Bibliotheca Polyglotta

mīm ميم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√

R₁

The letter m of the Arabic alphabet.

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Mʔ مأ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√Mʔ

“root”

▪ Mʔ_1 ‘hundred’ ↗miʔaẗ
▪ Mʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ Mʔ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): [√MʔY] ‘to exaggerate, to grow (said of trees), to come into leaf, to become enlarged; to backbite; to mow; the number ‘hundred’

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miʔaẗ مِئة / مائة , pl. muʔūn, miʔāt

ID … • Sw – • BP 244 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√Mʔ

n.card.

hundred – WehrCowan1976.

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘hundred’) Akk meʔatu, Hbr mēʔā, Syr mā, Gz meʔét.

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►fī ’l‑miʔaẗ, bi’l‑miʔaẗ, adv., per cent

►miʔawī, var. miʔīnī, adj., centesimal, centigrade; percentile, percentual: nisba formation | ʕīd miʔawī, n., 100th anniversary, centennial; nisbaẗ miʔawiyyaẗ\miʔīniyyaẗ, n.f., percentage; daraǧaẗ miʔawiyyaẗ, n.f., centigrade (thermometer)

MʔǦǦ مأجج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MʔǦǦ

“root”

▪ MʔǦǦ_1 ‘Magog’ ↗maʔǧūǧ

▪ [v1] : see ↗maʔǧūǧ

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Maʔǧūǧᵘ مَأْجوجُ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MʔǦǦ

n.pr.

Magog (Q 18:94 and Q 21:96)

▪ ‘Gog and Magog’ (Yaʔǧūǧᵘ wa-Maʔǧūǧᵘ) are thought by many commentators to be Mongol or Tatar tribes of Central Asia (cf. Eze. 38-39 and Rev. 20:8) – BAH2008.

▪ ec7 Q 18:94 qālū yā-ḏā ’l-qarnayni ʔinna yaʔǧūǧa wa-maʔǧūǧa mufsidūna fī ’l-ʔarḍi fa-hal naǧʕalu la-ka ḫarǧan ʕalā ʔan taǧʕala bayna-nā wa-bayna-hum saddan ‘They said: O Dhu’l-Qarneyn! Lo! Gog and Magog are spoiling the land. So may we pay thee tribute on condition that thou set a barrier between us and them? | Q 21:95-96 wa-ḥarāmun ʕalā qaryaẗin ʔahlaknā-hā ʔanna-hum lā yarǧiʕūna [96] ḥattā ʔiḏā futiḥat yaʔǧūǧu wa-maʔǧūǧu wa-hum min kulli ḥadabin yansilūna ‘And there is a ban upon any community which We have destroyed: that they shall not return. [96] Until, when Gog and Magog are let loose, and they hasten out of every mound’

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mās ماس

ID 795 • Sw – • BP 6902 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MĀS

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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māʕūn ماعُون

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√MʕN, ʕWN, MāʕūN

n.

help – Jeffery1938

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▪ eC7 Q cvii, 7 – Jeffery1938.

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▪ Jeffery1938: »This curious word occurs only in an early Meccan Sūra, though v, 7, is possibly Madinan (cf. Nöldeke-Schwally, i, 93), and the Commentators could make nothing of it. The usual theory is that it is a form fāʕūl from maʕana, though some derived it from ʕāna. / Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 28, shows that it cannot be explained from Ar material,¹ and that we must look for its origin to some foreign source. Geiger, 58,² would derive it from Hbr māʕôn ‘a refuge’, which is possible but not without its difficulties. Rhodokanakis, WZKM, xxv, p. 67, agrees that it is from Hbr but coming under the influence of maʕūnaẗ (cf. Aram mʔnʔ, Syr mʔnā), developed the meaning of ‘benefit, help’.³ «

1. Fleischer, Kleine Schriften, ii, 128 ff., would have it a genuine Ar word, but as Nöldeke says : ‘aus dem Arabischen lässt sie sich nicht erklären, wie denn schon die Form auf ein Fremdwort deutet.’ 2. So von Kremer, Ideen, 226. The word is used by al-ʔAʕšà, and Horovitz, JPN, 221 ff., thinks Muḥammad may have learned the word from this poet. 3. So Torrey, Foundation, 51.

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MTʕ متع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MTʕ

“root”

▪ MTʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MTʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MTʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be(come) strong, be forceful; to advance (said of daytime), attain or to be granted longevity; to be extremely good, benefit s.o., to enjoy; commodities, provisions, livelihood; household equipment; memento; modest living; pmyose’

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MTN متن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MTN

“root”

▪ MTN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MTN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MTN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘back of an animal; to be strong, be firm; heights; the main part, the middle of the road; ropes holding a tent; to be remote; to hotly oppose in a debate’

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MṮL مثل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MṮL

“root”

▪ MṮL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MṮL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘similarity, to resemble, to imitate, to liken, statue, to stand for, to emulate; to appear, to materialise, to submit, proof; amount; example, a saying, parable; measure; to recover, to become good, the best; to mutilate, to maim, punishment, retribution’

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to resemble, equal’) Akk mšl (i), Hbr mšl (n-stem), Syr mtl a (u) ‘to compare’, Gz msl –/a (a).
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maṯal مَثَل

ID 796 • Sw – • BP 350 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MṮL

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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tamṯīl تَمْثيل

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 2338 • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√MṮL

n.

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▪ vn., II

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MṮN مثن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MṮN

“root”

▪ MṮN_1 ‘urinary bladder’ ↗maṯānaẗ
▪ MṮN_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MṮN_3 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ MṮN_1 : Given the cognates in other Sem languages, it is to be assumed that the initial ma‑ in maṯānaẗ is just a regular prefix to a root *ṮWN/ṮYN which does no longer exist in Ar.
▪ MṮN_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MṮN_3 ‘…’ ↗…

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maṯānaẗ مَثانة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√*MṮN, ṮWN/ṮYN

n.f.

(urinary) bladder – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Given the cognates in other Sem languages, it is to be assumed that the initial ma‑ in maṯānaẗ is just a regular prefix to a root *ṮWN/ṮYN which does no longer exist in Ar.

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘urine’) Akk šīnāti, Hbr šáyin, Syr tīnā, Gz šent.

See above, section CONC.

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MǦD مجد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MǦD

“root”

▪ MǦD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MǦD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MǦD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to feed on plentiful luscious pasturage; to be of good stock, be exalted, be glorified; splendour, glory’

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maǧd مَجْد , pl. ʔamǧād

ID … • Sw – • BP 2326 • APD … • © SG | 5Nov2022

√MǦD

n.

1 glory; 2 splendor, magnificence, grandeur; 3 nobility, honor, distinction – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protCSem *magd- ‘excellence’, prob. to be analyzed as composed of an old ma-prefix derivate from the protWSem biconsonantal element *GD ‘to be good, lucky, excellent’, cf. also ↗ǦDː(ǦDD)_2 ‘to be good, approvable, excellent’ (incl. ↗²ǧadd ‘good luck, good fortune’) and ↗ǦWD ‘to be good, approvable, excellent’ – Kogan2015: 193 #37.
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▪ Hbr gad ‘fortune’, Ar ǧadd- ‘good fortune’, ǧwd ‘to be good, approvable, excellent’, Sod gud ‘wonderful, marvelous, splendid’ (also in most of the other modern EthSem languages) Kogan2015: 193 #37.

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►maǧad-, u (maǧd), and maǧud-, u (maǧādaẗ), vb. I, to be glorious, illustrious, exalted: G-stem, denom. (?)
►maǧǧada, vb. II, and ʔamǧada, vb. IV, to praise, extol, laud, glorify, celebrate: D- and *Š-stem, respectively, both (denom.?) caus.
►tamaǧǧada, vb. V, 1 to be extolled, be glorified, be lauded, be praised; 2 to boast, glory: tD-stem, self-ref.

►maǧdī, adj., laudable, praiseworthy, glorious: nsb-adj.
►^BP4467maǧīd, adj., 1 glorious, illustrious; 2a celebrated, famous; b glorified, exalted; c praiseworthy, laudable, admirable, excellent, splendid; 3 noble: quasi-PP I | al-Qurʔān al-maǧīd, the Koran
►maǧīdī, 1 n., medjidie, a Turkish silver coin of 20 piasters coined under Sultan ʕAbdülmecīd; 2 adj., (of money) Turkish: nsb-formation, from (Sultan ʕAbd al-) Maǧīd
►ʔamǧād, n.pl., people of rank, distinguished people: nominalized pl. of maǧīd
►ʔamǧadᵘ, pl. ʔamāǧidᵘ, 1 more glorious, more illustrious; 2 more distinguished: elat. formation
►tamǧīd, n., praise, glorification, exaltation, idolization: vn. II

MǦS مجس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 11Apr2023

√MǦS

“root”

▪ MǦS_1 ‘Zoroastrians, Magians’ ↗maǧūs

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al-maǧūs الـ) مَجُوس)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 11Apr2023, last updated 21Apr2023

√MǦS, MǦūS

n.

Magi, adherent of Mazdaism – WehrCowan1976

▪ Cheung2017rev: ultimately of Ir origin, but prob. borrowed indirectly, via Syr mgušā or (Emp)Aram *magūš ‘id.’ < oPers maguš ‘Magian priest’. For details, see below, section DISC.
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▪ eC7 Q 22:17 ʔinna ’llaḏīna ʔāmanū wa-’llaḏīna hādū wa-’l-ṣābiʔīna wa-’l-naṣārā wa-’l-maǧūsa wa-’llaḏīna ʔašrakū ʔinna ’llāha yafṣilu bayna-hum yawma ’l-qiyāmaẗi ‘Lo! those who believe (this revelation), and those who are Jews, and the Sabaeans and the Christians and the Magians and the idolaters – Lo! Allah will decide between them on the Day of Resurrection’.

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▪ Jeffery1938: »They [the Magians, or Zoroastrians] are mentioned in a late Madinan verse along with Jews, Christians, and Sabians. – The early authorities know that the sun-worshippers are meant, and it was early recognized that it was a foreign word.⁴ Ibn Sīda and others derived the word from manǧ said to mean qaṣīr [small] and kūš said to mean al-ʔuḏun [ear], and tell us that it referred to a man manǧ kūš, so called because of the smallness of his ears, who was the first to preach the Magian faith.⁵ Others, however, knew that it was derived from the Iranian Magush (LA, viii, 99). – It is clearly the oPers Magush,⁶ with the acc. form of which, magum, we can compare the Av magav or moγu⁷ and Phlv maγōī. ⁸ From Av ??? come the Arm mog,⁹ and Hbr māg, as well as the modPers moġ.¹⁰ In Phlv we also find a form magōšīā,¹¹ derived directly from the oPers, and this appears in the Aram ʔmgwšʔ, Grk mágos,¹² Syr mgwšā and the mgwš of the Aram of the Behistun inscription.¹³ – Lagarde, GA, 159, would derive maǧūs from the Grk mágos, and though Vollers, ZDMG, li, 303, follows him in this there is little to be said in its favour. The word was well known in pre-Islamic days and occurs in the old poetry,¹⁴ and so may quite well have come direct from mPers, though it is also a possibility that it may have come through Syr.¹⁵ «

4. al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 141; as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 324; Mutaw, 47; al-Khafāǧī, 182. 5. TA, iv, 245; LA, viii, 99. 6. Vide Meillet, Grammaire du vieux Perse, p. 148; and note Haug, Parsis, 169. 7. Bartholomae, AIW, 1111; Horn, Grundriss, 221; Frahang, Glossary, 94; Herzfeld, Paikuli, Glossary, 213. 8. West, Glossary, 223; PPGl, 152 and ???, 160; Frahang, Glossary, 114. See also ZDMG, xliv, 671, for its occurrence on a Sasanian gem. 9. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm., i, 195. 10. Vullers, Lex, ii, 1197; BQ, 863. 11. PPGl, 152; Frahang, Glossary, p. 113. In the Assyrian transcription of the Behistun inscription it is written magushu. Note also the magūstān = priestly order. Paikuli, Glossary, 214. 12. There is an alternative theory that the Grk is a sg. formed from Mágoi, the name of an ancient Median tribe, but we find Magousaîoi in Eusebius. 13. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri, p. 254. 14. Vide Horovitz, KU, 137. 15. Mingana, Syriac Influence, 95; Ahrens, Muḥammad, 9.

▪ Cf. Engl magi, sg. magus) ‘skilled magicians, astrologers’, »c. 1200, from Lat magi, pl. of magus ‘magician, learned magician’, from Grk magos, a word used for the Pers learned and priestly class as portrayed in the Bible (said by ancient historians to have been originally the name of a Median tribe), from oPers maguš ‘magician’ (see magic). Also, in Chr history, the ‘wise men’ who, according to Matthew, came from the east to Jerusalem to do homage to the newborn Christ (lC14). || magic (n.), lC14, magike ‘art of influencing or predicting events and producing marvels using hidden natural forces’, also ‘supernatural art’, especially the art of controlling the actions of spiritual or superhuman beings; from oFr magique ‘magic; magical’, from lLat magice ‘sorcery, magic’, from Grk magikē (presumably with tekhnē ‘art’), fem. of magikos ‘magical’, from magos ‘one of the members of the learned and priestly class’, from oPers maguš, which is possibly from protIE root *magh- ‘to be able, have power’.¹ / The transferred sense of ‘legerdemain, optical illusion, etc.’ is from 1811. It displaced oEngl wiccecræft (see witch), also drycræft, from dry ‘magician’, from Irish drui ‘priest, magician’ (see Druid). Natural magic in the Middle Ages was that which did not involve the agency of personal spirits; it was considered more or less legitimate, not sinful, and involved much that would be explained scientifically as the manipulation of natural forces« – EtymOnline.

1. »It forms all or part of: dismay, deus ex machina, may (v.) ‘am able’, might (n.) ‘bodily strength, power’, main, machine, mechanic, mechanism, mechano-, mage, magi, magic. | It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Skr mahan ‘great’, Grk mēkhanē ‘device, means’, mekhos, makhos ‘means, instrument’, oChSlav mošti, Ru moč’ ‘can, be able’, oEngl mæg ‘I can’, Goth mag ‘can, is able’, oHGe magan, oNo magn ‘power, might’« – EtymOnline.

►maǧūsī, adj./n., Magian; Magus, adherent of Mazdaism: nsb-formation
►maǧūsiyyaẗ, n.f., Mazdaism: abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

MḤṢ محص

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḤṢ

“root”

▪ MḤṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sifting, purifying, smelting; to examine closely; to come into the open; to be tightly twisted; to afflict’

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MḤQ محق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḤQ

“root”

▪ MḤQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘waning of the moon, moonless nights; to diminish, blot out, eradicate; to uproot, annihilate; sharp blade’

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MḤL محل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḤL

“root”

▪ MḤL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘vertebra; might, to struggle; drought, hardship; to defend, be antagonistic, carry out intrigues, plot; to shift from one situation to another’

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MḤN محن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḤN

“root”

▪ MḤN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘experience, to try, put to the test, afflict; to smelt, purify; to whip, wear out; to be hardened’

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MḤW محو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḤW

“root”

▪ MḤW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḤW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wipe out, eradicate, disappear completely, be effaced, be featureless; (of land) to be covered with rain water; to annul’

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MḪR مخر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḪR

“root”

▪ MḪR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḪR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḪR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of the bow of a boat) to cleave water, sail with such force as to cause the water to splash up noisily, the sound of the wind driving boats along the surface of the sea; drinking place’

▪ It has also been suggested that mawākhir, when describing ‘sailing ships’, could be a borrowing from Akk – BAH2008.

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MḪḌ مخض

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḪḌ

“root”

▪ MḪḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḪḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḪḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be in labour, give birth, the pain of giving birth, be with child; to churn, skimmed milk, a churn; to move fast’

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MDː (MDD) مدّ/مدد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√ MDː (MDD)

“root”

▪ MDː (MDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MDː (MDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MDː (MDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pull, stretch, elongation, be tall, give rope, lend, unfold; to enrich, support, reinforce, supply; fodder; ink; to be at high tide, rise; to fester, pus; duration, period, time span; a dry measure’

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MDN مدن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MDN

“root”

▪ MDN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MDN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘city, fortress, to settle in a place’ are concepts which some philologists consider to be associated with this root. Others derive these concepts from the root DYN. It is clear from literature, however, that madīnaẗ came into Arabic as a borrowing from Aram. Madyan, which some philologists derive from this root, is generally recognised as a foreign name.

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▪ For Engl medina see ↗madīnaẗ and ↗dīn.

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madīnaẗ مَدِينَة

ID 798 • Sw – • BP 144 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MDN, DYN

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl medina, from Ar madīnaẗ ‘city’, from Aram mᵊdin(t)ā ‘jurisdiction, district, province, city’, from dān ‘to judge, adjudicate, administer’, cf. Ar ↗dīn in the sense of ‘judgment’.

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madanī مَدَنِيّ

ID 797 • Sw – • BP 671 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MDN

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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tamaddun تَمَدُّن

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√MDN

n.

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▪ vn., V

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MRː (MRR) مرّ / مرر

ID 799 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRː (MRR)

“root”

▪ MRː (MRR)_1 ‘to pass, go by, elapse, cross, etc.; time, turn’ ↗marr-/marar- u (marr, murūr, mamarr)
▪ MRː (MRR)_2 ‘bitter; myrrh’ ↗murr
▪ MRː (MRR)_3 ‘tightness, strength; (tightly twisted) rope; to struggle; to continue; (strong) character’ ↗marr_1
▪ MRː (MRR)_4 ‘spade, shovel’ ↗marr_2
Now obsolete:
▪ MRː (MRR)_5 ^†‘young girl of slight build’ ↗?
▪ MRː (MRR)_6 ^†‘desert’ ↗?

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pass by; to drag along, to continue; to twist together, might, determination; to struggle, to be trustworthy; once, one time; myrrh, bitterness, gall, gall bladder; to be angry; marble’

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▪ The obsolete value MRː (MRR)_5 is represented by the meaning ^†‘jeune fille au corps délicat’ given for murayrāʔ and mārūraẗ by Kazimirski. A distinct item or connected to one of the other values? The forms of the words suggest that they are derived from s.th. else – perhaps from MRː (MRR)_2 ↗murr (fig. use of murayrāʔ and mārūraẗ ‘plante à la graine noire et amère qui se mêle au blé’), or from MRː (MRR)_3 ↗marr_1 (< *‘girl of a body as thin as a tightly twisted rope’)?
▪ The obsolete value MRː (MRR)_6 ‘desert’ is attested through marīr ^†‘desert’ (Kazimirski) and marawrāt pl. marawrà, marawrayāt, marārī ^†‘völlige Wüste’ (Wahrmund). Connected to MRː (MRR)_1 ‘bitter’?
▪ According to Ehret1989, the “simple form” marr ‑ ‘to pass, pass by, depart, go away’ has preserved an earlier bi-consonantal *mr from which a number of triradical themes have been formed via extension: (+ “inchoative/denominative” *‑y =) mary ‘to take out, pull out’, (+ “durative” *‑t =) mart ‘to drive away’, (+ “durative” *‑g =) marǧ ‘to send an animal to pasture’.
▪ Another value of *mr as given by Ehret1989 is ‘to brush with the fingers’. The author remains silent as to the possibility, or impossibility, of a relation between this theme and ‘to pass, pass by, depart, go away’. From *mr ‘to brush with the fingers’, Ehret1989 derives ↗maraḫ (“extension” in “iterative” *‑ḥ), ^†mart ‘to smooth’, ↗maraṯa, ^†marz ‘to press slightly with the fingertips’, mars ‘to macerate and crush with the hand’ (↗marasa), ↗maraša, ↗maraʕa, ^†marġ ‘to anoint with oil’ (cf. also ↗√MRĠ), ^†marq ‘to scratch off the wool’ (cf. also ↗√MRQ), and ^†mary ‘to stroke the udder of the camel for milking’ (cf. also ↗√MRY).

▪ Engl myrrh ↗murr.

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marr‑ / marar‑ مَرَّ / مَرَرْـ , u (marr , murūr , mamarr)

ID 800 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRː (MRR)

vb., I

to pass, go, walk, saunter, or stroll (bi‑ or ʕalā by or past s.th.); to march past s.o. (ʔamāma), pass in review (bi‑, ʕalā before s.o.; mil.); to pass, elapse, go by, run out (time); to come, go, walk, or pass along s.th., skirt; to pass, go, walk, move, march, travel, cross, traverse (bi‑, min, ʕalā a place, a country, a room); to flow through, run through; to fly through; to lead, run, cut (bi‑ through an area; border), pass (fī over), cross (fī an area); to go or pass (bi‑ through a stage or phase), undergo (bi‑ a state or phase); to cross (ʕalā a border, a line, mountains, etc.); to fly (fawqa over an area; airplane); to depart, go away, leave – WehrCowan1979. – (Does also the value ‘to continue (yafʕalu to do s.th.), keep, or go on, doing s.th.’ belong here? We do not believe so and suggest the latter’s dependence on ↗marr_1 ‘tightly twisted rope’, hence ‘strength, endurance’.)

