uttered, words, without caring what might be the meaning⁵ ’ (Lane), ^†lift ‘half; side, edge; inclination towards’; ? ^†lafata (vn. laft) ‘to stir s.th. about and over’, ? ^†lafata (vn. laft, lift) ‘to bark a tree, remove the peel/rind’

5. in all directions, to all sides, turning aimlessly here and there? – SG.

It is difficult to decide whether ‘to touch, grasp, affect’, as in Akk, or ‘to twist, turn’, as appearing in Ar, should be regarded as the older value. I tend to regard ‘to touch, grasp, affect’ as primary, perhaps with the notion of ‘turning, twisting and overthrowing’ already included (as in Hbr). From there, the meanings (a) ‘to distract (attention), attract (the view)’ etc., prominent in MSA, as well as (b) ‘to twist’ and (c) ‘to overthrow, destroy’ can be derived. From (a) is ‘side; half’ (*attention turned away to one side, focus on the other half). From (a), (b) or (c) is ‘left-handed’, etc. (↗ʔalfatᵘ). For Ar, Gabal2012 suggests the basic value of √LFT as ‘to twist s.th., turn s.th. from one condition into another, or from one side to the other, or around it so that it sticks to it’ (layy al-šayʔ ʔaw taḥwīluh ʕan ḥāl ʔaw waǧh ʔilà ʔāḫar, ʔaw ḥawla šayʔ fa-yamtasik).

-

► lafata naẓarahū ʔilà, vb. I, to turn one’s eyes or one’s attention to; to direct s.o.’s eyes to, call s.o.’s attention to.
► lafata 'l-naẓar, vb. I, to catch the eye, attract attention; to be impressive, stately, imposing.

► ʔalfata, vb. IV, = I.
► talaffata, vb. V, to turn, turn around, turn one’s face (ʔilà to); to look around, glance around; to peer around: intr.
► ^BP#2366ĭltafata, vb. VIII, to turn, turn around, turn one’s face (ʔilà to); to wheel around, turn around; to address o.s. (ʔilà to); to pay attention, attend (to), heed, observe, bear in mind, consider, take into account, take into consideration (ʔilà s.th.); to take care (of), care (for): T-stem of I.
► ĭstalfata, vb. X, to attract (the eyes, attention); to claim, arouse, awaken (interest, attention, min of s.o.): ST-stem of I, autobenefactive (*‘to make s.o. turn his attention to o.s.’).

► laftaẗ, n.f., turnabout, aboutface; (pl. lafatāt) turn, turning; gesture; sideglance, glance, a furtive, casual, or quick, look: n.un. of vn. I.
► lafāt and lafūt, adj., ill-tempered, surly, sullen: lit., *‘turning around, looking around very much, be unquiet’? Or closer to the complex of *‘anomalous, distorted’ treated under ↗ʔalfatᵘ ?
► ĭltifāt, n., turn, inclination, turning; attention, notice, heed; regard; consideration; care, solicitude; sudden transition (styl.): vn. VIII | bi-dūni 'l-~, adv., inattentive(ly); inconsiderate of, without consideration for; ʕadam al-~, n., inattention; naẓara ʔilayhi bi-ʕayni 'l-~, vb. I, to give s.th. sympathetic consideration.
► ĭltifātaẗ, n.f., a turning; turn of the face or eyes; sideglance, glance: n.vic. of vn. VIII.
► ĭstilfāt, n., stimulation of attention: vn. X.
► ^BP#2418lāfit, adj., getting attention; interesting: PA I.
► ^BP#3385lāfitaẗ, n.f., sign (bearing an inscription): originally a PA f., lit. *‘the turner, the thing that makes the eyes/attention turn to it’.
► mulfit: ~ al-naẓar, adj., attracting attention, striking, conspicuous: PA IV.
► multafit, adj., turning around, looking; regardful; attentive; heedful, careful; considerate: PA VIII.

lift لِفْت

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LFT

n.

turnip (Brassica rapa L.; bot.) – WehrCowan1979.

For this word, both a Copt and an Akk/Aram etymology have been suggested. See COGN and DISC below.

▪ …

▪ Akk (oBab) laptu A ‘turnip’, var. reading (stdBab) liptu B ‘(a vegetable)’ (CAD), postbibHbr lä̆p̄äṯ ‘turnip; vegetables eaten with bread’, Aram lip̄tā, Syr läp̄tā, lap̄tā, Ar lift ‘turnip’ (Klein1987). – Accord. Klein1987, the nHbr ləpātît ‘Hirschfeldia (a genus of plants)’ is formed from lpt ‘to twist’ (cf. ↗lafata); the author does not see it together with lä̆p̄äṯ ‘turnip’. – Cf. also the cognates of ↗lafata ? – Outside Sem: Copt (Sah) latp, (Boh) lapt, lebt ‘salt turnip, pickled turnip’.

▪ Youssef2003 suggested that the word is borrowed from Copt lapt, latp ‘salt turnip, pickled turnip’. However, cognates can be found already in Akk from oBab onwards. Zimmern1914: 57, and after him also Ullmann, WKAS, think that Ar lift is from Akk or Aram. nHbr has ləpātît for a similar plant, but Klein1987 does not relate this to ‘turnip’ but rather explains it as derived from lpt ‘to twist’.
▪ Could there be a relation between ‘turnip’ and ‘to twist, turn’ (↗lafata)? This would be an interesting parallel to Engl turnip that is thought by some to be composed of turn (»from its shape, as though turned on a lathe«, etymonline.com) and mEngl nepe ‘turnip’.
▪ The evidence of ClassAr dictionaries does not make things clearer. Some lexicographers seem to associate the word with Egypt (a fact that would support Youssef’s suggestion of a Copt provenience), for others it is simply sounds foreign, or “Nabataen”.¹¹
▪ Other meanings that the word could take in ClassAr are now obsolete and, with all likelihood, do not belong to ‘turnip’ but rather to ‘to turn aside’ (↗lafata). The value ^†‘half (of a thing, syn. šaqq), side (ṣiġw, ǧānib)’ seems to be derived from this notion, and the ^†‘cow, bull (syn. baqaraẗ)’ is probably literally the cattle *‘having crooked/twisted horn’. Still obscure remains the use of lift for ^†‘vulva of a lioness’ (because of its form?).

11. Cf. Lane vii 1885: »name now given in Egypt to the Brassica napus (of Linn., α edulis), the rape; also identified by some with ↗šalǧam (name given in Egypt to the Brassica napus β olifera); some dictionaries, among which also the Qāmūs, report that an authority shall have said, “I have not heard it from any person confided in for accuracy, and know not whether it be Ar or not”; Ibn al-Kubbī asserts it to be a Nabataean word.«

–

ʔalfatᵘ أَلْفَتُ , f. laftāʔᵘ , pl. luft

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√LFT

adj.

left-handed – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ Akk (stdBab) lupputu ‘damaged, soiled’; laptu, f. lapittu ‘damaged; anomalous’, liptu A ‘(handi)work, craft, creation (with ref. to human beings), touch (in the physical sense); affliction, disease; (discoloured) spot’, lipittu ‘disease, work, craft’ (CAD); ClassAr ^†ʔalfatᵘ ‘(he-goat) having crooked horn, having one of his horns twisted upon, or over the other (also lafat); (in the dial. of Qays) stupid, foolish, of little sense; of difficult or stubborn disposition (also: lafūt); (in the dial. of Tamīm) left-handed, who works with the left hand; (f. laftāʔᵘ) (woman) having distorted eyes’ (Lane vii 1885).

