Bibliotheca Polyglotta

nūn نون

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

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R₁

The letter n of the Arabic alphabet.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl nu, from Grk nū ‘nu’; nun, from Mishnaic Hbr nûn ‘nun’; both from Phoen *nūn ‘fish; fourteenth letter of the Phoen alphabet’.

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NʔY نأي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NʔY

“root”

▪ NʔY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʔY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʔY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘small ditch encircling a tent to keep sewage away, go a long distance, walk away, shun, be far removed, keep away, remove’

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*NB‑ نبـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√*NB‑

“root” nucleus

‘to call, proclaim’, ↗NBḤ ‘to bark, bellow, hiss’, ↗NBR ‘to shout to, drive away by cries or shouts’, ↗NBZ ‘to give one a nickname, revile’, ↗NBṢ ‘to speak’.

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► NBː (NBB) ‘1 to be haughty; 2 to utter a low voice; to call, proclaim; 3 to bleat from rut’
► NBʔ ‘to be high, tower over, elevated place; to come upon from above, conquer, surpass’
► NBT ‘to germinate, sprout, grow; (height of) growing plants’
► NBṮ ‘to dig out with o.’s hand, clean a well, uproot’
► NBǦ ‘to creep out ouf the egg, break forth, flow’
► NBḤ ‘to bark, bellow, hiss’
► NBḎ ‘to fling, throw away, cast, reject, let go’
► NBR ‘1 to raise, elevate, thrive, grow; 2 to pierce through and draw the lance back quickly’ (second part of meaning shows influence from *NB ‘to bring out’); 3 to shout to, drive away by cries or shouts’
► NBZ ‘1 skin of the leprous; palm root, or bark of upper part of a palm; 2 to give one a nickname, revile’
► NBŠ ‘to uncover, dig out, dig, bring to light’
► NBṢ ‘1 to be on the point of sprouting; 2 to speak’
► NBṬ ‘to well out, gush out’
► NBʕ ‘to well, well up, gush forth’
► NBĠ ‘1 to fly off; 2 to appear, come to light, get known, break forth’
► NBQ ‘1 to spurt out of a wound (blood, pus); 2 to write’
► NBL ‘1 to surpass in any skill; 2 to shoot arrow, throw spears, take as a mark, shoot at, surpass in shooting arrows’ (last part of meaning shows influence from *NBL formed from *NB#92 ‘to rise, become high’)
► NBH ‘to awake’
► NBW ‘1 to remove, withdraw; 2 to tower over a place’
► NWB ‘agglomeration/accumulation fitting with (the degree) of elevation’

NBʔ نبأ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʔ

“root”

▪ NBʔ_1 ‘to be high, tower over, …’ ↗nabaʔa
▪ NBʔ_2 ‘to speak in a low voice, utter a low sound; to announce’ ↗nabaʔ, ↗nabiyy, ↗nubuwwaẗ
▪ ^†NBʔ_3 ‘to turn away, withdraw, be repelled, disgusted, shocked’ ↗nabā .
▪ ^†NBʔ_4 ‘to wander around’: now obsolete.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘protrusion, to rise; to overpower; to leave one’s town and settle in another; news item, to ask for news, to inform; prophecy, to predict, to foretell, to prophesy, to claim to be a prophet’

▪ While Gabal2012 thinks that all values of NBʔ can be derived from one basic value (‘unexpected appearance, accompanied by a hiddenness’), other researchers agree on that NBʔ is a homonymous root with at least two values: 1 ‘to be high, tower over’ (= NBʔ_1) and 2 ‘to speak in a low voice, utter a low sound; to announce’ (= NBʔ_2). Albright1927#47 thinks that among NBʔ_2 is original while NBʔ_1 ‘(to be) high’ is the result of a dissimilation of an underlying *NM- ‘to grow’ into *NB-.
▪ For NBʔ_2, the »reconstruction of Sem *n-b-ʔ as a transitive root meaning ‘to name, proclaim’« is »uncomplicated« (following Huehnergard1999).
▪ Militarev2006 assumes an AfrAs dimension of NBʔ_2 (AfrAs *nab‑ ‘to call by name’ ), and Dolgopolsky2012 goes even farther, putting Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, give a name’ together with IE *‘no(ː)m-n(-) / *‘n̥m-n(-) ‘name’ and assuming Nostr *‘nimʔ˅‑ ‘name’ as the common ancestor. For him, Nostr *NM dissimilated into Sem *NB.
▪ NBʔ_3 ‘to turn away’ seems to be etymologically the same as ↗nabā ‘to move away, withdraw; to bounce off; to disagree, be in conflict with; to be repugnant’ (↗NBW).
▪ NBʔ_4 ‘to wander around’: etymology still unclear (see DISC).

▪ BadawiAbdelHalim2008 #NBʔ: ‘1 protrusion, to rise; to overpower; 2 news item, to ask for news, to inform; prophecy, to predict, foretell, prophesy; to claim to be a prophet; 3 to leave o.’s town and settle in another’.

For cognates, see DISC below as well as ↗nabaʔ and ↗nabaʔa.

NBʔ_1 and NBʔ_2:
▪ Gabal2012 assumes one basic value for all meanings of NBʔ that occur in the Qurʔān: ‘sudden/unexpected appearance or occurrence of s.th., preceded or accompanied by some secrecy/hiddenness (ẓuhūr ʔaw ṭurūʔ, musbaq ʔaw maknūf bi-ḫafāʔⁱⁿ mā)’. This, he says, is the case in nabʔaẗ ‘elevation, protrusion’ (= appearing above the surface, of a height that more limited than one would have expected) as well as in nabaʔ ‘news’ (information that one receives unexpectedly). – ClassAr nabīʔ ‘clear path’ is said to belong to ↗NBW, while nabiyy ‘prophet’ is believed to derive from *nabīʔ meaning that the Prophet is both ‘called/informed’ (munbaʔ) by God and ‘informing’ (munbiʔ) about Him, rather than from nabwaẗ ‘elevated place’.
▪ Albright1927#47 notices that Ar √NBʔ obviously has two values: a) ‘to be high, raised up’ (Ar nabaʔa; cf. also ^†nabiʔ ‘height, mound’, ^†nabāwaẗ ‘high ground’, etc.), b) ‘to make a noise; to proclaim, announce, call by name’ (^†nabʔaẗ ‘barking of dogs’; nabaʔ ‘news’, nabīʔ [sic!] ‘prophet’, etc.). Therefore, the author holds, »there must evidently have been a confusion of the two distinct root-meanings«. The author thinks the latter value is from an original *NB, while the former is as dissimilation from *NM.
▪ BDB1904 (#NBʔ): cf. [NBʔ_2] Ar nabaʔa ‘to utter a low voice, or sound (esp. of dog); to announce’, (but also) [NBʔ_1] to be exalted, elevated (nabʔaẗ eminence); [NBʔ_2] III, IV, ‘to acquaint, inform’; nabaʔ ‘information, announcement, intelligence’; Akk nabū ‘to call, proclaim, name’, Gz nababa ‘to speak’, Sab tnbʔ ? => Hbr nāḇî(ʔ) ‘spokesman, speaker, prophet’, nᵊḇûʔâh ‘prophecy’.

NBʔ_1:
▪ Cf. also obsolete items like ^†nabʔ ‘superiority, victory, success’, ^†nubuʔ ‘being high, superiority’, ^†nabiʔ ‘high point’, ^†nābiʔ ‘bossed, convex’, and also (NBʔ ~ NBW) ^†nabwaẗ, ^†nabāwaẗ ‘height; rising ground’, ^†nābin, det. nābī, pl. nubiyy, ‘high ground’, ^†nābiyaẗ ‘strongly-bent bow’ (all BK, Munǧid, Wahrmund1887/Steingass1894).
▪ Ehret1989#92 thinks NBʔ ‘to be high, tower over, come upon from above, conquer, surpass’ is an extension in “concisive” *‑ʔ from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root ↗*NB ‘to rise, become high’, cf. ↗NBː (NBB) ‘to be haughty’. Other extensions from the same pre-Sem nucleus: ↗NBT ‘to germinate, sprout, grow’, ↗NBR ‘to raise, elevate, thrive, grow’, ↗NBṢ ‘to be on the point of sprouting’, ↗NBĠ ‘to fly off’, ↗NBL ‘to surpass in any skill’, ↗NBH ‘to awake’
▪ Albright1927#47 holds that Ar »nabaʔa ‘to be high’ is connected with Hbr nûb ‘to grow’¹ and Ar nabt ‘plant’, old pl. nabāt, from which ↗nabata ‘to grow’ is denom., as well as with Ar ↗namā ‘to grow, rise’, nammà ‘to raise’. The root is probably nm, from which the dissimilated form nb (cf. banna for manna, etc.) has arisen.« – Outside Sem, Eg nb3 ‘carrying pole’ (= Calice1936#655) is perhaps to be connected.

NBʔ_2:
▪ Huehnergard2011: Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim, summon’ (Huehnergard1999: an »uncomplicated reconstruction«).
▪ Calice1936#59 mentions Ar nabaʔa ‘to announce’, nabʔaẗ ‘faint noise’ together with Ar nabba ‘to bark’, Gz nababa ‘to growl’ and the Sem vb.s Akk nabû ‘to call, name’, Sab nbʔ ‘to proclaim’, Hbr √NBH ‘to prophesy’ as cognate with Eg (MK) nmj ‘to scream, yell, roar’. Akin to the latter, and thus also to nabaʔa, are also Ar naʔama ‘to whisper’, naʕama ‘to say yes’, namma ‘to whisper’ and Hbr √NʔM ‘to say’.²
▪ Ehret1989#95 does not mention NBʔ among the root extensions he gives for the bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *NB ‘to call, cry’, but the semantics clearly allow us to group Ar NBʔ_2 here. For extensions from the same pre-Sem nucleus that Ehret did list, cf. ↗NBː (NBB) ‘to bleat from rut’, ↗NBḤ ‘to bark, bellow, hiss’, ↗NBR ‘to shout to, drive away by cries or shouts’, ↗NBZ ‘to give one a nickname, revile’, ↗NBṢ ‘to speak’.
▪ Militarev2006 (#603): Sem *n˅b˅ʔ‑ ‘to call; to speak; to nominate’, WCh *nab‑ ‘to read, count’, Omot *nab‑ ‘name’ < AfrAs *nab‑ ‘to call by name’
▪ Dolgopolsky2012: Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, give a name’, IE *‘no(ː)m-n(-) / *‘n̥m-n(-) ‘name’, and alleged cognates in other macro-families < Nostr *‘nimʔ˅‑ ‘name’ (with dissimilation of Sem *NB from Nostr *NM).

NBʔ_3 and NBʔ_4:
▪ There seems to be a lot of overlapping of NBʔ with ↗NBW. Thus, NBʔ_3 ‘to turn away, withdraw, be repelled, disgusted, shocked’ seems to be etymologically the same as ↗nabā ‘to move away, withdraw; to bounce off; to disagree, be in conflict with; to be repugnant’.
▪ No explanation so far with regard to NBʔ_4 ‘to wander around’. Belonging to NBʔ_3 ‘to turn away’? – In ClassAr, there is, e.g. (data from Freytag1837 and Hava1899): ^†nābiʔ ‘ex alia regione veniens (aquae fluxus, homo), crossing a country (man, stream)’, nabiʔ ‘migrans de locu in locum, wanderer, wayfarer’, (?) nabīʔ ‘well-traced road’. Gabal2012 thinks it belongs to ↗NBW. Albright1927#47 considers a connection with Eg nmy ‘to traverse’ and Eg nby ‘to swim’.³

1. BDB: ‘to bear fruit’; cf. also nîḇ ‘fruit’, tᵊnûḇâh ‘fruit, produce’. 2. BDB1906: nāʔam ‘to utter a prophecy, speak as a prophet’, nᵊʔūm ‘utterance’. Klein1987: √NʔM ‘to make a speech, utter, give an address; to utter a prophecy, speak as a prophet’: probably related also: √NWM ‘to speak’. 3. ErmanGrapow1921/ThesLingAeg nbj, Copt neebe (Crum: niēbe, and var.).

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See
► nabaʔa and
► nabaʔ.

nabaʔ‑ نَبَأَ a (nabʔ , nubūʔ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʔ

vb., I

1 to be high, raised, elevated, protruding, projecting, prominent; to overcome, overpower, overwhelm (ʕalà s.o.). – 2 to turn away, withdraw, shrink (ʕan from); to be repelled, repulsed, sickened, disgusted, shocked (ʕan by) – WehrCowan1979.

Other values, now obsolete:
^†3 to pass (min from a place, ʔilà to another), to wander around
^†4 (nabʔ) to bark faintly (dog) – Hava1899

▪ [v1]: The vb. and the corresponding complex of ‘height, elevation, high ground, etc.’ are difficult to relate semantically to the other main value of NBʔ, ‘to utter a low noise; to proclaim, announce, call’ (treated s.v. ↗nabaʔ, ↗nabiyy, ↗nubuwwaẗ), so that one with all probability has to regard NBʔ as a homonymous root with several distinct meanings (↗NBʔ). While Ehret traces the two values back to a biconsonantal nucleus *NB- that shows four separate values (among which *‘to rise, become high’, whence nabaʔa; and *‘to call, cry’, whence nabaʔ), Albright thought that nabaʔa ‘to be high’ and semantically close items in Sem and outside ultimately go back to a *NM that only has dissimilated into *NB; he therefore compares Ar nabaʔa ‘to be high’ with, among others, ↗namā ‘to grow’.
▪ [v2]: This item seems to be etymologically the same as ↗nabā ‘to move away, withdraw; to bounce off; to disagree, be in conflict with; to be repugnant’ and is therefore treated there; cf. also ↗NBW.
▪ For [v3] cf. ↗NBʔ.
▪ [v4] belongs to the complex treated s.v. ↗nabaʔ.

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▪ [v1] Albright1927#47: Hbr nûb ‘to grow’¹ , Ar nabāt (thought to be an old pl., nab‑ + ‑āt) ‘plant’, Ar ↗namā ‘to grow, rise’, nammà ‘to raise’. – Outside Sem: ? Eg nb3 ‘carrying pole’ (Calice1936#655).

▪ [v2] ↗nabā.
▪ [v3] ↗NBʔ.
▪ [v4] ↗nabaʔ.

1. BDB: ‘to bear fruit’; cf. also nîḇ ‘fruit’, tᵊnûḇâh ‘fruit, produce’.

▪ [v1] Gabal2012 assumes one basic value for all meanings of ↗NBʔ that occur in the Qurʔān: ‘sudden/unexpected appearance or occurrence of s.th., preceded or accompanied by some secrecy/hiddenness (ẓuhūr ʔaw ṭurūʔ, musbaq ʔaw maknūf bi-ḫafāʔⁱⁿ mā)’. This, he says, is the case in nabʔaẗ ‘elevation, protrusion’ (= appearing above the surface, of a height that more limited than one would have expected) as well as in ↗nabaʔ ‘news’ (information that one receives unexpectedly). – In contrast, the author continues, ClassAr nabīʔ ‘clear path’ belongs to ↗NBW, while he believes nabiyy ‘prophet’ to derive from nabīʔ meaning that the Prophet is both ‘called/informed’ (munbaʔ) by God and ‘informing’ (munbiʔ) about Him, rather than from nabwaẗ ‘elevated place’.
▪ [v1] Albright1927#47 notices that Ar √NBʔ obviously has two values: a) ‘to be high, raised up’ (Ar nabaʔa; cf. also nabiʔ ‘height, mound’, nabāwaẗ ‘high ground’, etc.), b) ‘to make a noise; to proclaim, announce, call by name’ (nabʔaẗ ‘barking of dogs’; nabaʔ ‘news’, nabīʔ [sic!] ‘prophet’, etc.). Therefore, the author holds, »there must evidently have been a confusion of the two distinct root-meanings«. The author thinks the latter value is from an original *NB, while the former is as dissimilation from *NM. He thinks Ar »nabaʔa ‘to be high’ is akin to a Hbr vb. for ‘to grow’ (see COGN above) as well as to Ar ↗NBT ‘plant; to grow’ and Ar ↗namā ‘to grow, rise’. – Outside Sem, Eg nb3 ‘carrying pole’ (Calice1936#655) is perhaps to be connected.
▪ [v1] Ehret1989#92 thinks NBʔ ‘to be high, tower over, come upon from above, conquer, surpass’ is an extension in “concisive” *‑ʔ, from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root ↗*NB ‘to rise, become high’, cf. ↗NBː (NBB) ‘to be haughty’. Other extensions from the same pre-Sem nucleus: ↗NBT ‘to germinate, sprout, grow’, ↗NBR ‘to raise, elevate, thrive, grow’, ↗NBṢ ‘to be on the point of sprouting’, ↗NBĠ ‘to fly off’, ↗NBL ‘to surpass in any skill’, ↗NBH ‘to awake’

[v2] : ↗nabā.
[v3] : Cf. also: ^†nābiʔ ‘ex alia regione veniens (aquae fluxus, homo), crossing a country (man, stream)’, nabiʔ ‘migrans de locu in locum, wanderer, wayfarer’, (?) nabīʔ ‘well-traced road’ (Freytag1837, Hava1899). – Etymology unclear; see ↗NBʔ. Gabal2012 thinks it belongs to ↗NBW.
[v4] : Cf. also nabʔaẗ ‘faint voice; ^†barking of dogs’ (Hava1899). Belongs to the complex ‘to utter a low voice; to announce, proclaim’ treated s.v. ↗nabaʔ.