Cf. also ↗√MRː (MRR), with disambigution.

▪ eC7 Q (passim): ‘to pass by; pass on; go’

Ug mr ‘weggehen, weichen’, Hbr mar ‘drop’ (n.), ESA mrr ‘to happen to, befall’ (Zammit2002).
▪ Akk marāru ‘to leave, go away’ is a loan-word from WSem (CAD, s.v. “marāru C”), according to Zammit2002 from Ug.

▪ Given the Ug, Hbr and SA cognates, the verb can be assumed to be of Sem origin, with a value either of s.th. like ‘to go away, leave’ or ‘to pass by (quickly?), flash by’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1731 reconstruct Sem *mur‑ ‘to go away’ (but only on the evidence of Ar marr‑, IPFV ‑murr‑). Outside Sem, the authors see cognates in Berb *m˅r‑ (> Ayr əmmər‑ ‘to pass by’), WCh *mir‑ /*mur‑ ‘to run’ (> mir‑, mur‑ in 2 languages), HEC *mar‑ ‘to go’ (> mar‑ in 4 languages, among which Sid), Dhl mar‑ ‘to go round’, and hence reconstruct AfrAs *mar‑ ‘to walk’. Vowelism in Sem *mur‑ then would be secondary.
▪According to Ehret1989, the “simple form” marr ‘to pass, pass by, depart, go away’ has preserved an earlier biconsonantal *mr‑ from which a number of triradical themes have been formed via extension: (+ “inchoative/denominative” *y =) ^†mary ‘to take out, pull out’, (+ “durative” *t =) ^†mart ‘to drive away’, (+ “durative” *g =) marǧ ‘to send an animal to pasture’ (↗marǧ).

–

¹marr مَرّ , pl. ?

ID 801 • Sw –/122 • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRː (MRR)

n.

rope – WehrCowan1979.

Essential to marr ‘rope’ is the ‘tightness’ with which it is twisted, hence the ‘strength’ that is needed to twist it and that the tightly twisted rope itself may represent, figuratively. Inner-Arabic evidence suggests logical precedence of ‘rope’ before ‘strength’. But Orel&Stolbova supply evidence from outside Sem that would favour ‘strength’ as the basic meaning. – Any relation with ↗murr ‘bitter’? Relation with marr‑ / marar‑ ‘to pass’ unlikely.

▪ …

Akk marmaru (with redupl.) ‘healthy, strong’; cf. also Ḥrs merret ‘strength’ – Orel&Stolbova1994#1737. Cf. also marmāru ‘strong person’ – CAD.

It looks as if either the ‘strength’ with which a rope is twisted, or the ‘rope’ that is twisted tightly, i.e., with strength, are the logical basis in Ar from which other values are derived. From ‘rope’: ‘to tie up a camel’ (with a rope), ‘to twist o.s. (like a rope) about s.o. = to wrestle, fight’, and perhaps also ‘firmness, determination, resoluteness’ (etc. – Kazimirski, at least, regards marīr in the sense of ^†‘résolution ferme et inébranlable’ as a figurative use of ^†‘ficelle ou corde mince, mais très-bien tressée et solide’). From ‘strength’: ‘to persist, persevere, keep (doing s.th.)’, hence ‘to last, endure, remain, stay’ in general; (if not from ‘rope’) the ‘vigor, energy, tenacity’ of the mind, hence a person’s ‘intelligence’, but also his/her ‘determination, resoluteness, steadiness, constancy’.
Is ‘strength’ logically prior to ‘(tightly twisted) rope’, or vice versa? Morphologically, marr ‘rope’ looks more basic than the words that connote ‘strength’ so that the latter seem to be derived from the former, not the other way round, which is the reason for making marr the lemma, not marīr.
▪ However, on account of the Akk and Hss evidence, which they parallel with Ar marīr, Orel&Stolbova reconstruct Sem *mar‑ ‘healthy, strong’ as the basic meaning. Outside Sem, the authors see a cognate in Hs māre ‘to recover’ (from WCh *mar‑ ‘dto.’). As a common ancestor of the Sem and WCh forms, they suggest AfrAs *mar‑ ‘to recover, be healthy’ – Orel&Stolbova1994#1737.
▪ Related to, or even forming one semantic unit with, the theme of ‘bitterness’ treated under ↗murr ?

–

► marra, u, vb. I, ^†serrer et attacher avec une corde un chameau, etc. (Kazimirski1860): denominative from marr, or vice versa? – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑ and ↗murr.
► marrara, vb. II, ↗marr‑ / marar‑ and ↗murr.
► mārra, vb. III, ^†to twist o.s. about s.o. and turn him round to throw him down (Lane), lutter avec qn. corps à corps et chercher à le renverser par terre (Kazimirski1860). – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑.
► ʔamarra, vb. IV, ^†to twist tightly (a rope, a thread); hence also : to struggle or strive with s.o., twist about him, or twist his neck, to throw him down (Lane). – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑ and ↗murr.
► tamārra, vb. VI, to fight, contend, dispute (with each other), (Lane) to struggle or strive with each other, twisting the other’s neck to throw him down, (Kazimirski1860) lutter avec qn. corps à corps pour le renverser: from the idea of twisting, or rather from ‘bitter’ (*to engage in bitter, severe fight with s.o.)? – For other meanings ↗murr‑.
► imtarra, vb. VIII ↗marr‑ / marar‑.
► ĭstamarra vb. X, to last, endure, continue, go on; to remain, stay; to continue, persist, persevere, keep (doing s.th.), go on (doing s.th.), stick, adhere (to s.th.). ^†to become tightly twisted (Lane), être tordu avec force, recevoir quelques tours de plus pour être solide (se dit d'une corde) (Kazimirksi1860); hence/de là: to become strong, or firm, like a rope tightly twisted (tropical signification, from the twisting of a rope); hence: to become right after having been corrupt (one’s case or state of affairs), to repent and become good, righteous, virtuous (Lane); de là, on dit d’un homme: istamarrat marīratuhū il s’est raffermi ou rendu plus fort, plus ferme (Kazimirksi1860). – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑ and ↗murr.
► ^†marār Strick (Wahrmund1887)
► mirraẗ, n.f., pl. ʔamrār, ^†mirar strength, power, (Wahrmund1887) Verstand, Einsicht; gesundes Urtheil, (Kazimirksi1860) force de l’intelligence; fermeté, constance | ḏū mirraẗ puissant ou ferme, surnom de l’ange Gabriel: < ^†firm, strong twisting (Lane), tortis, tresse dont se compose une corde (Kazimirksi1860). – For other meanings ↗murr.
► marīr, adj., pl. marāʔirᵘ strong, firm, stubborn, tenacious, dogged, persistent, deep-seated, deep, profound (esp., of feelings); ^†résolution ferme et inébranlable [syn. ʕazīmaẗ) (Kazimirksi1860): fig. use of <^†ficelle ou corde mince, mais très-bien tressée et solide (Kazimirksi1860). – For other meanings ↗murr.
► marīraẗ, n.f., pl. marāʔirᵘ firmness; determination, resoluteness; vigor, energy, tenacity, doggedness; steadiness, constancy; ^†langer starker Strick (Wahrmund1887), ficelle ou corde longue, mince et solide; tresse, tortis dont se compose une corde (Kazimirksi1860)
► ^†mirrīraẗ, n. Absicht (Wahrmund1887)
► ^†murayr, n. 1 Scorsonère. 2 Hiéracium. 3 Souchet : plantes (Kazimirksi1860): probably rather related to ↗murr (‘bitter’) than to marr_1 (‘making tight, strong through twisting’).
► ĭstimrār X vn. duration, permanence, continuity, continuance, continuation, continued existence, survival; persistence | bi‑’st. continually, constantly; quwwat al-~, n., inertia, vis inertiae :
► ĭstimrāriyyaẗ, n. continuity: abstr. formation from ĭstimrār.
► ʔamarrᵘ, adj. firmer, stronger | al-ʔamarrāni the two bitter things (i.e., poverty and old age); qāsā l-ʔamarrayn to go through the worst, be exposed to greatest hardships: el. – For other meanings ↗murr.
► mustamirr, adj. lasting, permanent, enduring, constant, continual, uninterrupted, unceasing, incessant; continuous, unbroken: PA X.

²marr مَرّ , pl. ?

ID 802 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRː (MRR)

n.

iron shovel, spade – WehrCowan1979. – For other meanings ↗marr_1

▪ …

▪ …..

▪ …
▪ …

▪ CAD thinks Akk marru‑ ‘spade, shovel’ (cf. also bīt marri ‘land worded with a spade’) is a loan-word from Sum.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1738, however, juxtapose Akk marru, Syr marr or maʔr ‘hoe, spade’, and Ar marr ‘iron spade’ and reconstruct Sem *marr‑ ‘hoe, spade; iron spade’. Given that there seem to be cognates also outside Sem in Eg mr ‘hoe’ (a.), ECh *mar-/ *mir-/ (> mara, miri) ‘hoe’ and HEC *morar- <‑ *marar‑ (> moraara‑ ‘hook of the plough’, with partial redupl., in 1 language), the authors find reasons to believe that all of these may go back to an AfrAs *mar‑ ‘hoe’ (n.), which in itself would be related to (#1739) AfrAs *mar‑ ‘to dig’ (> Sem *mur‑ [with secondary *‑u‑ ] ‘dig’: Akk marāru, and > WCh *mari‑ ‘to hoe, farm’: appearing as mār, mar, na mira in modern WCh languages).
▪ In contrast, Fraenkel1886 believed that marr was borrowed via Aram mrʔ, Syr marrā, from a late Grk márra ‘mattock, hoe’ (cf. also Lat marra ‘sort of hoe for tearing up weeds, a weeding-hook’, found in Plinius, C1 – FALS1879).

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murr مُرّ , pl. ʔamrār

ID 803 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRː (MRR)

¹adj.; ²n.

(adj.) 1 bitter; severe; sharp; painful; (n.) bitterness. – 2 myrrh | m. al-ṣaḥārā colocynth (bot.) WehrCowan1979. – 3 ^†salsify (Scorzonera hispanica; bot.) – Kazimirski1860

1) The word goes probably back to protSem *√MRR ‘to be(come) bitterʼ and a common Sem noun *murr‑ ‘bitterness; myrrh’ (Huehnergard2011) that belongs to the general theme protSem *MRR ‘bitterness’ (Kogan2011). The latter has been suggested to have developed from an AfrAs *mar‑ ‘to be sour’.
2) The word murru appears already in Akk sources. Although it “does not always nor only refer to the costly imported resin” (CAD),¹ there is evidence also for the use of real myrrh. The attestations inform us about the use of murru in many fields: in rituals, as an ingredient of perfumes and for scenting oil, in medicine (for fumigation, or as a “medication against stricture of the bladder” which was given to the patient “to drink in beer”, or was “rub[bed] on in oil, or “blow[n] into his penis through a tube”, CAD). Myrrh had to be imported and was therefore very prestigious and expensive.

1. References to “the seeds of the murru-plant” imply that in some contexts Akk murru is not ‘myrrh’ but rather “a native ‘bitter’ plant […]. This is confirmed in NB [New Babylonian] texts by the use of murru for tanning.” In many passages it “cannot be decided whether real myrrh or a plant called murru with a similar astringent quality is meant.” CAD.

▪ v1lC6 ʕAntara b. Šaddād 1,36: ʔinna ẓulmiya bāsilun murrun maḏāquhū ka-ṭaʕmi ’l-ʕalqami ‘the injustice/tyranny/torment I suffered [lit. my tyranny] is death-defying (and) bitter, its taste is like the taste of the colocynth’ (Polosin 445).
▪ eC7 Q 54:46 bali ‘s-sāʕatu mawʕidu-hum wa’s-sāʕatu ʔadhā wa-ʔamarru ‘Nay, but the Hour (of doom) is their appointed tryst, and the Hour will be more wretched and more bitter (than their earthly failure)’.
▪ v2 ▪ …

▪ v1 Akk marāru ‘to be bitter’, murruru ‘to make bitter’, marru (māru, f. marratu) ‘bitter, brackish, biting’ (the f. also meaning ‘sea (as body of salty water), CAD); murru ‘bitter taste’; related also murāru ‘bitter lettuce’, Hbr mārar, Aram mᵉrar ‘to be bitter’, Syr mar ‘to be bitter, sour, acid’, Gz marīr ‘amarus, acerbus; exacerbatus’ (Zammit2002, following Dillmann).
Within Sem, Orel&Stolbova1994 (#1734) add Hbr mar, Soq mrr, Ḥrs mer, Mhr mer, Śḥr mur and reconstruct Sem *mar‑ ‘(to be) bitter’.
▪ v2 Akk murru, Ug mr, Hbr mōr, JudAram mūrā ‘myrrh’. Huehnergard2011 reconstructs a common Sem noun *murr‑ ‘bitterness; myrrh’, belonging to the general theme Sem *mrr ‘to be(come) bitter’.

Huehnergard2011 reconstructs a general Sem theme *mrr‑ ‘to be(come) bitter’. – Orel&Stolbova1994 (#1734) reconstruct Sem *mar‑ ‘(to be) bitter’. On account of what the authors believe to be cognates – Eg ʕmꜢ (“prefix ʕ‑ ”) ‘become sour’ (pyr) and one mer ‘sour’ in a WCh language (< WCh *mar‑) – they reconstruct AfrAs *mar‑ ‘be sour’ as the origin common to all.

▪ v2 The word entered Eur languages via Grk mýrrha into which it came from some Sem source and was then (according to Dolgopolsky2012) perhaps contaminated with Grk mýron ‘unguent, perfume, sweet oil’, which in its turn is probably related to an Idg root *smeru‑ ‘ointment’, cf. Ge schmieren, denominative of Schmer < Germ *smerwa‑ ‘fat, grease’ (cf. Nor smør ‘butter, fat’) (Kluge2002), which Dolgopolsky2012 thinks is related to a WSem root √*mrḫ ‘to smear’ (↗Ar √mrḫ ‘anoint (the body)’. The Grk term was loaned into Lat murra, murrha, myrrha, which is the source of the word in the Eur languages (cf. oEngl myrre, NL mirre, Ge Myrrhe, Fr myrrhe, Ital Span mirra). It arrived there at an early date: the first attestations in oHGe, e.g., date back into C8 (mirra, myrra, murra) (Kluge2002).

► marr‑ / marar‑, u a (marāraẗ), vb. I, to be or become bitter; ^†dire des choses amères, désagréables (Kazimirski): denominative. – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑ and ↗marr_1.
► marrar‑, vb. II, to make bitter, embitter (s.th.): caus., denominative. – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑.
► ^†mārr‑ / mārar‑, vb. III, lutter avec qq. corps à corps et chercher à le renverser par terre (Kazimirski): probably not related to murr but to the theme ‘strong, tight’ treated under ↗marr_1. – Cf. also ↗marr‑ / marar‑.
► ʔamarr‑ / ʔamrar‑, vb. IV, to be or become bitter; to make bitter (s.th.); ^†être mêlé de graines amères (se dit du blé) (Kazimirski): caus., denominative. – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑ and ↗marr_1.
► tamārr‑ / tamārar‑, vb. VI, to fight, contend, dispute (with each other): probably not related to murr but to the theme ‘strong, tight’ treated under ↗marr_1. ^†devenir amer, contracter de l’amertume (Kazimirski): denominative.
► ĭmtarr‑ / ĭmtarar‑ , vb. VIII, ↗marr‑ / marar‑.
► ĭstamarr‑ / ĭstamrar‑, vb. X, to think bitter, find bitter (s.th.): denominative. – For other meanings ↗marr‑ / marar‑ and ↗marr_1.
► mirraẗ, n.f., pl. mirar gall, bile ↗s.v.; (pl. ʔamrār) ↗marr_1.
► ^†murār, n., eine Bitterpflanze (Wahrmund1887):
► marāraẗ, n.f., pl. marāʔirᵘ bitterness; gall, gall bladder; innermost, heart | inšaqqat m.uhū ġayẓan he burst with anger :
► ^†mirāriyyaẗ, n.f., Galligkeit (Wahrmund1887): ↗mirraẗ.
► marīr, adj., pl. marāʔirᵘ bitter (taste, feelings). – For other meanings ↗marr_1.
► marīraẗ, n. ↗marr_1.
► ʔamarrᵘ, adj., bitterer: el. | al-ʔamarrāni the two bitter things (i.e., poverty and old age); qāsā l-ʔamarrayn to go through the worst, be exposed to greatest hardships. – For other meanings ↗marr_1.
► ^†ʔamarrᵘ, n., intestines (Kazimirski1860): nominalized el.(?), related to murr ?
► ^†murrà, n., chose amère | al-murrayān les deux choses les plus amères: l’absinthe et la coloquinte (Kazimirski1860) : nominalized el.f. (?).
► ^†murrī, n., eine Art Bitterwasser (den Appetit zu schärfen) (Wahrmund1887): nominalized nsb-adj., *tasting myrrh (?),
► ^†mārūraẗ, n.f., 1 plante à la graine noire et amère qui se mêle au blé; (2 jeune fille au corps délicat et chez qui les chairs tremblent quand elle marche) (Kazimirski1860): While (1) is clearly related to murr the relation is doubtful for (2).
► ^†murayr, n., 1 scorsonère. 2 hiéracium. 3 souchet : plantes (Kazimirski1860): related to murr because of their ‘bitterness’?
► ^†murayrāʔ, n., 1 Plante à la graine noire et amère qui se mêle au blé; – (?related:) 2 Jeune fille au corps délicat et chez qui les chairs tremblent quand elle marche.
► ^†murrāʔᵘ, n., Sorte de vin (Kazimirski1860): related to murr because of its bitterness? (cf. ^†murrī above).
► mamrūr, adj., bilious; foolish, crazy; fool: PP I ↗mirraẗ.

marāraẗ مَرارَة

ID 804 • Sw – • BP 2844 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRː (MRR)

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Cf. Kogan2011: (Ar mirraẗ ‘gall; gall bladder’) from protSem *m˅r(˅)r‑at‑ ‘gall; gall bladder’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

murūr مُرُور

ID 805 • Sw – • BP 528 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRː (MRR)

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

vn. from marra.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MRʔ مرأ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

“root”

▪ MRʔ_1 ‘man’, ‘woman’ ↗marʔ (and also ↗marʔaẗ)
▪ MRʔ_2 ‘be wholesome, healthful, healthy’ ↗mar˅ʔa
▪ MRʔ_3 ‘esophagus, gullet’ ↗marīʔ (n.)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of food) to be wholesome and palatable, to be digestible, food passage; a human being, man, woman, wife, one person; “chivalrous” character, generosity of nature, to be humane, humanity’

Any connection between the three values? MRʔ_2 not unlikely to be akin to MRʔ_3. Further research needed!

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Badawi 2008 lists three main values of the root in ClassAr: 1 (of food) to be wholesome and palatable, to be digestible, food passage; 2 a human being, man, woman, wife, one person; 3 “chivalrous” character, generosity of nature, to be humane, humanity. According to this semantic grouping, MRʔ_3 ‘esophagus, gullet’ would belong to MRʔ_2 (healthy, palatable food being food that passes the esophagus), a relation that does not seem all too unlikely. In contrast, making ‘“chivalrous” character, generosity of nature, to be humane, humanity’ a separate value does not seem to be entirely justifiable, since this is clearly a semantic development from MRʔ_1 ‘man’.
▪ Since etymology is not clear yet, the variety of meanings of the “root” has been tentatively reflected in three separate values. Further research, however, may find that at least MRʔ_2 and MRʔ_3 perhaps are related, the meaning ‘be wholesome, healthful, healthy’ originally referring to what passes the esophagus. But the FaʕīL form of the latter does not really fit this assumption. – In contrast, a relation between MRʔ_2 and MRʔ_3 on the one hand, and MRʔ_1 ‘man, male’ is hardly likely.

▪ Engl n.prop.f. Martha ↗marʔ.

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mar˅ʔ‑ : maraʔ‑ مَرَأَ a , mariʔ‑ مَرِئَ a , maruʔ‑ مَرُؤَ u (marāʔaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

vb., I

to be wholesome, healthful, palatable (food); — maruʔa, u (marāʔaẗ) to be healthy and salubrious (climate) — WehrCowan1979.

Any connection with other values of ↗MRʔ ? Further research needed!