▪ The meaning of the elative formation ʔalfatᵘ is probably dependent on ‘to (grasp and) turn, twist, overthrow’ as preserved in Ar ↗lafata ‘to turn aside’, as ‘left-handed’ originally seems to have been either *‘twisted, anomalous’, i.e., s.th. that is “the other way round, turned upside down”, or *‘having a focus on the one/other side (to which attention has been unduely attracted)’. The value ‘left-handed’ is the only meaning of ʔalfatᵘ that survived into MSA. But ClassAr, where it also can mean ^†‘having crooked horn’ (goat, cattle)’ and, in the dialect of Qays, ^†‘stupid, foolish’ or ^†‘of difficult or stubborn disposition’, or ‘having distorted eyes’, shows that ‘left-handed’ is only one out of a variety of meanings that developed from a more general *‘twisted, distorted, anomalous’. Cf. also the fact that ‘left-handed’, for some ClassAr lexicographers, seems to have been a specific use of the word in the dialect of the Tamīm tribe. This may be the reason why some dictionaries, among them also WKAS, do not list the value ‘left-handed’ at all.
▪ Another old meaning of ʔalfatᵘ, now obsolete, is ^†‘strong-handed, who hoists or wrings him who strives or grapples with him’ (TA, accord. to Lane vii 1885). This can be related directly to the primary value of √LFT, namely *‘to grasp, turn down, overthrow’, cf. ↗LFT, ↗lafata.

–

► lafāt and lafūt, adj., ill-tempered, surly, sullen: like ‘left-handed’ belonging to the complex of *‘anomalous, distorted’, or rather developed from *‘turning around, looking around very much, be unquiet, distracted’ treated under ↗lafata ?

LFḤ لفح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LFḤ

“root”

▪ LFḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LFḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LFḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘heat of a fire, fire, glare of a fire; to scorch, burn, sear, tan; to strike lightly’

▪ …

–

.

–

LFẒ لفظ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LFẒ

“root”

▪ LFẒ_1 ‘to spit out; to utter, speak’ ↗lafaẓa
▪ LFẒ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LFẒ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to spit out, emit, cast out; to enunciate, utter, speak, utterance; to expire’

▪ …

–

.

–

LFW لفو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LFW

“root”

▪ LFW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LFW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LFW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to scrape meat off bones; to find; to avoid; to put right; to eliminate’

▪ …

–

.

–

LQB لقب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LQB

“root”

▪ LQB_1 ‘surname, nickname’ ↗laqab
▪ LQB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LQB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘surname, nickname, epithet, designation, title, to call names’

▪ …

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LQḤ لقح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9May2023

√LQḤ

“root”

▪ LQḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LQḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LQḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘seed, semen, pollen, to impregnate, pollinate, become pregnant’

▪ …

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.

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LQṬ لقط

√LQṬ

“root”

▪ LQṬ_1 ‘to pick up, collect’ ↗laqaṭa, ‘foundling’ ↗laqīṭ
▪ LQṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LQṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pick up from the ground, collect, glean; a find, a foundling; windfalls’

▪ …

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.

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LQF لقف

√LQF

“root”

▪ LQF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LQF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LQF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to catch up, gulp up, snatch up; to collapse, crumple’

▪ …

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.

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LQM لقم

√LQM

“root”

▪ LQM_1 ‘morsel, mouthful’ ↗luqmaẗ
▪ LQM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LQM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swallow, gobble up; morsel, mouthful of food, to hand-feed; to obstruct’

▪ …

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.

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LQY لقي

√LQY

“root”

▪ LQY_1 ‘to meet, encounter; to find’ ↗laqiya
▪ LQY_2 ‘to throw, cast’ ↗ʔalqà
▪ LQY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to meet, encounter, reunion; to find; to undergo, suffer, experience; to throw, cast; to give, receive, accept; to lie down’

▪ …

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.

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LMḤ لمح

√LMḤ

“root”

▪ LMḤ_1 ‘to glance, notice’ ↗lamaḥa
▪ LMḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LMḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to glance, notice, look furtively, twinkle, look askance; looks, features; glow of light’

▪ …

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.

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LMZ لمز

√LMZ

“root”

▪ LMZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LMZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LMZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to nudge; to poke fun at, defame, speak ill of s.o., slander, a slanderer’

▪ …

–

.

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LMS لمس

√LMS

“root”

▪ LMS_1 ‘to touch’ ↗lamasa
▪ LMS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LMS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to touch, probe; to look for, request; to become aware; to be in contact with, have sexual intercourse’

▪ …

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.

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LHB لهب

√LHB

“root”

▪ LHB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LHB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tongue of fire, flame, to blaze; radiance; to be extremely hungry, thirst’

▪ …
▪ …
▪ Kogan2011: < WS < protSem *lahb‑ , synonym of the main Sem term for ‘fire’, protSem *ʔiš(‑āt)‑, which left no traces in Ar.
▪ …

–

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘flame’) Akk laʔbu, Hbr láhaḇ, Syr (caus. šalheḇ ‘to ignite’), Gz lāhb.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

ĭltihāb اِلْتِهاب

√LHB

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LHṮ لهث

√LHṮ

“root”

▪ LHṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LHṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LHṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the physical sensation of thirst, panting with thirst, panting; to loll the tongue; fatigue’

▪ …

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.

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LHM لهم

√LHM

“root”

▪ LHM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LHM_2 ‘to inspire’ ↗ʔalhama
▪ LHM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gulping, glutton; inspiration, to inspire; notable person; fast horse; vast army’

▪ …

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.

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ʔilhām إلْهام

√LHM

n.

.

▪ vn., IV

.

LHW لهو

√LHW

“root”

▪ LHW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LHW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LHW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘amusement, distraction, diversion, pastime, timewasting, to amuse o.s., have fun, distract; to turn one’s attention to; mouthful; uvula, gullet’

▪ …

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.