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nabaʔ نَبَأ , pl. ʔanbāʔ

ID … • Sw – • BP 1201 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʔ

n.

news, tidings, information, intelligence; announcement; report, news item, dispatch – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The n. nabaʔ (which is taken here as the main entry because there is no vb. I in MSA with a corresponding value any more) belongs to the ClassAr vb. ^†nabaʔa (a, nabʔ) ‘to utter a low voice/sound; to cry, bark (dog); (= IV) to inform, tell, make s.o. know’ that can be traced back to protSem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim, summon’ (Huehnergard2011). There are theories that connect this Sem/Ar NBʔ to roots that show M instead of B (cf., e.g., Eg MK nmj ‘to scream, yell, roar’, Ar namma, naʔama ‘to whisper’, naʕama ‘to say yes’, Hbr nᵊʔūm ‘utterance’, √NʔM ‘to make a speech; to utter a prophecy’, √NWM ‘to speak’); others regard it as an extension from a biconsonantal nuclear root *NB, and some also found an AfrAs (and even Nostr) background.
▪ The value ‘to utter a faint sound; to inform, make known’ is only one of a number of other values appearing in ↗√NBʔ. The relation of this value to the others (‘to be high’, ‘to withdraw’, ‘to wander around’, etc.) is still subject to discussion.
▪ Closely related to this discussion is the question whether the word for ‘prophet’, ↗nabiyy, should be derived from Ar nabaʔa ‘to be high’ (the prophet as ‘the excellent one’), or (via Hbr or Aram) from Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim, summon’ (prophet = ‘person called by God’), if not from ↗NBW.

▪ eC7 1 (news, tidings) Q 33:20 yasʔalūna ʕan ʔanbāʔik-kum ‘seeking news of you’, 38:67 huwa nabaʔun ʕaẓīmun ‘it [the Revelation] is a momentous message’; 2 (story, tale, narrative) Q 5:27 wa-’tlu ʕalay-him nabaʔa ’bnay ʔādama bi’l-ḥaqqi ‘and relate to them in truth the tale of the two sons of Adam’; 3 (disclosures, revelations) Q 11:49 tilka min ʔanbāʔi ’l-ġaybi nūḥī-hā ʔilay-ka ‘these are some of the disclosures of the hidden [knowledge] that we have revealed to you’; 4 (lessons to be learned, examples) Q 54:4 wa-laqad ǧāʔa-hum min-a ’l-ʔanbāʔi mā fī-hi muzdaǧar ‘and from examples [of past generations] has come to them that in which [should be] a deterrent’; 5 (prophecy) Q 6:67 li-kulli nabaʔin mustaqarrun wa-sawfa taʕlamūn ‘every prophecy has its fixed time to be fulfilled (or: certain endurance), you will come to realise’; 6 (replies, responses, arguments) Q 28:66 fa-ʕamiyat ʕalay-him-u ’l-ʔanbāʔu yawmaʔiḏin ‘all answers will escape (lit., not find) them on that Day’

▪ Huehnergard1999: Akk nabû (< nabāʔu) ‘to name, invoke, summon, proclaim’,² Ar nabaʔa ‘to speak in a low voice; to announce’, Sab (tD) tnbʔ ‘to promise’, Mhr nəbō (also caus. anōbi) ‘to inform’, Soq (caus.) ə́nbəʔ ‘to name’, Jib (caus.) enbé ‘to name, announce (that one will fast)’.
▪ Calice1936#59 (cognates of Eg MK nmj ‘to scream, yell, roar’): Ar nabaʔa ‘to announce’, nabʔaẗ ‘faint noise’, Ar nabba ‘to bark’, Gz nababa ‘to growl’, Akk nabû ‘to call, name’, Sab nbʔ ‘to proclaim’, Hbr √NBH ‘to prophesy’; cf. also Ar naʔama ‘to whisper’, naʕama ‘to say yes’, namma ‘to whisper’, Hbr √NʔM ‘to say’.³
▪ Militarev2006#603: For unknown reasons the author does not mention Ar NBʔ in this entry. But since the Sem evidence he gives parallels the one to be found elsewhere, the reference is repeated here, in order to connect it with alleged extra-Sem evidence and, hence, document a possible AfrAs dimension] Akk nabû ‘to call’, Hbr nbʔ, SAr nbʔ, Gz nbb ‘to speak’, Soq nbʔ, Jib enbe ‘to nominate’. – Outside Sem: [WCh] (1 lang) nabi ‘to read, count’, [Omot] (1 lang) nabi, naabi ‘name’.

2. Cf. CAD nabû ‘to name, give a name; to invoke; to summon, call a person (to exercise a function), to appoint a person to an office; to decree, proclaim, command, make known; to count among’, nabû (nabiʔu) ‘called’, nibītu ‘name; pronunciation and spelling; call, vocation; person called (by the gods), chosen’, nību (var. nimbu, nīpu) ‘name; amount, number; spokesman (?), utterance’, nibûtu ‘name’ 3. BDB1906: nāʔam ‘to utter a prophecy, speak as a prophet’, nᵊʔūm ‘utterance’. Klein1987: √NʔM ‘to make a speech, utter, give an address; to utter a prophecy, speak as a prophet’: probably related also: √NWM ‘to speak’.

▪ Huehnergard2011: Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim, summon’.⁴
▪ Gabal2012 assumes one basic value for all meanings of NBʔ that occur in the Qurʔān: ‘sudden/unexpected appearance or occurrence of s.th., preceded or accompanied by some secrecy/hiddenness (ẓuhūr ʔaw ṭurūʔ, musbaq ʔaw maknūf bi-ḫafāʔⁱⁿ mā)’. This, he says, is the case in nabʔaẗ ‘elevation, protrusion’ (= appearing above the surface, of a height that more limited than one would have expected) as well as in nabaʔ ‘news’ (information that one receives unexpectedly).
▪ Albright1927#47 notices that Ar √NBʔ obviously has two values: a) ‘to be high, raised up’ (Ar ↗nabaʔa; cf. also ^†nabiʔ ‘height, mound’, ^†nabāwaẗ ‘high ground’, etc.), b) ‘to make a noise; to proclaim, announce, call by name’ (^†nabʔaẗ ‘barking of dogs’; nabaʔ ‘news’, nabīʔ [sic!] ‘prophet’, etc.). Therefore, the author holds, »there must evidently have been a confusion of the two distinct root-meanings«. NBʔ ‘to make noise, etc.’ is treated as an extension from an original *NB, cf. Ar ^†nabba (i – nabīb, nabb, nubāb) ‘to utter a sound, or cry, [or rattle,] when be excited by desire of the female, or at rutting-time (said of a goat)’ (Lane).
▪ Calice1936#59 mentions Ar nabaʔa ‘to announce’, nabʔaẗ ‘faint noise’ together with Ar nabba ‘to bark’, Gz nababa ‘to growl’ and the Sem vb.s Akk nabû ‘to call, name’, Sab nbʔ ‘to proclaim’, Hbr √NBH ‘to prophesy’ as cognate with Eg (MK) nmj ‘to scream, yell, roar’. Akin to the latter and, according to Calice, thus also to nabaʔa, are also Ar ↗naʔama ‘to whisper’ (WehrCowan1979: ‘to sound, resound, ring out; to groan, moan’), naʕama ‘to say yes’, namma ‘to whisper’ and Hbr √NʔM ‘to say’ (BDB1906: nāʔam ‘to utter a prophecy, speak as a prophet’, nᵊʔūm ‘utterance’. Klein1987: √NʔM ‘to make a speech, utter, give an address; to utter a prophecy, speak as a prophet’: probably related also: √NWM ‘to speak’).
▪ Ehret1989#95 does not mention NBʔ among the root extensions he gives for the bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *NB ‘to call, cry’, but the semantics clearly allow us to group nabaʔ and related items here. For extensions from the same pre-Sem nucleus that Ehret did list, cf. ↗NBː (NBB) ‘to bleat from rut’, ↗NBḤ ‘to bark, bellow, hiss’, ↗NBR ‘to shout to, drive away by cries or shouts’, ↗NBZ ‘to give one a nickname, revile’, ↗NBṢ ‘to speak’.
▪ Militarev2006 (#603) reconstructs Sem *n˅b˅ʔ‑ ‘to call; to speak; to nominate’, WCh *nab‑ ‘to read, count’ and Omot *nab‑ ‘name’, all from a hypothetical AfrAs *nab‑ ‘to call by name’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 reconstructs Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, give a name’. – The semantics of Ar nabaʔa, nabbaʔa ‘to announce’ may be influenced by Ar nabīy ‘prophet’ (which the authors considers a borrowing from Hbr). – Dolgopolsky further juxtaposes Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, give a name’ and IE *‘no(ː)m-n(-) / *‘n̥m-n(-) ‘name’, and alleged cognates in other macro-families, deriving all from a hypothecial Nostr *‘nimʔ˅‑ ‘name’ (with dissimilation of Sem *NB from Nostr *NM).

4. Called an »uncomplicated reconstruction« already in Huehnergard1999.

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► wakālat al-ʔanbāʔ or ^†maktab al-ʔanbāʔ, n., news agency, wire service

► nabbaʔa, vb. II, to inform, notify, tell, advise (s.o. ʕan or bi‑ of s.th.), let (s.o.) know (ʕan or bi‑ about), make known, announce, impart, communicate; to be evidence (ʕan of), show, indicate, manifest, bespeak, reveal, disclose (ʕan s.th.): caus./ints. of *I, probably denom.
► ʔanbaʔa, vb. IV, to inform, notify, tell, advise (s.o. bi‑ of), let (s.o.) know (bi‑ about), make known, announce, impart, communicate: denom.
► tanabbaʔa, vb. V, to predict, foretell, forecast, prognosticate, presage, prophesy (bi‑ s.th.); to claim to be a prophet, pose as a prophet: denom. from *nabīʔ (= ↗nabiyy) ‘called one, appointed (by God)’.
► ĭstanbaʔa, vb. X, to ask for news, for information; to inquire (DO after), ask (DO about): requestative, denom.

► nabʔaẗ, n.f., faint noise, low sound: This word, in pre-MSA also meaning the ‘(faint) barking (of a dog)’, is perhaps the last remnant in MSA of an earlier stage in the semantic history of NBʔ, when the latter emerged as an extension of biconsonantal *NB- + modifyer *‑ʔ; cf. the fact that Gz nababa ‘to speak’ originally was ‘to growl’ (Calice1936, Klein1987).
► nubūʔaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., prophecy; prognosis: not derived directly from nabaʔ, but belonging to the same Sem root, cf. ↗nubuwwaẗ.
► ^BP#4823nubuwwaẗ, n.f., prophethood, prophecy: belonging to the complex Sem/Ar NBʔ,¹ though probably not derived directly from nabaʔ but via Hbr or Aram, see s.v.
► ^BP#813nabiyy (= nabīy), pl. ‑ūn, ʔanbiyāʔᵘ, n., prophet: belonging to the complex Sem/Ar NBʔ,² though probably not derived directly from nabaʔ but via Hbr or Aram, see s.v. | ḫašab al-ʔanbiyāʔ, n., guaiacum wood.
► ^BP#3290nabawī, adj., prophetic, of or pertaining to a prophet or specifically to the Prophet Mohammed: nsb-adj. of nabiyy.³
► ʔinbāʔ, pl. ‑āt, n., notification, information, communication: vn. IV.
► tanabbuʔ, pl. ‑āt, n., prediction, forecast, prognostication; prophecy; prognosis: vn. V.
► tanabbuʔī, adj., prognostic, predictive: nsb-adj. from the preceding.

1. But grouped s.r. NBW in WehrCowan1979, probably for formal reasons. 2. But grouped s.r. NBW in WehrCowan1979, probably for formal reasons. 3. Grouped s.r. NBW in WehrCowan1979, probably for formal reasons.

nabiyy نَبِيّ , (= nabīy, *nabīʔ), pl. ‑ūn , ʔanbiyāʔᵘ , *nubaʔāʔᵘ , *ʔanbāʔᵘ

ID 847 • Sw – • BP 813 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʔ, NBW

n.

prophet – WehrCowan1979.

▪ As against the opinion that nabiyy should be connected with the notion of ‘to be high’ (↗nabaʔa), EtymArab follows Huehnergard and others who regard it as a borrowing (from Hbr or Aram) with the original meaning of ‘the called/appointed one’. Thus, nabiyy belongs, though only indirectly, to the complex of Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim’, treated s.v. ↗nabaʔ , which probably developed as an extension in ‑ʔ from a biconsonantal nucleus *NB ‘to call, cry’ (the latter perhaps from AfrAs *nab‑ ‘to call by name’, which in turn may have dissimilated from Nostr *‘nimʔ˅‑ ‘name’).
▪ The fact that a number of Ar and Sem roots show *NM rather than *NB (or both) with similar meanings (Ar namma, naʔama ‘to whisper’, naʕama ‘to say yes’, Hbr nᵊʔūm ‘utterance’, √NʔM ‘to make a speech; to utter a prophecy’, √NWM ‘to speak’, cf. also Eg nmj ‘to scream, yell, roar’) and that the idea of ‘uttering a low, faint voice, groaning, mumbling, murmuring’ often is paralleled, like in ClassAr ^†nabaʔa, with that of addressing s.o. with a message, may also let one think of a prophet as a ‘person who utters faint sounds, murmurs’ (under the impression of a divine voice calling him, or speaking through him). This direction has not yet been explored in research so far.

▪▪ …
▪ eC7 Q 19:41 wa-’ḏkur fī ’l-kitābi ʔibrāhīma ʔinnahū kāna ṣiddīqan nabiyyan ‘and in the Qurʔān, mention Abraham—he was a man of truth, a prophet’¹

1. Or, read as quasi-PP: ‘he was a man of truth, called/appointed by God’.

▪ Jeffery1938: Hbr nāḇî(ʔ) ‘prophet’, Aram nəḇiyyā, Syr nᵊḇīyā, Gz nabīy.
▪ Zammit2002: Ø [!].
▪ Huehnergard1999: Akk nabû (< *nabiʔu) (adj.) ‘called’, Hbr nāḇîʔ ‘prophet’. For the vb. from which the forms are derived (Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim’), see s.v. ↗nabaʔ.
▪ …

▪ Gabal2012 does not think nabiyy ‘prophet’ is from √NBW; but he does not assume a foreign origin either. For the author, the word is from *nabīʔ (cf. the dual nabīʔayn, where the hamz is still preserved), meaning that the Prophet (Muḥammad) is both ‘called/informed’ (munbaʔ) by God and ‘informing’ (munbiʔ) about Him. A derivation, put forward by others, from the notion of ‘to be high, haughty, elevated’ (cf. nabwaẗ ‘elevated place, hill’) is, he says, to be rejected (on theological grounds, though).
▪ Jeffery1938, 276: »Usually the word is taken to be from √NBʔ ‘to bring news’ (as-Sijistānī, 312), though some thought it was from a meaning of that root ‘to be high’.⁵ – Fraenkel, Vocab, 20, pointed out that the pl. nabiyyūn, beside the more usual ʔanbiyāʔ, would suggest that the word was a foreign borrowing and that it was taken from the older religions has been generally accepted by modern scholarship.⁶ Sprenger, Leben, ii, 251, would derive it from the Hbr nāḇī(ʔ), and this view has commended itself to many scholars.⁷ There are serious objections to it, however, on the ground of form, and as Wright has pointed out,⁸ it is the Aram nəḇiyyā, which by the dropping of the sign for emphatic state, gives us the form we need. Thus there can be little doubt that nabiyy, like Eth [Gz] nabīy (Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 34), is from the Aram,⁹ and probably from JudAram rather than from Syr nᵊḇīyā. It was seemingly known to the Arabs long before Muḥammad’s day,¹⁰ and occurs, probably of Mani himself, in the Manichaean fragments (Salemann, Manichaeische Studien, i, 97).«
▪ Schall 1982: from Hbr nāḇī(ʔ) ‘prophet’.
▪ Huehnergard2011: Hbr nāḇî(ʔ) ‘prophet’ (originally, ‘one named, summoned by a god’).¹¹ Hbr (and, in general, Sem) *qatīl nouns are stative, resultative, or passive in meaning.
▪ Huehnergard1999: uncomplicated reconstruction of Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim’ (similar meaning also in NWSem and > Hbr). »Since […] *qatīl agent nouns of transitive roots are uniformly passive in Hbr, Hbr morphology and semantics lead us inevitably to conclude that nābîʔ too is passive rather […] and means ‘the one called/named’ by a god, just as we find in parallel Akk expressions such as (literary) oBab nabiʔu DN ‘the one named/called by DN’.¹² «
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 – The author thinks that BiblAram nᵊḇîʔ-ā, JudAram nᵊḇiyy-ā, Syr nᵊḇiy-ā, and Ar nabīy ‘prophet’ all are from BiblHbr nāḇî(ʔ) ‘prophet’ (originally a PP signifying ‘named one, appointed one’) and that Gz nabiyy ‘id.’ is from Ar. In contrast, he seems to see the Sem vb.s in direct dependence from Sem *NBʔ.
▪ Pennacchio2014:162 follows Blachère in regarding nabiyy as a loan from Hbr nāḇî(ʔ) ‘prophet’, more precisely from the Jews of the Ḥiǧāz. However, she gives the meaning of the underlying root NBʔ as ‘to be high, elevated’, which most others reject.
▪ Cf. also roots ↗√NBʔ in general and ↗√NBW, as well as ↗nubuwwaẗ.