▪ eC7 (marīʔan (‘palatable, nourishing, wholesome’) Q 4:4 wa-ʔātū ’l-nisāʔa ṣaduqāti-hinna niḥlatan fa-ʔin ṭibna la-kum ʕan šayʔin min-hu nafsan fa-kulū-hu hanīʔan marīʔan ‘And give unto the women [whom ye marry] free gift of their marriage portions; but if they of their own accord remit unto you a part thereof, then ye are welcome to absorb it [in your wealth]’

BDB1906: Akk marû ‘well-fed, fat (said of domestic animals)’, Hbr *mrʔ ‘be fat ’, mᵊrī(ʔ) ‘fatling(s)’.

▪ …
▪ …

–

► ĭstamraʔa, vb. X, to find wholesome and tasty (food); to enjoy, savor, relish (s.th,); to be able to digest (s.th.; also fig.); to take to s.th., take a liking (bi‑ to), derive pleasure (from):.

► marīʔ, adj., healthful, salubrious, healthy, wholesome | hanīʔan wa-marīʔan, adv., approx.: may it do you much good! I hope you will enjoy it (i.e., food)! – For other meanings see ↗marʔ and ↗marīʔ (n.).

For other items of the root, cf. ↗MRʔ with further references.

ĭmraʔ اِمْرَأ , ĭmruʔ اِمْرُؤ , (with definite article) al-marʔ المَرْء

ID … • Sw 17/94 • BP 2137 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

n.

a man; person, human being; al-marʔ frequently for Engl ‘one’, as yaẓunnu ’l-marʔ one would think – WehrCowan1979.

▪ As also a number of other Sem languages, Ar distinguishes between ‘man as a human being’ (homo, Mensch, ↗ʔinsān) and ‘man as an adult male’ (vir, Mann), ĭmraʔ / ĭmruʔ, with article al-marʔ. The word goes back to protSem *marʔ‑ ‘man, male’ (Kogan2011) or *māriʔ‑ ‘man, master, lord’ (Huehnergard2011, alongside with *marʔ‑) and, perhaps, AfrAs *mar‑ / *maraʔ‑ (possibly also *maʔar‑) ‘man’ (Orel&Stolbova1994).

▪ eC7 Q 70:38 imruʔ, 8:24 marʔ ‘a person, one’

▪ BDB1906: BiblAram mārê ‘lord’, Syr mārē, mārā, EgAram mrʔ, oAram Nab Palm mr(ʔ) ‘lord’, Sab mrʔ ‘man, lord’
▪ Zammit2002: Ar marʔ ‘a man’: Ug mr ‘Herr (?); Gastgeber (?)’, BiblAram mārē ‘lord’, Syr mārā ‘lord, owner, ruler, master, prince’, SAr mrʔ ‘man, lord’, Gz mār (< Syr) ‘lord, master’
▪ Kogan2011: Akk māru (CAD: also merʔu, marʔu) ‘son’, Aram *māriʔ‑ ‘lord’, Sab Qat mrʔ ‘man; male child; lord’.
▪ Cohen1969 mentioned also Akk amīlu (awīlu, amēlu, awēlu) ‘man’, and, outside Sem, some Berb and Cush forms. All doubtful!
▪ OrelStolb1994#1740: Akk māru ‘son’, BiblAram mārē ‘master’, SAr mrʔ ‘man, husband’. – Outside Sem: Eg mr.w ‘people’ (OK); maar ‘boy’ and mara ‘masculine’ in 2 WCh languages; maar ‘uncle’ in 1 ECh idiome.

▪ Kogan2011: from Sem *marʔ‑ ‘man, male’.
▪ Huehnergard2011: from Sem *marʔ‑, *māriʔ ‘man, master, lord’.
▪ OrelStolb1994#1740 reconstruct Sem *marʔ‑ ‘man; husband; master’, from AfrAs *mar‑ / *maraʔ‑ ‘man’. For both WCh and ECh the authors assume *maʔar‑, which, if correct, would show metathesis as compared to the reconstructed AfrAs form. An alternative reconstruction would be AfrAs *maʔar‑, taking the WCh and ECh forms as the more original ones; then Sem would have undergone metathesis. The Eg evidence is not helpful for a decision between the one or the other since it shows no traces of *‑ʔ‑.

–

► maruʔa, u (murūʔaẗ), vb. I, to be manly: denom. – For other meanings see ↗marVʔa.

► ^BP#321ĭmraʔaẗ, with def. article al-marʔaẗ, pl. ↗nisāʔ, niswaẗ, etc., n., woman; wife: f. of marʔ.
► murūʔaẗ, var. muruwwaẗ, n., the ideal of manhood, comprising all knightly virtues, esp., manliness, valor, chivalry, generosity, sense of honor:.
► marīʔ, adj., manly, virile: adj. formation. – For other meanings see ↗marVʔa and ↗marīʔ (n.).

ĭmraʔaẗ اِمْرَأَة , with article al-marʔaẗ المرْأة , pl. ↗nisāʔ , niswaẗ

ID 806 • Sw 16/195 • BP 1052, 321 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

n.f.

woman; wife – WehrCowan1979.

Feminine of marʔ ‘man’. Goes back to protSem *marʔ‑at‑, *māriʔ‑at‑ ‘woman, mistress, lady’ – Huehnergard2011.

▪ eC7 Q 27:23 ‘woman’, 19:8 ‘wife’

▪ CAD: Akk mārtu (merʔatu, marʔatu, māštu) ‘daughter; (young) girl, woman’
▪ Bennett1998: Sab mrʔt ‘woman’. – Outside Sem: Berb ṯa-mġar-ṯ (Senhayi), ta-mṭːū-ṭː (Ayt Segrouchen), talta (Ghadamsi) ‘woman’.
▪ If, as suggested by Cohen1969, Akk amīlu ‘man’ is a cognate of Ar marʔ, then also Akk amīltu (awīltu, amēltu, awēltu, amīltu) ‘woman; female, feminine’ should be compared. However, as already the first is precarious, the other is not less so.

▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs Sem *marʔat‑, *māriʔat ‘woman, mistress, lady’, as the f. of *marʔ‑, *māriʔ ‘man, master, lord’.
▪ The Berb forms mentioned in Bennett1998 are due to contact with Ar.

▪ Huehnergard2011: Not from Ar ĭmraʔaẗ / marʔaẗ, but from its Aram counterpart, mārᵊtā, is the Eur name Martha.

► al-marʔaẗ al-musalsalaẗ, n.f., Andromeda (astron.)

murūʔaẗ مُرُوءة , var. muruwwaẗ مُرُوّة

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

n.f.

the ideal of manhood, comprising all knightly virtues, esp., manliness, valor, chivalry, generosity, sense of honor – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From ↗marʔ ‘man’.
▪ A key concept of pre-Islamic and Islamic culture. According to EI², the meaning of murūʔaẗ is somewhat “imprecise”—which, however, is not unusual with ‘super’- or ‘meta’-concepts of a comparable importance). “There is reason to believe that m. originally describes the sum of the physical qualities of man and then by a process of spiritualisation and abstraction his moral qualities.”²
▪ Related concepts: among others, cf. ↗ʔadab, ↗ʔaḫlāq, ↗ḍiyāfaẗ, ↗fakhr, ↗ḥamāsaẗ, ↗ḥilm, ↗ʕirḍ, ↗karam, ↗ṣabr.

2. EI², Index of Terms, s.v.

»There is reason to believe that murūʔaẗ originally describes the sum of the physical qualities of man and then by a process of spiritualisation and abstraction his moral qualities. After Islam, its meaning was extended thanks to the now pre-dominating moral focus. Broadly speaking, with the rightly-guided caliphs, m. means chastity, good nature and observance of Qurʔānic laws, with the Umayyads, m. implies politics, diplomacy, work, dignity and compassion, and with the early ʕAbbāsids, m. implies merit and is contrasted with abjectness; with the moralists, m. is identified with ↗ʔadab in the meaning of good conduct. Becoming more and more abstract, m. finally came to mean virtue. In law, m. indicates the fact of abstaining from any act capable of offending religion although not constituting an illicit act. In the spoken language of today, m. means ‘energy’ in Egypt (miriwwaẗ) and Syria (muruwwaẗ), as in the expression ‘so-and-so has not the miriwwaẗ/muruwwaẗ to accomplish such a thing’.«¹

1. EI², Index of Terms, s.v.

See ↗MRʔ and ↗marʔ.

See ↗marʔ.

–

See ↗marʔ.

marīʔ مَرِيء , pl. ʔamriʔaẗ , murūʔ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

n.

esophagus, gullet – WehrCowan1979.

For other meanings cf. ↗mar˅ʔa and ↗marʔ .

Relation to other items of √MRʔ (‘man’/‘woman’; ‘be wholesome, healthy’) unclear. See ↗MRʔ for details and further references.

▪ …

BDB1906: ? Hbr murʔā(h) ‘crop, or alimentary canal (of bird)’.

▪ …
▪ …

–

Perhaps the items listed under ↗marVʔa are related.

MRTB مرتب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRTB

“root”

▪ MRTB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MRTB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

martabān مَرْتَبان , pl. ‑āt

ID 807 • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRTB, RTB

n.

↗marṭabān .

↗marṭabān

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

–

MRǦ مرج

ID 808 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRǦ

“root”

▪ MRǦ_1 ‘grass-covered steppe, pasture, meadow’ ↗marǧ
▪ MRǦ_2 ‘disorder, confusion, tumult’ ↗maraǧ
▪ MRǦ_3 ‘pearl, coral’ ↗marǧān

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘open space, pasture land, to pasture; to shoot out, branches, to be convoluted, to be obscure; bright, smokeless flame, a bright tongue of fire, to exaggerate; coral; small pearls’. The word marǧān, which philologists classify under this root, is an early borrowing into Ar from Pers, perhaps through Aram.

▪ …

–..

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Any relation between MRǦ_1 and MRǦ_2 (the latter being fig. use of the former)?
▪ MRǦ_3 < Grk.

–

marǧ مَرْج , pl. murūǧ

ID 809 • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRǦ

n.

grass-covered steppe; pasture; meadow – WehrCowan1979.

Etymology not clear. Suggestions for a derivation of the word from bi-consonantal themes with similar meanings have been made but seem rather speculative.

▪ …..

▪ …
▪ …

▪ According to Ehret1989, the obsolete vb. ^†maraǧ‑ (vn. marǧ) ‘to send an animal to pasture’ is an extension in “durative” *g from an earlier biconsonantal *mr, the “simple form” of which has been preserved in ↗marr‑ / marar‑ ‘to pass, pass by, depart, go away’. Other triradical themes from the same *mr‑ : (+ “inchoative/denominative” *y =) ^†mary ‘to take out, pull out’, (+ “durative” *t =) ^†mart ‘to drive away’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1741 reconstruct Sem *marg‑ ‘meadow’ and parallel this with the word morgo ‘field’ in one ECh language (their basis for reconstructing ECh *m˅r˅g‑ < *marug‑), and perhaps also Or marga ‘grass’ (< LEC *mar˅g‑). On account of these cognates the authors reconstruct AfrAs *mar˅g‑ ‘field’ (which they think may in turn be derived from AfrAs *mar‑ ‘field’).

–

► marǧ in: harǧ wa-marǧ confusion, jumble, tumult, hubbub: related to marǧ ‘meadow’?
► maraǧ disorder, confusion, jumble: related to marǧ ‘meadow’?

marǧān مَرْجان , var. murǧān

ID 810 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRǦN

n.coll. (n.u. ‑aẗ)

small pearls; corals | samak m. goldfish – WehrCowan1979.

A loan-word that came into Ar via Syr MRGNYtā from mPers murvārīt ‘pearl’.

▪ …..

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: 261: »The word […] was ‎early recognized as borrowed from Persia,¹⁶ but it is certain that it did ‎not come directly from Iranian into Ar.¹⁷ – We find in Phlv murvārīt,¹⁸ a ‘pearl’ used, e.g. in the Gosht-i Fryānō, ii, 13, in describing the crowns presented to the daughters of Spitama after death. From ‎mPers the word was borrowed widely, e.g. Grk margarítēs ¹⁹ ; Aram mrgnytā; Syr mrgnytā, ‎and from some Aram form²⁰ it came into Ar. It would have come at an early date ‎for it is used in the old poetry and was doubtless well known in the pre-Islamic period«.
▪ No ‎connection whatsoever with (hypothetical) *√RǦN, nor with the other items listed under ↗√MRǦ.

16. al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 144; as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 324 ‎‎; Muḥīṭ, sub voc., and see Sachau’s note to the Muʕarrab, p. 65. 17. In spite of Addai Sher, 144, and his attempted ‎derivation from mar + ǧān. 18. West, Glossary, 213; Šāyast, Glossary, 163; cf. Horn, Grundriss, 218, n. 19. Also margarís, ‑ídos, from ‎which comes the Arm margaris and the European forms. 20. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 59. The Mand mʔrgʔnyʔtʔ would also seem ‎to be from the same source, vide Nöldeke, Mundart, 53; Mingana, Syriac Influence, 90; ‎Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 611; li, 303.

–

► marǧānī coralline, coral, coralli‑ (in compounds), corallike, coral-red: nsb-adj. | pl. marǧāniyyāt coral polyps, anthozoans (zool.); ǧazīraẗ m.iyyaẗ atoll; šiʕāb m.iyyaẗ coral reefs

murǧān مُرْجان , var. marǧān

ID 811 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRǦN

–

…

↗marǧān

▪ eC7 Q 55:22 yaḫruǧu min-humā ’l-luʔuʔu wa’l-marǧānu ‘There cometh forth from both of them the pearl and coral-stone’, 55:58 ka-ʔanna-hunna ’l-yāqūtu wa’l-marǧānu ‘(In beauty) like the jacynth and the coral-stone’.

▪ …
▪ …

–

MRḤ مرح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MRḤ

“root”

▪ MRḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MRḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MRḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘joy, merriment; arrogance, haughtiness, ungratefulness; mirth, to be active, be playful, be light-hearted; intoxicating drink, resonating, precise bow; to bring out shoots’

▪ …

–

.

–

MRḪ مرخ

ID 812 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRḪ

“root”

▪ MRḪ_1 ‘to rub, anoint’ ↗maraḫ- a (marḫ)
▪ MRḪ_2 ‘Mars (astron.)’ ↗mirrīḫ

▪ …

–..

▪ …
▪ …

According to Ehret1989, MRḪ_1 is an “extension” in “iterative” *‑ḥ‑ of a reconstructed biconsonantal root *mr‑ ‘to brush with the fingers’ (cf. ↗marr‑ / marar‑). – Other such extensions in Ar, as given by Ehret, are ^†mart‑ ‘to smooth’, ↗maraṯ‑, ^†marz‑ ‘to press slightly with the fingertips’, ^†mars‑ ‘to macerate and crush with the hand’ (↗tamarras‑), ↗maraš‑, ↗maraʕ‑, ^†marġ‑ ‘to anoint with oil’ (cf. also ↗√MRĠ), ^†marq‑ ‘to scratch off the wool’ (cf. also ↗√MRQ), and ^†mary‑ ‘to stroke the udder of the camel for milking’ (cf. also ↗√MRY).

–

maraḫ‑ مَرَخَ , a (marḫ)

ID 813 • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRḪ

vb., I

to oil, anoint, rub, embrocate (the body) – WehrCowan1979.

Etymology still uncertain. An origin in a biconsonantal theme *mr ‘to brush with the fingers’ has been suggested by Ehret1989, while Dolgopolsky2012 reconstructed WSem *mrḫ ‘to smear’ < Nostr * ‘meŕûq˅ ‘to smear’.

▪ …..

Hbr māraḥ ‘to rub’, Jib mirɜḫ ‘to throw sth. sticky on sth., smear (paint etc. on sth.) with one’s hands’ – Dolgopolsky2012#1485.

Dolgopolsky2012#1485 reconstructs WSem *mrḫ ‘to smear’ and suggests that the theme goes back to Nostr *‘meŕûq˅ ‘to smear’ which, among others, also produced Idg *smeru‑ ‘ointment’, cf. Grk mýron ‘unguent, perfume, sweet oil’, Germ *smerwa‑ ‘fat, grease’ (cf. G schmieren, denominative of Schmer, Norw sm▪r ‘butter, fat’ – Kluge2002).
In contrast, Ehret1989 presents Ar maraḫ ²¹ as an “extension” in “iterative” *ḥ‑ of a reconstructed biconsonantal root *mr‑ ‘to brush with the fingers’ (cf. ↗marr‑ / marar‑). – Other such extensions in Ar, as given by Ehret, are ^†mart‑ ‘to smooth’, ↗maraṯ‑, ^†marz‑ ‘to press slightly with the fingertips’, ^†mars‑ ‘to macerate and crush with the hand’ (↗tamarras‑), ↗maraš‑, ↗maraʕ‑, ^†marġ‑ ‘to anoint with oil’ (cf. also ↗√mrġ), ^†marq‑ ‘to scratch off the wool’ (cf. also ↗√mrq), and ^†mary‑ ‘to stroke the udder of the camel for milking’ (cf. also ↗√mry).

21. Original has “maraḥ ” (with ḥ). But this seems to be a typo since the meaning given is ‘to oil, anoint, rub with ointments; coat slightly with mud’.

–

► marraḫ , vb. II, = I.
► tamarraḫ , vb. V, to rub one’s skin with a liniment, oil o.s., anoint o.s. :.
► mariḫ, adj., soft; slack, flabby, flaccid :.
► marūḫ, n., liniment; salve, unguent, ointment :.

MRD مرد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRD

“root”

▪ MRD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MRD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to exceed the limits, to violate the norms, to mutiny, to be arrogant, to be insolent; giant, devil, demon, evil spirit; to soften, to glaze, to plaster; to erect a very high building’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

tamarrud تَمَرُّد

ID 814 • Sw – • BP 3217 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRD

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …..