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LWḤ لوح

√LWḤ

“root”

▪ LWḤ_1 ‘to appear, come in sight, become visible; to shine, flash, glimmer, sparkle; to seem, appear’ ↗¹lāḥa
▪ LWḤ_2 ‘to wither, singe, parch, scorch; to tan’ ↗²lāḥa
▪ LWḤ_3 ‘board, slate, tablet, slab, plate, pane, plank, panel; shoulder blade, scapula’ ↗lawḥ; ‘plaque, surface, screen; poster; picture, painting’ ↗lawḥaẗ
▪ LWḤ_4 ‘program, project; bill, motion; order, decree, edict, regulation, rule’ ↗lāʔiḥaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane vii 1885, Hava1899, WKAS ii):

▪ ^†LWḤ_5 ‘air, atmosphere | espace entre le ciel et la terre’ : ^†¹lūḥ
▪ ^†LWḤ_6 ‘polishing agent for mirrors’ : ^†līḥaẗ
▪ ^†LWḤ_7 ‘the lure; owl used for decoy shooting; decoy (bird)’ : ^†milwāḥ (WKAS ii)
▪ ^†LWḤ_8 ‘unfertilized eggs | œuf qui ayant été miré, est rebuté comme n’étant pas bon pour l’éclosion’ : ^†lāḥ
▪ ^†LWḤ_9 ‘thirst’ : ^†²lūḥ
▪ ^†LWḤ_10 ‘to be afraid (min of s.o.), frightened, be on one’s guard (min against), shrink back, recoil (min from s.th.), blush (min at a word)’ : ^†ʔalāḥa, vb. IV
▪ ^†LWḤ_ ‘…’ : ^†…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shoulder blade, board, a slap; to be emaciated; to be tanned, to be scorched black, to be thirsty; to glitter, to appear from a distance; to wave, to brandish; to insinuate; a glance, a blink; to whip’

▪ [gnrl] There are at least three main values in the root that one will find hard to connect:

(a) *‘to become visible, flash’ [≙ v1];
(b) *‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, wither, lose weight, get thinner’ [≙ v2]; and
(c) *‘board, tablet, plank; shoulder blade’ [= v3]. This is the only value that has cognates in Sem; in Ar, it may be a borrowing from Aram.

The first two have developed a fairly high degree of differentiation in their respective semantic fields and are thus prob. rather old and genuine; all the more strange it seems that they do not seem to have counterparts in Sem (though perh. outside, in Eg). Gabal2012: 2013 suggests a derivation of all from a basic notion of *‘breadth, evenness and dryness or compactness in s.th.’, exemplarily represented in [v3] lawḥ ‘board, tablet, plank’. For, him, ‘dryness’ gave ‘thirst, desiccation, withering’, while ‘breadth’, he says, implies a higher degree of ‘visibility’. The strength of this argument would be the fact that only ‘board, tablet, plank’ seems to have a deeper Sem dimension; on the other hand, the theory appears to be rather far-fetched. Cf., however, a value of lawḥ (not mentioned by Gabal2012 but) given by ClassAr lexicographers, namely ‘tout ce qui, par sa surface plate et polie, reflète la lumière’ (BK1860) – here, s.th. with a flat, even, polished surface (as would be a ‘board, tablet, plank’) is combined with the reflexion of light, and the latter may look as if it could be derived from the former (see “a”). – Likewise, (a)[≙ v1] *‘to shine etc.’ and (b)[≙ v2] *‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, wither, etc.’ may be connected via ^†[v8] lāḥ ‘eggs found unsuitable for hatching after having “X-rayed” (i.e., candled) them by holding them against the sun-light’, which combines the notions of ‘shining, light’ and ‘desiccation, emaciation, shrinking (> infertility?)’ etc.
▪ [v1] ‘to appear, be(come) visible; to shine, flash, glimmer, sparkle; to seem, appear’: etymology obscure. An essential element in the original semantics seems to be the notion of surprise and speed. – Borg2021 suggests comparison with Eg ꜣḫ (Urk. IV, 18th Dyn.) ‘schön, herrlich, trefflich, nützlich sein | glorious, splendid’ (Brockelmann 1932: 100 | Faulkner 1962: 4); ꜣḫ.t ‘Sonnenglanz’; ꜣḫ.t (NK) ‘Auge, besonders vom Auge der Sonne’ (Wb I 13, 17). – For Gabal2012’s hypothesis (“[v1]<[v3]”), see previous paragraph. – It is tempting to regard the meaning of [v3] lawḥ ‘board, tablet, plank’ registered by ClassAr lexicographers (in the translation of BK1860) as ‘tout ce qui, par sa surface plate et polie, reflète la lumière’ as a semantic bridge that could justify the semantic transition *‘board, plank > to be(come) visible, appear’; but this would need to be corroborated by broader and more reliable evidence—after all, the semantic “bridge” may be a homogenizing construction made by lexicographers to explain diversity within the root and give it more coherence. – [v1] related to [v2] via ^†[v8]? See above, s.v. [gnrl]. – [v1] is likely at the origin of values [v4]– ^†[v7], perh. also ^†[v8] – see below.
▪ [v2] ‘to wither, singe, parch, scorch; to tan’: etymology obscure. Semantic vicinity to ^†[v9] ^†²lūḥ ‘thirst’ is obvious, but does not help either, as also the latter is without cognates in Sem and outside. In some dictionaries, ‘to thirst’ is given as the first meaning of the corresponding vb. ^†lāḥa (Hava, Steingass, etc.). – ^†[v10] ‘to be afraid, frightened, shrink back, blush’ could be fig. use of [v2]. – [v2] related to [v1] ‘to appear, shine, flash’ via ^†[v8] ‘candled eggs’? See above, s.v. [gnrl] and [v1].
▪ [v3] ‘board, tablet, plank, etc.’: According to Jeffrey1939 borrowed from Aram lūḥā ‘id.’, but the word is widely attested in Sem (Akk, Ug, Hbr, Aram, Soq), so it may be genuine, directly from Sem *lawḥ ‘board, table, plank’. – A relation to [v1] ‘to appear, shine, flash’ has been suggested by Gabal2012 (see above, [gnrl] and [v1]), but this is little convincing. – The extended meaning ‘shoulder blade’ gave adj.s like ^†ʔalwaḥᵘ and ^†milwāḥ, both signifying s.o. ‘having broad bones, shoulder blades, tall’.
▪ [v4] ‘program, project; bill, motion; order, decree, edict, regulation, rule’: Formed on the FāʕiLaẗ pattern, lāʔiḥaẗ is evidently a PA I.f, most likely from [v1] lāḥa, thus meaning *‘the flashing one’. The connection between the modern meanings and the basic *‘becoming visible, appearing, flashing up’ becomes clear in the light of the D-stem, lawwaḥa ‘(*to let appear, let flash up >) to flourish, brandish, swing, wave, make a sign, signal’ (also with s.th. to eat or drink, to feed a child) and ^†[v7] milwāḥ ‘lure, decoy’ (< *s.th. waved with to attract attention, lure, entice). A lāʔiḥaẗ is thus, originally, *‘s.th. flashing up, giving an idea of s.th., sketch, outline’.
▪ ^†[v5] ‘air, atmosphere | espace entre le ciel et la terre’ : relation to [v1] not immediately obvious, but rather likely; perh. the layer of the air’s *‘flickering’.
▪ ^†[v6] ‘polishing agent for mirrors’ : with all probability related to [v1] ‘to shine, sparkle, gleam, glisten, glitter, etc.’
▪ ^†[v7] ‘the lure; owl used for decoy shooting; decoy (bird)’ : based on [v1] as *‘s.th. waved/signalled with (< made to shine, etc.) to attract attention and entice/lure s.o./s.th.’ (into a trap etc.). – Cf. D-stem lawwaḥa etc., as mentioned above, sub [v4].
▪ ^†[v8] ‘unfertilized eggs | œuf qui ayant été miré, est rebuté comme n’étant pas bon pour l’éclosion’ : ^†lāḥ : could serve as a semantic bridge betw. [v1] and [v2], since, accord. to ClassAr lexicographers, ‘unfertilized’ is rather *‘rejected as unsuitable for hatching after having “X-rayed” (candled) [the eggs] by holding [them] against the sun-light’ – here, the notions of [v1] ‘shining, light, etc.’ and [v2] ‘desiccation, emaciation, etc. (> infertility?)’ seem to overlap.
▪ ^†[v9] ‘thirst’ : Alongside with the n. ^†²lūḥ, many dictionaries list ‘to thirst’ as one of the primary meanings of the vb. lāḥa. The value is obviously related to [v2] ‘to scorch, burn, desiccate, cause to wither, lose weight, get thinner, etc.’.
▪ ^†[v10] ‘to be afraid (min of s.o.), frightened, be on one’s guard (min against), shrink back, recoil (min from s.th.), blush (min at a word)’ : ^†ʔalāḥa is prob. fig. use of an ʔa caus. formed from the G-stem lāḥa – but which one: [v1] ↗¹lāḥa or ↗²lāḥa? If from [v1], the ‘being afraid, shrinking back, etc.’ would have to be seen as result (?) of s.th. appearing, shining up (suddenly, and hence frightening?); if from [v2], it could be interpreted as fig. use of the latter (‘to be afraid’ as ‘to wither, become thin, shrink, etc.’. Neither of the two options seems particularly convincing, as pattern IV verbs usually express caus. meaning. Nor is there a n. in sight from which it could be denominative.
▪ …

