Bibliotheca Polyglotta

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of food) to be wholesome and palatable, to be digestible, food passage; a human being, man, woman, wife, one person; “chivalrous” character, generosity of nature, to be humane, humanity’

Any connection between the three values? MRʔ_2 not unlikely to be akin to MRʔ_3. Further research needed!

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▪ Badawi 2008 lists three main values of the root in ClassAr: 1 (of food) to be wholesome and palatable, to be digestible, food passage; 2 a human being, man, woman, wife, one person; 3 “chivalrous” character, generosity of nature, to be humane, humanity. According to this semantic grouping, MRʔ_3 ‘esophagus, gullet’ would belong to MRʔ_2 (healthy, palatable food being food that passes the esophagus), a relation that does not seem all too unlikely. In contrast, making ‘“chivalrous” character, generosity of nature, to be humane, humanity’ a separate value does not seem to be entirely justifiable, since this is clearly a semantic development from MRʔ_1 ‘man’.
▪ Since etymology is not clear yet, the variety of meanings of the “root” has been tentatively reflected in three separate values. Further research, however, may find that at least MRʔ_2 and MRʔ_3 perhaps are related, the meaning ‘be wholesome, healthful, healthy’ originally referring to what passes the esophagus. But the FaʕīL form of the latter does not really fit this assumption. – In contrast, a relation between MRʔ_2 and MRʔ_3 on the one hand, and MRʔ_1 ‘man, male’ is hardly likely.

▪ Engl n.prop.f. Martha ↗marʔ.

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mar˅ʔ‑ : maraʔ‑ مَرَأَ a , mariʔ‑ مَرِئَ a , maruʔ‑ مَرُؤَ u (marāʔaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

vb., I

to be wholesome, healthful, palatable (food); — maruʔa, u (marāʔaẗ) to be healthy and salubrious (climate) — WehrCowan1979.

Any connection with other values of ↗MRʔ ? Further research needed!

▪ eC7 (marīʔan (‘palatable, nourishing, wholesome’) Q 4:4 wa-ʔātū ’l-nisāʔa ṣaduqāti-hinna niḥlatan fa-ʔin ṭibna la-kum ʕan šayʔin min-hu nafsan fa-kulū-hu hanīʔan marīʔan ‘And give unto the women [whom ye marry] free gift of their marriage portions; but if they of their own accord remit unto you a part thereof, then ye are welcome to absorb it [in your wealth]’

BDB1906: Akk marû ‘well-fed, fat (said of domestic animals)’, Hbr *mrʔ ‘be fat ’, mᵊrī(ʔ) ‘fatling(s)’.

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► ĭstamraʔa, vb. X, to find wholesome and tasty (food); to enjoy, savor, relish (s.th,); to be able to digest (s.th.; also fig.); to take to s.th., take a liking (bi‑ to), derive pleasure (from):.

► marīʔ, adj., healthful, salubrious, healthy, wholesome | hanīʔan wa-marīʔan, adv., approx.: may it do you much good! I hope you will enjoy it (i.e., food)! – For other meanings see ↗marʔ and ↗marīʔ (n.).

For other items of the root, cf. ↗MRʔ with further references.

ĭmraʔ اِمْرَأ , ĭmruʔ اِمْرُؤ , (with definite article) al-marʔ المَرْء

ID … • Sw 17/94 • BP 2137 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√MRʔ

a man; person, human being; al-marʔ frequently for Engl ‘one’, as yaẓunnu ’l-marʔ one would think – WehrCowan1979.

▪ As also a number of other Sem languages, Ar distinguishes between ‘man as a human being’ (homo, Mensch, ↗ʔinsān) and ‘man as an adult male’ (vir, Mann), ĭmraʔ / ĭmruʔ, with article al-marʔ. The word goes back to protSem *marʔ‑ ‘man, male’ (Kogan2011) or *māriʔ‑ ‘man, master, lord’ (Huehnergard2011, alongside with *marʔ‑) and, perhaps, AfrAs *mar‑ / *maraʔ‑ (possibly also *maʔar‑) ‘man’ (Orel&Stolbova1994).

▪ eC7 Q 70:38 imruʔ, 8:24 marʔ ‘a person, one’

▪ BDB1906: BiblAram mārê ‘lord’, Syr mārē, mārā, EgAram mrʔ, oAram Nab Palm mr(ʔ) ‘lord’, Sab mrʔ ‘man, lord’
▪ Zammit2002: Ar marʔ ‘a man’: Ug mr ‘Herr (?); Gastgeber (?)’, BiblAram mārē ‘lord’, Syr mārā ‘lord, owner, ruler, master, prince’, SAr mrʔ ‘man, lord’, Gz mār (< Syr) ‘lord, master’
▪ Kogan2011: Akk māru (CAD: also merʔu, marʔu) ‘son’, Aram *māriʔ‑ ‘lord’, Sab Qat mrʔ ‘man; male child; lord’.
▪ Cohen1969 mentioned also Akk amīlu (awīlu, amēlu, awēlu) ‘man’, and, outside Sem, some Berb and Cush forms. All doubtful!
▪ OrelStolb1994#1740: Akk māru ‘son’, BiblAram mārē ‘master’, SAr mrʔ ‘man, husband’. – Outside Sem: Eg mr.w ‘people’ (OK); maar ‘boy’ and mara ‘masculine’ in 2 WCh languages; maar ‘uncle’ in 1 ECh idiome.