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MRS مرس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

“root”

▪ MRS_1 ‘to soak in water, macerate’ ↗marasa
▪ MRS_2 ‘(a kind of beer)’ ↗marīsaẗ
▪ MRS_3 ‘strength, power’ ↗marāsaẗ
▪ MRS_4 ‘seasoned, practiced, experienced, veteran’ ↗maris
▪ MRS_5 ‘to exercise, pursue, practice’ ↗mārasa
▪ MRS_6 ‘rope, cord, line, cable’ ↗marasaẗ
▪ MRS_7 ‘to rub o.s. with/against, have trouble, be at odds with’ ↗marasaẗ
▪ MRS_8 ‘to fight, struggle, contend with each other’ ↗tamārasa
▪ MRS_9 ‘a round in backgammon’ ↗mars
▪ MRS_10 ‘hot south wind (eg.)’ ↗marīsī

Pseudo-MRS:
▪ MRS_11 ‘March’ ↗māris
▪ MRS_12 ‘merci [Fr]’ ↗mirsī
▪ MRS_13 ‘Murcia (a city in Spain)’ ↗mursiyaẗᵘ
▪ MRS_14 ‘anchor’ (marsā) ↗rasā (√RSW)
▪ MRS_15 ‘myrtle’ ↗marsīn

The “root” √MRS displays an enormous variety of values.
▪ Some of these are easily recognizable as borrowings from outside Ar (māris ‘March’, mirsī ‘merci’, marsīn ‘myrtle’).
▪ Others conform to common morphological patterns and therefore look genuinely Ar although they might not be so, or actually belong to another root. Thus, some dictionaries list marsà ‘anchor’ under √MRS, although it is definitely from √RSW (but not perhaps the Qur’anic mursà).
▪ Among the items that look Ar but actually are borrowings we find the Ar name of the Andalusian city of Murcia, mursiyaẗ; it looks as if it could be from √MRS or from √RSW, but with all likelihood, it is from neither, going back to a local, non-Ar place name.
▪ Perfectly “disguised” as Ar words is also hot mistral-like wind blowing from the south, called il-marīsī in EgAr (but to be found also in MSA texts); its name goes back to the Copt expression for a southern Eg province.
▪ Another group of items comprises those that not only look Ar but may also actually be so; but some scholars have suggested a foreign origin. Among these we find the kind of beer (or, in ClassAr, date wine) called marīsaẗ; for the beer, at least, a Copt < Eg etymology has been proposed, but it may also simply be a pseudo-PP I from marasa ‘to soak, macerate’ (barley, or dates, in order to let them ferment). marasaẗ ‘rope’ may either be genuinely Ar or a loan from Syr. And for mars, a technical term in playing cards or backgammon, an Ar etymology has been put forward (*‘to sink’ < ‘to soak’), although it is more likely to be a borrowing (both Pers and Tu have been suggested).
▪ A number of the remaining values can be explained as having developed from a basic notion of ‘strength, power, force, effort, energy’ (which has survived into MSA unaltered only in the n. marāsaẗ, and perhaps in vb. VI, ‘to struggle, contend with each other’, i.e., use power against each other, put o.’s efforts into reaching a goal, competing with others in doing so). Strength and effort put into s.th. later became identified with practical experience and proficiency, hence the adj. maris ‘seasoned, practiced, experienced, veteran’ (in ClassAr first and foremost ‘strong’) and the vb. III, mārasa ‘to exercise, pursue, practice s.th.’ To the same semantic complex seems to belong the n., now obsolete, ^†maris ‘sort, kind, type’, as in the expression hum ʕalà maris wāḥid ‘they are alike in dispositions’ (Lane1885), ‘they are of the same sort’ (Hava1899), i.e., they are used to apply the same approaches, or practices, they treat things/people in a similar way.
▪ The other basic value on which a number of derivatives seem to be dependent, is ‘rope’, marasaẗ. The ClassAr intr. vb. I ^†marisa ‘to fall from the pulley and get stuck’ (said of a rope) and the tr. vb. IV ^†ʔamrasa ‘to set right (a rope), restore (the rope) to the place in which it ran; to remove (the rope) from there’ are clearly denominative from ‘rope’. Perhaps the same holds true also for ‘to rub o.s. with/against, have trouble, be at odds with’ (tamarrasa, vb. V). These values may be akin to the ClassAr ^†marasa ‘to wipe (o.’s hands, bi‑ with)’.
▪ According to Ehret1989 as well as Gabal2012, the movement (of o.’s fingers or hands) over or across s.th., a surface, is the nuclear meaning of the bi-consonantal root *MR‑ [↗MRː (MRR)] from which marasa can be regarded to be an extension. Ehret distinguishes two values of marasa, the one meaning ‘to wipe’ having developed from *mar‑ through the addition of a “non-finitive” *‑c (which later became ‑s). Unlike Ehret, for whom the bi-consonantal nucleus does not include the use of ‘force’, Gabal thinks that some kind of force, tightening, or pressure accompanies the movement associated with *mar‑. This idea brings Gabal’s nuclear *mar‑ already close to the ‘rubbing’ and ‘pressing’ that accompanies the getting stuck of the rope, marasaẗ, that has fallen from the pulley, and the ‘strength, power, effort, force, energy’ we encountered in marāsaẗ above.
▪ No word from the root √MRS appearing in the Qurʔān, neither Jeffery1938 nor Gabal2012 treat it; so we do not know either how Gabal would explain the relation between the other—and in the dictionaries primary—meaning marasa, namely ‘to soak, macerate’ and, according to many also: ‘to mash, crush with the hand’. The latter aspect is lost in MSA marasa (accord. to WehrCowan1979, at least), but mentioned in many dictionaries of ClassAr, cf. Lane vii 1885: marasa-hū ‘he macerated, steeped, or soaked, it […] and mashed it with the hand […], he rubbed and pressed it (namely, a quantity of dates,) with the hand, in water, so that it became mashed [… or…] soft […]’. The value is also still repeated in Hava1899: marasa u (mars) ‘to dilute and mash (a medicine)’. For Ehret, this marasa is an extension in »fortative (> intensive)« *‑s.
▪ Summarizing the above (as far as the three “genuinely” Ar values ‘to soak’, ‘to use force, to crush, smash; power, effort, energy’, and ‘rope’ are concerned), we may, with Ehret and Gabal, assume I a bi-consonantal nuclear *MR‑ ‘to brush with the fingers’ (perhaps accompanied by some pressure). II This nucleus was extended, forming (accord. to Ehret), among many others, two new 3-radical bases: II.1 *MR-C ‘to wipe’ and II.2 *MR-S ‘to macerate and crush with the hand’, which both III merged into Ar *MRS. III.1 From II.1 ‘to wipe’ is the vb. I, now obsolete, ^†marasa ‘to wipe’. III.2 continues II.2, splitting in III.2.a marasa ‘to soak, macerate (and crush with the hand)’, a value that has cognates in Akk marāsu A ‘to stir into a liquid’, or marsu ‘mixed, mashed’, and III.2.b the idea of crushing, rubbing, pressing, i.e., using force on the object under one’s treatment, as preserved in MSA marāsaẗ ‘strength, power, force, effort, energy’. — The ‘rope’, marasaẗ, is difficult to relate: it may belong to III.2.b, either as *‘the one obstructing the pulley when falling from it’, but more likely as *‘the thing that is produced (i.e. twisted) with a lot of energy, the thing that is strong’. Fraenkel1886 is unclear, but in one place he thinks it is an Aramaeism, derived from Syr maršā ‘strong hempen rope’ (p. 93); on another occasion, however, he thinks marasaẗ »is probably genuine« (p. 229). — For further derivations, see individual entries ↗marasa, ↗marasaẗ, ↗marāsaẗ.

–

▪ MRS_1 marasa ‘to soak in water, macerate’: Akk marāsu A ‘to stir into a liquid’, marsu ‘mixed, mashed’ (said of malt steeped for beer), mirsu (also mersu, mirisu) ‘a confection made of dates, oil, butter, etc.’ (CAD), Syr mras (2) ‘contudit’ (Brockelmann1895). – ? Cf. also Akk marāsu B ‘to squash’ (CAD), Syr mras (1) ‘pressit’ (Brockelmann1895), ‘zerrühren’ (Zimmern1914), ‘to crush, bruise, steep’, maršā, maršətā, məraštā ‘pestle, mortar’ (PayneSmith1903). – ? Cf. also Ar ↗marāsaẗ ‘strength, power, vigour’. – ? Cf Dozy1881-II: Ar ^†marīs ‘kind of thin bread, kneaded (yumras) together with butter and dates’.
▪ MRS_2 marīsaẗ ‘(a kind of beer)’: ? (Eg)Ar marīsī, a hot wind blowing from southern Egypt, from Copt marēs ‘country of the south, southern region’ (Dozy1881). – ? Ar marasa ‘to soak (and crush with the hands)’, ^†marīs ‘dates soaked in water or milk’, marīsaẗ ‘date-wine’ (Hava1899), Akk marāsu A ‘to stir into a liquid’, marsu ‘mixed, mashed’ (said of malt steeped for beer) (CAD), mirsu ‘mash, purée’, Aram məras ‘to soak, macerate’, marīs ‘date jam, mash’ (Zimmern1914).
▪ MRS_3 marāsaẗ ‘strength, power’: ↗marasa, perhaps also ↗marasaẗ.
▪ MRS_4 maris ‘seasoned, practiced, experienced, veteran’: ↗marāsaẗ
▪ MRS_5 mārasa ‘to exercise, pursue, practice’: ↗marāsaẗ
▪ MRS_6 marasaẗ ‘rope, cord, line, cable’: Syr maršā (Brockelmann1895), also maršətā, məraštā ‘strong hempen rope’ (PayneSmith1903); ? Akk maḫrašu (Jensen, accord. to Brockelmann1895).
▪ MRS_7 tamarrasa ‘to rub o.s. with/against, have trouble, be at odds with’: ↗marasaẗ
▪ MRS_8 tamārasa ‘to fight, struggle, contend with each other’ ↗marāsaẗ
▪ MRS_9 mars ‘a round in backgammon’: ? Tu mars, written mārs. – ? Ar ↗marasa ‘to soak’ (> *‘to sink’?)

▪ Accord. to Ehret1989, MRS_1 ‘to macerate and [accord. to Ehret also: to] crush with the hand’ is an extension in »fortative (> intensive)« *s, from a 2-cons. root *mr ‘to brush with the fingers’. Other extensions from this root include ^†mart (“extension” in “durative” *‑t ‘to smooth’, ↗maraṯa (with “diffusive” *‑ṯ) ‘to crush with the fingers, ↗maraḫa (“iterative” *‑ḥ) ‘to oil, anoint, rub with ointments; to coat slightly with mud’, ^†marz (“intensive” *‑z) ‘to press slightly with the fingertips’, ↗marasa (2) (“non-finitive” *‑c) ‘to wipe’, ↗maraša (“ventive” *‑ɬ) ‘to scratch with the nails’, ↗maraʕa (“sunderative > andative” *‑ʕ) ‘to anoint abundantly’, ^†marġ (“intensive” *‑ġ) ‘to anoint with oil’ (cf. also ↗√MRĠ), ^†marq (“intensive” *‑ḳ) ‘to scratch off the wool’ (cf. also ↗√MRQ), and ^†mary (“inchoative > transitive” *‑y) ‘to stroke the udder of the camel for milking’ (cf. also ↗√MRY).
▪ Cf. also the basic value, assumed by Gabal2012 for the 2-cons. basis *MR-, of ‘to let pass (s.th., e.g., the hand), to stroke continuously or all across s.th., folding it strongly, or tightening or pressing it’ (istirsāl iṭṭirādī ʔaw iǧtiyāzī maʕa šiddaẗ ʔaṯnāʔ ʔaw ḍīq wa-ḥabs, iv:2106).
▪ For the remaining discussion, see NUTSHELL.

–

maras‑ مَرَسَ , u (mars)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

vb., I

to soak (in water), macerate – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ Lane vii 1885: ‘he macerated, steeped, soaked it (dates, medicine, bread) in water, and mashed it with the hand, he rubbed and pressed it until it became soft’.
▪ Hava1899: ‘to dilute and mash (a medicine)’.²

2. Also: to suck (his fingers: child); to wipe o.'s (hands) (bi‑ with). But these values seem to belong to another theme.

▪ Akk marāsu A ‘to stir into a liquid’, marsu ‘mixed, mashed’ (said of malt steeped for beer), mirsu (also mersu, mirisu) ‘a confection made of dates, oil, butter, etc.’ (CAD), Syr mras (2) ‘contudit’ (Brockelmann1895).
▪ ? Cf. also Akk marāsu B ‘to squash’ (CAD), Syr mras (1) ‘pressit’ (Brockelmann1895), ‘zerrühren’ (Zimmern1914), ‘to crush, bruise, steep’, maršā, maršətā, məraštā ‘pestle, mortar’ (PayneSmith1903). – Cf. also Ar marāsaẗ ‘strength, power, vigour’ ?
▪ ? Dozy1881-II: Ar ^†marīs ‘kind of thin bread, kneaded (yumras) together with butter and dates’¹ .

1. Accord. to Ibn Ḫallikān, darb al-marīs was the name of the street in Baghdad where this confection was prepared.

▪ MSA has preserved only the value ‘to soak (in water), macerate’. Little more than a century ago, however, Hava1899 still mentions also the notion of ‘mashing, rubbing, pressing’ in addition to that of ‘soaking’, i.e., the application of some kind of force, and in ClassAr both come together, cf. SemHist section (with Lane vii 1885).
▪ For Akk marāsu, CAD distinguishes a value A ‘to stir into a liquid’ and a value B ‘to squash’. The latter is said to be a loan from Aram.
▪ Information in dictionaries of Syr vary. For Syr mras, Brockelmann1895 gives both ‘to soak’ and ‘to press’ as two distinct values, while in PayneSmith1903 they are seen as one: ‘to crush, bruise, steep’. In translating Akk marāsu as ‘zerrühren’, Zimmern1914 too merges ‘soaking’ and ‘mashing’.
▪ Ar ^†marīs ‘kind of thin bread, kneaded (yumras) together with butter and dates’, mentioned by Dozy1881, is obviously akin to (or even taken from?) Akk mirsu, var. mersu, mirisu ‘a confection made of dates, oil, butter, etc.’, as given in CAD. So, here too the ‘mixing’ is combined with a kind of ‘smashing’ and the use of force.
▪ Besides mras, Syr has also mraš ‘pestle, mortar’, but this is said to be from √RŠ ‘to bray, pound, decorticate’.
▪ The question is whether the application of ‘strength, power, vigour’ (↗marāsaẗ) is etymologically dictinct from that of ‘soaking’ (and perhaps came in addition to it) or whether it was inherent in it from the beginning. In the latter case, ‘strength, power, energy, vigour’ has to be interpreted as a specialisation. And then also ↗marasaẗ ‘rope’ (as *‘the thing that is twisted strongly’) is perhaps related. For the whole picture, cf. ↗MRS.

–

► marīsaẗ, n.f., a kind of beer: could be a quasi-PP from marasa, so that the beer would be ‘(the drink made of) soaked (barley, etc.)’. But other etymologies have been suggested, see ↗s.v..

māras‑ مَارَسَ , (mirās , mumārasaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP 1393 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

vb., III

1a to exercise, pursue, practice (s.th., esp., a profession); b (intr.) to practice, have or operate a practice; c to carry on, ply (s.th., e.g., seafaring). – 2 to apply o.s. (to s.th.), go in for – WehrCowan1979.

Originally, the vb. seems to mean *‘to put an effort in, strive, struggle to achieve s.th.’ and therefore belongs complex of ‘strength, power, force, effort, energy’ treated under ↗marāsaẗ.

▪ …

↗marāsaẗ, ↗MRS. Cf. also ↗tamarrasa [v2].

▪ The vb. III is probably derived from the idea of ‘strength, power, force, effort, energy’, treated under ↗marāsaẗ. In ClassAr, a maris is ‘strong’ man, and from the strength or vehemence ‘in labour or exertion’ is derived the idea of being ‘experienced in affairs’, of having ‘laboured, or exerted [o.s.], in the management, or transaction, thereof’ (Lane vii 1885). From here, the step to the modern meanings of ‘to exercise, pursue an office, practice a profession’, ‘to ply (s.th.)’, and ‘to go in for s.th.’ are only natural.

–

► sahl al-mirās, adj., tractable, manageable, docile, compliant.
► šadīd al-mirās, ṣaʕb al-mirās, adj., intractable, unruly, refractory.
► ṣuʕūbaẗ al-mirās, n., intractability, unruliness, refractoriness, recalcitrance.

► ^BP#988mumārasaẗ, n.f., pursuit, exercise, practicing (of a profession); execution, implementation; practical application; pl. ‑āt, practice; experience, routine; ( eg.) negotiation, treaty: vn. III.

tamarras‑ تَمَرَّسَ , (tamarrus)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

vb., V

1 to rub o.s. (bi‑ with, against); to have trouble, be at odds (bi‑ with); to have to cope or struggle (bi‑ with s.th.). – 2 to exercise (bi‑ an office), pursue, practice (bi‑ a profession); to work (bi‑ with), be in practical contact, have actually to do (bi‑ with s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

The two values probably belong to two different themes, treated under ↗marasaẗ ‘rope’ and ↗marāsaẗ ‘strength, power, force, energy, effort’, respectively.

▪ …

↗marasaẗ, ↗marāsaẗ, ↗MRS

▪ [v1] probably belongs to ↗marasaẗ ‘rope’. ClassAr still has the denom. vb. I ^†marisa ‘to fall from the pulley, get stuck’ (said of a rope), hence the expression ^†marisat ḥibāluhū ‘his affairs were unsettled’, which is close to the modern meanings, obviously metaphorical, ‘to be in trouble, have to cope with s.th.’. Lane vii 1885 lists as the first meaning of the vb. V ‘to be(come) strongly twisted, and adhering’. The notion of ‘strength, power, energy’ inherent in this definition brings it close to the most likely origin of [v2].
▪ [v2] is probably based on this notion of ‘strength, power, force, energy’, treated under ↗marāsaẗ. In ClassAr, a maris is ‘strong’ man, and from the strength, or vehemence, ‘in labour or exertion’ is derived the idea of being ‘experienced in affairs’, of having ‘laboured, or exerted [o.s.], in the management, or transaction, thereof’ (Lane). From here, the step to the modern meaning ‘to exercise, pursue an office, practice a profession’ is not far.

–

► tamarrus, n., practicing, practice (bi‑ of an activity, of a profession): vn. V of [v2].
► mutamarris, adj., practiced, experienced, veteran : PA V of [v2].

tamāras‑ تَمَارَسَ (tamārus)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

vb., VI

to fight, struggle, contend with each other – WehrCowan1979.

Dictionaries of ClassAr explain the vb. VI as belonging to the idea of ‘strength, power, force, effort’, treated under ↗marāsaẗ.

▪ …

↗marāsaẗ. But cf. also ↗marasaẗ and ↗MRS.

▪ For ClassAr, Lane vii 1885 specifies the meaning of vb. VI as ‘(to labour, strive, struggle, contend or conflict with each other, to prevail, overcome, gain the mastery, or effect an object:) to contend together, smiting each other, syn. taḍāraba ’. This suggests that the meaning is based on the notion of ‘strength, power, force, effort’, treated under ↗marāsaẗ, as, lit., *‘to apply force against one another’.
▪ But couldn’t it also be related to the notion of ‘getting stuck’ and ‘rubbing’ o.s. against s.th./s.o., as represented by the ClassAr vb. I ^†marisa ‘to fall from the pulley (a rope) and get stuck fast’? For this complex, cf. ↗marasaẗ ‘rope’.

–

mars مَرْس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

n.

game which is won by getting all the tricks – WehrCowan1979.; raffle (at play) – Hava1899

Formally, the word could be a vn. I of marasa ‘to soak and mash’. But the fact that it is found in Tu as mars (not *mers, as it should be if it was taken from an Ar mars) and that in Ott it is written with an ʔalif (mā̆rs), points to a non-Ar origin. For Redhouse, the word is Tu – but it does not look Tu at all. For BadawiHinds, it is of Pers origin – but I found neither an entry mars nor one mārs in a Pers dictionary.

▪ Tu mars : 1876 written mārs, ‘to get all the tricks in a game, to win’ (Aḥmed Vefīḳ Paşa, Luġat-ı ʕOs̱mānī). Cf. also Redhouse1890 ‘1. (at cards) A game lost with all the tricks, 2. (at backgammon) A game lost without one piece removed from the board’.

…

▪ BadawiHinds1986: from Pers mars ‘a round in backgammon in which the winner removes all his chips from the board before his opponent removes any, a gammon’. But this item is not to be found in Steingass or other dictionaries of Pers.
▪ Nişanyan (#mars, 2.9.14) sees the word as a vn. of ↗marasa ‘to soak’, in the specialized sense of ‘to sink’ (s.o.’s “ships” in a game). But this is unlikely: in Ottoman, the word is written with ʔalif, and the usual rendering of Ar mars should be *mers.
▪ Redhouse1890 identifies Ott mars (written mārs) as »T[urkish]«.

–

maris مَرِس , pl. ʔamrās

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

adj.

seasoned, practiced, experienced, veteran – WehrCowan1979.

The modern meaning seems to have evolved from an earlier value ‘strong, energetic’. The adj. therefore belongs to the complex of ‘strength, power, force, effort, energy’ treated under ↗marāsaẗ and is of course related to vb. III, ↗mārasa ‘to practice’.

▪ …

↗marāsaẗ, ↗mārasa, ↗MRS. Cf. also ↗tamarrasa [v2].

In ClassAr, a maris is ‘strong’ man, and from the strength or vehemence ‘in labour or exertion’ is derived the idea of being ‘experienced in affairs’, of having ‘laboured, or exerted [o.s.], in the management, or transaction, thereof’ (Lane vii 1885). From here, the step to the modern meaning is only natural.

–

Cf.
► ^BP#1393mārasa, vb. III, to exercise, pursue, practice (s.th., esp., a profession); (intr.) to practice, have or operate a practice; to carry on, ply (s.th., e.g., seafaring); to apply o.s. (to s.th.), go in for: applicative.
► ^BP#988mumārasaẗ, n.f., pursuit, exercise, practicing (of a profession); execution, implementation; practical application; pl. ‑āt, practice; experience, routine; (eg.) negotiation, treaty: vn. III, applicative.

marasaẗ مَرَسة , pl. ʔamrās

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

n.f.

rope, cord, line; cable, hawser – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ PayneSmith1903: Syr maršā, maršətā, məraštā) ‘strong hempen rope’² .
▪ Brockelmann1895: Syr maršā ‘funis [rope]’, (Jensen:) Akk maḫrašu.

2. Also: ‘pestle, mortar‘. PayneSmith add that the word is from a root √RŠ, but do not say whether this, in their opinion, applies also to the value ‘rope’.