▪ [v1] ¹lāḥa ‘to be(come) [clearly] visible, appear, emerge, come into view; to shine brightly, flash, sparkle, glint, glow, gleam, glitter, glisten (celestial bodies, fire, lamp, mirage, cloud of dust; water, butter, a spider’s web; traces left at an abandoned camp; … tracts of land, regions, paths, routes, buildings; flowers, blossoms; parts of the body; grey hair; weapons; implements, tools, materials, cloth, pieces of embroidery, jewelry, etc.; handwriting, ornaments, decorations; ship’s sails; pieces of jewelry, coins; brilliance of the morning sky, flash of lightning, thunder cloud, rainbow)’ (WKAS ii).² – ^†lawwaḥa bi’l-ʕaṣā ‘to raise a stick (upon s.o.)’, ^†lawwaḥa ‘to feed a child (*waving with the food/drink)’ (Hava1899). – ^†lāʔiḥaẗ ‘outward appearance, feature’ (Lane, Hava1899). – ^†layāḥ, liyāḥ, ‘intensely, shining, glistening white; daybreak, dawn; wild bull’, ^†ʔalwāḥ al-silāḥ ‘shining, glistening, flashing weapons’ (WKAS ii). – ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to make a sign, wave s.th. about’ (WKAS ii). – ^†milwaḥ ‘actively, busily waving’. – (=[v7]) ^†milwāḥ ‘the lure; owl used for decoy shooting; decoy (bird)’ (WKAS ii). – See perh. also [v5], below. – Should also ^†ʔalāḥa bi-ḥaqqi-h ‘to carry s.th. away, go away with, take away’ (WKAS ii) be grouped here? An underlying literal meaning of *‘to “flash up”, take s.th. and disappear with it as quickly as one showed up’ is not unconceivable.
▪ [v2] lāḥa (u, lawḥ, lūḥ, luwāḥ, luʔūḥ, lawaḥān) ‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, s.o.; to cause s.o. to wither, to lose weight, to get thinner; to disfigure, to pester, harass, plague, beset (sun, midday heat; hot, dry wind; cold; grey hair, the colour black; shame, disgrace, worries, troubles) (WKAS ii); to thirst (Lane, Hava1899)’; lāḥa and lawwaḥa ‘to make s.o. lean, lank, light of flesh, slender, lank in the belly (thirst, travel, cold, illness, grief, …), alter the complexion, parch, scorch, burn, blacken; to render s.o. hoary (age)’, lawwaḥa ‘to ripen (grapes); become sick, exhausted’, lawwaḥa bi’l-nār ‘to heat s.th. in the fire’, milwaḥ, milwāḥ, milyāḥ ‘soon thirsty; slender’; lūḥ ‘thirst’ (Lane, Hava1899); lawḥaẗ ‘a scorching, singeing, parching, desiccating; a thirsting, yearning (for water)’, lawḥānᵘ ‘parched, desiccated, thirsty’, laʔiḥ ‘scorching, singeing, burning’, milwaḥ, milwāḥ ‘parched, desiccated, thirsty, emaciated’, mulawwaḥ ‘scorched, singed, burnt, parched, desiccated, withered, thin, lean, disfigured’ (WKAS ii). – Does also ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to cause the loss of, destroy s.th.’ (Lane, Hava1899) belong here?
▪ [v4] Cf. also ^†lawāʔiḥᵘ l-šayʔ ‘apparent, visible, external parts of s.th.’ (WKAS ii). lawāʔiḥᵘ is the pl. of lāʔiḥaẗ, which here clearly shows its dependence on [v1].
▪ ^†[v5] ^†lūḥ ‘airspace (above the Earth), air, ether, (blue) sky, vault of heaven’ (WKAS ii).
▪ ^†[v10] : ʔalāḥa ‘to be afraid (min of s.o.), frightened, be on one’s guard, shrink back, recoil from s.th. (WKAS ii), to blush at (a word) (Lane, Hava1899)’
▪ …

2. On the value ‘to see, espy, catch sight of’, listed in several dictionaries, Ullmann (WKAS ii) remarks that it is »falsch erschlossen«.

▪ [v1] (outside Sem:) Borg2021 compares Ar lāḥa ‘to appear, shine (star), flash (lightning)’ (DaṯAr lāḥ ‘paraître, briller’, lawḥaẗ ‘apparition d’une chose’, Rwala lāḥ ‘to appear, shine, gleam, glitter, flash, sparkle’, PalAr lāḥ ‘glänzen, funkeln’, EgAr lāḥ ‘to please, be attractive’) with Eg ꜣḫ (Urk. IV, 18th Dyn.) ‘schön, herrlich, trefflich, nützlich sein | glorious, splendid’ (Brockelmann 1932: 100 | Faulkner 1962: 4); ꜣḫ.t ‘Sonnenglanz’; ꜣḫ.t (NK) ‘Auge, besonders vom Auge der Sonne’ (Wb I 13, 17). – See also below, section DISC.
▪ [v2] : no obvious cognates.
▪ [v3] : Akk lēʔu ‘(wooden) board, writing board, document, sheet of precious metal, ingot’, Ug *lḥ /lūḥu/, older /lōḥu/ ‘(Brief-)Tafel’ (only pl. lḥt attested, meaning sg. ‘letter, message’), Hbr lūᵃḥ, Aram lūḥā, Mnd luha, Soq lūḥ ‘board’, Ar lawḥ ‘board, table, tablet, plank, plate, parchment’ (> Gz lawḥ ‘id.’, luḥ ‘plank of wood, timber’, loḥa ‘to write’)
▪ [v4] : ↗[v1].
▪ ^†[v5] : cf. prob. ↗[v1].
▪ ^†[v6] : ↗[v1].
▪ ^†[v7] : ↗[v1].
▪ ^†[v8] : ↗[v1], perh. also ↗[v2].
▪ ^†[v9] : ↗[v2].
▪ ^†[v10] : ? Perh. ↗[v1].