5. Ibn Durayd, Ishtiqāq, 273; and see Fraenkel, Fremdw, 232, n. 6. Margoliouth, Schweich Lectures, 22, however, thinks that the Hbr is to be explained from the Ar, and Casanova, Mohammed et la Fin du Monde, 39, n., argues that nabiyy is a proper derivation from nbʔ, which is absurd, though Fischer, Glossar, 131, thinks that this root had an influence on the word. So Ahrens, Muhammad, 128. 7. Von Kremer, Ideen, 224; Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 42; Rudolph, Abhängigkeit, 45; Grimme, Mohammed, ii, 75, n. 2; Sacco, Credenze, 116. 8. Comparative Grammar, 46. 9. So Guidi, Della Sede, 599; Horovitz, KU, 47; JPN, 223, seems doubtful whether Hbr or Aram. 10. Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 42. 11. John Huehnergard, “On the etymology and meaning of Hebrew nābîʔ ”, Eretz-Israel 26 (1999): 88-93. 12. E.g., ḫa-am-mu-ra-pí na-bi-ù AN-nim ‘Ḫammurapi, the one named/called by Anum’.

–

► tanabbaʔa, vb. V, to predict, foretell, forecast, prognosticate, presage, prophesy (bi‑ s.th.); tanabbà, to claim to be a prophet, pose as a prophet: denom.

► ^BP#4823nubuwwaẗ, n.f., prophethood, prophecy: denom. (?).
► ^BP#3290nabawī, adj., prophetic, of or pertaining to a prophet or specifically to the Prophet Mohammed: nisba formation.
► tanabbuʔ, pl. ‑āt, n., prediction, forecast, prognostication; prophecy; prognosis: vn. V, denom.
► tanabbuʔī, adj., prognostic, predictive: nisba formation from denom. vn. V.

nubuwwaẗ نُبُوَّة (= nubūwaẗ, *nubūʔaẗ)

ID 846 • Sw – • BP 4823 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʔ, NBW

n.f.

prophethood, prophecy – WehrCowan1979.

Like ↗nabiyy ‘prophet’, nubuwwaẗ ‘prophethood, prophecy’ does probably neither belong to the root ↗NBW (see also ↗nabā ‘to remove, withdraw’) nor to NBʔ in the sense of ‘to be high’, but rather to the homonymous Sem root NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim, summon’, treated s.v. ↗nabaʔ ‘news, message’. Although also the var. nubūʔaẗ (with ‑ʔ‑) occurs, for the value ‘prophethood, prophecy’ the form with ‑w‑ instead of ‑ʔ‑ seems to be the older one in Ar, a fact that supports the theory of an inner-Sem borrowing, most probably from lHbr nəḇūwāh ‘prophecy’, which denotes the ‘office’ of a Hbr nābî(ʔ) ‘prophet’. The latter is obviously a PP from Hbr < Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim’. The latter took form perhaps as an extension in ‑ʔ from a biconsonantal nucleus *NB ‘to call, cry’ (which, according to some, goes back to an AfrAs vb. *nab‑ ‘to call by name’, which in turn may have dissimilated from the Nostr n. *‘nimʔ˅‑ ‘name’).

▪ eC7 Q 57:26 (prophethood) wa-ǧaʕalnā fī ḏurriyyati-himā ’l-nubuwwaẗa wa’l-kitāba ‘and We established for their descendants prophethood and revelations’; see also Q 3:79, 6:89, 24:27, 45:16 ‘prophecy’

▪ Zammit2002: Ø [!].
▪ Jeffery1938: Hbr nəḇūwāh; cf. also JA nəḇūʔəṯā Syr nəḇīyōṯā ‘prophecy’.
▪ For the wider context, cf. ↗nabiyy, ↗nabaʔ, ↗NBʔ, ↗NB.

▪ Jeffery1938, 277 [na buwwaẗ]: »The word occurs only in late Meccan passages (but see Ahrens, Christliches, 34), and always in connection with the mention of the previous Scriptures with which the Arabs were acquainted. It is thus clearly a technical word, and though it may be a genuine development from ↗nabiyy, there is some suspicion that it is a direct borrowing from the Jews. – In late Hbr nəḇūwāh is used for ‘prophecy’ (cf. Neh. vi, 12, and 2 Chron. xv, 8), and in one interesting passage (2 Chron. ix, 29) it means a prophetic document. In Jewish Aram nəḇūʔəṯā also means ‘prophecy’, but apparently does not have the meaning of ‘prophetic document’,¹³ nor is the Syr nəḇīyōṯā so near to the Ar as the Hbr, which would seem to leave us with the conclusion that it was the Hbr word which gave rise to the Ar, or at least influenced the development of the form (Horovitz, JPN, 224).«
▪ Pennacchio2014:162 follows Jeffery and Horovitz in regarding nubuwwaẗ as a loan from lHbr nᵊḇûʔâh ‘prophecy’, taken from the Jews of the Ḥiǧāz.
▪ Cf. also ↗NBW, ↗nabiyy, ↗NB and ↗NBʔ.

13. Horovitz, KU, 73, says it does, and refers to Bacher’s Die exegetische Terminologie der jüdischen Traditionsliteratur, ii, 123, but Bacher gives this meaning of ‘prophetischer Abschnitt’ only for nəḇūʔāh and does not quote any example of it for nəḇūṯā.

–

►

NBT نبت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NBT

“root”

▪ NBT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘plant, vegetation, seedling, to sprout, germinate, (of plants) to shoot out, grow, bring forth, plant, cultivate, cause to grow; the young, to breed, raise, to become of age’

▪ …

–

.

–

NBḤ نبح

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBḤ

“root”

▪ NBḤ_1 ‘to bark, bay’ ↗nabaḥa
▪ NBḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NBḤ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

nabaḥ‑ نَبَحَ , a (nabḥ, nubāḥ, nibāḥ, nabīḥ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBḤ

vb., I

to bark, bay – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to bark’) Akk (nbḫ (u)), Hbr nbḥ a (a), Syr nbḥ a (u), Gz nbḥ – (ā).

…

►tanābaḥa, vb. VI, 1a to bark at each other; 1b to bark simultaneously, answer each other’s barks (dogs, e.g., at night).

►nabḥ, nubāḥ, nibāḥ, nabīḥ, n., barking, bark, baying, yelp(ing): vn. I.
►nabbāḥ, n., barker, yelper: ints. formation.

NBḎ نبذ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NBḎ

“root”

▪ NBḎ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBḎ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBḎ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘portion, small piece; to hurl, discard, cast out, forsake, renounce; to withdraw, retire, retreat to one side’

▪ …

–

.

–

NBZ نبز

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NBZ

“root”

▪ NBZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘title, nickname, derisive or insulting name, descriptive name (usually bad), to call one another names, defame’

▪ …

–

.

–

NBṬ نبط

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NBṬ

“root”

▪ NBṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NBṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘first water obtained from a newly dug well; to elicit, deduce; to well out, issue; the innermost part; Nabateans, to live like, or to claim to be, a Nabatean’

▪ …

–

.

–

NBʕ نبع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʕ

“root”

▪ NBʕ_1 kind of tree ↗nabʕ
▪ NBʕ_2 ‘(to) well, well out, gush forth’ ↗nabaʕa
▪ NBʕ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘spring of water, brook, creek; to flow, to gush out, to issue, to originate’

▪ Are [v1] and [v2] etymologically related?
▪ …

▪ …

▪ NBʕ_1 : …
▪ NBʕ_2 : (Bergsträsser1928, *‘well’:) Akk nambāʔu, Hbr mabbōᵃʕ, Syr mabbōʕā, Gz (nbʕ ‘to weep, cry’).
▪ NBʕ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

…

nabaʕ‑ نَبَعَ, u, i, a (nabʕ, nubūʕ, nabaʕān)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʕ

vb., I

1a to well, well up, gush forth, flow, issue; 1b to rise, spring, originate (river); 2a to emanate (e.g., an odor); 2b to emerge, spring, stem (from) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The fact that Bergsträsser has an entry manbaʕ (see below) instead of nabaʕa suggests that he considers the vb. to be secondary (denominative), not the noun deverbative. But this does not sound very reasonable, ma‑ being a very common prefix for n.loc.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘well’) Akk nambāʔu, Hbr mabbōᵃʕ, Syr mabbōʕā, Gz (nbʕ ‘to weep, cry’).

…

►ʔanbaʕa, vb. IV, to cause to gush forth or flow out: *Š‑stem, caus.

►nabʕ, n., 1 ↗nabʕ; 2 spring, source: may be the etymon proper from which vb. I then would be denom.
►^BP#3856manbaʕ, pl. manābiʕᵘ, n., 1a spring, well; 1b fountainhead, springhead, source, origin: considered an original item by Bergsträsser, but rather a simple maFʕaL formation for n.loc. | manbaʕ zayt, manbaʕ bitrōl, n., oil‑well
►yanbūʕ, pl. yanābīʕᵘ, n., spring, source, well.

For another item from the same root √NBʕ (related to nabaʕa?), cf. ↗nabʕ.

nabʕ نَبْع

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBʕ

n.

1 a tree whose wood was used in arrow‑making; – 2 ↗nabaʕa.

Related to ↗nabaʕa ‘to well, gush out; spring, source’?

▪ …

…

See above, section, CONC.

…

For other (related?) items of the same root, cf. ↗nabaʕa and, for the whole picture, ↗√NBʕ..

NBW نبو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBW

“root”

▪ NBW_1 ‘to remove, withdraw’ ↗nabā .
▪ NBW_2 ‘prophet, prophecy, to prophesy’ ↗nabiyy, ↗nubuwwaẗ, ↗nabaʔ .
▪ NBW_3 ‘to be high, elevated place’: ^†nabwaẗ ↗nabaʔa .
▪ NBW_4 ‘tableboard; table-cloth of palmleaves’: ^†nabiyyaẗ ↗ DISC below.

The root displays a variety of values due to mutual influence and overlapping with ↗NBʔ ‘to be high’ and ↗NBʔ ‘to call, proclaim, etc.’, or with ↗NBY.

–

▪ [NBW_4 (in ClassAr dictionaries often treated s.r. NBY)] Klein1987: postBiblHbr nᵊḇiyyāh ‘sproutings, foliage’ (var. of Mishna nᵊmiyyāh), ? Ar ^†nabiyyaẗ ‘tableboard; table-cloth of palmleaves’. Of uncertain origin, perhaps related to the base NWB ‘to sprout’. This, in turn, seems to be akin to the Mishna var. nᵊmiyyāh, which has been put together with Ar ↗namā ‘to grow’.

▪ Lane treats NBW_1 s.v. NBY.
▪ Gabal2012 thinks that all meanings of NBW can be derived from one basic value (‘protrusion or swelling/inflation due to a—coarse—agglomeration/accumulation inside or a tension that does not allow the body to decrease/flatten’, such as in ^†nabwaẗ ‘high ground, elevated place’). These aspects, however, are treated by others (and also EtymArab) as belonging to NBʔ in the sense of ‘to be high’, see ↗nabaʔa.
▪ Ehret1989#93 regards NBW ‘to remove, withdraw’ as an extension in “inchoative (> tr.)” *‑W from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root ↗*NB ‘to bring out’. Other extensions from the same pre-Sem root: ↗NBṮ ‘to dig out with o.’s hand, clean a well, uproot’, ↗NBǦ ‘to creep out ouf the egg, break forth, flow’, ↗NBḎ ‘to fling out of o.’s hand, cast, reject, let go’, ↗NBŠ ‘to uncover, dig out, dig, bring to light’, ↗NBĠ ‘to appear, come to light, get known, break forth’, ↗NBQ ‘to spurt out of a wound (blood, pus)’, ↗NBW ‘to remove, withdraw’.
▪ NBW_4: Together with postBiblHbr nᵊḇiyyāh ‘sproutings, foliage’, Ar ^†nabiyyaẗ ‘tableboard; table-cloth of palmleaves’¹⁴ may be related to Hbr nwb ‘to sprout’. The Mishna var. nᵊmiyyāh shows that there obviously is an oscillation between NB- and NM-, and this is why ^†nabiyyaẗ not only may be seen together with Ar ↗namā ‘to grow’ (as mentioned by Klein1987), but perhaps also with ↗nabaʔa ‘to be high’ and ↗nabāt ‘plant(s)’.
▪ The obsolete word ^†nabbaẗ ‘disagreeable, abominable smell’ (Hava 1899), arranged by Lane s.r. NBY and said to be »probably a mistake for bannaẗ (and therefore not mentioned by the leading lexicographers), may actually be a (rare) vulgar corrasion of nābiyaẗ ‘repelling’ (PA I f.) (> *nābyaẗ > *nā̆byaẗ = nabyaẗ > *nabʸaẗ > nabbaẗ).

14. Lane: ‘thing like the sufraẗ, made of palm-leave, upon which flour or meal is sifted’.

–

nabā نَبا , u (nabw , nubūw)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NBW

vb., I

to be far off, distant, remote; to move away, withdraw in the distance; to miss (arrow, ʕan the target); to bounce off, rebound, bounce, bound (ʕan from – ʔilà to; ball); to disagree (ʕan with); to be contradictory (ʕan to), to conflict, be in conflict, be inconsistent (ʕan with); to be offensive, repugnant (ʕan to s.o.); to dislike, find repugnant (ʕan s.th.); nabā bi-hī to irk, offend, repel, displease s.o. (of s.th.) | nabā bi-hi ’l-maǧlis, he couldn’t bear sitting on the chair any longer; nabā bi-hā ’l-maḍǧaʕ, she couldn’t stand staying in bed any longer; nabā bi-hi ’l-makān, he felt unable to remain in the place, he became stir-crazy – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ Lane treats a number of items s.v. NBY, not NBW: nabā [written with ʔalif, not yāʔ ] ‘to recoil, revert, glanced off, glance away (ʕan al-ḍarībaẗ from the thing struck with it), without penetrating, or without effect (said of a sword); to be blunt (edge of a sword)’, ‘to recoil, revert (ʕan from s.th.), be repelled (ʕan by) (said of the sight); to recoil, flinch, shrink, be averse (ʕan from s.th.), shun and not accept s.th | ~ ǧanbuhū ʕan al-firāš his side did not rest, was restless, uneasy, upon the bed, it shrank from it’.
▪ Gabal2012 thinks that all meanings of NBW can be derived from one basic value (‘protrusion or swelling/inflation due to a—coarse—agglomeration/accumulation inside or a tension that does not allow the body to decrease/flatten’, such as in ^†nabwaẗ ‘high ground, elevated place’). These aspects, however, are treated by other scholars as belonging to NBʔ in the sense of ‘to be high’, cf. ↗nabaʔa.
▪ Ehret1989#93 regards NBW ‘to remove, withdraw’ as an extension in “inchoative (> tr.)” *‑W from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root ↗*NB ‘to bring out’. Other extensions from the same pre-Sem root: ↗NBṮ ‘to dig out with o.’s hand, clean a well, uproot’, ↗NBǦ ‘to creep out ouf the egg, break forth, flow’, ↗NBḎ ‘to fling out of o.’s hand, cast, reject, let go’, ↗NBŠ ‘to uncover, dig out, dig, bring to light’, ↗NBĠ ‘to appear, come to light, get known, break forth’, ↗NBQ ‘to spurt out of a wound (blood, pus)’, ↗NBW ‘to remove, withdraw’.
▪ For ^†nabwaẗ ‘elevated place’ see ↗nabaʔa.
▪ The obsolete word ^†nabbaẗ ‘disagreeable, abominable smell’ (Hava 1899), arranged by Lane s.r. NBY and said to be »probably a mistake for bannaẗ (and therefore not mentioned by the leading lexicographers), may actually be a (rare) vulgar corrasion of nābiyaẗ ‘repelling’ (PA I f.) (> *nābyaẗ > *nā̆byaẗ = nabyaẗ > *nabʸaẗ > nabbaẗ).
▪ For ^†nabiyyaẗ ‘tableboard; table-cloth of palmleaves’¹⁵ cf. DISC in ↗NBW.

15. Lane: ‘thing like the sufraẗ, made of palm-leave, upon which flour or meal is sifted’.

–

► ^†nabbaẗ, n.f., disagreeable, abominable smell: perhaps a vulgar corrasion of nābiyaẗ ‘repelling’; if so, then it is originally a PA I f. of nabā, cf. DISC above.
► ^†nabwaẗ, n.f., elevated place: see DISC above, and ↗nabaʔa.
► ^BP#4823nubuwwaẗ: grouped s.r. NBW in WehrCowan1979 but belonging to the complex of ‘calling, appointing, naming’ treated under ↗nabaʔ (though probably not derived directly from there); cf. also ↗nabiyy and own entry ↗nubuwwaẗ.
► ^BP#813nabiyy (= nabīy): grouped s.r. √NBW in WehrCowan1979 but belonging to the complex of ‘calling, appointing, naming’ treated under ↗nabaʔ (though probably not derived directly from there); cf. also own entry ↗nabiyy.
► ^†nabiyyaẗ, n.f., tableboard; table-cloth of palmleaves: cf. DISC above, and ↗nabaʔa, ↗nabāt.
► ^BP#3290nabawī ↗nabiyy.
► nābin, det. nābī, adj., repugnant, distasteful, improper, ugly: PA I.