▪ Fraenkel1886 is not clear (or even contradicts himself?): on the one hand (p. 229), he says that marasaẗ ‘rope’ probably is genuinely Ar (only the later vulgar variant ^†maraš being borrowed from Syr); on the other hand (p. 93), he states that only the vb. ↗marasa is Ar while marasaẗ ‘rope’ is a loan from Syr (the variant form ^†marš being a late Aramaeism that replaced the fuṣḥà word in Syria and Iraq). Fraenkel rejects a relation between ‘rope’ and ‘to twist’ which, accord. to him, is another meaning of Ar mrs and the etymon of ↗mārasa, vb. III, ‘to fight’.
▪ Lane’s (vii 1885) comment that the rope is »so called because of the strong twisting and adhering (tamarrus) of its strands, one upon another« connects marasaẗ to the vb. I ↗marasa ^†‘to mash, press, knead’ and to the vb. V tamarrasa ‘to exercise (an office), etc.’, treated under ↗marāsaẗ ‘strength, power, vigour’.
▪ Brockelmann1895 notes that Syr maršā ‘rope’, accord. to Jensen, is from an Akk maḫrašu. But this is not verifiable in CAD, which only has markasu ‘rope, cable of a boat’ (among other values).
▪ …

–

► ^†marisa, a (maras), vb. I, to fall from the pulley (rope) [and stick fast]: denom.
► ^†ʔamrasa, vb. IV, to set right (a rope), restore (the rope) to the place in which it ran; to remove (the rope) from there: denom.
► tamarrasa, vb. V, to rub o.s. (bi‑ with, against; so also ^†ĭmtarasa, vb. VIII): denom.; to have trouble, be at odds (bi‑ with); to have to cope or struggle (bi‑ with s.th.): metaphorical use of the former. – For other meanings see ↗marāsaẗ.

marāsaẗ مَراسة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

n.f.

strength, power – WehrCowan1979.

It is difficult to decide whether ‘strength, power, force, effort, energy’ is a value in its own right, or whether it depends either on ‘to soak (and at the same time mash, i.e., exert power on the soaked material)’ (↗marasa) or on the ‘rope’ (↗marasaẗ) that has fallen from the pulley and is now rubbing ‘vehemently’ against it, obstructing its movement.

▪ …

↗MRS, ↗marasa), perhaps also ↗marasaẗ.

▪ The notion of ‘strength, power, force, effort, energy’ is certainly one of the most basic ideas in the root √MRS, and many other items are derived from it. But is it also the primary meaning? No vb. I and no simple n. other than marāsaẗ is to be found that could help decide this question. See DISC in ↗MRS.

–

NB: None of the following items are derivations, in the proper sense, from marāsaẗ, but akin to it.
► ^BP#1393mārasa, vb. III, to exercise, pursue, practice (s.th., esp., a profession); (intr.) to practice, have or operate a practice; to carry on, ply (s.th., e.g., seafaring); to apply o.s. (to s.th.), go in for: applicative (*‘to put one’s efforts or energy into s.th.), see also ↗s.v..
► tamarrasa, vb. V, to exercise (bi‑ an office), pursue, practice (bi‑ a profession); to work (bi‑ with), be in practical contact, have actually to do (bi‑ with s.th.):… – For other meanings see ↗marasaẗ.
► tamārasa, vb. VI, to fight, struggle, contend with each other: recipr. See also ↗s.v..

maris, pl. ʔamrās, adj., seasoned, practiced, experienced, veteran: see s.v..
► mirās, n.: sahl al-~, adj., tractable, manageable, docile, compliant; šadīd al-~ or ṣaʕb al-~, adj., intractable, unruly, refractory; ṣuʕūbaẗ al-~, n., intractability, unruliness, refractoriness, recalcitrance: vn. III in ‘false ʔiḍāfaẗ’.
► ^BP#988mumārasaẗ, n.f., pursuit, exercise, practicing (of a profession); execution, implementation; practical application; pl. ‑āt, practice; experience, routine; (eg.) negotiation, treaty: vn. III, applicative.
► tamarrus, n., practicing, practice (bi of an activity, of a profession): vn. V.
► mutamarris, adj., practiced, experienced, veteran: PA V.

marīsaẗ مَرِيسَة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

n.f.

a kind of beer – WehrCowan1979.; date-wine – Hava1899

▪ …

…

▪ Dozy1881 thinks that the marīsaẗ type of beer, like the hot wind called marīsī, blowing from southern Egypt, take their name from Copt marēs ‘country of the south, southern region’²² (Copt ma ‘country’ + rēs ‘south’ [cf. Eg ʕ-rs.j ‘southern province; Upper Egypt’ – ThLAeg]).
▪ Cf., however, Hava1899: ^†marīs ‘dates soaked in water or milk’, marīsaẗ ‘date-wine’.
▪ CAD: Akk marāsu A ‘to stir into a liquid’, marsu ‘mixed, mashed’ (said of malt steeped for beer).
▪ Zimmern1914:38 Akk mirsu ‘mash, purée’, marāsu ‘to stir and mash’: probably > Aram məras ‘id.’ (probably > Ar marasa ‘aufweichen’, marīs ‘date jam, mash’).
▪ …

22. Dozy1881: the upper part of Upper Egypt, until to Nubia, or the part of Nubia that is closest to Upper Egypt.

–

marīsī مَرِيسيّ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

n.

hot south wind (eg.¹ ) – WehrCowan1979.

1. in the jargon of Nile boatmen) – BadawiHinds1986.

A nominalized adj., from Copt marēs (region in Upper Egypt, boardering on Nubia), lit. ‘(the wind blowing) from the marēs region’.

▪ …

…

▪ Corriente2008: (EgAr mirīsī :) (following Bishai1964) from Copt marēs ‘country of the south, southern region’²³ (ma ‘country’ + rēs ‘south’ (cf. Eg ʕ-rs.j ‘southern province; Upper Egypt’ – ThLAeg)
▪ Dozy1881 thinks that also the ↗marīsaẗ type of beer takes its name from the marēs region. But cf. s.v. for other etymologies.

23. Dozy1881: the upper part of Upper Egypt, until to Nubia, or the part of Nubia that is closest to Upper Egypt.

–

māris مارِس

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS, MāRS

n.

March – WehrCowan1979.

From Lat Mars, the god of war (Rolland2014).

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

mursiyatᵘ مُرْسِيَة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS

n.f.prop.loc.

Murcia (a city in Spain) – WehrCowan1979.

The Span name Murcia goes back to Ar mursiyaẗ, which is perhaps from Lat myrtea or murtea ‘land of myrtle’ (Lat murtus, from Grk mýrtos), or from the common Roman name Murtius, or from Lat mōrus ‘mulberry tree’ (as this tree covered the local landscape for many centuries, < Grk móron, mṓron) – en.wiki.

▪ …

…

Dictionaries of Ar often treat mursiyaẗ under √RSW, explaining it as a place of ‘anchorage’. But if this were the case, then the form, an PA IV, is difficult to explain (*‘the one that makes you anchor, causes you to stop’?). It is more probable that the Ar name is borrowed from an indigenous place name. The modern Span name, however, seems to have evolved from the Ar one.

–

mirsī , mīrsī , mersī مِرْسي ، ميرسي

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS, MRSY, MYRS, MYRSY

interj.

thank you!, merci

From Fr merci.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

marsīn مَرْسين

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRS, MRSN, RSN

n.

myrtle (myrtus; bot.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ Earliest attestation in Tu 1420 (in Yādigār-ı İbn-i Şerīf) – Nişanyan (08Sep2014).

…

▪ Lane vii 1885 (#MRS) reproduces the opinion held by al-Zabīdī in TA that the word is from EgAr and that the final n »perhaps… is a radical letter«.
▪ Nişanyan (08Sep2014): Tu mersin is from nGrk myrsíni, from oGrk mýrsinos, mýrsinē, from mýrtos. The Ar form looks as if it came from the same source. Accord. to Nişanyan, the Pers form murd perhaps points to a common origin of the Pers and Grk words in an Anatolian language.

▪ Kluge2002: Ge Myrte C10, from Lat murtus, myrtus, from Grk mýrtos, from a Sem source.
▪ EtymOnline: Engl myrtle c.1400, from oFr mirtile, from mLat myrtillus, dimin. of Lat mýrtus ‘myrtle tree’, from Grk mýrtos ‘the myrtle, a sprig of myrtle’, from same Sem source as Grk mýrrha – see ↗murr.

–

MRḌ مرض

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRḌ

“root”

▪ MRḌ_1 ‘to be(come) sick, fall ill; illness’ ↗mariḍa, ↗maraḍ
▪ MRḌ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be sick, to be taken ill, to nurse; affliction; pest, to be weak; to be of bad judgement; to be hypocritical, to have doubt’

▪ BAH2008 gives the variety of meanings attached to √MRḌ in ClassAr as: ‘to be sick, be taken ill; to nurse; affliction; pest, to be weak; to be of bad judgment; to be hypocritical, have doubt’.
▪ Original meaning in Sem probably ‘to feel or cause pain’, whence the values ‘to be grievous’, ‘be difficult’, and ‘to be strong’ in a number of Sem languages (↗mariḍa).

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

mariḍ‑ مَرِضَ a (maraḍ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRḌ

vb., I

to be or become sick; to fall ill, be taken ill – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Fronzaroli reconstructed protSem *mariḍ‑ ‘ill, ailing’ (adj.), Kogan2011 has the more general protSem *√MRŚ ‘to be ill’.
▪ Original meaning probably ‘to feel or cause pain’, whence the values ‘to be grievous’, ‘be difficult’, and ‘to be strong’ in a number of Sem languages.

▪ eC7 (mariḍa, to become ill) Q 26:80 wa-ʔiḏā mariḍtu fa-huwa yašfī-nī ‘and if I fall sich He heals me’; (maraḍ, illness, sickness, disease) Q 33:60 wa-’llaḏīna fī qulūbi-him maraḍun ‘and those in whose hearts is a sickness, those who harbour ill feelings’; (marīḍ, ill, sick, infirm) 73:20 ʕalima ʔan sa-yakūnu min-kum marḍà ‘He knows that some of you will be sick’

▪ Fronzaroli #2.12: Akk mariṣ, Ug mrṣ ‘ill, ailing’, Hbr nimrāṣ ‘ailing’, Syr marʕā, Ar marīḍ ‘ill, ailing’, Ar mariḍa ‘to be sick, ill’, SAr mrḍ ‘ill, ailing’.
▪ Zammit2002: Akk marāṣu ‘to be ill, be suffering’, Ug mrṣ ‘to be sick’, Hbr māraṣ ‘to be sick’, Aram Syr mᵉraʕ ‘to be/ fall sick’ (OAram mrq ‘illness’), Ar mariḍa ‘to be ill’, SAr mrḍ ‘to suffer a sickness’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk marāṣu, Ug mrṣ, Syr mraʕ, Ar mrḍ, Sab mrṣ́, Mhr mərēź, Jib mírẓ́.
▪ CAD: marāṣu ‘1 to fall ill, have a disease, (stat.) to be diseased; 2 to be concerned, be cause for annoyance, become troublesome, difficult, (stat.) be difficult, in difficulty, troublesome; 3 (with eli, ina muḫḫi, ana, or dat.) to become displeasing, troublesome’. – Cf. also marrāṣu (adj.) ‘sickly’, marṣiš (adv.) ‘bitterly, with difficulty, with pain’,marṣu, f. mariṣtu (adj.) ‘1 sick, diseased; 2 difficult, inaccessible, impregnable, severe, grievous, bitter’,maruṣtu (var. of maruštu, n.f.) ‘1 trouble, hardship, difficulty; 2 left side’, murṣu ‘illness’, namraṣiš (adv.) ‘with difficulty’, namrāṣu ‘difficulty, hardship, trouble’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1475: Akk √MRṢ ‘to fall ill, have a disease’, Ug √MRṢ ‘to be sick’, mrṣ ‘illness’, JA √MRʕ (pfv mᵉraʕ) ‘to be ill; to fall sick, be(come) weak’, mᵉraʕ ‘sick, suffering’, Syr mraʕ ‘to fall ill, become sick’, BiblHbr nimrāṣ ‘sore, grievous’ (< ‘made sick’), Ar mariḍa ‘to be diseased, ill’, Sab √MRṢ́ ‘to suffer from disease’, Mhr mērɜṣ́/ẓ́ ‘to be ill’, Jib mirṣ́/ẓ́, Ḥrs mēreź ‘to be unwell, be ill’, Soq √mrṣ́, Śḥr (Š-stem) hemrōṣ́ ‘to heal’. – Outside Sem: perhaps Eg mr ‘illness’³ and IE *mer‑ ‘to die’⁴ (uncertain).

3. ThesLingAeg: mr (vb.) ‘to cause pain; to be ill; to suffer’, (adj.) ‘ill; painful’, (n.) ‘sick person’, (n.) ‘illness, disease; pain, ailment’. 4. Cf. Lat mor-ire ‘to die’, mor-s ‘death’, mor-talis ‘subject to death, mortal, human’ > Engl mortal etc.

▪ Since it is difficult to decide what was first – the vb. ‘to be sick, ill’, the n. ‘sickness, illness’, or the adj. ‘sick, ill’, all are treated here under the vb.
▪ Klein1987: »The orig[inal] meaning of this base prob[ably] was ‘to feel or cause pain’, whence arose the meanings ‘to be grievous’, ‘be difficult’, and ‘to be strong’«. Klein is probably right, cf. the Akk case where the values attached to the root vary between ‘illness, sickness, disease’ (primary value in the vb. marāṣu, the adj. marṣu, etc.) and ‘difficulty, hardship’ (primary value in the n.s maruṣtu and namrāṣu as well as the adv.s marṣiš and namraṣiš).
▪ Fronzaroli #2.12 reconstructs Sem *mariḍ‑ ‘ill, ailing’.
▪ Kogan2011 reconstructs Sem *mrś ‘to be ill’, adding that the Sem word is only scarcely attested in Hbr (replaced there by ḥly with no certain etymology) and that it is missing from EthSem (replaced by reflexes of Sem *ḥmm ‘to be hot’²⁴ ).
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1475: Sem *√MRṢ́ ‘to be(come) sick, fall ill’, ? from Nostr *m˹ä˺R˻˅˼ć̣˅ ‘to be ill, be wounded’ (if Eg and IE are genuine cognates).

24. Cf. Ar ↗ḥummà ‘fever’.

–

► marraḍa, vb. II, to make ill or sick: caus.; to nurse, tend (a sick person): denom. (from maraḍ or marīḍ).
► ʔamraḍa, vb. IV, to make ill or sick (s.o.): caus.
► tamarraḍa, vb. V, to be infirm, ailing, sickly, weak: tD-stem, refl./ingress.
► tamāraḍa, vb. VI, to feign illness, malinger: tL-stem (‘to act as if…’).

► ^BP#452maraḍ, pl. ʔamrāḍ, n., disease, malady, ailment; illness, sickness: vn. I (perhaps the etymon proper) | ~ al-bayāḍ al-daqīqī, n., mildew; ~ ʕaṣabī, n., nervous disease, neuropathy; ~ ʕaqlī, n., mental disease; ~ faḥmī, n., blight, blast (of grain); ~ firanǧī, n., syphilis; ~ muʕdin, n., contagious disease; ʔamrāḍ bāṭiniyyaẗ, n.pl., internal diseases; ʔamrāḍ sirriyyaẗ, n.pl., venereal diseases; ʔamrāḍ ṣadriyyaẗ, n.pl., diseases of the chest, pulmonary diseases; ʔamrāḍ al-manāṭiq al-ḥārraẗ, n.pl., tropical deseases.
► murḍin, det. murḍī : ↗raḍiya..
► ^BP#3933maraḍī, adj., relating to disease, morbid, pathological, patho- (in compounds): nsb-adj., from maraḍ.
► ^BP#822marīḍ, pl. marḍà, marāḍà, adj., sick, ill, ailing; diseased; unwell, indisposed: quasi-PP I; n., sick person, patient: nominalized adj. | ~ nafsī, n., psychopath.
► mimrāḍ, adj., sickly, in poor health, ailing:…
► tamrīḍ, n., sick-nursing: vn. II, denom.
► ^BP#4716mumarriḍ, n., (male) sick nurse, hospital attendant; ambulance man, first-aid man; doctor’s assistant: nominalized PA II, denom.
► mumarriḍaẗ, n.f., sick nurse, nurse (f.): f. of previous.
► mutamarriḍ, adj., sickly, in poor health, ailing: PA V.

maraḍ مَرَض , pl. ʔamrāḍ

ID 815 • Sw – • BP 452 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRḌ

n.

disease, malady, ailment; illness, sickness – WehrCowan1979.

vn. I of ↗mariḍa. (The n. is perhaps the etymon proper, but since it may also have been the vb. or the adj. it is treated here under the vb.)

↗mariḍa

–

► maraḍ al-bayāḍ al-daqīqī, n., mildew.
► maraḍ ʕaṣabī, n., nervous disease, neuropathy.
► maraḍ ʕaqlī, n., mental disease.
► maraḍ faḥmī, n., blight, blast (of grain).
► maraḍ firanǧī, n., syphilis.
► maraḍ muʕdin, n., contagious disease.
► ʔamrāḍ bāṭiniyyaẗ, n.pl., internal diseases.
► ʔamrāḍ sirriyyaẗ, n.pl., venereal diseases.
► ʔamrāḍ ṣadriyyaẗ, n.pl., diseases of the chest, pulmonary diseases.
► ʔamrāḍ al-manāṭiq al-ḥārraẗ, n.pl., tropical deseases.

For other items, cf. ↗mariḍa.

MRṬB مرطب

ID 816 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRṬB

“root”

▪ MRṬB_1 ‘jar made of glass or pottery with lid’ ↗ marṭabān .

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

marṭabān مَرْطَبان , var. martabān , baṭramān , ↗barṭamān , pl. ‑āt

ID 817 • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRṬB

n.

(syr.) jar made of glass or pottery with a lid for preserving fruit, pickles, marmelade, etc.; (EgAr) = ↗barṭamān – WehrCowan1979.

After Martaban (Mottama), now a village, in the Middle Ages a city in Southern Burma from which a kind of precious vessel with lid was imported. From the fact that in Pers, into which the word passed from Ar, martabān means ‘a vessel of the finest porcelain which poison cannot penetrate’ (Steingass) it can be inferred that the reason for the vessel’s fame and market value was the high quality of the material which made the vessel walls impermeable/impenetrable.
According to some (e.g., Kluge, Vennemann), Ar marṭabān is the etymon of European words for marzipan/marchpane, the semantic link being little boxes called marzapane in which the delicious sweet was packed in Venice for shipping. The name of the receptable then was transferred to its favourite contents.

1881 Dozy ‘(dans les dict. pers. aussi martabān) [▪ …] vase de porcelaine dans lequel on serre des médicaments, des confitures, des épices ou de l’encre’, taken from al-Bustānī’s Muḥīṭ al-muḥīṭ, where it is arranged under the root RṬB and classified as a ʕāmmiyya word.
1887 Wahrmund ‘glasiertes Gefäß’.

▪ …
▪ …

According to Vennemann2006 (and Kluge2002), the ‘receptacle made of porcelain for keeping medicine, confiture, spices, or ink’ was named after Martaban (Mottama), now a village, in the Middle Ages a city in Southern Burma, where this kind of jars were produced and from where they were imported, among other regions, into the Arab World, obviously on account of the impermeability of this type of high quality pottery.
▪ Unrelated to √RṬB or √RTB.

▪ It seems not unlikely that marṭabān is the etymon of the Eur words for marzipan/marchpane (Kluge2002, Vennemann2006). From Ar, the word seems to have passed into Italian by way of trading, and by the turn of C13 to C14, marzapane appears in Venetia as a term for a little box that was used as a container of marchpane, esp. for export (cf. also Sicilian marzapani and Calabrian marzapane ‘wooden box, band-box’). In C14 the term for the box was transferred to its contents, and with the latter then made its way into the rest of Europe. In Ge, e.g., the word is attested from eC16 (EtDUD). – For another etymology of marzipan / marchpane see ↗waṯaba.

–

MRQ مرق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRQ

“root”

▪ MRQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MRQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

maraq مَرَق

ID 818 • Sw – • BP 6823 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRQ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protWSem *maraḳ‑ ‘broth’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

-

►

MRW مرو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MRW

“root”

▪ MRW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MRW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MRW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hard, white stone from which blades are made, flint; barren land; type of fragrant tree’

▪ …

–

.

–

MRY مري

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MRY

“root”

▪ MRY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MRY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MRY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to rub the udder of a she-camel before milking, (of a she-camel) to give plenty of milk; to cause blood to flow, bring forth; to bring out all arguments in a dispute, wrangle, oppose, doubt; to be bright; white antelope, the sweat of a running horse’

▪ …

–

.

–

MRYM مريم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MRYM

“root”

▪ MRYM_1 ‘Maria’ ↗Maryam
▪ MRYM_ ‘...’ ↗...
▪ [v1] ↗Maryam

▪ …

–

.

–

Maryamᵘ مَرْيَمُ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MRYM, RWM, MRY

n.pr.f.

Maria

▪ »Some philologists suggest an Ar root for this name (↗RWM), but under the root ↗MRY the possibly related proper name Māriyaẗᵘ or Māriyyaẗᵘ is classified and connected with the senses of ‘being bright’ and ‘white antelope’. However, many other philologists recognise the name as a borrowing from Hbr into Ar« – BAH2008.