▪ [v1] : Any connection with ↗LYQ? If so, one may want to compare (with Dolgopolsky2012 #1285): Ar liyāq ‘flamme, feu qui s’élève en flamme | blaze’; [outside Sem:) Berb *-luqq- > Gd luqq (pf. yə-luqq) ‘shine (briller)’; Gh d. imv. əmləġləg, pf. imləġləġ ‘briller’; (outside AfrAs:) IndEur *leu̯k- ‘shine’ > Grk leukós ‘light, bright; white’, Lat lux (gen. luc-is) ‘light’, Ru luč ‘ray, beam’, etc. – according to Dolgopolsky all from a hypothetical Nostr *LûḲa ‘to shine’.
▪ …
▪ …

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¹lāḥ- / luḥ‑ لاحَ / لُحْـ , u (lawḥ)

√LWḤ

vb., I

1a to appear, show, loom, emerge, come in sight; b to become visible (li‑ to s.o.); c to break, begin to show (dawn); 2 to shine, gleam, glint, flash, shimmer, glimmer, sparkle; 3 to seem, appear; 4 ↗²lāḥa – WehrCowan1976

▪ The vb. ¹lāḥa represents one of three main values in the root ↗√LWḤ that one will find hard to connect: (a) *‘to become visible, flash’; (b) *‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, wither, lose weight, get thinner’ (↗²lāḥa); and (c) *‘board, tablet, plank; shoulder blade’ (↗lawḥ). The latter is the only value that has cognates in Sem (although, in Ar, it may be a borrowing from Aram), which makes it tempting to assume that the other two are specifically Arabic developments from this value. However, none of the attempts to explain (a) or (b) as derivations from (c) are convincing. Moreover, both (a) and (b) show a fairly high degree of variation within their respective semantic fields, a fact that lets them appear old and genuine rather than later derivations. The semantic field belonging to ¹lāḥa spans from undoubtedly derived values, such as lawwaḥa ‘to flourish, brandish, swing, wave (bi‑ s.th.), to make a sign, signal; (fig.) to allude to, hint at’ (< *‘to let appear, make flash up’), hence also ^†‘to feed a child (*waving with the food/drink)’ and ^†milwāḥ ‘lure, decoy’ (*‘s.th. waved/signalled with < made to shine, etc., to attract attention and entice/lure into a trap), ^†līḥaẗ ‘polishing agent for mirrors’ (*‘what makes mirrors glitter’) and ↗lāʔiḥaẗ ‘program, project; bill, motion (esp., in parliament); order, decree, edict; ordinance; regulation, rule; pl. lawāʔiḥᵘ ‘outward appearance, looks, outward sign’ (< *‘s.th. flashing up, shining, giving a first idea of s.th., sketch, outline’) to less obviously related items, such as ^†¹lūḥ ‘airspace (above the Earth), vault of heaven’, ^†lāḥ ‘eggs rejected as unsuitable for hatching after having “X-rayed” (candled) them by holding them against the sun-light’, and perh. also ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to be afraid (min of s.o.), frightened, blush (min at a word)’.
▪ Borg2021 suggests comparison with (and derivation from?) Eg ꜣḫ (Urk. IV, 18th Dyn.) ‘schön, herrlich, trefflich, nützlich sein | glorious, splendid’ (Brockelmann 1932: 100 | Faulkner 1962: 4); ꜣḫ.t ‘Sonnenglanz’; ꜣḫ.t (NK) ‘eye, esp. eye of the sun’ (Wb I 13, 17). If this etymology is valid it could explain the high degree of variation among the derivations of ¹lāḥa and, thus, its old age as well as the fact that the Ar word is apparently without cognates in other Sem languages.
▪ In contrast, Gabal2012: 2013 suggests a derivation of all LWḤ values from a basic notion of *‘breadth, evenness and dryness or compactness in s.th.’, in his view exemplarily represented in ↗lawḥ ‘board, tablet, plank’. For him, ‘breadth’ implies a higher degree of ‘visibility’, so he derives (a) ‘to be(come) visible, flash up’ from (c) ‘board, tablet, plank (< *broad, even, dry, compact thing’). The strength of his argument is the fact that, among all LWḤ items, only lawḥ has a deeper Sem dimension. On the other hand, compared to Borg’s idea of an Eg influence, Gabal’s theory seems rather far-fetched. Cf., however, a value of lawḥ given by ClassAr lexicographers, namely ‘tout ce qui, par sa surface plate et polie, reflète la lumière’ (BK1860) where s.th. with a flat, even, polished surface (as would be a ‘board, tablet, plank’) is combined with the reflexion of light, and the latter may look as if it could be derived from the former. Such a derivation can look tempting, but it would certainly need to be corroborated by broader and more reliable evidence—after all, the semantic “bridge” may be a homogenizing construction made by lexicographers to explain diversity within the root and give it more coherence.
▪ In a similar way, a semantic bridge betw. (a) *‘to shine, appear, flash, etc.’ and (b) *‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, wither, etc.’ (↗²lāḥa) could be the obsol. ^†lāḥ ‘eggs found unsuitable for hatching after having “X-rayed” (i.e., candled) them by holding them against the sun-light’. This item combines the notions of ‘shining, light’ and ‘desiccation, emaciation, shrinking (> infertility?)’ etc.
▪ An essential element in the original semantics seems to be the notion of *surprise and *speed, or *quick passing, as in the glittering of things, the breaking through of the first sunrays at dawn, the flashing of a lightening, or sudden appearance of an idea or an image, or the sudden blushing (at a harsh word), or the waving with a decoy (letting it appear and disappear).
▪ …

▪ The semantic field pertaining to ¹lāḥa in ClassAr can be sketched as follows: ¹lāḥa ‘to be(come) [clearly] visible, appear, emerge, come into view; to shine brightly, flash, sparkle, glint, glow, gleam, glitter, glisten (celestial bodies, fire, lamp, mirage, cloud of dust; water, butter, a spider’s web; traces left at an abandoned camp; … tracts of land, regions, paths, routes, buildings; flowers, blossoms; parts of the body; grey hair; weapons; implements, tools, materials, cloth, pieces of embroidery, jewelry, etc.; handwriting, ornaments, decorations; ship’s sails; pieces of jewelry, coins; brilliance of the morning sky, flash of lightning, thunder cloud, rainbow)’;³ ^†lawāʔiḥᵘ l-šayʔ ‘apparent, visible, external parts of s.th.’ (WKAS ii). – ^†lawwaḥa bi’l-ʕaṣā ‘to raise a stick (upon s.o.)’, ^†lawwaḥa ‘to feed a child (*waving with the food/drink)’ (Hava1899). – ^†lāʔiḥaẗ ‘outward appearance, feature’ (Lane, Hava1899). – ^†layāḥ ~ liyāḥ, ‘intensely, shining, glistening white; daybreak, dawn; wild bull’, ^†ʔalwāḥ al-silāḥ ‘shining, glistening, flashing weapons’ (WKAS ii). – ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to make a sign, wave s.th. about’ (WKAS ii). – ^†milwaḥ ‘actively, busily waving’. – ^†milwāḥ ‘the lure; owl used for decoy shooting; decoy (bird)’ (WKAS ii). – ^†lūḥ ‘airspace (above the Earth), air, ether, (blue) sky, vault of heaven’ (WKAS ii). – Perh. also ^†ʔalāḥa bi-ḥaqqi-h ‘to carry s.th. away, go away with, take away’ (WKAS ii), and ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to be afraid (min of s.o.), frightened, be on one’s guard, shrink back, recoil from s.th. (WKAS ii), to blush at (a word) (Lane, Hava1899)’.
▪ …

3. On the value ‘to see, espy, catch sight of’, listed in several dictionaries, Ullmann (WKAS ii) remarks that it is »falsch erschlossen«.