NTQ نتق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NTQ

“root”

▪ NTQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NTQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NTQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to shake; to raise, lift up, overturn, pour out by overturning; (of a camel’s rigging) to become loose’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṮR نثر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NṮR

“root”

▪ NṮR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṮR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṮR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to strew, scatter, sprinkle, spillage’

▪ …

–

.

–

NǦ‑ نج

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦ-

Perhaps a polyvalent 2-cons. root nucleus.

▪ Ǧabal2012: 2219: /n/ nafāḏ bāṭinī laṭīf + /ǧ/ ǧurm kaṯīf ġayr ṣalib => nafāḏ kaṯīf ġayr ṣalib min bāṭin šayʔ ‘breaking through [and welling/pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not solid, from within s.th.’

▪ Ehret identifies 2 homonymous pre-protSem roots:

*NG-_1 ‘to strip’ ↗NǦ- (1) (Ehret1989)
*NG-_2 ‘to seep, ooze’ ↗NǦ- (2) (Ehret1995)

See above, section ENGL.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Note the remarkable closeness between Gabal’s *‘breaking through [and welling/pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. from inside’ and Ehret’s *‘to seep, ooze’ (Ehret1995).
▪ See also DERIV below.

–

According to Ehret, the following 3-cons. roots derive from the two bi-cons. pre-protSem root nuclei:

▪ From pre-protSem *NG ‘to strip’ (Ehret1989 #57):

► + extendative *‑b > ↗^†naǧb ‘to remove the bark from a tree’
► + diffusive *‑r > ↗naǧara ‘to cut or plane wood’
► + iterative *‑p > ↗^†naǧf ‘to shave or polish an arrow’
► + intensive (manner) *‑p ↗^†naǧf ‘to cut down, pull out’
► + finitive *‑l > ↗^†naǧl ‘to blot out, erase, wipe the writing tablet’ (= ^†[v10] of ↗NǦL; cf. also ^†[v10], ibid.)
► + inchoative (> tr.) *‑w > ↗^†naǧw ‘to cut down a tree and strip off its branches, skin a camel’

▪ From pre-protSem *NG ‘to seep, ooze’ (Ehret1995 #613), Cush *ʔangʷ‑/ʔungʷ‑ ‘breast’ (from secreting of milk by the breast), ?Eg ngsgs ‘to overflow’, from AfrAs *‑nugʷ‑ ‘to seep’:

► + Ø > ↗^†naǧǧ ‘to bleed, suppurate’
► + extendative fortative *‑ḫʷ > ↗^†naǧḫ ‘to bring wind and rain’
► + durative *‑d > ↗naǧida ‘to drip with perspiration’
► + noun suffix *‑l > ↗^†naǧl ‘outflowing water, spring; to abound with springs of water’ (vb. < n.) (= ^†[v16] of ↗NǦL)
► + iterative *‑f > ↗^†naǧf ‘to milk (a sheep) well’
► + deverbative *‑w > ↗^†naǧw ‘pouring cloud’

According to Gabal2012, the following 3-cons. roots are formed by extension from the bi-cons. root nucleus *NǦ‑:

► + Ø (pure stem) ↗ ^†naǧǧa ‘to seep, ooze’
► + *‑w > ↗naǧā (naǧw) ‘to save o.s., be rescued, escape’
► + *‑d > ↗naǧd ‘highland, upland, tableland, plateau; the Nejd’
► + *‑s > ↗naǧas ‘impurity, dirt, filth, defilement’
► + *‑m ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight, rise (star)’, naǧm ‘star’

*¹NǦ‑ نجـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦ-

2-cons. root nucleus

*to strip – Ehret1989 #57

See below, section DERIV.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

–

▪ According to Ehret1989 #57, the following 3-cons. roots derive from pre-protSem *NG ‘to strip’:

► + extendative *‑b > ↗^†naǧb ‘to remove the bark from a tree’
► + diffusive *‑r > ↗naǧara ‘to cut or plane wood’
► + iterative *‑p > ↗^†naǧf ‘to shave or polish an arrow’
► + intensive (manner) *‑p ↗^†naǧf ‘to cut down, pull out’
► + finitive *‑l > ↗^†naǧl ‘to blot out, erase, wipe the writing tablet’ (= ^†[v10] of ↗NǦL; cf. also ^†[v9] ‘to rip up, skin an animal from the hocks’, ibid.)
► + inchoative (> tr.) *‑w > ↗^†naǧw ‘to cut down a tree and strip off its branches, skin a camel’

*²NǦ‑ نجـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦ-

2-cons. root nucleus

*to seep, ooze – Ehret1995 #613
*breaking through [and welling/pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not solid, from within s.th. – Gabal2012

See below, section DERIV.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Note the remarkable closeness between Ehret’s *‘to seep, ooze’ and Gabal’s *‘breaking through [and welling/pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. from inside’ (see ↗*NǦ‑)

–

▪ According to Ehret1995 #613, the following 3-cons. roots derive from pre-protSem *ng ‘to seep, ooze’:

► + Ø > ↗^†naǧǧ ‘to bleed, suppurate’
► + extendative fortative *‑ḫʷ > ↗^†naǧḫ ‘to bring wind and rain’
► + durative *‑d > ↗naǧida ‘to drip with perspiration’
► + noun suffix *‑l > ↗^†naǧl ‘outflowing water, spring; to abound with springs of water’ (vb. < n.) (= ^†[v16] of ↗NǦL)
► + iterative *‑f > ↗^†naǧf ‘to milk (a sheep) well’
► + deverbative *‑w > ↗^†naǧw ‘pouring cloud’

▪ According to Gabal2012, the following 3-cons. roots are formed by extension from the bi-cons. root nucleus *NǦ‑:
► + Ø (pure stem) ↗ ^†naǧǧa ‘to seep, ooze’
► + *‑w > ↗naǧā (naǧw) ‘to save o.s., be rescued, escape’
► + *‑d > ↗naǧd ‘highland, upland, tableland, plateau; the Nejd’
► + *‑s > ↗naǧas ‘impurity, dirt, filth, defilement’
► + *‑m > ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight, rise (star)’, naǧm ‘star’

NǦD نجد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NǦD

“root”

▪ NǦD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NǦD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NǦD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hard and high land, plateau, to climb, a well-marked road which is both clear and wide; mean and tough camels; courage, assistance, to overcome’

▪ From WSem *√NGD ‘to become prominent, conspicuous, to drag, lead, travel’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

NǦS نجس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NǦS

“root”

▪ NǦS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NǦS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NǦS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘filth, defilement, desecration, profanity, to soil; a type of amulet or charm used in pre-Islamic Arabia to protect children, incantations’

▪ …

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.

–

NǦL نجل

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦL

“root”

▪ NǦL_1 ‘to beget’ ↗naǧala
▪ NǦL_2 ‘large-eyed, wide (eye), gaping (wound)’ ↗ʔanǧalᵘ
▪ NǦL_3 ‘couch grass, orchard grass (Dactylis; bot.); quitch (bot.)’ ↗naǧīl
▪ NǦL_4 ‘scythe, sickle’ ↗minǧal
▪ NǦL_5 ‘bench vice’ ↗manǧalaẗ
▪ NǦL_6 (ʔNGL) ‘anglification’ ↗ʔangalaẗ
▪ NǦL_7 (ʔNǦīL) ‘gospel’ ↗ʔinǧīl
▪ NǦL_8 (ʔNGūLā) ‘Angola’ ↗ʔanġōlā

Other meanings, now obsolete (as given by Steingass1884 and Hava1899, corroborated by Wahrmund1877; unless stated otherwise, meanings given in French are from Kazimirski1860):

▪ ^†NǦL_9 ‘to rip up, skin (a slaughtered animal) from the hocks’: ^†naǧala, u (naǧl)
▪ ^†NǦL_10 ‘to blot out, erase (a writing), wipe the writing-tablet’: ^†naǧala, i or u (naǧl); ? VIII ^†ĭntaǧala ‘to remove water from the foot of a wall’
▪ ^†NǦL_11 ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (with a foot or leg, e.g., pebbles)’: ^†naǧala, i (naǧl); ? VIII ^†ĭntaǧala ‘to remove water from the foot of a wall’
▪ ^†NǦL_12 ‘to ill-treat s.o.’: ^†naǧala, i (naǧl)
▪ ^†NǦL_13 ‘marcher d’un pas vigoureux’: ^†naǧala, i (naǧl)
▪ ^†NǦL_14 ‘to strike, beat, push, drive’: ^†naǧala, u (naǧl)
▪ ^†NǦL_15 ‘to split, pierce (s.th., bi‑ with a spear); to make and opening in the earth to till (the ground)’: ^†naǧala, i or u (naǧl); ^†naǧl ‘opening made in the earth to plant s.th.’
▪ ^†NǦL_16 ‘outflowing water, spring / eau qui sort du sol’ (LandbergZetterstéen1942)’: ^†naǧl, pl. ʔanǧāl; cf. also ^†naǧala, u (naǧl) and X ^†ĭstanǧala ‘1 to abound with springs of water; 2 to become swampy (ground) / se couvrir d’eau à la surface (se dit du sol marécageux)’, DaṯAr naǧīlaẗ ‘spring, well’ (LandbergZetterstéen1942)
▪ ^†NǦL_17 ‘to combat, fight / combattre, en venir aux mains les uns avec les autres’: VI ^†tanāǧala
▪ ^†NǦL_18 ‘hervorbringen, ans Licht ziehen, bekannt machen | tirer, extraire ou emmener | to disclose; to manifest s.th.’ : ^†naǧala, u (naǧl); cf. also VIII ^†ĭntaǧala ‘to show o.s., appear (and disappear) / apparaître et disparaître aussitôt’; cf. also X ^†ĭstanǧala ‘pousser de dessous terre, paraître à la surface du sol’
▪ ^†NǦL_19 ‘breiter Weg’: ^†naǧl, pl. ʔanǧāl

General remarks
While items NǦL_5–8 obviously are of foreign provenience, relations among the remaining values of the root are as unclear as the etymology of the corresponding items, due to the relative scarcity of Sem or other cognates. It is also not clear whether all can/should be traced back to one single value or etymon, or whether we are dealing with two or more homonymous roots. Opinion differs considerably, even in the case of minǧal ‘scythe, sickle’ (NǦL_4), which some believe to be of ultimately Sum origin while others derive it from Copt, or Eg, or Grk, and again others postulate a Sem *NGL ‘to mow, reap’ and/or put it together with the vb. Ar naǧala, giving the latter’s basic value either as ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’ (^†NǦL_9) or ‘to blot out, erase (a writing), wipe the writing-tablet’ (^†NǦL_10) or ‘to split, pierce’ (^†NǦL_15). – Leslau, Ehret and Orel&Stolbova seem to identify at least two roots: Ehret1989 gives pre-protSem *NG ‘to strip’ as the origin of Ar naǧala in the sense of ‘to blot out, erase, wipe the writing tablet’ (^†NǦL_10), while Ehret1995 reconstructs pre-protSem *ng ‘to seep, ooze’ as the basis of Ar naǧl ‘outflowing water, spring’ and a denom. vb. naǧala ‘to abound with springs of water’ (^†NǦL_16); Orel&Stolbova1994 list a Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to mow, reap’ (> Ar NǦL_4 minǧal ‘sickle’) alongside with Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw’ (> Ar ^†NǦL_11 naǧala ‘to throw away, fling’), both of which with assumed AfrAs predecessors; Leslau1987 associates one Gz ngl (‘to uproot’) with Ar nǧl ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’ (^†NǦL_9) while he does not give an Ar cognate of another, homonymous Gz ngl (‘to become visible’) although its meaning comes close to Ar ^†NǦL_18. The latter’s semantics may also suggest contamination with an N-stem of ↗ǦLW/Y ‘to make clear, plain, clarify’, cf. Ar ĭnǧalà, vb. VII, ‘to become clear, manifest itself’.

NǦL_5–8
▪ NǦL_5: prob. from modGrk μέγγενη ~ μέγκενη /méŋgeni/ ‘bench vice’; perh. a wanderwort.
▪ NǦL_6: created from an assumed 4-rad. root *√ʔNGL along the faʕlalaẗ pattern for vn.s of 4-rad. verbs, cf. TaRǦaMaẗ ‘translation’, from TaRǦaMa, vb. I, ‘to translate, interpret’, from √TRǦM, or TaLFaNa ‘to phone’, from TiLīFūN ‘telephone’, hypothetical root *√TLFN.
▪ NǦL_7: lw., prob. via Gz wangēl, from Grk εὐαγγέλιον euangélion ‘god tidings, gospel’
▪ NǦL_8: Eg spelling of ʔanġōlā ‘Angola’

NǦL_1–4 and ^†NǦL_9–19
▪ One basic thematic idea that possibly is common to several of the non-foreign values seems to be the one given by Ǧabal2012 for the root nucleus *NǦ‑ in general, namely ‘breaking through [and welling/pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not solid, from within s.th. (nafāḏ kaṯīf ġayr ṣalib min bāṭin šayʔ)’, which corresponds, roughly, to Ehret’s (1995) assumption of a pre-protSem *√NG ‘to seep, ooze ’ (↗NǦ‑_2). The values that come closest to this idea would be ^†‘to split, pierce (and thereby cause an opening); (to make an opening in the earth) to till (the ground)’ (^†NǦL_15), ^†‘to show o.s., appear, break through (from down in the soil); to disclose, manifest’ (^†NǦL_18), and ^†‘outflowing water, spring’, hence also ‘to abound with springs of water; to become swampy (ground)’ (^†NǦL_16), perhaps even ‘large-eyed, wide (eye), gaping (wound)’ (NǦL_2, if the eye or wound is seen as *‘opening ’ caused by the *‘penetration, piercing’ of ^†NǦL_15). ^†‘Outflowing water, spring’ could in turn be the source of ‘to beget; offspring’ (NǦL_1, if thought as *‘eruption of sperms, ejaculation’) as well as of ^†‘to combat, fight’ (^†NǦL_17, enemies *‘spurting out, erupting’ into each other). Perhaps also the naǧīl type of grass (NǦL_3) is originally the *‘pullulating (i.e., erupting, and quickly spreading)’ plant. Also the ‘broad path’ (^†NǦL_19) may be a metaphorical or extended use of what originally was a *‘wide opening’ (NǦL_2). – If the *‘breaking through/eruption’ is thought of as accompanied by some vehemence/violence, then also some other items may be connected. But this would be even more speculative – and probably also less convincing than their derivation from…
▪ Orel&Stolbova’s (1994) Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw ’ or Ehret’s (1989) pre-protSem *NG ‘to strip ’ (↗NǦ‑_1). The item that Ehret regards as the direct result of the extension of this nucleus by finitive *‑l is ^†‘to blot out, erase, wipe the writing tablet’ (^†NǦL_10). But why not also ^†‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’ (^†NǦL_9)? The latter is the value Leslau1987 assumes to be akin to Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted’, Soq ngl ‘to make go out’ and Syr naggel ‘to remove’, and hence also to Ar minǧal ‘scythe, sickle’ (NǦL_4) which he thinks is the *‘instrument that removes, uproots’. Given that the movement carried out in ‘blotting out, erasing, wiping the writing tablet’ can be imagined to be a vehement, swift movement away from the speaker, one may also connect ^†‘to throw away, fling, strike off (with a foot or leg, e.g., pebbles); to remove water from the foot of a wall’ (^†NǦL_11), which later may have been generalized into ^†‘to strike, beat, push, drive’ (^†NǦL_14) and hence also ^†‘to ill-treat’ (^†NǦL_12) and ^†‘marcher d’un pas vigoureux’ (^†NǦL_13). – But, again: all this is highly speculative, uncorroborated by sufficient evidence, and all assumptions are at best preliminary.
▪ EtymArab’s hypothesis is that (a) the evidence outside Ar is broad enough to assume a wider Sem and AfrAs dimension and therefore exclude dependence of the root, as a whole, on Sum, Eg, Copt, or Grk, and (b) that, within Sem, the primary value is ^†[v11] ‘to throw away (stones, pebbles, a lance etc.), fling, strike off’ (= Orel&Stolbova1994: Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw’, from AfrAs *n˅gol‑ ‘id.’). This ‘throwing away’ is accompanied by, or carried out with, some violence (hence ^†[v13] ‘marcher d’un pas vigoureux’), typically directed at an animal to chase it (> ^†[v14] ‘to strike, beat, push, drive away’) or a human being (> ^†[v12] ‘to ill-treat’). The chasing may also be carried out with a lance or a spear, and when this is directed against another person, esp. an enemy, we get ^†[v17] ‘to combat, fight’. The attack may result in some ‘splitting, piercing’ (^†[v15]), caused by the weapon. In a next step, ‘splitting, piercing’ gives rise to a number of derived values. On the one hand, there is, once an animal is killed, the splitting of its skin at a certain point of the leg, as an initial opening with the aim of ‘ripping up, skinning (a slaughtered animal) from the hocks’ (^†[v9]) (cf. Ehret1989’s pre-protSem *NG ‘to strip’), a notion that can easily be transferred to the ‘blotting out, erasing (of a writing), or wiping (of the writing-tablet)’ (^†[v10]), which is similar to the removal of the skin in that it is a scraping movement away from the agent. From ‘splitting, piercing’ may also derive the ‘cutting’ carried out by [v4] the ‘sickle’ (cf. Orel&Stolbova1994: Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to mow, reap’, from AfrAs *n˅gil‑ ‘to cut’), perh. crossing the semantics of a loanword (Sum > Akk > WSem) here. On the other hand, the splitting may also cause a wide opening, which is the basic idea of the ‘gaping wound’ and the ‘wide, open eye’ ([v2]) as well as openings in the earth caused by digging, to cultivate crops, or openings happening naturally and spontaneously in the ground or a swamp, causing water to ‘flow out, spring’, hence the values ‘to abound with springs of water’ and ‘to become swampy (ground)’ ^†[v16] (cf. Ǧabal2012’s Ar *NǦ‑ ‘breaking through, eruption’ and Ehret1995’s pre-protSem *NG ‘to seep, ooze’). ‘Erupting’ like water from the ground may also be the copious growth of the [v3] ‘couch grass, orchard grass’, or male sperma when ejaculated from the penis (hence [v1] ‘to beget’), or the sudden ‘appearance (and disappearance)’ of s.th. (^†[v18]). Last but not least, also ^†[v19] ‘broad path’ may originally be simply a ‘wide opening’.