▪ Kogan2011: from Sem *marʔ‑ ‘man, male’.
▪ Huehnergard2011: from Sem *marʔ‑, *māriʔ ‘man, master, lord’.
▪ OrelStolb1994#1740 reconstruct Sem *marʔ‑ ‘man; husband; master’, from AfrAs *mar‑ / *maraʔ‑ ‘man’. For both WCh and ECh the authors assume *maʔar‑, which, if correct, would show metathesis as compared to the reconstructed AfrAs form. An alternative reconstruction would be AfrAs *maʔar‑, taking the WCh and ECh forms as the more original ones; then Sem would have undergone metathesis. The Eg evidence is not helpful for a decision between the one or the other since it shows no traces of *‑ʔ‑.

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► maruʔa, u (murūʔaẗ), vb. I, to be manly: denom. – For other meanings see ↗marVʔa.

► ^BP#321ĭmraʔaẗ, with def. article al-marʔaẗ, pl. ↗nisāʔ, niswaẗ, etc., n., woman; wife: f. of marʔ.
► murūʔaẗ, var. muruwwaẗ, n., the ideal of manhood, comprising all knightly virtues, esp., manliness, valor, chivalry, generosity, sense of honor:.
► marīʔ, adj., manly, virile: adj. formation. – For other meanings see ↗marVʔa and ↗marīʔ (n.).

ĭmraʔaẗ اِمْرَأَة , with article al-marʔaẗ المرْأة , pl. ↗nisāʔ , niswaẗ

√MRʔ

n.f.

woman; wife – WehrCowan1979.

Feminine of marʔ ‘man’. Goes back to protSem *marʔ‑at‑, *māriʔ‑at‑ ‘woman, mistress, lady’ – Huehnergard2011.

▪ eC7 Q 27:23 ‘woman’, 19:8 ‘wife’

▪ CAD: Akk mārtu (merʔatu, marʔatu, māštu) ‘daughter; (young) girl, woman’
▪ Bennett1998: Sab mrʔt ‘woman’. – Outside Sem: Berb ṯa-mġar-ṯ (Senhayi), ta-mṭːū-ṭː (Ayt Segrouchen), talta (Ghadamsi) ‘woman’.
▪ If, as suggested by Cohen1969, Akk amīlu ‘man’ is a cognate of Ar marʔ, then also Akk amīltu (awīltu, amēltu, awēltu, amīltu) ‘woman; female, feminine’ should be compared. However, as already the first is precarious, the other is not less so.

▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs Sem *marʔat‑, *māriʔat ‘woman, mistress, lady’, as the f. of *marʔ‑, *māriʔ ‘man, master, lord’.
▪ The Berb forms mentioned in Bennett1998 are due to contact with Ar.

▪ Huehnergard2011: Not from Ar ĭmraʔaẗ / marʔaẗ, but from its Aram counterpart, mārᵊtā, is the Eur name Martha.

► al-marʔaẗ al-musalsalaẗ, n.f., Andromeda (astron.)

murūʔaẗ مُرُوءة , var. muruwwaẗ مُرُوّة

√MRʔ

n.f.

the ideal of manhood, comprising all knightly virtues, esp., manliness, valor, chivalry, generosity, sense of honor – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From ↗marʔ ‘man’.
▪ A key concept of pre-Islamic and Islamic culture. According to EI², the meaning of murūʔaẗ is somewhat “imprecise”—which, however, is not unusual with ‘super’- or ‘meta’-concepts of a comparable importance). “There is reason to believe that m. originally describes the sum of the physical qualities of man and then by a process of spiritualisation and abstraction his moral qualities.”¹
▪ Related concepts: among others, cf. ↗ʔadab, ↗ʔaḫlāq, ↗ḍiyāfaẗ, ↗fakhr, ↗ḥamāsaẗ, ↗ḥilm, ↗ʕirḍ, ↗karam, ↗ṣabr.

1. EI², Index of Terms, s.v.

»There is reason to believe that murūʔaẗ originally describes the sum of the physical qualities of man and then by a process of spiritualisation and abstraction his moral qualities. After Islam, its meaning was extended thanks to the now pre-dominating moral focus. Broadly speaking, with the rightly-guided caliphs, m. means chastity, good nature and observance of Qurʔānic laws, with the Umayyads, m. implies politics, diplomacy, work, dignity and compassion, and with the early ʕAbbāsids, m. implies merit and is contrasted with abjectness; with the moralists, m. is identified with ↗ʔadab in the meaning of good conduct. Becoming more and more abstract, m. finally came to mean virtue. In law, m. indicates the fact of abstaining from any act capable of offending religion although not constituting an illicit act. In the spoken language of today, m. means ‘energy’ in Egypt (miriwwaẗ) and Syria (muruwwaẗ), as in the expression ‘so-and-so has not the miriwwaẗ/muruwwaẗ to accomplish such a thing’.«¹

1. EI², Index of Terms, s.v.

See ↗MRʔ and ↗marʔ.

See ↗marʔ.

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See ↗marʔ.

marīʔ مَرِيء , pl. ʔamriʔaẗ , murūʔ

√MRʔ

esophagus, gullet – WehrCowan1979.

For other meanings cf. ↗mar˅ʔa and ↗marʔ .

Relation to other items of √MRʔ (‘man’/‘woman’; ‘be wholesome, healthy’) unclear. See ↗MRʔ for details and further references.

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BDB1906: ? Hbr murʔā(h) ‘crop, or alimentary canal (of bird)’.

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Perhaps the items listed under ↗marVʔa are related.

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