▪ (outside Sem:) Borg2021 compares Ar lāḥa ‘to appear, shine (star), flash (lightning)’ (DaṯAr lāḥ ‘paraître, briller’, lawḥaẗ ‘apparition d’une chose’, Rwala lāḥ ‘to appear, shine, gleam, glitter, flash, sparkle’, PalAr lāḥ ‘glänzen, funkeln’, EgAr lāḥ ‘to please, be attractive’) with Eg ꜣḫ (Urk. IV, 18th Dyn.) ‘schön, herrlich, trefflich, nützlich sein | glorious, splendid’ (Brockelmann 1932: 100 | Faulkner 1962: 4); ꜣḫ.t ‘Sonnenglanz’; ꜣḫ.t (NK) ‘Auge, besonders vom Auge der Sonne’ (Wb I 13, 17).
▪ …

▪ Any connection with ↗LYQ? If so, one may want to compare (with Dolgopolsky2012 #1285): Ar ^†liyāq ‘flamme, feu qui s’élève en flamme | blaze’ (↗√LYQ); (outside Sem:) Berb *-luqq- > Gd luqq (pf. yə-luqq) ‘shine (briller)’; Gh d. imv. əmləġləg, pf. imləġləġ ‘briller’; (outside AfrAs:) IndEur *leu̯k- ‘shine’ > Grk leuk-ós ‘light, bright; white’, Lat lux (gen. luc-is) ‘light’, Ru luč ‘ray, beam’, etc. – according to Dolgopolsky all from a hypothetical Nostr *LûḲa ‘to shine’.
▪ …

–

►yalūḥu lī ʔanna…, it seems to me that…;
►ʕalà mā yalūḥu, as it seems, apparently

►^BP#4027lawwaḥa, vb. II, 1a to make a sign, beckon, wave (bi‑, ʔilà or li- to s.o. with); b to signal; 2 to allude (bi- to), hint (bi- at), intimate, insinuate, give to understand; 3 to flourish, brandish, swing, wave (bi‑ s.th.); 4 ↗²lāḥa; 5 ↗lawḥ, ↗lawḥaẗ: D-stem, caus.| lawwaḥa bi-yaday-hi, to wave with the hands
►ʔalāḥa, vb. IV, 1 to appear, show, come in sight; 2 to shimmer, glimmer, glint, flash, sparkle; 3 to wave, brandish, flourish, swing (s.th.): *Š-stem, denom.(?)

►talwīḥ, pl. -āt, n., 1 beckoning, waving, flourishing, brandishing; 2a sign, signal, wink, wave; b allusion; c hint, intimation, insinuation; 3 metonymy; 4 pl. a hints, references; b remarks, annotations, marginal notes: vn. II
►^BP#2361lāʔiḥaẗ, pl. ‑āt, lawāʔiḥᵘ, 1 program, project; 2 bill, motion (esp., in parliament); 3a order, decree, edict; b ordinance; c regulation, rule; 4 pl. lawāʔiḥᵘ, outward appearance, looks, outward sign: PA I.f. | see ↗s.v.
►mulawwiḥaẗ, n.f., signal, semaphore (railroad): nominalized PA II

For other values attached to the root, cf., ↗²lāḥa, ↗lawḥ, ↗lawḥaẗ, and ↗lāʔiḥaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√LWḤ.

²lāḥ- / luḥ‑ لاحَ / لُحْـ , u (lawḥ)

√LWḤ

vb., I

1–3 ↗¹lāḥa; 4a to wither, singe, parch, scorch; b to tan (‑h s.o.; sun) – WehrCowan1979

▪ The vb. ²lāḥa represents one of three main values in the root ↗√LWḤ that one will find hard to connect: (a) *‘to become visible, flash’ (↗¹lāḥa); (b) *‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, wither, lose weight, get thinner’; and (c) *‘board, tablet, plank; shoulder blade’ (↗lawḥ). The latter is the only value that has cognates in Sem (although, in Ar, it may be a borrowing from Aram), which makes it tempting to assume that the other two are specifically Arabic developments from this value. However, none of the attempts to explain (a) or (b) as derivations from (c) are convincing. Moreover, both (a) and (b) show a fairly high degree of variation within their respective semantic fields, a fact that lets them appear old and genuine rather than later derivations. The semantic field belonging to ²lāḥa spans from undoubtedly related values, such as ^†²lūḥ ‘thirst’,⁵ ^†lāḥa and ^†lawwaḥa ‘to alter the complexion; to render s.o. hoary (age)’, ^†lawwaḥa ‘to ripen (grapes); become sick, exhausted’, ^†milwaḥ ~ ^†milwāḥ ~ ^†milyāḥ ‘soon thirsty; slender’ to less obviously related items, such as ^†lāḥ ‘eggs rejected as unsuitable for hatching after being “X-rayed” (candled), held against the sun-light’ (?< *infertility = withering, shrinking), and perh. also ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to be afraid (min of s.o.), frightened, blush (min at a word)’ (?< *to shrink, wither etc. on experiencing fear) and ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to cause the loss of, destroy s.th.’ (Lane, Hava1899).
▪ Should one consider the possibility of ²lāḥa < ↗¹lāḥa? A ‘scorching, singeing, parching, desiccating, withering, etc.’ could possibly be the result of a ‘gleaming, glittering, flashing, shining (too intensely)’; but such a relation does not seem to be very likely and would still have to be corroborated by evidence that would make it more convincing. For the time being, the only lexical item that appears to combine both notions and thus could serve as a semantic “bridge” between the two is the obsol. ^†lāḥ ‘eggs found unsuitable for hatching’, where their condition of ‘desiccation, emaciation, shrinking (> infertility?)’ ‘appears, becomes visible’ on holding them against the sun-light (candling).
▪ …