NB: First attestations given only for the values that have become obsolete in MSA. For the others, cf. entries ↗naǧala, ↗ʔanǧalᵘ, ↗naǧīl, and ↗minǧal.

▪ ^†NǦL_9 ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’: first attested in this sense in 723 CE in a verse by ʕUmar b. Laǧaʔ al-Taymī – HDAL (1Jun2020).
▪ ^†NǦL_11 ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (with a foot or leg, e.g., pebbles)’ and ^†NǦL_14 ‘to strike, beat, push, drive’: ^†naǧala ‘to drive (a camel) forward by throwing pebbles on it’, first attested 544 CE in a verse by ʔImruʔ al-Qays b. Ḥuǧr al-Kindī (vn. naǧl 693 CE, al-Zafayān al-Saʕdī) – HDAL (1Jun2020).
▪ ^†NǦL_15 ‘to split, pierce (s.th., bi‑ with a spear); to till (the ground)’: naǧl (spears etc.: causing widely gaping wounds) first attested 545 CE in a verse by Ṭarīfaẗ/Ẓarīfaẗ al-Ḥimyariyyaẗ; corresponding vb. naǧala ‘to hit s.o. with a spear, thereby causing a gaping wound’ 670 CE in a verse by Mulayḥ b. al-Ḥakam al-Huḏalī – HDAL (1Jun2020). – Derived value ‘to dig up the earth to prepare it for agriculture’: first attested 657 CE in a verse by Ibn Muqbil al-ʕAġlānī al-Tamīmī – HDAL (1Jun2020).
▪ ^†NǦL_16 ‘(n.) outflowing water, spring; (vb.) 1 to abound with springs of water; 2 to become swampy (ground)’: ^†naǧl ‘water pouring out from a swamp’, first attested 581 CE in a verse by ʕAmr Ḏū ’l-Kalb b. al-ʕAǧlān al-Huḏalī – HDAL (1Jun2020).

▪ NǦL_1 naǧala ‘to beget’: (?) Gz nagad ‘tribe, clan, kin, stock, kindred, progeny, lineage, family’ (connection suggested by Dillmann 695 and Barth 1893: 33, but considered “doubtful” by Leslau1987: 391). Equally or even more unlikely, according to Leslau1987: 137, is the derivation (suggested by Praetorius1879: 77) of Gz dəngəl ‘chaste (young man), celibate (monk), virgin’ from Ar naǧala ‘to beget’. – Value dependent on ^†NǦL_15 ‘to pierce’ and/or ^†NǦL_16 ‘outflowing water, spring’?
▪ NǦL_2 ʔanǧalᵘ ‘large-eyed, wide (eye), gaping (wound)’: no cognates in Sem or outside Sem. – Akin to ^†NǦL_15 ‘to pierce’ and/or ^†NǦL_16 ‘outflowing water, spring’?
▪ NǦL_3 naǧīl ‘couch grass, orchard grass; quitch’: EgAr naggil, vb. II, ‘1 to free of nigīl; 2 to grass, produce grass, become grassy’. – No obvious cognates outside Ar. – Akin to ^†NǦL_15 ‘to pierce’ and/or ^†NǦL_16 ‘outflowing water, spring’.
▪ NǦL_4 minǧal ‘sickle’: (? Akk niggallu, ningallu,) Hbr maggāl, JudAram maggǝlā, Syr maggəlā, maggaltā ‘sickle’, Mand manglia ‘scythes’, Ar naǧala ‘faucher (les céréales), labourer (la terre)’. – Leslau1987: 392 thinks Ar minǧal is cognate to Ar naǧala ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’ (^†NǦL_9), to which he also puts Soq ngl ‘to make go out’, Syr naggel ‘to remove’, Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted, roll, roll up, make into a ball’ (‘scythe, sickle’ < *‘instrument that removes, uproots’); but he also thinks that it is possible that Gz nagala ‘to roll up’ is to be separated from Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted’. – Fraenkel1886 derives minǧal from naǧala ‘to pierce’ (^†NǦL_15). – Rolland2014: from Copt mančale ‘pickaxe, hoe’, from Grk makélē ~ mákella ‘dto.’, but probably (= Rolland’s »hypothèse personnelle«) also akin to Akk ikkaru ‘plowman, farm laboror; farmer’ (> Ar ↗ʔakkār ‘plowman’), from Sum engar ‘irrigator, farmer’ (< en ‘lord’ + agar ‘field’ – Halloran3.0). – Corriente2008: EgAr mangal, Ar minǧal »do not appear to derive from a rather uncommon verb *naǧala«, so a Copt origin should not be excluded; but more likely from Eg. In contrast, Westendorf2008 thinks Copt mankʸale ~ mančale ‘Hacke, Schaufel’ is from Ar minǧal… – Orel&Stolbova1994 and Militarev&Stolbova2007 see cognates also outside Sem, in some Chad languages: (WCh) Warji ngǝlatǝ-na, Kariya ngalǝta, Miya ngǝlatǝ ‘sickle’; (CCh) Gude ŋgíla ‘knife’, Nzangi ngîla ‘knife, sword’; (ECh) Migama ʔângùl ‘sickle’.
▪ NǦL_5 manǧalaẗ ‘bench vice’: no cognates (loanword).
▪ NǦL_6 ʔangalaẗ ‘anglification’: no cognates (loanword).
▪ NǦL_7 ʔinǧīl ‘gospel’: no cognates (loanword).
▪ NǦL_8 ʔanġōlā ‘Angola’: no cognates (n.topogr.).
▪ ^†NǦL_9 naǧala ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’: Leslau1987: 392 sees Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted; to roll, roll up, make into a ball’ as akin to Ar ^†NǦL_9 as well as Soq ngl ‘to make go out’, Syr naggel ‘to remove’; he also thinks that Ar minǧal ‘scythe, sickle’ (NǦL_4, see above) has to be put here, as *‘instrument that removes, uproots’.
▪ ^†NǦL_10 naǧala ‘to blot out, erase (a writing), wipe the writing-tablet’: no obvious cognates, but perh. to be grouped together with ‘to remove water from the foot of a wall’; perh. akin to ^†NǦL_9 naǧala (see preceding item) and with this also to NǦL_4.
▪ ^†NǦL_11 naǧala ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (with a foot or leg, e.g., pebbles)’: cf. perh. also Ar ^†ĭntaǧala, vb. VIII, ‘to remove water from the foot of a wall’. – No obvious cognates, but perh. to be seen together with ^†NǦL_9, 10 and the following ^†NǦL_12-14, all of which denote a movement carried out with some vigour and intensity, often in a direction away from the speaker. – ? Outside Sem: (WCh) Tangale kwal, Gera ŋwal, Galambu ŋgwál‑, Kulere gyol ‘to throw’ – Militarev&Stolbova2007 (and Orel&Stolbova1994 #1897).
▪ ^†NǦL_12 naǧala ‘to ill-treat, mistreat’: see preceding.
▪ ^†NǦL_13 naǧala ‘marcher d’un pas vigoureux’: see NǦL_10-12.
▪ ^†NǦL_14 naǧala ‘to strike, beat, push, drive’: cf.^†NǦL_10-13.
▪ ^†NǦL_15 naǧala ‘to split, pierce; (to make an opening in the earth) to till (the ground)’: For Fraenkel1886, this is the basic value of naǧala from which, for him, also NǦL_4 minǧal ‘sickle’ derives. – Akin to NǦL_1 ‘to beget’ (< *‘to break through, erupt’) or ^†NǦL_16 ‘outflowing water, spring’ (< *‘water that comes out after having split/pierced/dug up the soil’)?
▪ ^†NǦL_16 naǧl ‘outflowing water, spring / eau qui sort du sol’, and (prob. denom.) naǧala, vb. I, and ĭstanǧala, vb. X, ‘1 to abound with springs of water; 2 to become swampy (ground) / se couvrir d’eau à la surface (se dit du sol marécageux)’, DaṯAr naǧīlaẗ ‘spring, well’: akin to NǦL_1 ‘to beget’ and/or NǦL_15 ‘to split, pierce; to till (the ground)’ (see preceding item)?
▪ ^†NǦL_17 tanāǧala, vb. VI, ‘to combat, fight / combattre, en venir aux mains les uns avec les autres’: metaphorical use of ^†NǦL_16 ‘outflowing water, spring’ (troops etc. seen as *‘spurting out, erupting’ into each other)? If so, the item may also be related to NǦL_2 ‘large-eyed, wide (eye), gaping (wound)’ and ^†NǦL_15 ‘to pierce’ (see above). – See also Ambivalent cases in section DISC below.
▪ ^†NǦL_18 naǧala ‘hervorbringen, ans Licht ziehen, bekannt machen / tirer, extraire ou emmener’: cf. also ^†ĭntaǧala, vb. VIII, ‘to show o.s., appear (and disappear) / apparaître et disparaître aussitôt’, and ^†ĭstanǧala, vb. X, ‘pousser de dessous terre, paraître à la surface du sol’: (?) Gz nagala ‘to be visible, be adorned’, mangal, mangəl ‘that which is visible, adornment’ – not considered as possible cognate of the Ar vb.s by Leslau1987 (s.v. nagala II). – Any relation to the N-stem of ǦLY (ĭnǧalà)? (See also Ambivalent cases, below.) – Or to ^†NǦL_15 ‘to pierce’ and/or ^†NǦL_16 ‘outflowing water, spring’ (in which it might also be akin to NǦL_1 ‘to beget’, NǦL_2 ‘large-eyed’, NǦL_3 naǧīl ‘couch grass’, etc.).
▪ ^†NǦL_19 naǧl ‘broad path’: probably akin to, or an extended use of, ‘opening’ (^†NǦL_2) caused by ‘splitting, piercing’ (^†NǦL_15).

Ambivalent evidence
▪ Syr ngal and naggel ‘to flee, take to flight’ (PayneSmith1903; Brockelmann1895 gives ‘1 devastatus est; 2 emigravit’) do not seem to be akin to any of the Ar values. Cf., however (sub ^†NǦL_9, above) Leslau’s rendering of Syr naggel as ‘to remove’, hence his association of the vb. with Ar naǧala ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’ as well as with minǧal ‘scythe, sickle’ (NǦL_4), as *‘instrument that removes, uproots’.
▪ Most of the DaṯAr items listed by LandbergZetterstéen1942 s.r. √NǦL are certainly not to be considered here, since they are dialectal variations of items from the standard Ar root √NQL, due to realisation of /q/ as [g] (e.g., DaṯAr nagal ‘transporter, décharger’, or tanaggal ‘transporter à plusieurs reprises’). – There are, however, also ʿOmAr negel and DaṯAr ntegel, both ‘to throw/cast o.s. into s.th.’, a value that may come close to Ar tanāǧala (^†NǦL_17) ‘to throw o.s. into combat’ and naǧala ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’ (^†NǦL_11).

▪ For an own attempt at a synthesis, integrating all Ar non-borrowed values, see above, end of section CONC.
▪ For possible deeper (Sem, pre-protSem, AfrAs) dimensions and the evidence put forward by the authors of corresponding theories, see ↗*NǦ‑, ↗*NǦ‑_1 and ↗*NǦ‑_2 (for Ehret); ↗*NǦ‑ and ^†NǦL_16 below (for Ǧabal); ^†NǦL_11 (for Orel&Stolbova’s *‘to throw’) and ^†NǦL_4 (for Orel&Stolbova’s *‘sickle; to reap, cut’).
▪ Like Orel&Stolbova, Dolgopolsky2012 #1582 distinguishes two main Sem values (based on the Ar evidence): a first one corresponding to Ar naǧala, u, ‘to rip up, skin (a beast) from the hocks ^†[v9]; till (the ground) ^†[v15]’, and a second one corresponding to Ar naǧala, i, ‘to erase (a writing)’ ^†[v10], ‘to strike off pebbles’ (camel) ^†[v11], ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ ^†[v15]. – He sees cognates in Chad (MfG ́‑ngɜl‑ ‘cueillir, arracher’, Mf ń̥gʷalala ‘fête de récolte’, ngɜl‑ ‘to cut’) and perh. Eg (Pyr) ngȝ ‘to kill, slaughter’,¹⁶ (GrkRom) ngȝ ‘die Glieder zerfleischen, den Augapfel ausreißen’, and reconstructs Sem *√NGL < AfrAs *√NGL < Nostr *ńogü˹lͅ|ĺ˺˅ ‘to tear out\asunder, pinch, flay’ (reconstructed on account of assumed parallels in other macrofamilies).