▪ ...

▪ Jeffery1938: »The name refers always to the mother of Jesus, though in xix, 29; iii, 31; lxvi, 12, she is confused with Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron. / Some of the philologers took the name to be Arabic, a form maFʕaL from rāma, meaning ‘to depart from a place’.²⁵ Some, however, noted it as a foreign word,²⁶ and Bayḍ. on iii, 31, goes as far as to say that it is Hbr. Undoubtedly it does go back to the Hbr Miryām but the vowelling of the Ar Maryam would point to its having come from a Chr source rather than directly from the Hbr. The Grk Maríam, Syr Maryam, Eth [Gz] Māryām are equally possible sources, but the probabilities are in favour of its having come from the Syr.²⁷ There seems no evidence for the occurrence of this form in pre-Islamic times,²⁸ though the form Māriy(y)aẗ, the name of the Coptic slave girl sent from Egypt to Muḥammad,²⁹ is found in a verse of al-Ḥāriṯ b. Ḥilliẓa, iii, 10 (ed. Krenkow, Beirut, 1922).«

25. Jawharī, sub voc., LA, xv, 152. 26. al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 140; TA, viii, 132; al-K̮afāǧī, 183. 27. Mingana, Syriac Influence, 82. 28. See the discussion in Horovitz, KU, 138-140; JPN, 154. 29. Ibn Hishām, 121; Usd al-Ġāba, v, 543, 544, and see Caetani, Annali, iii, 828.

▪ ...

–

MZǦ مزج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MZǦ

“root”

▪ MZǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MZǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MZǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to mix, mixture, substance for mixing with other things; to ripen; person prone to change, temperament’

▪ …

–

.

–

mazāǧ مَزاج

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 3662 • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√MZǦ

n.

.

▪ …

.

MZḤ مزح

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MZḤ

“root”

▪ MZḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MZḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

mazaḥ‑ مَزَحَ

ID 819 • Sw – • BP 5427 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MZḤ

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MZQ مزق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MZQ

“root”

▪ MZQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MZQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MZQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to tear up, rip apart, shred, pierce, be tattered; to scatter, disperse’

▪ …

–

.

–

MZN مزن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MZN

“root”

▪ MZN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MZN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MZN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘rain clouds; to go about one’s business in haste, run away from an enemy, be far away; to act pleasantly’

▪ …

–

.

–

MSː (MSS) مسّ/مسس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√ MSː (MSS)

“root”

▪ MSː (MSS)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MSː (MSS)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MSː (MSS)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to touch, feel; to cohabit; to hit, befall, harm, afflict, slight madness, slight fever; to be mean, be extreme; thirst-quenching water, verdant pasture; antidote’

▪ From protSem *√MŠŠ ‘to feel, grope for, touch’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl massage, masseur, from Ar ↗massa ‘to touch’ (or ↗masaḥa ‘to anoint, stroke, rub’).

–

MSḤ مسح

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSḤ

“root”

▪ MSḤ_1 ‘to anoint’ ↗masaḥa, ‘Messias’ ↗masīḥ, ‘Christendom’ ↗masīḥiyyaẗ
▪ MSḤ_2 ‘crocodile’ ↗timsāḥ (√TMSḤ)
▪ MSḤ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wipe off, to caress; to anoint; to shake hands over a deal; flat barren land; to deceive by insincere words, insincere person, a lie; to travel in the land; to cut off, to smite’. – Some philologists classify al-Masīḥ under this root, while others recognise it as a borrowing from Hbr.

▪ MSḤ_1 : From protSem *√MŠḤ ‘to anoint’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ MSḤ_2 : From Eg msḥ, mzḥ (LE) ‘crocodile’
▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Messiah ↗masīḥ); massage, masseur ↗masaḥa (or ↗massa).

–

masīḥ مَسِيح , pl. musaḥāʔᵘ , ‎‎masḥà

ID 820 • Sw – • BP 3223 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSḤ

¹adj.; ²n.

anointed; wiped, clean, smooth; al-M. the ‎Messiah, Christ – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »It is used only as a title of Jesus, and only in late ‎passages when Muḥammad’s knowledge of the teachings of the People of the Book is much ‎advanced. – The Muslim authorities usually take it as an Ar word from masaḥa ‘to wipe’ ‎‎(Ṭab. on iii, 20). Others said it was from masaḥa ‘to smear’ or ‘anoint’ (Rāghib, Mufradāt, 484), ‎others derived it from sāḥa ‘to travel’ (LA, iii, 431), and some, like Zam. and Bayḍ., rejected ‎these theories and admitted that it was a borrowed word. – Those Muslim philologers who noted it ‎as foreign, claimed that it was Hbr, and this has been accepted by many Western ‎scholars,³⁰ though such a derivation is extremely unlikely. Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 89, would ‎derive it from Aram ‎MŠYḤā, which is possible, though as it is used in early Ar particularly with ‎regard to Jesus, we are safer in holding with Fraenkel, Vocab, 24,³¹ that it is from Syr məšīḥā especially as this is the source of the Arm mesiay ³² ; Eth [Gz] masīḥ ³³ ; the Manichaean mšiχa ‎of the “köktürkisch" fragments³⁴ ; the Pazend mashyâê; Phlv ??? (Shikand, Glossary, ‎‎258), and the Manichaean Soghdian mšyh (Henning, Manichäisches Beichtbuch, 142). – The ‎word was well known in both N and SArabia in pre-Islamic times.³⁵ «
▪ EALL (Retsö, “Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords”³⁶ ): loaned from Syr mšīḥā ‘‎Christ’
▪ Cf. also √MSḤ.

30. Sayous, Jesus Christ d’après Mahomet (Paris, 1880), p. 21; Pautz, Offenbarung, ‎‎193, n. 3. 31. So Lagarde, Übersicht, 94 ‎‎; Margoliouth, Chrestomathia Baidawiana, 163; Cheikho, Naṣrāniyya, 186; Mingana, Syriac ‎Influence, 85. 32. This, however, may be direct from the Grk; cf. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, ‎‎364. 33. Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 34. 34. Le Coq in SBAW, Berlin, 1909, p. 1204; Salemann, Manichaeische Studien, i, 97. 35. Horovitz, KU, 129, 130; ‎Ryckmans, Nom propres, i, 19; Rossini, Glossarium, 179. 36. following Jeffrey 1938.

▪ The English Messiah c.1300 is not from Ar masīḥ but goes back, via the older form messias, from lLat messíās and Grk messías, to the same Aram mešīḥā and Hbr māšīᵃḥ ‘the anointed’ (of the Lord) from which also the Ar word is borrowed. “This is the word rendered in Septuagint as Grk χrīstós (see Christ). In Old Testament prophetic writing, it was used of an expected deliverer of the Jewish nation. The modern English form represents an attempt to make the word look more Hbr, and dates from the Geneva Bible (1560). Transferred sense of ‘an expected liberator or savior of a captive people’ is attested from 1660 s” – EtymOnline.

► massaḥa, vb. II, to Christianize: denominative. – For other ‎meanings ↗√masaḥa.
► ^BP#1561masīḥī, adj., Christian: nsb-adj from the noun.
► ^BP#4550al-masīḥiyyaẗ, n.f., Christendom: n.abstr. in -iyyaẗ from al-masīḥ.

masīḥī مَسِيحِيّ , pl. ‑ūn

ID 821 • Sw – • BP 1561 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSḤ

¹adj.; ²n.

Christian, Messianic; (pl. ‑ūn) a Christian – WehrCowan1979.

Nisba formation from ↗masīḥ.

▪ …

–

Nisba formation from ↗masīḥ ‘the Messiah, Christ’.

–

► masīḥiyyaẗ, n.f., Christendom; Christianity, the Christian faith : abstract formation in ‑iyyaẗ

masīḥiyyaẗ مَسِيحِيَّة

ID 822 • Sw – • BP 4550 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSḤ

n.f.

Christendom; Christianity, the Christian faith – WehrCowan1979.

Abstract formation in iyyaẗ, from ↗masīḥī ‘Christian, a Christian’ (from ↗al-masīḥ ‘the Messiah, Christ’)

▪ …

–

Abstract formation from ↗masīḥī ‘Christian, a Christian’ (from ↗al-masīḥ ‘the Messiah, Christ’)

–

►

MSḪ مسخ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MSḪ

“root”

▪ MSḪ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MSḪ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MSḪ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to distort, transmute, transform into an ugly shape or ugly character, disfigure; tasteless food, a plain person; to wear an animal thin by too much work’

▪ …

–

.

–

MSD مسد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MSD

“root”

▪ MSD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MSD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MSD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘palm tree fibres, rope, twisted from palm tree leaves or fibres, rope, made of wool or from animal hides, to twist very tightly; good figure; to persist in travelling by night’

▪ …

–

.

–

MSK مسك

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSK

“root”

▪ MSK_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MSK_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hide (originally that of young sheep); bracelet, anklet; a catch, to hold, to seize, to firmly adhere to, to be guided by; to be holding together; brain; to stop doing; to be miserly; deposit; to be impregnable; water reservoir; musk; to scent’. – Although classified under this root, misk is recognised by many philologists as an early borrowing from Pers.

▪ …
▪ …
▪ …
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *mašk‑, the only widespread term for ‘skin’ in Sem. – For the less widespread synonym, protWSem *gild‑, cf. Ar ↗ǧild.
▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

misk مِسْك

ID 823 • Sw – • BP 4559 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 20Apr2023

√MSK

n.

musk – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Cheung2017rev: prob. a direct borrowing from (e)nPers mišk, var. of mušk ‘musk’. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MSKN مسكن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSKN

“root”

▪ MSKN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MSKN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

miskīn مِسْكِين

ID 824 • Sw – • BP 1828 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSKN

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MSW مسو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSW

“root”

▪ MSW_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MSW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r., MSw/y): ‘evening, to enter the evening time; to clear the uterus of a she-ʕamel by hand; to help s.o.; hardship; middle of the road’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

masāʔ مَساء

ID 825 • Sw – • BP 642 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MSW

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *mušy(‑at)‑ ‘evening’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MŠǦ مشج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MŠǦ

“root”

▪ MŠǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MŠǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MŠǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mixture of two colours, mixture of red and white, mixture of two things, mix, to mingle, a mixture’

▪ …

–

.

–

MŠY مشي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MŠY

“root”

▪ MŠY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MŠY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to walk, to go, to proceed; to increase, to prosper, to multiply; to backbite, to spread slanderous rumours; cattle’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

mašà / mašay‑ مَشَى / مَشَيْـ

ID 826 • Sw 65/178 • BP 1248 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MŠY

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MṢR مصر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MṢR

“root”

▪ MṢR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MṢR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to milk with the tips of the fingers; to separate; to give sparsely; place where horses are trained; boundaries, city, to urbanise; Egypt; reddish clay; intestines’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

miṣrī مِصْرِيّ

ID 827 • Sw – • BP 381 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MṢR

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MḌĠ مضغ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MḌĠ

“root”

▪ MḌĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḌĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MḌĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘small mound; small piece of meat, morsel, mouthful, to chew; molars, jaws’

▪ …

–

.

–

MḌY مضي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MḌY

“root”

▪ MḌY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MḌY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go, to leave, to pass; to continue, to go by; to execute a task; to expire, to die; to be sharp; to come to pass; to complete a deal’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

maḍà / maḍay‑ مَضَى / مَضَيْـ

ID 829 • Sw – • BP 908 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MḌY

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

māḍiⁿ , det. ‑ī ماضٍ

ID 828 • Sw – • BP 203 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MḌY

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MṬR مطر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MṬR

“root”

▪ MṬR_1 ‘rain’ ↗maṭar
▪ MṬR_2 ‘to run swiftly (horse), speed away’: see maṭara s.v. ↗maṭar

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘rain, to rain, to hail; to pray for rain; to expose o.s. to the elements; to be steady in one’s views, habit, custom; to seek assistance’

For etymology of MṬR_1 ‘rain’ cf. ↗maṭar.

–

For cognates of MṬR_1 ‘rain’ cf. ↗maṭar.

MṬR_2 is explained by Arab lexicographers as a fig. extension of MṬR_1: »marra ’l-farasu yamṭuru, vn. maṭr and muṭūr, and yatamaṭṭaru [vb. V] ‘The horse passed, or went, running vehemently, like the pouring of rain ’« (Lane 7-1885; my italics, SG). The vn.s however suggest that it may be an etymon in its own right.

–

maṭar مَطَر , pl. ʔamṭār

ID 830 • Sw 76/115 • BP 1468 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MṬR

n.

rain – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: ProtSem *ḏ˅n˅m‑ (or *ḏ˅n˅n‑), which was prob. the main Sem term for ‘rain’, has left no trace in Ar. Like in other Sem langs, the term was replaced in the CSem area by protCSem *maṭar‑ ‘rain’.
▪ … perh. < AfrAs *maṭar‑ ‘water’ (Orel/Stolbova 1994).

▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1747: Akk miṭirtu ‘streaming water’; Ug mṭr, Hbr māṭār, Syr meṭrā ‘rain’. – Outside Sem: Eg mtr ‘water’ (Amarna).
▪ Kogan2011: Ug mṭr, Hbr māṭār, Syr meṭrā ‘rain’; Sab Min mṭr ‘rain-watered field’. »Akk miṭirtu ⁵ appears more problematic.«⁶
▪ ? For outside Sem cf. also the Berb forms given by Bennett1998: 228: Jebel Nafusa anẓar, Ghadamsi anaẓar, Wargla amẓar, Ayt Seghrouchen and Shilḥa anẓaṛ ‘rain’.

5. A type of field or orchard, characterized by a special irrigation system; a type of canal or ditch; cf. also miṭru a small canal or ditch – CAD. 6. CAD has also miṭar ‘field irrigated by rain’, but this is thought to be a »WSem word«.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1747: Sem *maṭar‑ ‘rain; water’, from AfrAs *maṭar‑ ‘water’.
▪ Kogan2011: Sem *maṭar‑ ‘rain’.
▪ The Berb forms given by Bennett1998 seem to be loans from the Ar pl., ʔamṭār.

–

► maḥaṭṭaẗ li-raṣd al-ʔamṭār, n., pluviometrical station

► maṭara, u, vb. I, 1. a to rain (maṭarat il-samāʔ it rained); to shower with rain (of the sky); to pour out, shower, douse (s.o. bi‑ with): denominative; b. to do, render (bi-ḫayr a good turn, a favour): fig. use of [1a]; 2. to run swiftly (horse), speed away: explained by Arab lexicographers as a fig. extension of [1a]: »marra ’l-farasu yamṭuru, vn. maṭr and muṭūr, and yatamaṭṭaru [vb. V] ‘The horse passed, or went, running vehemently, like the pouring of rain’« (Lane vii-1885; my italics, SG).
► ʔamṭara, vb. IV, 1 to rain (of the sky): denom.; 2 to cause to rain; to shower (s.o.), heap (s.th. upon s.o.): caus. of I.
► ĭstamṭara, vb. X, to ask for rain; to ask s.o. a favour; to wish (for s.th.), desire (s.th.); to invoke, call down (s.th. ʕalà upon s.o.): Št-stem, autobenefactive.

► maṭraẗ, var. maṭaraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., downpour, rain shower: n.un.
► maṭir and maṭīr, adj., rainy, abounding in rain: adj. formation.
► mimṭar and mimṭaraẗ, pl. mamāṭirᵘ, n., raincoat: n.instr.
► māṭir, adj., rainy, abounding in rain: lexicalized PA I.
► mumṭir, adj., rainy, abounding in rain: PA IV.

MʕD معد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MʕD

“root”

▪ MʕD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MʕD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

miʕdaẗ مِعْدَة , var. maʕidaẗ

ID 831 • Sw – • BP 3629 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MʕD

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MʕZ معز

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MʕZ

“root”

▪ MʕZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MʕZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MʕZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘goats; rocky, hard, difficult land; a tough person, person with good judgement; to be miserly’

▪ …

–

.

–

MʕN معن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MʕN

“root”

▪ MʕN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MʕN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MʕN_3 ‘help’ ↗māʕūn (see alphabetically)
▪ MʕN_4 ‘fountain, clear flowing water’ ↗maʕīn (arranged s.r. ↗√ʕYN)
▪ MʕN_ ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘water channels in the bottom of a valley, sweet, running water, utensils; to devote one’s efforts to; obedience, to confess; assistance; property; settled dwelling’.

▪ BAH2008: »The two words māʕūn and maʕīn are variously derived from either this root or the root ↗ʕYN. They are also considered by some to have been borrowed in pre-Islamic times from Hbr.«

–

.

–

MʕY معي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MʕY

“root”

▪ MʕY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MʕY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MʕY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘intestine; soft ripening date, soft food; (of troubles or disturbance) to spread out’

▪ …

–

.

–

MFW مفو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MFW

“root”

▪ MFW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MFW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MFW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go fast; to open one’s eyes; limbs, to stretch one’s limbs; to swagger; back of an animal, to mount, riding animals’

▪ …

–

.

–

MQT مقت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MQT

“root”

▪ MQT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MQT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MQT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘guardian; to detest, loathe, abhor, hatred, detestation; marrying the widow or divorcee of one’s father (in pre-Islamic times)’

▪ …

–

.

–

MKː (MKK) مكّ/مكك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√ MKː (MKK)

“root”

▪ MKː (MKK)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKː (MKK)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKː (MKK)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to suck the mother’s milk dry, chew on hard bones; crowdedness; to press a debtor for a debt; dry measure, drinking goblet; to chirp’

▪ …

–

.

–

MKṮ مكث

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MKṮ

“root”

▪ MKṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to remain, wait, bide one’s time, await the outcome; to be self-restrained, be calm’

▪ …

–

.

–

MKR مكر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MKR

“root”

▪ MKR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘plotting, conniving, cunning, to deceive; to irrigate hard, dry land, (of trees) to be of strong, straight stem’

▪ …

–

.

–

MKN مكن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 13May2023

√MKN

“root”

▪ MKN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘lizard and locust eggs; bird’s nest; to be exalted in position; to be calm; to be firmly established, consolidate, gain influence; to become possible’

▪ …

–

.

–

MKW مكو

√MKW

“root”

▪ MKW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MKW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to whistle, a certain bird with a long whistling sound; buttocks; animal furrows, to wash, (of a horse) to sweat’

▪ …

–

.

–

MLː (MLL) ملّ / ملل

√MLː (MLL)

“root”

▪ MLː (MLL)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MLː (MLL)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hot ashes, heat of the fire, food cooked in hot ashes; to become bored, to be restless, to loathe; to dictate, to sketch; creed, religion, faith’. – It has been suggested that millaẗ is perhaps a borrowing from Aram.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

millaẗ مِلّة

√MLː (MLL)

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

mullā مُلّا

√MLĀ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

MLʔ ملأ

√MLʔ

“root”

▪ MLʔ_1 ‘to be(come) filled, full, replete; to fill’ ↗maliʔa / malaʔa
▪ MLʔ_2 ‘to help, assist, support; to make common cause, join forces ’ ↗mālaʔa
▪ MLʔ_3 ‘crowd, gathering; audience; council of elders’ ↗malaʔ
▪ MLʔ_4 ‘wrap worn by Egyptian women; bed sheet’ ↗mulāʔaẗ ~ milāyaẗ
▪ MLʔ_5 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to fill up, capacity, surfeit; to be rich; leaders, notables; groups of people; pleasing sight; to back up; to connive, to gang up on s.o.; good character; outer garments’

▪ MLʔ_1 (Kogan2015 Sw#32:) from protSem *mlʔ ‘full’ (CDG 342). Passim througout Sem.
▪ MLʔ_2 …
▪ MLʔ_3 …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

(1) malaʔ‑ ملأ , a (malʔ, malʔaẗ, milʔaẗ)
and
(2) maliʔ‑ مَلِئَ , a

√MLʔ

vb., I

(1) 1 to fill, fill up (bi‑ or min or ‑h s.tb. with); 2 to fill out (a form, a blank); 3 to take up, fill, occupy (space); 4 to fill (a vacancy)
(2) to be or become filled, filled up, full, replete – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Kogan2015 (Sw#32): from protSem *mlʔ ‘full’ (CDG 342). Passim througout Sem.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘full’) Akk malū, Hbr mālē, Syr mlē, Gz (vb. mlʔ – (a)).