5. In some dictionaries, ‘to thirst’ is given as the first meaning of ^†²lāḥa (Steingass1884, Hava1899, etc.).

▪ lāḥa (u, lawḥ, lūḥ, luwāḥ, luʔūḥ, lawaḥān) ‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, s.o.; to cause s.o. to wither, to lose weight, to get thinner; to disfigure, to pester, harass, plague, beset (sun, midday heat; hot, dry wind; cold; grey hair, the colour black; shame, disgrace, worries, troubles) (WKAS ii); to thirst (Lane, Hava1899)’; lāḥa and lawwaḥa ‘to make s.o. lean, lank, light of flesh, slender, lank in the belly (thirst, travel, cold, illness, grief, …), alter the complexion, parch, scorch, burn, blacken; to render s.o. hoary (age)’, lawwaḥa ‘to ripen (grapes); become sick, exhausted’, lawwaḥa bi’l-nār ‘to heat s.th. in the fire’, milwaḥ, milwāḥ, milyāḥ ‘soon thirsty; slender’; lūḥ ‘thirst’ (Lane, Hava1899); lawḥaẗ ‘a scorching, singeing, parching, desiccating; a thirsting, yearning (for water)’, lawḥānᵘ ‘parched, desiccated, thirsty’, laʔiḥ ‘scorching, singeing, burning’, milwaḥ, milwāḥ ‘parched, desiccated, thirsty, emaciated’, mulawwaḥ ‘scorched, singed, burnt, parched, desiccated, withered, thin, lean, disfigured’ (WKAS ii). – Prob. also ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to cause the loss of, destroy s.th.’ (Lane, Hava1899). – Perh. also ^†ʔalāḥa ‘to be afraid (min of s.o.), frightened, be on one’s guard, shrink back, recoil from s.th.’ (WKAS ii).
▪ …

▪ no obvious cognates, neither in Sem nor outside.
▪ If related to ¹lāḥa, see ↗s.v.
▪ …

▪ …

–

►lawwaḥa, vb. II, 1-3 ↗¹lāḥa; 4a to turn grey (the head; of old age); b to burn, tan (s.o.; sun); 5 ↗lawḥ, lawḥaẗ, lāʔiḥaẗ: D-stem, caus.
►lawwāḥ, adj., withering, singeing, parching, scorching: ints. formation, pattern Faʕʕāl
►multāḥ, adj., sun-tanned, sunburned: PA/PP VIII

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹lāḥa, ↗lawḥ, ↗lawḥaẗ, and ↗lāʔiḥaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√LWḤ.

lawḥ لَوْح , pl. ʔalwāḥ, lawāʔiḥᵘ

√LWḤ

n.

1a board, blackboard; b slate; c tablet; d slab; 2 plate, sheet; 3a pane; b plank, board; c panel; d small board, signboard; 4 shoulder blade, scapula – WehrCowan1976

▪ lawḥ represents one of at least three main values found in the root ↗LWḤ: (a) *‘to become visible, flash’ (↗¹lāḥa); (b) *‘to scorch, singe, sear, burn, parch, desiccate, wither, lose weight, get thinner’ (↗²lāḥa); and (c) *‘board, tablet, plank; shoulder blade’. The latter is the only value that has cognates in Sem.
▪ According to Jeffrey1938, the word is borrowed from Aram lūḥā ‘id.’, but it is widely attested in Sem (Akk, Ug, Hbr, Aram, Soq – see below, section COGN), so it may be genuine, directly from Sem *lawḥ ‘board, table, plank’. (Pennacchio2014: 126 tends to agree with Jeffrey, though.)
▪ ClassAr lexicographers see lawḥ related to ↗¹lāḥa ‘to become visible, flash’ as it can also mean (in the translation of BK1860) ‘tout ce qui, par sa surface plate et polie, reflète la lumière’, assuming a semantic transition *‘board, plank > to be(come) visible, appear’; but this would need to be corroborated by broader and more reliable evidence—after all, the semantic “bridge” may be a homogenizing construction made by lexicographers to explain diversity within the root and give it more coherence.
▪ In a similar vein, Gabal2012: 2013 suggested a derivation of all values in √LWḤ from a basic notion of *‘breadth, evenness and dryness or compactness in s.th.’, which he saw exemplarily represented in lawḥ ‘board, tablet, plank’ (accord. to him the * ‘broad, even, dry and compact thing’). (The aspect of *‘breadth’ then gave, ‘visibility’, and the element of ‘dryness’ gave ‘thirst, desiccation, withering’, etc.). – A strength of this argument is the fact that only ‘board, tablet, plank’ seems to have a deeper Sem dimension; on the other hand, the theory appears to be rather far-fetched.
▪ The meaning ‘shoulder blade’ is prob. a semantic extension rather than the original value, as the Sem cognates do not include it.
▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 7:145, 150, 154; 54:13; 85:22. – Jeffrey1938: »There are two distinct uses of the word in the Qurʔān. In 54:13, it is used for the ‘planks’ of Noah’s ark, and elsewhere for ‘tablets’ of revelation, in Sura 7 for the tablets of Moses, and in 85:22 for the heavenly archetype of the Qurʔān.«
▪ The (prob. extended) value ‘shoulder blade’ gave adj.s like ^†ʔalwaḥᵘ and ^†milwāḥ, both signifying s.o. ‘having broad bones, shoulder blades, tall’.
▪ …

▪ Akk lēʔu ‘(wooden) board, writing board, document, sheet of precious metal, ingot’, Ug *lḥ /lūḥu/, older /lōḥu/ ‘(Brief-)Tafel’ (only pl. lḥt attested, meaning sg. ‘letter, message’), Hbr lūᵃḥ, Aram lūḥā, Mnd luha, Soq lūḥ ‘board’, Ar lawḥ ‘board, table, tablet, plank, plate, parchment’ (> Gz lawḥ ‘id.’, luḥ ‘plank of wood, timber’, loḥa ‘to write’)
▪ …

▪ Jeffrey1938: »In the related languages we find both these meanings [‘planks’ and ‘tablets’]. The Hbr lūᵃḥ means both the ‘planks’ of a ship (as in Ez. xxvii, 5), and the ‘stone tablets’ of the Ten Commandments (Ex. xxiv, 12). Similarly, Aram lūḥā can mean a ‘table’ for food, or, as constantly in the Targums, the ‘tablets’ of the Covenant, so Syr lūḥā is used of a ‘wooden board’, e.g. the títlos affixed to the Cross, and for the ‘tablets’ of the Covenant. Also the Eth [Gz] lawḥ, though not a common word, is used for the broken ‘boards’ on which Paul and his companions escaped from shipwreck in Acts xxvii, 44 (ed. Rom.), and also for ‘writing tablets’ of wood, metal, or stone. / In the early Arabic poetry we find the word used only in the sense of ‘plank’, cf. Ṭarafa iv, 12; Imruʔ al-Qays, x, 13, and Zuhayr, i, 23 (in Ahlwardt’s Divans),¹² and the Lexicons take this as the primitive meaning. The word may be a loan-word in both senses, but even if a case could be made out for its being a genuine Ar word in the sense of ‘plank’, there can be no doubt that as used for the ‘Tables of Revelation’ it is a borrowing from the older faiths. Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 36, would have it derived from the Hbr, but Horovitz, KU, 66; JPN, 220, 221, is more likely to be correct¹³ in considering it as from the Aram, though whether from Jewish or Christian sources it is difficult to say. / If we can trust the genuineness of a verse of Sarāqaẗ b. ʕAwf in Aġānī, xv, 138, which refers to Muḥammad’s revelations as ʔalwāḥ we may judge that the word was used in this technical sense among Muḥammad’s contemporaries.« -- Cf., however, above, section CONC.
▪ …

12. Cf. also ash-Shammakh, xvii, 13, in Geycr, Zwei Gedichte, i, 136. 13. Vide also Fraenkel, Vocab, 21; Cheikho, Naṣrāniyya, 221.