▪ NǦL_1 naǧala ‘to beget’, naǧl ‘offspring’: no obvious cognates. – Dillmann and Barth (quoted in Leslau1987: 391) suggested to connect Ar naǧl with Gz nagad ‘tribe, clan, kin, stock, kindred, progeny, lineage, family’; Leslau himself, however, thinks this is »doubtful«. Equally or even more unlikely, according to Leslau1987: 137, is the derivation (suggested by Praetorius1879: 77) of Gz dəngəl ‘chaste (young man), celibate (monk), virgin’ from Ar naǧala ‘to beget’. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: *^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > thereby ^†[v15] ‘split, pierce (s.th.)’ and cause a [v2] ‘wide opening’ > ^†[v16] ‘opening through which water flows out, spring’ > [v1] ‘to beget’ (< *ejaculation of sperma). – There may have happened some contamination with ↗NSL (nasala ‘to beget, procreate, father’, nasl ‘progeny, offspring, descendants’).
▪ NǦL_2 ʔanǧalᵘ ‘large-eyed, wide (eye), gaping (wound)’: no immediately obvious cognates in Sem or outside Sem; but prob. akin to ^†[v15] ‘to pierce, split’ (incl. ‘opening made in the earth to plant s.th.’) and/or ^†[v16] ‘outflowing water, spring’, and perh. also ^†[v19] ‘broad path’. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: *^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > thereby ^†[v15] ‘split, pierce (s.th.)’ and cause a [v2] ‘gaping wound’ > ‘“gaping” eyes, wide opening (in general)’.
▪ NǦL_3 naǧīl ‘couch grass, orchard grass (Dactylis; bot.); quitch (bot.)’: no immediately obvious cognates in Sem or outside Sem. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: *^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > thereby ^†[v15] ‘split, pierce (s.th.)’ and cause a [v2] ‘wide opening’ > to break through this opening, ^†[v18] burst out and spread > grass that does so = [v3] ‘couch grass, orchard grass’. – For other options, cf. main entry, ↗naǧīl.
▪ NǦL_4 ‘scythe, sickle’: Among all the items ascribed to the root √NǦL, Ar minǧal is certainly the most widely discussed one. However, opinion differs considerably as to the possible origin of the word. We may distinguish two main types of theories put forward so far: (a) extra-Sem borrowing, (b) inner-Semitic development, either through inner-Sem borrowing or a common Sem origin.
Ad (a): Extra-Sem borrowing appears likely to some due to the »fact«, as e.g. Corriente2008: 101-2 has it, »that Ar minǧal does not appear to derive from a rather uncommon verb naǧala« and that reflexes of minǧal in Neo-Arabic dialects are relatively rare. (See however below for EtymArab’s ideas on possible inner-Ar dependence.) Also in favour of a borrowing from outside Sem is the scarcity of Sem verbs belonging to Sem √NGL. As a consequence, Sum, Eg, Copt, and Grk etyma have been suggested. A Sum origin is considered possible by CAD for Akk niggallu ~ ningallu ‘sickle’ (from oBab, oAss on) [whence the word may have entered Sem, then with Akk n‑ > WSem m‑; more specifically, one could imagine a development *Sum > Akk > Aram > Hbr, Ar; or *Sum > Akk > Hbr > Aram > Ar]. However, CAD does not specify the alleged Sum etymon. (VonSoden ii 1972 classified Akk niggallu ~ ningallu as »unbekannter Herkunft«, i.e., of unknown provenience, though certainly not originally Akk.) Rolland2014 first reports another theory (Ar < Copt < Grk, see below), then adds his »hypothèse personnelle« that minǧal may also be akin to Akk ikkāru ‘plowman, farm laborer; farmer’ (> Ar ↗ʔakkār ‘plowman’), which is a borrowing from Sum engar ‘irrigator, farmer’ (< en ‘lord’ + agar ‘field’ – Halloran3.0). This etymology seems problematic for phonological reasons: Rolland does not explain why minǧal should have preserved the Sum ‑ng‑, while all other items derived from Sum engar show ‑kk‑; his hypothesis presupposes a more or less direct borrowing of Ar minǧal from Sum, while ʔakkār would have gone through Akk. – A Sum connection is rejected in total by Orel&Stolbova1994 and Militarev&Stolbova2007 in view of the comparative (Sem and AfrAs) data. They think they have found enough cognates, both within and outside Sem, to justify an ultimately AfrAs origin: reconstructing Sem *mi‑/ma‑ngal‑ ‘sickle’, *n˅gil‑ ‘to mow, reap’, and Chad *n˅gi/ula(‑t) ‘sickle’ (WCh *n˅gal‑at‑ ‘sickle’, CCh *n˅g˅l‑ ‘to cut’, *n˅gi/ul(‑at)‑ ‘sickle, knife’, ECh *ʔa‑ngul‑ ‘sickle’), they postulate (1994) AfrAs *n˅gil‑ ‘to cut’, or, slightly more cautiously (2007), AfrAs *ngl ‘to reap’. In any case, the Chad evidence (see COGN) would speak against the theory that assumes a borrowing Sum > Akk > WSem – otherwise the Chad terms would have to be borrowings from Sem. – Zimmern1914 does not mention Ar minǧal or any of its Sem cognates as a borrowing from Akk. Furthermore, if the borrowing was Sum > Akk > WSem, the word-initial sound shift Akk n‑ > WSem m‑ will have to be explained. – A (Grk >) Copt > Ar etymology is reported and supported by Rolland2014, considered possible by BadawiHinds1986 (at least for EgAr mangal ‘type of large sickle’), and discussed in some detail by Corriente2008: Ar minǧal, EgAr mangal ‘sickle’ < Copt mančale ‘pickaxe, hoe’ < Grk makélē ~ mákella ‘id.’. Corriente is reluctant to accept this etymology, given that the instrument signified by the Copt and Grk words is a ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’, while the Ar words mean a ‘sickle’. Furthermore, against a Grk origin would speak the fact that the Egyptians were »established farmers« and one has to wonder why such a people should »borrow the name of an agricultural tool from abroad«. Therefore, Corriente concludes, it is more likely that the borrowing went the other way round and happened much earlier, i.e., from Eg into Grk and Sem. Grk would have preserved the original meaning, while the semantic shift in Sem »might be explained by a borrowing in a time when western Semites still lived mostly as nomads, scarcely interested in agricultural lore«. However plausible this may sound, Corriente does not give us the Eg word of which Copt mankʸale ~ mančale would be the successor and that could have gone into Grk and Sem. The fact is: it seems that there is no such word at all, the Eg terms for ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’ being rather different from Copt mančale or Grk makélē ~ mákella. – Thus, there seems to be only one way out of the dilemma: While Copt mančale may well be from Grk makélē ~ mákella, the Grk item itself should be assumed to be either a completely inner-Grk affair, or a borrowing from a Sem language, most probably Hbr maggāl or Aram maggəlā. Phonologically, this does not look impossible (although the ‑n‑ in Copt mankʸale ~ mančale would have to be explained), and the semantic distance between Sem ‘sickle; scythe’ and Grk/Copt ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’ is not too far. Beekes2009: 894, too, would not exclude that Grk makélē and the Arm markeł ‘mattock’ are both loans »from a common source« (which we think could well have been a Sem language). Moreover, as Ar NǦL_2 and ^†NǦL_15 show, ‘sickle, scythe’ is only a rather specialized development, while a more basic value is *‘to pierce, split’, and thereby ‘make an opening in the earth to plant s.th., till the ground’. So, while Westendorf2008 is probably wrong in assuming that Copt mankʸale ~ mančale is a loan from Ar minǧal, he may have understood that the origin of the Copt word ultimately could be Sem.
Ad (b) Sem origin and inner-Sem borrowing: It is obvious that Hbr maggāl, Syr maggǝlā ‘sickle’, Mand manglia ‘scythes’, and perh. also Akk niggallu ~ ningallu ‘sickle’, are akin to Ar minǧal. If the Akk word is a loan from Sum (see above), the similarity with the WSem words is either a mere coincidence or it was the Akk word that went into WSem. In the light of the Chad evidence, Orel&Stolbova1994/Militarev&Stolbova2007 reject the idea of a borrowing from outside Sem. If one follows their argument (see above), then a Sem *mi‑/ma‑ngal‑ ‘sickle’, *n˅gil‑ ‘to mow, reap’ may be the etymon common to both the ESem (Akk) and WSem terms, all deriving directly from one common ancestor, without inner-Sem intermediates. In contrast, Jeffery1938, for instance, thinks that Ar minǧal is an inner-Sem loan, from Hbr maggāl or Syr maggǝlā. (Jeffery explains the additional ‑n‑ in Ar minǧal as opposed to the Can forms as a common phenomenon in Ar loan-words, cf., e.g., Ar ↗kanf ‘(palm of the) hand’ < Syr kappā, or Ar ↗qunfuḏ ‘hedgehog’ from Hbr qippōd, Syr qupp^əḏā, or Ar ↗ḫinzīr from Hbr ḥzīr, Syr ḥzīrā, etc.). Fraenkel1886 tends to make Ar minǧal dependent on Syr maggəlā (with dissimilation of Syr *‑gg‑ > Ar ‑nǧ‑) because, according to him, the Ar vb. naǧala only means ‘to pierce’ (^†NǦL_15), and the value ‘sickle’ would be difficult to derive from ‘to pierce’. (As the disambiguation section above shows, Fraenkel is completely wrong here: first, because there are many more values than ‘to pierce’; and second, because the sickles used in ancient times may have looked similar to some kind of pickaxes, or hoes, or mattocks, so that his argument is not very strong. Furthermore, the tool designated by a Sem n.instr. (Militarev2002: Sem *mi‑/ma‑ngal‑) formed from the root *NGL was not necessarily always a sickle, but may at some – unfortunately still unattested – stage also have been a sickle-shaped hoe; see below.) – BDB1906 list Hbr maggāl under the hypothetical root Hbr √NGL – there is no corresponding verb, which is why the root itself is said to be »of unknown meaning«! – and mention Ar ^†naǧala, vb. I, ‘to strike, split, pierce’ (^†NǦL_14, ^†NǦL_15) as a probable, though »very infrequent«, cognate; Ar minǧal is put alongside with Hbr maggāl although the Ar word is »possibly from Aram«. – Leslau1987: 392 thinks Ar minǧal is derived from Ar naǧala in the sense of ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’ (^†NǦL_9); however, he does not regard this as an exclusively Ar value but as part of a wider Sem picture to which also Soq ngl ‘to make go out’, Syr naggel ‘to remove’, Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted, roll, roll up, make into a ball’ belong, so that, for Leslau, the Sem ‘scythe, sickle’ etymologically is the *‘instrument that removes, uproots’. – In our opinion, the latter could reflect the stage in the semantic development of items from the root NGL/NǦL in which a Sem word was loaned into Copt and/or Grk, hence the meaning ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’, i.e., tool with which the soil is cultivated (*pierced, split, opened, widened, cf. ^†[v15]). – There seems to have been, in earlier research on minǧal, a kind of “filter bubble” that tended to believe that the semantic distance between ‘sickle’ and the other values found in the Ar root was too big to be explained by derivation; therefore, Sum, Eg, Copt, Grk etyma were voluntarily accepted. But as the above discussion has shown, these etymologies are often rather problematic, so that a dependence of the Sem ‘sickles’ on the value ^†‘to strike, split, pierce; to till (the ground)’ should not be excluded (although the vb. is »rather uncommon« with this meaning, as Corriente2008 has it, or even »very infrequent«, as BDB1906 marks it). –
The Etymology suggested by EtymArab combines elements from both theories discussed above. We think that the term for ‘sickle’ was borrowed from Sum into Akk, then from Akk into WSem, where it however began to interact with an already existing root √NGL/NǦL. Until the moment of borrowing, semantics in the Sem root had developed along the line: ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’ > ^†[v15] ‘to split, pierce (s.th. with a spear)’. From here, two alternatives are possible: a) …> ‘to split = to dig up the earth, till the ground’ > tool used to do so = *‘hoe’ (no attestions for the tool, only for the vb.); b) … > ‘to split = ^†[v9] = to rip up, skin (a slaughtered animal) from the hocks’ > instrument to do so. When the ‘sickle’ then was borrowed into Sem, the term was eventually adapted in form to Sem word patterns (causing initial Sum/Akk n‑ > WSem m‑) and began to interfer with the earlier meanings ‘instrument to pierce, till the ground’ or ‘instrument to skin an animal’, until it superseded as ‘scythe, sickle’.
▪ NǦL_5 ‘bench vice’: BadawiHinds1986 gives the origin of EgAr mangalaẗ as Grk méngelē. This is probably a variant of μέγγενη ~ μέγκενη /méŋgeni/ ‘vice’, according to Wiktionary a loan from Tu méngene ‘press, vice, screw-jack, clamp’ which, according to Nişanyan_27Jan2018, is in its turn from modGrk μάγγανο(ν) /máŋgano(n)/ ~ μαγγάνι /maŋgáni/ ‘calender, machine to calender cloth or linen, mangle, press; winch, windlass’ < (Nişanyan) oGrk μάγγανον /máŋganon/, lit. ‘means for charming or bewitching others, philtre’, but then also ‘block of a pulley’ (LiddellScott1940).
▪ NǦL_6 ‘anglification’: ʔangalaẗ, vn.f., from vb. ʔangala ‘to anglify’, neologism formed after regular pattern for 4-rad. vb.s (FaʕLaLa) from a hypothetical ↗√ʔNGL.
▪ NǦL_7 ‘gospel’: lw., prob. via Gz wangēl from Grk εὐαγγέλιον euangélion ‘god tidings, gospel’, sometimes treated lexicographically as if from a hypothetical ↗√ʔNGL.
▪ NǦL_8 ʔangūlā ‘Angola’: from the n.pr.geogr. (Engl?) Angola, sometimes treated lexicographically as if from a hypothetical ↗√ʔNGL.
▪ ^†NǦL_9 ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’: Leslau1987: 392 thinks that with this value, Ar naǧala is cognate to Soq ngl ‘to make go out’, Syr naggel ‘to remove’, Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted, roll, roll up, make into a ball’ as well as [v4] Ar minǧal ‘sickle’ (*‘instrument that removes, uproots’). – Ehret1989 #57 saw similarities between this and other Ar vb.s such as ^†naǧaba ‘to remove the bark from a tree’, ↗naǧara ‘to cut or plane wood’, ^†naǧafa ‘to shave or polish an arrow’, ^†naǧafa ‘to cut down, pull out’, and ^†naǧā (naǧw) ‘to cut down a tree and strip off its branches, skin a camel’ and reconstructed a bi-cons. pre-protSem root *NG ‘to strip’, from which all these values are thought to be derived by the addition a modifying third radical. – Ehret does not go farther back behind the pre-protSem stage, but the overall situation in Sem and AfrAs seems to allow the assumption of 1-2 earlier stages (etymology suggested by EtymArab): ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’ > ^†[v15] ‘to split, pierce (s.th. with a spear)’ > ^†[v9] ‘to rip up, skin (a slaughtered animal) from the hocks’. In this way, ^†[v9] could be seen as going back to Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw’ and, ultimately, AfrAs *n˅gol‑ ‘id.’, as suggested by Orel&Stolbova1994 (see ^†[v11], below).
▪ ^†NǦL_10 ‘to blot out, erase (a writing), wipe the writing-tablet’: no obvious cognates. – According to Ehret1989, with this meaning Ar naǧala is derived by extension in *‑l from pre-protSem *NG ‘to strip’. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: probably semantic extension of the preceding (^†[v9]), where the blotting out is seen as a kind of scraping off the skin from a slaughtered animal; alternatively, erasing a writing or wiping a writing-tablet could be regarded as a new [v2] “opening” in the sense of new ‘beginning’.
▪ ^†NǦL_11 ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (with a foot or leg, e.g., pebbles) (vb. I); ? to remove water from the foot of a wall (vb. VIII)’: This is perh. the same as ^†[v14] ‘to strike, beat, push, drive’. – Cf., however, Orel&Stolbova1994 #1897 and Militarev&Stolbova2007 where Ar naǧala, i, is thought to derive from a Sem *n˅gil‑ (OrSt) or *n˅gul‑ (MSt2007) ‘to throw’, a reconstruction that has no other foundations in Sem than the Ar evidence¹⁷ but seems to be justified nevertheless, in the authors’ eyes, in the light of what they think to be cognates in WCh *ngwal‑ ‘to throw’, Sem and WCh both deriving from AfrAs *n˅gul‑ (MSt2007) or *n˅gol‑ (OrSt1994) ‘to throw’. While Orel&Stolbova and Militarev&Stolbova assume this ‘throwing away’ to be one out of two basic values, EtymArab tends to regard it as the one on which also these authors’ second basic value, *‘to cut’ (> ‘sickle, to reap’, see [v4] above), may depend, given that ‘cutting’ is very similar to ‘splitting, piercing (s.th., with a spear)’, a value that may have developed from an earlier *‘throwing away’ along the lines described below under ^†NǦL_15.
▪ ^†NǦL_12 ‘to ill-treat’: no obvious cognates. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’ > ^†[v14] ‘to strike, beat, push, drive’ > ^†[v12] ‘to ill-treat’.
▪ ^†NǦL_13 ‘marcher d’un pas vigoureux’: no obvious cognates. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: value immediately dependent on ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’, an activity that is accompanied by some violent movement or carried out with some vehemence.
▪ ^†NǦL_14 ‘to strike, beat, push, drive’: ‘to strike’ is enumerated in BDB1906 alongside with ‘to split, pierce’ (cf. next item, [v15]) as a basic value of the »very infrequent« Ar vb. naǧala. It is perh. identical also with ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (with a foot or leg, e.g., pebbles)’. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: value immediately dependent on, or perh. even identical with, ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’, as this latter seems to be carried out with the aim of driving s.o./s.th. away or keeping s.o./s.th. off; so there is some violence/vehemence involved, as in ^†[v13].
▪ ^†NǦL_15 ‘to split, pierce (s.th., bi‑ with a spear)’: This value is given by BDB1906 as the basic meaning of Ar naǧala. Although the vb. is said to be “very infrequent” in Ar, the authors consider it as one possible source of [v4] Ar minǧal ‘sickle’ (which many regard as a loanword however; see above, NǦL_4). Orel&Stolbova1994 would derive minǧal from a Sem vb. *n˅gil‑ ‘to mow, reap’, the assumed origin of which – AfrAs *n˅gil‑ ‘to cut’ – would be very similar to the idea of Ar ‘to split, pierce’. However that may be, the ‘splitting, piercing’ of ^†[v15] is very likely related to [v2] ‘wide (eyes); open, gaping wound; earth opened to plant s.th.’, ^†[v16] ‘outflowing water’, ^†[v18] ‘to appear, emanate; to disclose, manifest’, and prob. also ^†[v19] ‘broad path’. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: Value [v15] may be immediately dependent on ^†[v11] ‘to throw away (pebbles, a spear, etc.)’, as esp. the spear that is thrown away may cause a ^†[v15] ‘splitting, piercing’ in the person or object hit by it. In its turn, this ‘splitting, piercing’ can be the cause of the ‘wide opening, gaping’ of [v2] that is an important semantic node from which many other values developed. If the ‘splitting, piercing’ is not produced in a body but in the soil, the instrument that does so and that would be called minǧal would be a ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’, a value not attested in Sem but perh. realized in the stage of semantic development where the word went into Grk and Copt (see discussion on NǦL_4, above).
▪ ^†NǦL_16 ‘(n.) outflowing water, spring; (vb.) 1 to abound with springs of water; 2 to become swampy (ground)’: this value corresponds nicely to Ǧabal2012’s bi-cons. Ar root nucleus ↗*NǦ‑ ‘break through, eruption of s.th. thick but not solid from inside’, which is similar to Ehret1995’s pre-protSem *NG ‘to seep, ooze’ (↗*NǦ‑_2), reconstructed on the basis of similarities between ^†[v16] and Ar ^†naǧǧa ‘to bleed, suppurate’, ^†naǧaḫa ‘to bring wind and rain’, ↗naǧida ‘to drip with perspiration’, ^†naǧafa ‘to milk (a sheep) well’, and ^†naǧw ‘pouring cloud’. Together with Cush *ʔangʷ‑/ʔungʷ‑ ‘breast’ (from secreting of milk by the breast) and perh. Eg ngsgs ‘to overflow’, the author suggests a common origin in a hypothetical AfrAs *‑nugʷ‑ ‘to seep’. – Given that Ehret’s reconstruction beyond the Ar/pre-protSem stage cannot build on strong evidence, one could also think of a semantic development along the following line (etymology suggested by EtymArab): ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > thereby ^†[v15] ‘split, pierce (s.th.)’ and cause a [v2] ‘wide opening’ > ^†[v16] ‘opening through which water flows out, spring’.
▪ ^†NǦL_17 ‘to combat, fight | combattre, en venir aux mains les uns avec les autres’: no immediate cognates in Sem. – Etymology suggested by EtymArab: ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > ^†[v15] ‘to split, pierce (s.th., with a spear)’ > thereby cause a [v2] ‘wide opening through which bursts out what is inside’ > ^†[v17] ‘to combat, fight’ (= *‘to “explode, erupt”, burst out into the enemy’). Alternatively, one could think of a “short cut”: ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’ > thereby ^†[v14] ‘to beat, push, hit’ > (s.o. with a spear, etc.) > ^†[v17] ‘to combat, fight’.
▪ ^†NǦL_18 ‘hervorbringen, ans Licht ziehen, bekannt machen | tirer, extraire ou emmener | to disclose, manifest (vb. I); to show o.s., appear (vb. VIII), ‘pousser de dessous terre, paraître à la surface du sol (vb. X)’: Semantic similarity between ^†NǦL_18 and the N-stem (vb. VII) of ǦLW/Y, ĭnǧalà, ‘to reveal itself, be disclosed, become manifest’, is undeniable, so that a dependence of the former on the latter, or an overlapping, should not be too quickly rejected as unlikely or impossible. (One will have to find out whether there are perh. more such cases where vb.s with R₁=N show semantic resemblance/overlapping with form VII of defective or geminated vb.s.). For the time being, it seems safer to assume kinship with other items from NǦL, esp. ^†[v16], with which ^†[v18] shares the idea of s.th. emerging from inside, hence also Ǧabal2012’s *‘break through, eruption of s.th. thick but not solid from inside’. – Accordingly, EtymArab suggests the following etymology: ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > ^†[v15] ‘to split, pierce (s.th., with a spear)’ > thereby cause a [v2] ‘wide opening through which bursts out what is inside’ > ^†[v18] ‘to show o.s., appear’.
▪ ^†NǦL_19 ‘broad path’: no obvious cognates, and difficult to connect even inside the Ar root. But if this value is akin to the others above, then it may have developed along the following line (etymology suggested by EtymArab): ^†[v11] ‘to throw away (a spear, etc.), fling, strike off’ > ^†[v15] ‘to split, pierce (s.th., with a spear)’ > i.e., cause a ^†[v2] ‘wide opening’ > ^†[v19] ‘broad path’ (a path that ‘opens up’ in front of you).