…

►malaʔa ’l‑dahrᵃ, expr., his (its) fame spread far and wide
►malaʔa ’l‑sāʕaẗᵃ, expr., to wind up a watch or clock
►malaʔa šidqayhi bi’l‑hawà, expr., to puff one’s cheeks
►malaʔa ’l‑ʕaynᵃ, expr.,) to satisfy completely; please
►malaʔa ’l‑faḍāʔᵃ bi’l‑šakwà, expr., to fill the air with complaints, voice loud laments
►malaʔa fāhu bi‑, expr., to talk big about…, shoot off one’s mouth about…

►mālaʔa, vb. III, 1 to help, assist, support, back up (s.o. ʕalà in), side; 2 to make common cause, join forces (ʕalà with s.o. against): L-stem, assoc., orig. prob. in the sense of *‘to complement s.o., make s.o. more complete (by joining and assisting him)’.
►ʔamlaʔa, vb. IV, to fill (s.th., also a vacancy): *Š-stem, caus. of intr. vb. I., denom. of malīʔ
►tamallaʔa, vb. V, to fill, become full; to be filled (‑h or bi‑ with), be full (of): Dt-stem, intr.
►^BP#4096ĭmtalaʔa, vb. VIII, to fill, become full; to be filled (glass; pass.); to be filled (min, bi‑ with s.th., ‑h also with a feeling), be full (of); to fill, fill up; to imbue, fill (‑h s.o., ‑h with a feeling): Gt-stem, autobenef.

►malʔ, n., filling (also, e.g., of vacancies); filling out.
►^BP#3644milʔ, pl. ʔamlāʔ, filling, quantity which fills s.th., fill; quantity contained in s.th. | milʔu ʔihābihī ’l‑kibriyāʔu, expr., he is all pride and arrogance; milʔu baṭnih, n., as much as one can eat, one’s fill; milʔu qadaḥin, n., a cupful; milʔ al‑yad, n., a handful; milʔ kisāʔih, n., corpulent fat; bi‑milʔi ’l‑fam, adv., in a loud voice; bi‑milʔi fīhi, adv., with a ring of deep conviction (with verbs like ‘say’, ‘declare’, ‘exclaim’, etc.); loudly, at the top of one’s voice or one’s lungs (with verbs like ‘shout’, ‘cry’, etc.); ḍaḥika bi‑milʔi (or milʔa) šidqayhi, vb., to grin from ear to ear; qāla bi‑ṣawtin milʔuhū ’l‑šafaqaẗ, expr., he said in a voice full of mercy; lī milʔu ’l‑ḥurriyyaẗ fī…, expr., I have complete freedom to…, I am completely at liberty to…; waqafa mawqifan milʔuhū ’l‑ḥazm, expr., he assumed a posture that was all determination; ʔanti milʔu ḥayātī, expr., you are all my life; yanāmu milʔa ǧafnayhi, expr., he is sound asleep, he sleeps the sleep of the just.
►^BP#4733malaʔ, pl. ʔamlāʔ, n., 1 crowd, gathering, assembly, congregation; 2a audience; 2b (general) public; 3 council of elders, notables, grandees | ʕalà ’l‑malaʔ, adv., publicly, in public; ʕalà malaʔ al‑ʕālam, adv., for everyone to see, before all the world; al‑malaʔ al‑ʔaʕlà, n., the heavenly host, the angels.
►mulāʔaẗ, dial. var. milāyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 wrap worn by Egyptian women; 2 sheet, bed sheet: related to malaʔa ‘to fill’ (*“to cover fully’?) or etymologically from another source?
►^BP#2606malīʔ, adj., full (bi‑ of), 1 filled, replete (bi‑ with); 2a bulging, swelling (bi‑ with); plump; 2b stout, fat, corpulent, obese; 3 rich, abounding (bi‑ in); 4 well‑to‑do, wealthy; 5 solvent | malīʔ al‑badan, adj., stout, fat, corpulent
►malʔān, f. malʔà or malʔānaẗ, pl. milāʔ, adj., 1 full, filled, replete; 2 plump, fat: ints.adj.
►mumālaʔaẗ, n.f., 1 partiality, bias; 2 collaboration (pol.): vn. III.
►ʔimlāʔ, n., filling (also, e.g., of a vacancy): vn. IV.
►ĭmtilāʔ, n., 1 repletion, fullness; 2a full, round form, plumpness; 2b bulkiness; 2c fatness, stoutness, corpulence: vn. VIII.
►mamlūʔ, adj., 1 filled, filled up; 2a imbued; 2b loaded: PP I.
►mumāliʔ, 1 adj., partial, biased, prejudiced; 2 collaborator (pol.): PA III.
►mumtaliʔ, adj., full, filled, filled up, replete | mumtaliʔ al‑ǧism, adj., stout, fat, corpulent: PA VIII.

See also individual entries: ↗mālaʔa, ↗malaʔ, and ↗mulāʔaẗ ~ milāyaẗ, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√MLʔ.

mālaʔ‑ مالأ (mumālaʔaẗ)

√MLʔ

vb., III

1 to help, assist, support, back up (s.o. ʕalà in), side; 2 to make common cause, join forces (ʕalà with s.o. against) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ L-stem of ↗malaʔa ‘to fill’, assoc., orig. prob. in the sense of *‘to complement s.o., make s.o. more complete (by joining and assisting him)’.

▪ …

See ↗malaʔa / maliʔa,

See above, section CONC.

…

►mumālaʔaẗ, n.f., 1 partiality, bias; 2 collaboration (pol.): vn. III.
►mumāliʔ, 1 adj., partial, biased, prejudiced; 2 collaborator (pol.): PA III.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗maliʔa / malaʔa, ↗malaʔ, and ↗mulāʔaẗ ~ milāyaẗ, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√MLʔ.

malaʔ مَلَأ , pl. ʔamlāʔ

√MLʔ

n.

1 crowd, gathering, assembly, congregation; 2a audience; 2b (general) public; 3 council of elders, notables, grandees – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Akin to ↗malaʔa ‘to fill’, the basic idea prob. being that a place of gathering is “filled” completely by those attending.

▪ …

See ↗malaʔa / maliʔa.

See above, section CONC.

…

►ʕalà ’l‑ malaʔ, adv., publicly, in public
►ʕalà malaʔ al‑ʕālam, adv., for everyone to see, before all the world
►al‑malaʔ al‑ ʔaʕlà, n., the heavenly host, the angels.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗malaʔa / maliʔa, ↗mālaʔa, and ↗mulāʔaẗ ~ milāyaẗ, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√MLʔ.

mulāʔaẗ مُلاءة , dial./coll. var. milāyaẗ, pl. ‑āt

√MLʔ

n.f.

1 wrap worn by Egyptian women; 2 sheet, bed sheet – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Relation to ↗malaʔa ‘to fill’ unclear / not certain, perh. in the sense of *‘to cover fully’?

▪ …

▪ ? Cf. ↗malaʔa / maliʔa.
▪ …

See above, section CONC.

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗malaʔa / maliʔa, ↗mālaʔa, and ↗malaʔ, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√MLʔ.

MLḤ ملح

√MLḤ

“root”

▪ MLḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MLḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘salt, to salt, bitter water; sailor, wind that drives boats; beauty’ to be nice, to be of good character; to praise’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl malachite, mallow, mauve ↗milḥ.

–

milḥ مِلْح

√MLḤ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protWSem *milḥ ‑ ‘salt’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl malachite, from Grk malakhē, molokhē ‘mallow’, prob. from a Sem source akin to Hbr mallûᵃḥ, a salt-marsh plant, akin to melaḥ ‘salt’, cf. Ar ↗milḥ. – Engl mallow, mauve, from Lat malva, prob. from a Sem source akin to Hbr mallûᵃḥ (see above).

►

MLḪ ملخ

√MLḪ

“root”

▪ MLḪ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MLḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

mulūḫiyyaẗ مُلُوخِيَّة

√MLḪ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

MLQ ملق

√MLQ

“root”

▪ MLQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MLQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MLQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘smooth, solid rock, to smooth; to flatter; to become impoverished, become destitute; to erase, level up’

▪ …

–

.

–

MLK ملك

√MLK

“root”

▪ MLK_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MLK_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MLK_3 ‘Malik (the angel who has charge over Hell)’ ↗Mālik

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to own, to acquire, owner, ownership, property; to rule, to reign, to control, kingdom, sovereignty, king; slave; foundations, essence, the heart; to marry, marriage ceremony; middle of the road, middle of the valley; angels; heavenly’.

▪ From WSem *√MLK ‘to rule, dominate, possess, own’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ Classified under this root are words which may have had their origin in other Sem languages long before Islam. These are malak from Gz; mālik from Hbr; malakūt from Aram, and malik, together with mulk and malīk, from Akk – BAH2008

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Mameluke, from Ar mamlūk ‘owned, slave, Mameluke’, PP of malaka, vb. I, ‘to own, possess’.
▪ Engl Melkite, Melchizedek, Moloch ↗malik.
▪ For n.geogr. Malaga, cf. ↗malāk.

–

malik مَلِك

√MLK

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *malk‑ ‘ruler, king’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘king’) Akk malku, Hbr méleḵ, Syr malkā, Gz (malākī ‘Herr’).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Melkite, from Aram malkāye, pl. of malkāy ‘royal, royalist’, from malkā ‘king’. – Melchizedek, from Hbr malkî-ṣedeq ‘my king (is) righteousness’, from malk, presuffixal form of melek ‘king’ + -î ‘my’. – Moloch, from Hbr mōlek, from Can *mulk, perh. variant of Can *malk, *milk ‘king’, cf. Ar malik.

►

milkiyyaẗ مِلْكِيَّة

√MLK

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

malāk مَلاك

√MLK

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Malaga, from Lat Malaca, Malacha, from Phoen *malʔakat‑ ‘work(place) of (a god whose name has not been preserved)’, from *lʔk ‘to send, serve, work’, cf. Ar malʔak~malāk ‘angel’ (< Hbr malʔāk ‘messenger’, from Hbr *lāʔak ‘to send’).

►

mālik مالِك

√MLK

n.(prop.)

Malik, the angel who has charge over Hell – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q xliii, 77 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The native authorities derived the name from malaka ‘to possess’, ‘rule over’. This root may have influenced the form, but the source is doubtless the Biblical Moloch. The Hbr form is mōläḵ, and it may possibly have come direct from Hbr³⁷ but the Syr mâlak (PSm, 1989) is much more likely.«

37. Tisdall, Sources, 123.

–

MLW ملو

√MLW

“root”

▪ MLW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MLW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MLW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘an expanse of empty land; a period of time, to prolong life for s.o., prosperity; to give rein to; to dictate (a text)’

▪ …

–

.

–

MNː (MNN) منّ / منن

√MNː (MNN)

“root”

▪ MNː (MNN)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MNː (MNN)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cut; a weak rope, a tattered garment, fatigue; vigour, strength of heart; death, eventualities, passage of time; to grant a favour, to remind s.o. of favours you have done for them; honey-like substance; a certain weight’. – mann, honey-like substance, is classified under this root, although it appears to be a borrowing from either Syr or Hbr.

▪ From WSem *√MNN ‘to be kind, show favor, patronize, disdain’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Englmanna ↗mannaẗ.

–

mannaẗ مَنَّة

√MNː (MNN)

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Englmanna, from Aram mannā, from Hbr mān ‘manna’, akin to Ar mann ‘favour, gift, honeydew, manna’, from manna, vb. I, ‘to be kind, show favour’.

►

MNʕ منع

√MNʕ

“root”

▪ MNʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MNʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MNʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to prevent, refuse, hold back, hinder, prohibit, restrain, refrain, deprive; to protect, guard over; to be difficult, defy, be impregnable, be impenetrable, be insurmountable; to be mighty, be wealthy; to be miserly’

▪ …

–

.

–

MNW / MNY منو / مني

√MNW/Y

“root”

▪ MNW/Y_1 ‘to put to the test, try, tempt, afflict’ ↗manā~manà
▪ MNW/Y_2 ‘fate, destiny, lot; (fate of) death’ ↗man^an, ‘Manāt (anc.Ar goddess)’ ↗Manāẗ
▪ MNW/Y_3 ‘semen, sperm’ ↗min^an, ‘wish, desire’ ↗munyaẗ~minyaẗ
▪ MNW/Y_4 ‘’ ↗… .

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): [√MNW/Y] ‘fate, to fate, death, to afflict, to test; to approximate; to hope for, to imagine, to implore; to fabricate, to lie; to shed, to flow, semen, sperm; to recite; to reward; to await; a dry measure’

▪ Dolgopolsky2012 holds [v1] and [v2] apart for systematic reasons, but acknowledges possible/probable overlapping (‘fate, destiny, lot’ interpreted as s.th. by which a deity ‘puts s.o. to the test’ or by which one is ‘afflicted’). In principle, however, he posits 3 Sem (< Nostr) roots:

#1427 [cf. MNW/Y_1]: protSem *√mny ~ *√mnw ‘to test, reckon, count’ < Nostr *mon̄˅ ‘to think, learn, know’ (with assumed cognates even in Eur langs, e.g., Grk mnḗmē ‘remembrance, memory’, Ge meinen, Engl mean);
#1423 [cf. MNW/Y_2]: protSem *manay-, *manat- ‘share’ < Nostr *meǹ˅ ‘to tear, tear into pieces, divide’, perh. contaminated/influenced by, or completely dependent on, #1427 Sem *√mny ‘to count’;
#1433 [cf. MNW/Y_3]: protSem *√mny ‘to wish, desire’ < Nostr *mAyn˅ ‘desire’ (perh. contaminated/influenced by #1427 Nostr *mon̄˅ ‘to think, learn, know’) (with assumed cognates even in Eur langs, e.g., nHGe Minne ‘love’, mHGe meinen ‘to love’).
▪ …

▪ For [v3], Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED I vb#41) assume that Ar preserved the original meaning of the Sem vb., *mny, which was prob. *‘to discharge sperm, excude vaginal secretion’ (cf. ↗min^an) and later underwent a semantic shift, via ‘to have sexual desire’ (cf. derived forms like ĭstamnà, vb. X, ‘to practice onanism, masturbate, have pollutions’) further to ‘desire, wish, want’ and ‘love’ (↗munyaẗ~minyaẗ).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ See ↗manā~manà [v1], ↗man^an [v2], ↗min^an [v3].
▪ …

▪ Any relation betw. [v3] ‘semen, sperm; wish, desire’ and one or more of the other values?
▪ Else: see above, section CONC.

–

manā / manaw‑ مَنا / مَنَوْـ , ū (manw)
and
manà / manay‑مَنَى / مَنَيْـ , ī (many)

√MNW/Y

vb., I

to put to the test, try, tempt, afflict (‑hu bi‑ s.o. with s.th.; of God) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1772: from protSem *m˅n˅y‑ ‘to want’, perh. from AfrAs *min‑ ‘dto.’ (basis for reconstruction weak).
▪ Dolgopolsky2012: from protSem *√mny~mnw ‘to test, reckon, count’ < Nostr *mon̄˅ ‘to think, learn, know’ (with assumed cognates even in Eur langs, e.g., Grk mnḗmē ‘remembrance, memory’, Ge meinen, Engl mean). According to the author, the complexes treated s.vv. ↗man^an (‘fate, lot, destiny; death’) and ↗min^an (‘sperm; wish, desire’) may have been influenced by ‘to test, reckon, count’.
▪ In particular, a relation between ‘fate, destiny, lot’ and the idea of ‘test, trial’ seems plausible, as ‘fate, destiny, lot’ often is interpreted as s.th. by which a deity puts s.o. to the test or tries one.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (manà) Akk imnū, Hbr mānā yimnē, Aram mnā nemnē, SA mnw ‘to count, assign, apportion’
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1772: Soq mny, Gz mny, Tña mny ‘to want’. – Outside Sem: min ‘to want’ in a CCh language.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1427: Akk manû ‘to consider (sth., so. as belonging to a certain class), count’, BiblHbr māˈnā (ip. yimˈnɛ̄), BiblAram mᵊˈnā, Jud(Targ)Aram mᵊˈnē~mᵊˈnā, Syr √mnw G (ip. 3m nɛmˈnɛ̄) ‘to reckon (be of the opinion), count’, Min mnʔ ‘to count’, Qat mtn-n (3p) ‘to agree, consent’, Ar manā~manà ‘to test (s.o. by s.th.), determine (upon s.th.)’; Akk (from oBab) mīn-u ‘number, amount’, Ug mnt ‘Aufzählung / repartición, recuento, lista’; IAram, ChrPalAram mnyn, Jud(Targ)Aram minˈyān, JEA minyāˈnā, Syr mɛnyāˈn-ā, Mnd miniana, mHbr minˈyān ‘number’. – Outside Sem: (Berb) ETwl/Ty temen-t (ann. tъ-men, pl. ti-men-en) ‘esprit, intélligence’, Gh i-mun ‘connu’; (LEC:) Som mān, Som N mā̀n (pl. mā̀nán) ‘mind, intelligence’, Or mānā ‘reason, meaning’; (WCh:) Ang màn, Gmy man, Su man ‘to know; to recognize (s.o.)’, Mpn man ‘to know, be able to’; (BT:) Krkr ment-, Bl mon- ‘know’; (SBc:) Buli man, Zem ‑mani; (CCh:) Lame mán ‘observer, analyser (pour le devin)’; ZmD mun ‘hear, understand, listen’; (ECh:) Ke míní! ‘to announce, say’, WDgl mínè, EDgl mìne ‘faire savoir, informer. – Cf. perh. even (IE:) Grk mnḗmē ‘remembrance, memory’, mimnḗskō ‘to remind, put in one’s mind’, mnêma, mnâma ‘memorial, remembrance’, Got munan ‘to think, believe; to remember, to want’, oNo muna ‘to remember’, oSax munan ‘to think’, AngSax munan ‘to be mindful of; to think, esteem’; Got muns ‘Gedanke, Ratschluß, Absicht’, oNo munr ‘mind’, AngSax myne ‘memory’; mDu mēnen, Du menen ‘to mean, think’, oSax mênian, oHGe meinen ‘to think, have an opinion, mean’, mHGe, nHGe meinen, AnglSax mǣnan ‘to have an opinion, have s.th. in mind’, Engl mean.
▪ Cf. perh. also the cognates given s.v. ↗man^an and ↗min^an (if these should be akin to manā~manà).

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1772: protSem *m˅n˅y‑ ‘to want’ (based on Ar, Soq, Gz, Tña), protCCh *min‑‘to want’ (based on only 1 lang), both from hypothetical AfrAs *min‑ ‘to want’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1427 reconstructs protSem *√mny ~ *√mnw ‘to test, reckon, count’, protBerb *°mVn- ‘esprit, intélligence / connu’, protLEC *mān ‘mind, intelligence, reason’, WCh (protAG) *man ‘to know’ etc.; NaIE *men- ‘to think’ (> Germ *mai̯n-j-an), all from hypothetical Nostr *mon̄˅ ‘to think, learn, know’.
▪ Cf. perh. also ↗man^an and ↗min^an (if these should be akin to manā~manà).

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗man^an, ↗Manāẗ, ↗min^an, ↗munyaẗ~minyaẗ, and, for the general picture, ↗√MNW/Y.

manaⁿ مَنىً , def. al‑manà المَنَى
and
maniyyaẗ مَنِيّة , pl. manāyā

√MNW/Y

n. and n.f., respectively.

1 fate, destiny, lot; 2 fate of death; 3 death – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Originally, *‘share, portion, lot’ that everyone has to bear, from protSem *manay-, *manat- ‘share’ (perh. with interference of protSem *√mny ‘to count’, cf. ↗manā~manà) – Dolgopolsky2012.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (manà) Akk imnū, Hbr mānā yimnē, Aram mnā nemnē, SA mnw ‘to count, assign, apportion’
▪ Cf. also Fraenkel1886: Aram mānā ‘mina’ (weight unit?) > Ar minà, sometimes shortened to mann.
▪ Erman1892: Eg mnwy ‘individual piece (of tissue, when counting pieces of textile)’: Hbr mānāʰ ‘to count’, mānāʰ ‘share, portion’, Ar mann ‘part, number’ (Brugsch). The Eg word is attested only since the New Kingdom.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1423: Akk (from oAkk) manû ~ manaʔu ‘mina (unit of weight)’, Ug mnt, BiblHbr māˈnā, IA/Palm mnh ‘share, part, portion’, JEA em. mənāˈṯ-ā (constr. mənāṯ) ‘share’, Ar man^an ‘fate’ (> ‘death’), du. manawānⁱ~manayāni ‘two pounds (unit of weight)’, Ar (Lt-stem) tamānà ‘se partager qch. en séparant avec les doigts’; Akk manû (G) and D ‘to assign’, BiblHbr (D) minˈnā ‘to assign (a share), apportion’, Min √mnw ‘attribuer’, ? Sab mn ‘bénifice’. – NB: The Sem words may belong to the complex treated s.v. ↗manā~manà.

▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1423 reconstructs protSem *manay-, *manat- ‘share’ (perh. interference of protSem *√mny ‘to count’, cf. ↗manā~manà), from a hypothetical Nostr *meǹ˅ ‘to tear, tear into pieces, divide’. However, the author concedes that there may not one have been interference from ‘to count’; rather, the whole complex is perh. derived from proSem *√mny ‘to test, count’ (< Nostr *mon̄˅ ‘to think, learn, know’ [#1427]).
▪ Any relation betw. ‘fate, destiny, lot; death’ and the complex treated s.vv. ↗min^an ‘semen, sperm’ and ↗munyaẗ~minyaẗ ‘wish, desire’?

…

►muniya, vb. I pass., 1 to be afflicted with, be sorely tried, suffer, sustain, undergo, experience, be affected, hit, smitten, stricken; 2 to find by good luck, be so fortunate as to find: orig., *‘to be assigned one’s share, either negative [v1] or positive [v2].

► (?) min^an, m.. and minà, n.f.topogr., the valley of Mina near Mecca: belonging here?
► (?) manāẗ, n.prop.div., Manāẗ, name of an ancient Arabian goddess: see also ↗s.v..

For other items of the root, cf. ↗manā~manà, ↗Manāẗ, ↗minan, ↗munyaẗ~minyaẗ, and, for the general picture, ↗√MNW/Y.

minaⁿ مِنىً , def. al‑minà المِنَى

√MNW/Y

n.

semen, sperm – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1772: from protSem *m˅n˅y‑ ‘to want’ (Dolgopolsky2012: *√mny ‘to wish, desire’), perh. from AfrAs *min‑ ‘dto.’ (basis for reconstruction weak). Cf., however, foll. paragraph.
▪ Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED I vb#41): The original meaning of the Sem vb., *mny, preserved in Ar, was prob. *‘to discharge sperm, excude vaginal secretion’ with a shift to ‘to have sexual desire’ (cf. vb. X) and further to ‘desire, wish, want’ and ‘love’ in general (munyaẗ, ʔumniyyaẗ, mannà, tamannà).

▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1772: Soq mny, Gz mny, Tña mny ‘to want’. – Outside Sem: min ‘to want’ in 1 CCh language.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1433: Akk menû ‘to love, be(come) fond (of s.o.)’, Ar √mny (G-stem) ‘to let flow sperm (as in copulation)’, muniya (pass.) ‘to be favored in’, tamannà (Dt-stem) ‘to desire, wish’, Gz tamannaya (Dt) ‘to wish, desire, be eager for’, mənuy ‘who wishes ardently; wished for, desired’, Mhr ˈmatni, Ḥrs ˄mtōni, Jib E/C ˈmutni (sbjv. yɛmˈtin), Soq ˈmɔtɛnɛʔ (sbjv. l-imˈtɛnɛw) ‘to wish’. – Outside Sem: (CCh:) Ms mìn ‘to wish, desire, love; to want’, Azm minda ‘to will, desire, like’. – Compare perh. even (IE:) AnglSax myne (n.) ‘desire, love’, oFries minne, oSax minnea, oHGe minna, nHGe Minne n. ‘love’, mHGe meinen ‘to love’.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1772: protSem *m˅n˅y‑ ‘to want’ (based on Ar, Soq, Gz, Tña), protCCh *min‑‘to want’ (based on only 1 lang), both from hypothetical AfrAs *min‑ ‘to want’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#1433 reconstructs protSem *√mny ‘to wish, desire’ (with poss. interference of Nostr *mon̄˅, see Ar ↗manā~manà) and CCh ‘to wish, desire, love; to want’, NaIE *men- (loss of the glide *i̯ preceding a sonant) ‘to wish eagerly’, all from hypothetical Nostr *mAyn˅ ‘desire’.
▪ Any relation betw. ‘semen, sperm’ (> ‘wish, desire’) and the complex ‘fate, destiny, lot; death; (goddess) Manāẗ’ treated s.vv. ↗man^an and ↗Manāẗ?

…

►mannà, vb. II, 1a to awaken the desire, make s.o. hope, give reason to hope, raise hopes; 1b to promise: D‑stem, caus.
►ʔamnà, vb. IV, 1 to shed (blood); 2 to emit, ejaculate (sperm): *Š‑stem.
►^BP#451tamannà, vb. V, to desire, wish: Dt‑stem.
►ĭstamnà, vb. X, to practice onanism, masturbate: *Št‑stem, desiderative.

►minawī, adj., seminal, spermativ: nisba formation of min^an
►munyaẗ, var. minyaẗ, pl. mun^an, def. al‑munà, n.f., 1 wish, desire; 2 object of desire
►^BP#3492ʔumniyyaẗ, pl. ʔamānⁱⁿ, def. al‑ʔamānī, n.f., wish, demand, claim, desire, longing, aspiration
►tamniyaẗ, n.f., and ʔimnāʔ, n., emission, ejaculation of the sperm: vn. II and IV, resp.
►tamannⁱⁿ, def. al‑tamannī, pl. ‑āt, n., wish; desire; request: vn. V.
►ĭstimnāʔ, n., self‑pollution, masturbation, onanism: vn. X.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗manā~manà, ↗manan, ↗Manāẗ, ↗munyaẗ~minyaẗ, and, for the general picture, ↗√MNW/Y.

Manāẗ مَناة

√MNW/Y

n.prop.div.

Manāt, name of an ancient Arabian goddess – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The name of the ancient Arabian goddess, identified in the Greco-Roman tradition as Túkhai and Fortanae, originally means *‘deity that assigns to each his/her lot/share’, i.e., one’s destiny.
▪ Etymologically, it is from protSem *manay-, *manat- ‘share’, cf. ↗man^an (perh. with interference of protSem *√mny ‘to count’, cf. ↗manā~manà) – Dolgopolsky2012.

▪ …

▪ See ↗manā~manà.

▪ Wellhausen1897, 28: »Manat kommt schon auf den nabatäischen Inschriften von Higr vor und zwar im Plural, mnwtn /manavātun/. Dadurch wird […] die Bedeutung ‘Schicksal’ (eigentlich ‘Anteil’ wie im Aramäischen) festgestellt, welche appellativisch nur noch für maniyyaẗ (pl. manāyā, manā) im Gebrauch ist. Ähnliche abstracte Gottesnamen sind Saʕd, Gad (Grk túkhē), ʕAwdh.«
▪ Fahd2012: »name of one of the most ancient deities of the Semitic pantheon, who appears in the Pre-Sargonic period in the form Menūtum and constitutes one of the names of Ishtar […]; the Qurʔānic scriptio of her name preserves the primitive w, which also appears in the Nabatean mnwtn […]. The w changes to i in the Bible (Isa. 65: 11) […]. [the name is from] the root mnw/y which is to be found in all Sem langs with the meaning of ‘to count, to apportion’, being applied in particular to the idea of *‘to count the days of life’, hence ‘death’ (maniyyaẗ), and *‘to assign to each his share’, hence, ‘lot, destiny’ […] The Greco-Roman equivalents given to Manāẗ testify to this meaning, since she is identified with Τύχαι or the Fortunae, the pl. reflecting the form Manawāt […] In Palmyra she is represented on a mosaic, seated and holding a sceptre in her hand, after the fashion of Nemesis, goddess of destiny […]. / Like al-Lāt and al-ʕUzzà who form with her the Arab triad (Q 53: 19-20), Manāẗ was worshipped by all the Arabs. It was [originally] a rock for Huḏayl in Qudayd […, later then] a statue imported from the north, like that of Hubal. The sacred site [was situated …] about 15 km from Yaṯrib […]«

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗manā~manà, ↗man^an, ↗min^an, ↗munyaẗ~minyaẗ, and, for the general picture, ↗√MNW/Y.

munyaẗ مُنْية , var. minyaẗ, pl. munaⁿ, def. al‑munà

√MNW/Y

n.f.

1 wish, desire; 2 object of desire – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1772: from protSem *m˅n˅y‑ ‘to want’, perh. from AfrAs *min‑ ‘dto.’ (weak basis for reconstruction).
▪ Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED I vb#41): The original meaning of the Sem vb., *mny, preserved in Ar, was prob. *‘to discharge sperm, excude vaginal secretion’ with a shift to ‘to have sexual desire’ and further to ‘desire, wish, want’ and ‘love’.
▪ For further details, cf. ↗min^an ‘semen, sperm’.

▪ …

▪ See ↗min^an.

▪ See above, section CONC, and ↗min^an ‘semen, sperm’.

…

►^BP#451tamannà, vb. V, to desire, wish: Dt‑stem.

►^BP#3492ʔumniyyaẗ, pl. ʔamānⁱⁿ, def. al‑ʔamānī, n.f., wish, demand, claim, desire, longing, aspiration
►tamannⁱⁿ, def. al‑tamannī, pl. ‑āt, n., wish; desire; request: vn. V.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗manā~manà, ↗man^an, ↗Manāẗ, ↗min^an, and, for the general picture, ↗√MNW/Y.

MHD مهد

√MHD

“root”

▪ MHD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MHD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MHD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sleeping place, resting place, cradle, to prepare, pave, straighten things up, make level or even; to facilitate, introduce’

▪ …

–

.

–

MHL مهل

√MHL

“root”

▪ MHL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MHL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MHL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘molten copper, a generic name for all metals, tar, heated dirty oil; ease of manner, self recollection, to act or proceed in a deliberate manner, tarry, give respite; to collapse, avalanche’

▪ BAH2008: al-Suyūṭī attributes muhl ‘oil dregs’ to a borrowing from Berber.

–

.

–

MHN مهن

√MHN

“root”

▪ MHN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MHN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MHN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to serve, a servant; profession, vocation; to weaken; to degrade, treat in a humiliating manner; vile, contemptible, insignificant’

▪ …

–

.

–

MWT موت

√MWT

“root”

▪ MWT_1 ‘to die, death’ ↗māta
▪ MWT_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘death, to die, to seek death, mortal; to die down, to let up; wasteland, uncultivated land, to become arid; silence, to become silent’

▪ MWT_1 : (Huehnergard2011, Kogan2015 Sw#17:) from protSem *mwt ‘to die’ (SED I #43ᵥ). Passim except Jib and Soq.
▪ …

–

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘death’) Akk mūtu, Hbr máweṯ, Syr mawtā, Gz mōt.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl checkmate, mate ↗māta.

–

māt‑ / mut‑ ماتَ / مُتْـ

√MWT

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Huehnergard2011, Kogan2015 (Sw#17): from protSem *mwt ‘to die’ (SED I #43ᵥ). Passim except Jib and Soq.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl checkmate, mate, from Ar māt ‘he has died’, from earlier māta ‘to die’.

►

MWǦ موج

√MWǦ

“root”

▪ MWǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MWǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MWǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wave, swell, surge, to swell, heave, roll, be excited, be agitated, flood, be stormy, (of sea) to be high; to intermingle’

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MWR مور

√MWR

“root”

▪ MWR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MWR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MWR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to move briskly to and fro, swell, boil, chum; high waves, dusty wind; to spill over, (of liquids) to run; (of stars) to set and rise in succession; to contradict, contest; to pluck out’ –

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Mūsà مُوسَى

√Mūsà

n.pr.

Moses

▪ BAH2008: generally recognised as a borrowing

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▪ Jeffrey1938: »It was very commonly recognized as a foreign name,³⁸ the usual theory being that it was from an original form Mūšā, which some say means ‘water’ and ‘trees’ in Hbr,³⁹ and others in Copt,⁴⁰ this name being given to Moses because of the place from which he was taken. / It is possible that the name came direct from the Hbr Mōšäʰ, or as Derenbourg in REJ, xviii: 127, suggests, through a form Mwsy used among the Arabian Jews. It is much more likely, however, that it came to the Arabs through the Syr Mōšē⁴¹ or the Eth [Gz] Muse, especially that it was from the Syr that the Pazend Mushāē, Phlv [?] and Arm Mowšē were borrowed. / There appears to be no well-attested example of the use of the word earlier than the Qurʔān,⁴² so that it may have been an importation of Muḥammad himself, though doubtless well enough known to his audience from their contacts with Jews and Christians.«

38. al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 135; al-Ḫafāǧī, 182; Bagh. on ii: 48, and even Rāġib, Mufradāt, 484. 39. Rāġib gives the form as [Ar] Mšwḥʔ. 40. So Ṭab. on ii, 48; al-Ṯaʕlabī, Qiṣaṣ, 118, who tell us that in Coptic mu means ‘water’ and ša means ‘trees’. This obviously rests on the Jewish theory given in Josephus, Antiq, ii, ix, 6 : [Grk] tò gàr ʰúdōr mô ʰoí Aigúptioi kaloûsin, ʰusês dè toùs ʰúdatos sōθéntas, which fairly well represents the Copt mōou ‘water’ and ouje ‘rescued’. 41. Cf. the form Mwsʔ on a Christian incantation bowl from Nippur (Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts, p. 231). 42. So Horovitz, KU, 143; JPN, 156.

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mūsīqà مُوسِيقَى

√MWSYQĀ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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…

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MWL مول

√MWL

“root”

▪ MWL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MWL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MWL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘property, possessions, wealth, gold and silver, (specifically) camels (for Arabs), to become wealthy, finance’

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MWN مون

√MWN

…

▪ MWN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MWN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ …
▪ …

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mīnāʔ مِيناء

√MWN

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

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MWH موه

√MWH

“root”

▪ MWH_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ MWH_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘water, a well, to strike water, (of a boat) to spring a leak, to quench one’s thirst, (of dates and grapes) to ripen; to gild, to coat; to falsify; to camouflage’

▪ protSem *√²MY (exact root shape uncertain) – Huehnergard2011.
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māʔ ماء

√MWH

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *mā̆y‑ ‘water’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘water’) Akk mū, Hbr máyim, Syr mayyā, Gz māy.
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MYD ميد

√MYD

“root”

▪ MYD_1 ‘to be shaken, sway, swing; to feel giddy, be dizzy’ ↗māda
▪ MYD_2 ‘table’ ↗māʔidaẗ
▪ MYD_3 ‘square, open place; arena, combat area, race-course, playground; field, domain’ ↗maydān
▪ MYD_4 ‘measure, amount, length, distance; (prep.) in front of, opposite’ ↗mīdāʔ
▪ MYD_5 (EgAr) ‘foundation girder, lintel, breastsummer (arch.), keelson (naut.)’ ↗mēdaẗ, mīdaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (Lane1885, Hava1899):

▪ ^†MYD_6 ‘to confer, bestow benefit(s) or favour(s) (-h on s.o.), give, furnish s.o. with provisions for travelling’ : ^†māda
▪ ^†MYD_7 ‘to visit (‑h s.o.)’ : ^†māda
▪ ^†MYD_8 ‘to increase, grow’ : ^†māda
▪ ^†MYD_9 ‘because, unless’ : ^†maydà ʔan; cf. also ^†maydà ~ maydā ‘on account of’
▪ ^†MYD_ ‘…’ : …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to shake, sway, fluctuate; to feed, provide for, a banquet, table laden with food, to grant favours to s.o.; a square’

▪ [v1] From CSem *√MYD ‘to sway, move, shake’ – Huehnergard2011.

▪ [v2] From Gz māʔədd (ʔəgzīʔabḥēr)‘(the Lord’s) Table’ – Jeffery1938.

▪ [v3] Prob. from mPers m(a)idan, maiδyana ‘middle, centre, between’ (thus ultimately IndEur *médʰ-jo- ‘middle, centre’) – cf. Asbaghi1988, Rolland2014.

▪ [v4] …

▪ [v5] …

▪ [v6] …

▪ [v7] …

▪ [v8] …

▪ [v9] …

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▪ …
▪ …

▪ [v2] Engl maidan ↗maydān.

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māʔidaẗ مائِدَة , pl. -āt, mawāʔidᵘ

√MYD

n.f.

table – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Gz māʔədd (ʔəgzīʔabḥēr) ‘(the Lord’s) Table’ – Jeffery1938.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘table spread with food’) Q 5:114 qāla ʕīsā bnu maryama ’llāhumma rabba-nā ʔanzil ʕalay-nā māʔidatan min-a l-samāʔi takūnu la-nā ʕīdan li-ʔawwali-nā wa-ʔāḫiri-nā wa-ʔāyatan min-ka ‘Jesus, son of Mary, said: O God, our Lord, send down to us a table [spread with food] from heaven, that it may be a feast for us, for the first of us and for the last of us, and a sign from Thee’
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▪ Jeffery1938: »A late word found only in a late Madinan verse, where the reference is to a table which Jesus brought down for His disciples. – The Muslim authorities take it to be a form FāʕiLaẗ from ↗māda (cf. LA, iv, 420), though the improbability of their explanations is obvious. It has been demonstrated several times that the passage Q 5:112-15 is a confusion of the Gospel story of the feeding of the multitude with that of the Lord’s Supper.⁴³ Fraenkel, Vocab, 24,⁴⁴ pointed out that in all probability the word is the Eth [Gz] māʔədd, which among the Abyssinian Christians is used almost technically for the Lord’s Table, e.g. māʔədd ʔəgzīʔabḥēr, while Nöldeke’s examination of the word in Neue Beiträge, 54, has practically put the matter beyond doubt.⁴⁵ – Addai Sher, 148, however, has argued in favour of its being taken as a Pers word. Relying on the fact that māʔidaẗ is said by the Lexicons to mean ‘food’ as well as ‘table’, he wishes to derive it from Pers mīdeh, meaning ‘farina triticea’.⁴⁶ Praetorius also, who in ZDMG, lxi, 622 ff., endeavours to prove that Eth [Gz] māʔədd and the Amh mād are taken from Ar, takes māʔidaẗ back to Pers mez, mīz ⁴⁷ (earlier pronounced māz), through forms MYḎ, MYD, and maydah. Now there is a Phlv word myazd,⁴⁸ meaning a sacred repast of the Parsis, of which the people partake at certain festivals after the recitation of prayers and benedictions for the consecration of the bread, fruit, and wine used therein. It seems, however, very difficult to derive māʔidaẗ from this, and still more difficult from the forms proposed by Praetorius. Nöldeke rightly objects that the forms mīz and māz which Praetorius quotes from the Mehrī and ʕUmānī dialects in favour of his theory, are hardly to the point, for these dialects are full of Pers elements of late importation. Praetorius has given no real explanation of the change of z to d, whereas on the other side may be quoted the Bilin mīd and the Beja mēs which are correct formations from a stem giving māʔədd in Eth [Gz], and thus argue for its originality in that stock.«
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43. Nöldeke, ZDMG, xii, 700; Bell, Origin, 136. 44. Vide also his Fremdw, 83, and Jacob, Beduinenleben, 235. 45. Vide also Wellhausen, Reste, 232, n.; Pautz, Offenbarung, 255, n.; Vollers, ZDMG, li, 294; Cheikho, Naṣrāniyya, 210. 46. Vullers, Lex, ii, 1252. 47. Vullers, Lex, ii, 1254. 48. West, Glossary, 222.

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►māʔidaẗ al-tašrīḥ, operating table
►māʔidaẗ al-zīnaẗ, dressing table
►māʔidaẗ al-sufraẗ, dining table

maydān مَيْدان , var. mīdān, pl. mayādīnᵘ

√MYD

n.

1a square, open place, open tract; b field; arena; 2a battleground, battlefield; b combat area, fighting zone; c race course, race track; d playground (fig.); 3 field, domain, line, sphere of activity – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl maidan, from Ar maydān ‘city square, open space, racetrack, combat area’, from māda, vb. I, ‘to be moved, sway’.

►maydān al-tadrīb, drill ground; military training center
►maydān al-ḥarb, theater of war
►maydān al-sibāq, race course, race track
►maydān al-ʕamal, field of activity, scope of action
►maydān al-qitāl, battlefield
►ḫaraǧa min maydān al-ʕamal, to be put out of service or commission
►ẓahara fī l-maydān, to turn up, appear on the scene
►fī maydān al-šaraf, on the field of honour
►madāfiʕ al-maydān, fieldpieces, field guns, infantry howitzers

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗māda, ↗mīdaẗ, ↗mīdāʔ, ↗māʔidaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√MYD.

MYR مير

√MYR

“root”

▪ MYR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MYR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MYR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘food stock, provision, to provide with food, keep well-stocked/supplied with food; to melt down’

▪ …

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MYZ ميز

√MYZ

“root”

▪ MYZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MYZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MYZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sort out, separate, mark out, distinguish; to weed out; to stand out; to fall apart; to fall into factions’

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MYL ميل

√MYL

“root”

▪ MYL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MYL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ MYL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to incline, lean towards, tilt, bend, lean over, take sides, deviate; to attack; to be crooked; to swagger; to waver, be in doubt, win s.o. over’

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