–

►lawḥ ʔarduwāz, n., slab of slate, slate;
►lawḥ muǧaʕqad, n., corrugated iron;
►lawḥ al-ǧalīd, n., block of ice;
►lawḥ ḥadīd, n., sheet iron;
►lawḥ zuǧāǧ, n., sheet of glass, pane;
►al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ, n., (Q 85:22) the Preserved/Guarded Tablet whereon are said to be inscribed all the divine decrees; the depository of the decrees, or willed events, ordained by God;
►lawḥ mutaḥarrik, n., spring board (in sports);
►lawḥ maʕdinī, n., metal plate, metal sheet;
►lawḥ al-nāfiḏaẗ, n., windowpane

►lawwaḥa, vb. II, 1-3 ↗¹lāḥa; 4 ↗²lāḥa; 5 to plank, lay with planks (the floor): D-stem, denom. from lawḥ and/or ↗lawḥaẗ
►^BP#1276lawḥaẗ, pl. -āt, lawāʔiḥᵘ, n.f., 1a board; b blackboard; c slate; d tablet; e slab; 2a plate, sheet; b pane; c panel; 3 plaque; 4 plane, surface; 5 screen; 6a placard, poster; b picture, painting: f. of lawḥᵘ | ↗s.v.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹lāḥa, ↗²lāḥa, ↗lawḥaẗ, and ↗lāʔiḥaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√LWḤ.

lawḥaẗ لَوْحة , pl. -āt, lawāʔiḥᵘ

√LWḤ

n.f.

1a board; b blackboard; c slate; d tablet; e slab; 2a plate, sheet; b pane; c panel; 3 plaque; 4 plane, surface; 5 screen; 6a placard, poster; b picture, painting – WehrCowan1976

▪ The f. word lawḥaẗ seems to be, originally, a singulative (n.un.) coined from ↗lawḥ. Semantics of lawḥ and lawḥaẗ are still largely overlapping, but lawḥaẗ has also developed a number of own specific values.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗lawḥ
▪ …

–

►lawḥaẗ al-ĭsm, doorplate, name plate;
lawḥaẗ al-tawzīʕ, switchboard (el., tel.);
lawḥaẗ al-dāmā, checkerboard;
lawḥaẗ zaytiyyaẗ, oil painting;
lawḥaẗ sawdāʔ, blackboard; bulletin board;
lawḥaẗ al-šaṭranǧ, chessboard;
lawḥaẗ al-kitābaẗ, slate; writing tablet; blackboard

►lawwaḥa, vb. II, 1-3 ↗¹lāḥa; 4 ↗²lāḥa; 5 to plank, lay with planks (the floor): D-stem, denom. from ↗lawḥ or lawḥaẗ

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹lāḥa, ↗²lāḥa, ↗lawḥ, and ↗lāʔiḥaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√LWḤ.

lāʔiḥaẗ لائحة , pl. ‑āt, lawāʔiḥᵘ

√LWḤ

n.f.

1 program, project; 2 bill, motion (esp., in parliament); 3a order, decree, edict; b ordinance; c regulation, rule; 4 pl. lawāʔiḥᵘ, outward appearance, looks, outward sign – WehrCowan1976

▪ Formed on the FāʕiLaẗ pattern, lāʔiḥaẗ is evidently a PA I.f, most likely from ↗¹lāḥa ‘to appear, be(come) visible; to shine, flash, glimmer, sparkle; to seem, appear’, thus originally meaning *‘the flashing one’. The connection between the modern meanings and the basic *‘becoming visible, appearing, flashing up’ becomes clear in the light of the D-stem, lawwaḥa ‘(*to let appear, let flash up >) to flourish, brandish, swing, wave, make a sign, signal’ (also with s.th. to eat or drink, to feed a child) and ^†milwāḥ ‘lure, decoy’ (< *s.th. waved with to attract attention, lure, entice). A lāʔiḥaẗ is thus, originally, *‘s.th. flashing up, letting appear an idea of s.th., a sketch, an outline of it’, a draft giving a first idea.
▪ …

▪ ^†lāʔiḥaẗ ‘outward appearance, feature’ (Lane, Hava1899), pl. ^†lawāʔiḥᵘ l-šayʔ ‘apparent, visible, external parts of s.th.’ (WKAS ii).
▪ …

▪ ↗¹lāḥa
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►lāʔiḥaẗ qānūniyyaẗ, lāʔiḥaẗ al-qānūn, n.f., bill, draft law;
►lāʔiḥaẗ al-safar, timetable, train schedule, railroad guide;
►lāʔiḥaẗ al-ṭaʕām (SyrAr) menu, bill of fare

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹lāḥa, ↗²lāḥa, ↗lawḥ, and ↗lawḥaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√LWḤ.

LWḎ لوذ

√LWḎ

“root”

▪ LWḎ_1 ‘to take refuge, resort to’ ↗lāḏa (bi )
▪ LWḎ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LWḎ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to take refuge, resort to, keep close to, fortress; to evade, move furtively; to approximate’

▪ …

–

.

–

LWZ لوز

√LWZ

“root”

▪ LWZ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LWZ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ For Engl lozenge, cf. perh. Ar ↗lawz.

–

lawz لَوْز

√LWZ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From eAram *lawz‑ ‘almond (tree)’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl lozenge, perh. ultimately from eAram *lawz‑ ‘almond (tree)’, cf. Ar ↗lawz.

►

LWM لوم

√LWM

“root”

▪ LWM_1 ‘to blame’ ↗lāma
▪ LWM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LWM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to blame, censure, rebuke, be deserving of blame; to linger; need; hardship; person, silhouette’

▪ …

–

.

–

LWN لون

√LWN

“root”

▪ LWN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ LWN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘colour, to colour; types, species; to be changeable, to be capricious; to be hypocritical’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

lawn لَوْن

√LWN

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LWY لوي

√LWY

“root”

▪ LWY_1 ‘to twist, intertwine, bend’ ↗lawà
▪ LWY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LWY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to twist, intertwine, bend, coil up; to tarry; to wither away; to dispute hotly; banner’

▪ From protSem *√LWY ‘to wind, twist, circle, encircle’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

LYL ليل

√LYL

“root”

▪ LYL_1 ‘night’ ↗layl
▪ LYL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘night, night-time, one night, to enter night-time’

▪ LYL_1 : (Kogan2015 Sw#60:) from protSem *layliy‑ ‘night’ (CDG 314). Passim except Akk and modSAr.
▪ LYL_2 : …
▪ LYL_3 : …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

layl لَيْل

√LYL

n.coll.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2015 (Sw#60): from protSem *layliy‑ ‘night’ (CDG 314). Passim except Akk and modSAr.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘night’) Akk līlātu ‘evening’, Hbr laylā, Syr lelyā, Gz lēlī́t.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

laylaẗ لَيْلَة

√LYL

n.f.un.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

LYN لين

√LYN

“root”

▪ LYN_1 ‘to be soft, tender, mild’ ↗lāna
▪ LYN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ LYN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be soft, be tender, be mild; to be amiable, be lenient, relax, become at ease; to be affluent, ease of living; kind of palm tree’

▪ …

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