16. Cf. Eg ngȝ ‘töten’, ngȝ ‘brechen; zerbrechen’, ngy ‘zerbrechen; öffnen; hervorbrechen’ – ThLÆ. 17. But should one perh. compare the Gz, Syr and Soq evidence put forward by Leslau2006?

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naǧal‑ نجَل , u (naǧl)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦL

vb., I

to beget, sire, father (a son) – WehrCowan1979

▪ Probably dependent on the idea of a *‘wide opening (through which s.th. flows out, spring)’ (cf. ↗ʔanǧalᵘ), itself seen as the result of some *‘splitting, piercing’, caused by *‘throwing away, flinging, striking off (a spear, etc.)’.
▪ For the latter, Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstructed Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw’ < AfrAs *n˅gol‑ ‘id.’ as hypothetical predecessors.

▪ first attested 628 CE in a verse by al-ʔAʕšà al-Kabīr – HDAL (1Jun2020)
▪ In ClassAr, naǧl is not only attested as ‘offspring, descendants’, but also as ‘water oozing from the ground; flowing water; crowd’ – Hava1899.

▪ Leslau1987: 391 regards as “doubtful” Dillmann’s and Barth’s (1893: 33) theory that would connect Ar naǧl with Gz nagad ‘tribe, clan, kin, stock, kindred, progeny, lineage, family’.
▪ Leslau1987: 137: Equally or even more unlikely is the derivation, suggested by Praetorius1879: 77, of Gz dəngəl ‘chaste (young man), celibate (monk), virgin’ from Ar naǧala ‘to beget’.
▪ The value may be dependent on ^†[v15] ‘to split, pierce’ and/or ^†[v16] ‘outflowing water, spring’ of root ↗NǦL.

▪ As none of the cognates suggested by Dillmann, Barth and Praetorius (see COGN) are particularly convincing, the most probable etymology seems to be, for the time being, a derivation from the notion of an *‘opening through which water flows out, spring’ or a *‘wide opening’ in general, both of which are attested values within ↗√NǦL, cf. ^†[v16] and [v2], respectively; see also ↗ʔanǧalᵘ ‘wide open (eyes), gaping (wound)’. naǧl ‘offspring’ would then either refer to the descendants who “spring” from the same source, or signify the product of the *‘ejaculation of sperma’.
▪ In either case, the etymology matches quite well Gabal’s and Ehret’s idea that this Ar √NǦL should be regarded as an extension in *‑l from a bi-consonantal root nucleus *NǦ‑ (↗NǦ_2), the meaning of which Ehret1995 gave as *‘to seep, ooze’ while Ǧabal2012 described it as the ‘breaking through [and welling/pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not solid, from within s.th.’. Interestingly enough, in ClassAr texts naǧl is not only attested as ‘offspring’, but also as ^†‘water oozing from the ground; flowing water’.
▪ The idea of an ‘opening’ may, in its turn, go back to that of *‘splitting, piercing’, from a still earlier *‘throwing away, flinging, striking off (a spear, etc.)’, d.i., values ^†[v15] and ^†[v11], respectively, in ↗NǦL. For the latter, Orel&Stolbova1994 saw an AfrAs dimension: < Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw’, from AfrAs *n˅gol‑ ‘id.’.
▪ There may have happened some contamination with ↗NSL (nasala ‘to beget, procreate, father’, nasl ‘progeny, offspring, descendants’).

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► naǧl, pl. ʔanǧāl, n., offspring, descendant, scion, son; progeny, issue: vn. I.

naǧīl نجيل

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦL

n.

couch grass, orchard grass (Dactylis; bot.); quitch (bot.) – WehrCowan1979

▪ In addition to naǧīl, which is attested from pre-Islamic times on, there is also a LevAr expression for ‘couch grass’, šilš al-ʔinǧīl. It is hard to decide whether naǧīl may be a ‘re-Arabization’ of the dialectal (šilš al‑) ʔinǧīl or whether the latter is a ‘Christian’ re-interpretation of the former.
▪ However, given that naǧīl also exists in EgAr and has produced denominal vb.s there, EtymArab thinks that LevAr šilš al-ʔinǧīl is secondary. For naǧīl, EtymArab therefore suggests a genuine etymology in which the plant is the *‘grass that breaks through (the soil), “springs” from the earth, and spreads’ (cf. ^†[v18] in root entry ↗√NǦL), itself based on the more general notion of a *‘wide opening’ ([v2], cf. ↗ʔanǧalᵘ ‘wide open [eyes], gaping [wound]’), from *‘to split, pierce (s.th.)’ (^†[v15]), from an original *‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ (^†[v11]).

▪ first attested 609 CE in a verse by Ṭufayl b. ʕAwf al-ʕAnawī – HDAL (1Jun2020)

▪ BadawiHinds1986: EgAr nigīl ‘any of a number of types of grass (including couch grass, Bermuda grass and orchard grass), naggil (vb. II) ‘1 to free of nigīl; 2 to grass, produce grass, become grassy’.

▪ In addition to standard Ar naǧīl ‘bitter plant sought by camels; bastard dittany (bot.)’, Hava1899 lists, under the same root lemma NǦL, also the item šilš al-ʔinǧīl ‘couch grass’, marked as LevAr. This marking as dialectal and the naming of the grass after the Gospel, al‑ ↗ʔinǧīl, may lead to the assumption that naǧīl is just a ‘re-Arabization’ of what originally was a Christian dialectal coining, carried out on the foreign expression to make it conform to a ‘genuine’ Ar root. Most probably it was the other way round, however, and šilš al-ʔinǧīl is a local/regional re-interpretation, originating in Christian circles, of the fuṣḥà term naǧīl. Two points speak in favour of this theory: (a) naǧīl is attested already in pre-Islamic poetry; (b) naǧīl has a cognate in EgAr nigīl, which also has produced some denominative verbs. – Both facts suggest that the term for a specific type of grass was more widespread than only in the Levant.
▪ Although BadawiHinds1986 classify EgAr nigīl and EgAr nagl ‘son’ as from different roots (marked ¹NGL and ²NGL, respectively), EtymArab still thinks the two items, as well as most others in the root, belong together; suggested etymology (for the whole picture, cf. ↗NǦL): *^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > thereby ^†[v15] ‘split, pierce (s.th.)’ and cause a [v2] ‘wide opening’ > to break through this opening, ^†[v18] burst out and spread > grass that does so = [v3] ‘couch grass, orchard grass’.
▪ For *‘throwing away, flinging, striking off (a spear, etc.)’, Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstructed Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw’ < AfrAs *n˅gol‑ ‘id.’ as hypothetical predecessors.

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ʔanǧalᵘ أنْجلُ , f. naǧlāʔᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦL

adj.

large-eyed; large, big, wide (eye); gaping (wound) – WehrCowan1979

▪ Probably dependent on the idea of a *‘wide opening’ (cf. also ↗naǧala ‘to beget; offspring’), itself seen as the result of some *‘splitting, piercing’ (? cf. ↗minǧal ‘sickle’), caused by *‘throwing away, flinging, striking off (a spear, etc.)’.
▪ For the latter, Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstructed Sem *n˅gil‑ ‘to throw’ < AfrAs *n˅gol‑ ‘id.’ as hypothetical predecessors.

▪ first attested 517 CE in a verse by Ǧblẗ (?) b. al-Ḥāriṯ (al-Qālī, ʔAmālī) – HDAL (1Jun2020)

▪ No immediate cognates in Sem or outside. But perhaps akin to other values within ↗√NǦL (see particularly values ^†[v15] and ^†[v16]). See also section DISC, below.

▪ ʔanǧalᵘ does not seem to have cognates with similar semantics in Sem or outside. But it is prob. akin to other values of ↗√NǦL, now obsolete, esp. ^†naǧala ‘to pierce, split (s.th., with a spear); to make an opening in the ground (to plant s.th.), till the ground’ (^†[v15]). The notion of an *‘opening’ is also present in ^†naǧl ‘outflowing water, spring’ or DaṯAr naǧīlaẗ ‘spring, well’ (^†[v16]), in naǧala ‘to beget; offspring’, and, perh., in an obsolete (and hitherto unattested) meaning of ↗minǧal, now ‘sickle’ but at some stage perh. also *‘tool used to make openings in the soil to till the ground’.
▪ The (wide) ‘opening’ can perh. be connected to Ehret1995’s pre-protSem bi-consonantal root *√NG ‘to seep, ooze’ and Ǧabal2012’s bi-cons. Ar root nucleus *√NǦ‑ ‘breaking through [and welling/pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not solid, from within s.th.’.
▪ Etymology suggested by EtymArab: *^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off (a spear, etc.)’ > thereby ^†[v15] ‘split, pierce (s.th.)’ and cause a [v2] ‘gaping wound’, hence also ‘opening’ (in general) > ‘“gaping”, wide open eyes’.

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► ṭaʕnaẗ naǧlāʔᵘ, n.f., a blow causing a gaping wound; heavy blow or thrust

minǧal مِنْجل , pl. manāǧilᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦL

n.

scythe, sickle – WehrCowan1979

▪ Among all the items ascribed to the root √NǦL, Ar minǧal is certainly the most widely discussed. While several scholars assume an external source as the word’s most probable etymology – either extra-Sem (Sum, Eg, Copt < Grk) or inner-Sem (Hbr, Aram, ? < Akk), others make it dependent on values attested for items ‘deriving’ from the same Ar root √NǦL. For EtymArab, two alternatives seem to be the most likely solutions:
▪ Sum > Akk (? > Aram or Hbr) > Ar: This option has to regard the extra-Sem (Chad) parallels that Orel&Stolbova and Militarev&Stolbova take for genuine ‘cognates’, as borrowings from Sem, most probably Ar. From Akk, the ‘sickle’ may have made its way into Ar directly or via Aram or Hbr. A strong point in the theory is the scarcity of *NGL items throughout Sem; at the same time, a weak point is the fact that there are some of those *NGL lexemes, even in SSem, and quite many of them in Ar itself, the semantics of which can hardly be explained as deriving from ‘sickle’ alone.
▪ AfrAs > Sem (? > Akk, Hbr, Aram) > Ar: This option grants Orel&Stolbova’s and Militarev&Stolbova’s Chad parallels the status of genuine cognates and has no problems with the inner-Sem *NGL items either. The question here are mainly the inner-Sem relations, given the semantic diversity within the root (‘solved’ by some through the assumption of at least two homonymous roots).
▪ For the time being, EtymArab favours a combination of the two options, i.e., a loan Sum > Akk > WSem overlapping/crossing with the semantics of a Sem √NGL predating the borrowing. Before the borrowing, the root seems to have developed along the line (for value numbering cf. root entry ↗NǦL): ^†[v11] ‘to throw away, fling, strike off’ > ^†[v15] ‘to split, pierce (s.th. with a spear) – and from here, two alternatives are possible: a) …> to split = ‘to dig up the earth, till the ground’ > (instrument to do so =) *‘hoe, mattock’ > tool that looks similar to such an instrument = ‘scythe, sickle’; b) the development may have gone through ^†[v9] to split = ‘to rip up, skin (a slaughtered animal) from the hocks’ > instrument to do so > instrument to carry out similar operations/movements = ‘scythe, sickle’.
▪ EtymArab tends to exclude the Eg origin suggested by Corriente2008, and also regards the assumption of a Copt (< Grk) source as improbable. Rather, the Copt and Grk words are from a Sem (Hbr, Aram) source (as already suggested by Černý1976).

▪ first attested 600 CE in a verse by ʕAntaraẗ b. Šaddād – HDAL (1Jun2020)

▪ Kazimirski1860: Ar ^†naǧala ‘faucher (les céréales), labourer (la terre)’ (↗NǦL_15]).
▪ Fraenkel1886: Ar minǧal < ^†naǧala ‘to pierce’ (↗NǦL_15]).
▪ Leslau1987: 392 thinks Ar minǧal is cognate to Ar naǧala ‘to remove the skin from a slaughtered animal’ (↗NǦL_9), to which he also puts Soq ngl ‘to make go out’, Syr naggel ‘to remove’, Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted, roll, roll up, make into a ball’ (‘scythe, sickle’ < *‘instrument that removes, uproots’); but he also thinks that it is possible that Gz nagala ‘to roll up’ is to be separated from Gz nagala ‘to be uprooted’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994, Militarev&Stolbova2007 (et al.): (? Akk niggallu, ningallu,) Hbr maggāl, JudAram maggǝlā, Syr maggəlā, maggaltā ‘sickle’, Mand manglia ‘scythes’. – Outside Sem: (WCh) Warji ngǝlatǝ-na, Kariya ngalǝta, Miya ngǝlatǝ ‘sickle’; (CCh) Gude ŋgíla ‘knife’, Nzangi ngîla ‘knife, sword’; (ECh) Migama ʔângùl ‘sickle’.
▪ Corriente2008: EgAr mangal, Ar minǧal »do not appear to derive from a rather uncommon verb *naǧala«, so a Copt origin should not be excluded; but more likely from Eg.
▪ Westendorf2008: Copt mankʸale ~ mančale ‘Hacke, Schaufel’ < Ar minǧal.
▪ Rolland2014: from Copt mančale ‘pickaxe, hoe’, from Grk makélē ~ mákella ‘dto.’.
▪ Rolland2014 (»hypothèse personnelle«): also akin to Akk ikkaru ‘plowman, farm laboror; farmer’ < Sum engar ‘irrigator, farmer’ (en ‘lord’ + agar ‘field’ – Halloran3.0).

▪ There seems to have been, in earlier research on minǧal, a kind of “filter bubble” suggesting that the semantic distance between ‘sickle’ and other values realized in the Ar root √NǦL was too big to be explained by derivation; therefore, the idea that it could be a borrowing was readily accepted, and Sum, Eg, Copt and Grk etyma have been proposed. Apart from the semantic distance just mentioned, the adherents of an extra-Sem origin also point to the scarcity of *NGL items throughout Sem – there are clear cognates only in Hbr and Aram, while the relation to some Gz lexemes is obscure and far from reliable. At the same time, a weak point is the fact that there are some of those *NGL lexemes, even in SSem, and quite many of them in Ar itself, the semantics of which can hardly be explained as deriving from ‘sickle’ alone. Moreover, there may also be extra-Sem cognates (see below).
▪ The weakest of the borrowing hypotheses are probably those that assume a Copt < Grk or an Eg origin, for the simple reason that none of them accounts a) for the shift of meaning from ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’ (Eg, Copt, Grk) to ‘sickle’ (Ar, Hbr, Aram, Akk), and b) for the existence of the extra-Ar ‘sickles’ (Hbr, Aram, Akk) and the many Ar and Sem *NGL items, with a large variety of meanings, suggesting a deep temporal dimension that would have allowed for the development of such a diversity. While Copt mankʸale ~ mančale may indeed be a loan from Grk makélē ~ mákella, it is hardly convincing, in the light of the pre-Islamic attestations of Ar minǧal as well as its Can parallels, that the Copt word should be the source of Ar minǧal – the word existed in Ar before the Islamic expansion to Egypt and intense Copt-Ar contacts. Corriente’s idea that both the Ar and the Grk item might go back to a common Eg (i.e., pre-Copt) etymon can sound more plausible at the first instance. On a closer look, however, it turns out that while Eg, as the language of experienced farmers, of course has a number of words for ‘sickle’ (ȝzḫ, ḫȝb ‘Sichel’, mȝ ‘sichelförmige Holzstange’ – TLÆ) as well as for ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’ (‘Breitblatthacke’ – TLÆ) or ‘chisel’ (mǧȝ.t, ḫnr – TLÆ), none of these qualify as possible ancestors of Grk makélē ~ mákella or Ar minǧal.¹⁸ Therefore, a more likely scenario here is: Eg was not involved at all; the Grk word is a loan from Sem (Hbr maggāl, Aram maggǝlā), and Copt mankʸale ~ mančale a borrowing from Grk, perh. later influenced by Ar phonology (explaining Copt ‑nc‑/‑ng‑ instead of Grk ‑k‑ < Aram ‑gg‑).¹⁹ The semantic difference between Sem ‘sickle’ and Grk/Copt ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’ could be due to a loan at a time when the Sem etymon still also signified an tool used to till the ground. It is not attested as such in any Sem language; but Ar knows the vb. naǧala also with the meaning ‘to till the ground’ (see below), so that the Sem n.instr. formed from a NGL vb., at the time of its borrowing into Grk, may indeed have signified something like a ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’. As Beekes2009 observes, the variant mákella of Grk makélē points to an early borrowing (pre-Grk *‑alʸa), and the cognate Arm markeł ‘mattock’ could indicate that Grk makélē and Arm markeł are »from a common source« (which we think could well have been a Sem language, e.g., Aram). The Sem origin may also help to explain the formal and semantic similarity between Grk makélē ~ mákella and Grk díkella ‘mattock, two-pronged how’ (dí‑ ‘two’ + kellō ‘to drive on, run a ship to land, put to shore, into harbour’) as the result of the cross that has been assumed but for which, until now, »a convincing explanation has not yet been found« (Beekes2009: ibid.).²⁰
▪ In contrast to the Copt < Grk or the Eg etymologies, discussed in the preceding paragraph, both the Sum and the AfrAs > Sem connection have a much higher degree of plausibility – if perh. only in combination with each other. In marking Akk niggallu ~ ningallu ‘sickle’ as a word »of foreign origin«, vonSoden seems to be reluctant to assume a specifically Sum source; irrespective of this, however, it is clear that he thinks the word is not genuine Akk. CAD explicitly identifies the source as Sum (though without naming the Sum word itself; would that be níŋ‑ŋál(‑la) ‘sickle’, as given by Halloran_3.0? Semantics not confirmed by PSD, which renders Sum níŋ‑ŋál(‑la) as ‘possessions’! – Rolland’s »hypothèse personelle« that Akk niggallu ~ ningallu is from Sum engar ‘farmer’ sounds slightly far-fetched and is phonologically problematic). A borrowing from Sum into Akk would make sense also from the cultural-historical point of view: it sounds only natural that the Sem nomads who immigrated into Mesopotamia from the west integrated important agricultural terminology from the language of the experienced Sum farmers into their own idiom. However, as mentioned above, an exclusively Sum etymology can neither explain the large semantic variety within the Sem root NGL nor the AfrAs parallels – it is impossible to make all this dependent on only one initial Sum > Akk borrowing. Although Zimmern1914 does not mention Akk as a source of any WSem NGL item, the semantic and phonological similarity between Akk niggallu ~ ningallu and Hbr maggāl, Aram maggəlā and Ar minǧal is so high that some kind of relation can be taken as a given. However, how exactly the items are related among each other, is difficult or impossible to decide. The borrowing may have happened independently for each of the recipient languages (i.e., Akk > Hbr, Akk > Aram, and Akk > Ar, separately) or first into Hbr or Aram and from there into Ar. In the first case, ‑nǧ‑ in Ar minǧal would be directly from Akk ‑ng‑, in the second, it would be the result of dissimilation of Hbr or Aram ‑gg‑ to Ar ‑nǧ‑. In all these cases, initial Akk ni‑ would have become ma‑/mi‑, probably to make the loanword conform to familiar noun patterns (like the Ar miC₁C₂aC₃ pattern for nomina instrumenti). But even if one assumes a Sum > Akk > WSem borrowing, the semantic variety within WSem NGL as well as the extra-Sem (Chad) parallels remain to be explained. For EtymArab, the most convincing solution to this problem is the assumption of a root √NGL in Sem that predates the borrowing from Akk into WSem so that the borrowed word was interpreted as if from the already existing root √NGL (Militarev2002 suggested Sem *mi‑/ma‑ngal‑). This would explain not only the existence of the Chad parallels but also the replacement of initial Akk n‑ with WSem m‑. It may also account for the difference in semantics between the Copt and Grk words (‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’) and the WSem ones (‘sickle’): one could assume that Grk magélē ~ mágella was the etymon of Copt mancela but was itself a loan from Hbr maggāl or Aram maggəlā at a time when the WSem words still meant something like ‘pickaxe, hoe, mattock’, but that this value later changed to become ‘sickle’ when WSem came into contact with the Akk niggallu ~ ningallu ‘sickle’. In this scenario, Hbr, Aram, and Ar may have lost their original value, which, however, at some time, may indeed still have existed: for Ar, for instance, one can easily assume the existence of a n.instr. *minǧal from an Ar vb. naǧala in the sense (now obsolete, but attested for earlier times) of ‘to till the ground’ (see ^†[v15] in root entry ↗√NǦL), lit., to make a naǧl, i.e., an ‘opening in the earth to plant s.th.’. minǧal is not attested in that meaning, but naǧala and naǧl are.²¹ Moreover, both are probably the result of a semantic shift (owing to the Neolithic revolution and the introduction of agriculture?) from a still earlier ^†‘to split, pierce (s.th., bi‑ with a spear)’ (attested as such in Ar, too, and thought to be the Ar vb.’s most elementary value by Fraenkel1886). – The question that remains to be solved in this theory is the existence of the Chadic parallels meaning ‘sickle’, ‘knife’ or ‘sword’. If ‘sickle’ is not the original meaning in Sem and if both Sem and Chad were from a common AfrAs source, then the Chad items shouldn’t mean ‘sickle’ but *‘instrument to pierce’ or, more specifically, *‘tool used to till the ground’. So, are the Chad parallels perh. no genuine cognates but borrowings from Sem? Or the results of a crossing of a borrowing with earlier semantics, similar to the changes that the Sem words underwent after the borrowing from Sum?

18. The only words that come close to Grk makélē ~ mákella, both phonologically and semantically, are Eg mǧȝ.t ‘chisel’ (ErmanGrapow1921: ‘Meißel, Grabstichel’, > Copt mače ‘chisel, axe, pick’) and, perh., an unidentified Eg ancestor of Copt maḥoul ‘chisel, pick’ – CDO. Both are as unlikely as to imagine Grk makélē ~ mákella as an Eg+Grk composite, from Eg mȝ ‘sichelförmige Holzstange’ + Grk kellō, in analogy to díkella ‘mattock, two-pronged how’. 19. Cf. Vycichl1983 who holds that Copt mankʸale »est certainement d’origine grecque (mákella), peut-être influencé par un terme sémitique.« 20. Cf. Černý1976 who argues that Copt mankʸale ‘pick, hoe’ »might have been as to its meaning influenced by Grk mákella (or makélē), but must come, as its form shows, from Sem […]. From Sem comes evidently also Grk mákella ‘pick-axe with one point’ though Greeks felt the word to come from mía ‘one’ and kéllō ‘to drive on’, and formed díkella ‘two-pronged hoe’ (dís ‘twice’, and kéllō)«, an opinion suggested already earlier by Marco Kabis, “Auctarium lexici coptici Amedei Peyron”, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, (1975): 105, DOI. 21. Cf. Aro1963 who thinks (p. 476) that the Akk, Hbr, Aram and Ar terms look as if they were all based on a Sem »Nomen instrumenti aus einem unnachweisbaren NGL« (a n.instr. formed from a Sem NGL with an hitherto unattested meaning). »Jedenfalls dürfte das Wort alt sein« (In any case, it is likely an old term).

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► minǧalī, adj., sickle-shaped, falciform: nisba formation.

manǧalaẗ منْجلة , pl. manāǧilᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦL

n.f.

bench vice – WehrCowan1979

▪ A borrowing from modGrk, perh. a wanderwort with a modGrk < Tu < oGrk background.

▪ …

▪ No cognates (loanword).

▪ BadawiHinds1986 gives modGrk méngelē as the origin of the EgAr term. méngelē is probably a variant of μέγγενη ~ μέγκενη /méŋgeni/ ‘vice’, according to Wiktionary a loan from Tu méngene ‘press, vice, screw-jack, clamp’ which, according to Nişanyan_27Jan2018, is in its turn from modGrk μάγγανο(ν) /máŋgano(n)/ ~ μαγγάνι /maŋgáni/ ‘calender, machine to calender cloth or linen, mangle, press; winch, windlass’ < (Nişanyan) oGrk μάγγανον /máŋganon/, lit. ‘means for charming or bewitching others, philtre’, then also ‘mangonel’, i.e., a “magic” war machine, specific type of catapult or siege engine used to throw projectiles at a castle’s walls (cf. ↗manǧanīq ‘mangonel, ballista, catapult’), then also ‘block of a pulley’ (LiddellScott1940), probably so called after the pulleys used in the mangonel. Thus, if all the stages just mentioned are correct, we are dealing with a wanderwort that traveled across the Eastern Mediterranean: oGrk > modGrk > Tu > modGrk > Ar, but also into Eur langs (see section WEST, below).

▪ Engl mangonel, n., ‘military engine for hurling stones,’ mC13, from oFr mangonel ‘catapult, war engine for throwing stones, etc.’ (modFr mangonneau), diminutive of mLat mangonum, from vulgLat *manganum ‘machine,’ from Grk mánganon ‘any means of tricking or bewitching,’ said to be from a protIE *mang‑ ‘to embellish, dress, trim’ (source also of oPruss manga ‘whore,’ mIrish meng ‘craft, deception’), but Beekes thinks it might be Pre-Greek. Attested from c. 1200 in Anglo-Lat – EtymOnline.
▪ Engl mangle, machine for smoothing and pressing linen and cotton clothes after washing, 1774, from Du mangel (C18), apparently short for mangelstok, from stem of mangelen ‘to mangle’, from mDu mange, which probably is somehow from vulgLat *manganum ‘machine’ (see mangonel), ‘but its history has not been precisely traced’ [OED] – EtymOnline.

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NǦM نجم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

“root”

▪ NǦM_1a ‘to appear, come in sight, rise (star), begin, commence, set in’ ↗naǧama
▪ NǦM_1b ‘origin, source; to originate, spring, result (from)’ ↗naǧama
▪ NǦM_1c ‘star (also metaph.: celebrity), the Pleiads, constellation, asterism; asterisk’ ↗¹naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ
▪ NǦM_1d ‘to observe the stars, predict the future, practice astrology; astrologer; (EgAr) jinx’ ↗¹naǧǧama
▪ NǦM_1e ‘to pay in instalments; to accomplish (step by step)’ ↗²naǧm
▪ NǦM_1f ‘to cease, be over (cold, rain); to dissolve, disappear, evaporate (cloud)’ ↗²naǧm
▪ NǦM_1g ‘mine, pit’ ↗¹manǧam
▪ NǦM_1h ‘ankle, ankle-bone’ ↗manǧim
▪ ^†NǦM_1i ‘iron-beam of a balance | cette partie de la balance sur laquelle se trouve l’indicateur des poids’ ↗^†minǧam
▪ NǦM_1j ‘well traced road; way out | chemin bien tracé et large’: ^†²manǧam.
▪ NǦM_1k (AlgAr) ‘to have the power, be able to do s.th.; ressources | pouvoir, être en état de faire qc’ ↗naǧām
▪ NǦM_1l/2 ‘plants with no stalk; herbs, herbage, quack\couch grass, quitch’ ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧīl.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘star (particularly Pleiades or the Seven Sisters), instalments, fixed terms, astrology, to tell the future, (of a star) to rise, to appear; plants with no stalk, to sprout; to show up’

▪ √NǦM looks like an exclusively Ar root.
▪ Despite the semantic diversity within the root, all values (except perh. the last in the above list, [v1l/2]) seem to derive from one basic value, prob. [v1a] ‘to appear, come in sight’.
▪ The root may be a specification in ‑M from a bi-consonantal root nucleus *NǦ‑ ‘breaking through [and welling\pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not hard\solid\strong, from within s.th.’

–

▪ Zammit2002: Ø (no cognates in any Sem language)
▪ Nişanyan (s.v. nücum) lists Aram nagəm ‘to appear’ as a parallel, but as already PayneSmith1901 (s.v. Syr NGM) knew, this is an Arabism.

General remarks
▪ The root does not seem to have cognates in any other Sem language (no cognates listed in Zammit2002) nor outside Sem.
▪ Nişanyan (s.v. nücum) lists Aram nagəm ‘to appear’ as a parallel, but as already PayneSmith1901 (s.v. Syr NGM) knew, this is an Arabism.
▪ BadawiHinds1986 identify (for EgAr) two NGM roots, marked ¹NGM (comprising EgAr nagam, nagmaẗ, nigmaẗ) and ²NGM (mangam only). Cf., however, the discussion of [v1g] ¹manǧam, below.
▪ Gabal2012: According to the author, Ar √NǦM is composed of the bi-cons. root nucleus *NǦ‑ ‘breaking through [and welling\pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not hard\solid\strong, from within s.th.’ (nafāḏ kaṯīf ġayr šadīd min bāṭin al-šayʔ) (see ↗*NǦ‑_2) and a modifying R₃ *‑M, adding the notion of *‘closing\rewelding a gaping opening over what is inside’ (ĭltiʔām ẓāhir al-ǧurm ʕalà mā fī ǧawfih), together producing the basic meaning of *‘partial breaking through of s.th. soft\fine through a closed\covered\rewelded surface’ (nafāḏ ǧuzʔī ʔay daqīq min saṭḥ multaʔim). Other roots/items containing the same nucleus (Qur’anic only) are: ^†naǧǧa ‘to seep, ooze’, ↗naǧā (naǧw) ‘to save o.s., be rescued, escape’, ↗naǧd ‘highland, upland, tableland, plateau; the Nejd’, and ↗naǧas ‘impurity, dirt, filth, defilement’.
▪ Most values seem to be dependent on either [v1a] ‘to appear, come in sight’ or [v1c] ‘star’. It is hard to decide which of the two is the primary one, whether the vb. is denominal or the n. is deverbal; the latter seems slightly more likely (see details below, s.v. [v1a]). – For the link between these and [v1g] ‘mine, pit’ as well as [v1l/2] ‘plants with no stalk; herbs, herbage, quack\couch grass, quitch’, see s.v. below. – Values [v1i] ‘iron-beam of a balance’ and [v1j] ‘well traced road, way out’ remain of obscure semantics.

Individual values (as found, in addition to WehrCowan1979, in Kazimirski1860, Dozy1881, Steingass1884, Hava1899, BadawiHinds1986):
▪ NǦM_1a : naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight, rise (star), begin, commence, set in’, hence also the further meanings in ClassAr, such as ^†‘to break forth, grow (teeth, horns, plants); come forward, come out | surgir (a heretic, an innovator); to ooze (water)’. – It is hard to decide whether this value represents the primary meaning (so that [v1c] would be deverbal, a ‘star’ as *‘the appearing one, rising in the sky’), or whether it is denominal from [v1c] (so that ‘to appear’ would originally be *‘to do the same as a star, i.e., rise, come in sight’). BAH2008, by letting [v1c] feature first in their list, seem to favour the idea that the vb. [v1a] is denominal. The fact, however, that all other Sem languages use other words for ‘star’ (all akin to Ar ↗kawkab) rather points to secondary nature of naǧm.
▪ NǦM_1b : naǧama ‘to originate, spring, result (from)’; cf. also ^†naǧm ‘certain\true origin | origine certaine et authentique, non contestée’; ^†laysa li-hāḏā ’l-ḥadīṯ naǧm, expr., ‘this information is groundless, i.e., il n’y a rien de vrai, de sérieux dans ceci’. – The value depends on [v1a], indicating the *‘place where s.th. appears from, where s.th. originates from’.
▪ NǦM_1c : ¹naǧm ‘star (also metaph.: celebrity), the Pleiads, constellation, asterism; asterisk’; cf. also ^†‘star of nativity, nativity’; yanẓuru fī ’l-nuǧūm, expr., ‘he ponders over what he has to do’; ʕilm al-nuǧūm ‘(lit., science of the stars =) astronomy, astrology’ (see [v1d]); metaphorical use in LevAr ^†naǧmaẗ ‘blaze (i.e., a *star) on a beast’. – As mentioned above, s.v. [v1a], in the light of the absence of Sem cognates of naǧm, this value is likely not the primary value in the root; rather is the ‘star’ dependent on [v1a], originally being *‘the appearing\rising one’.
▪ NǦM_1d : ¹naǧǧama ‘to observe the stars, predict the future, practice astrology’; tanǧīm, ʕilm al-nuǧūm ‘astrology’; naǧǧām, munaǧǧim, mutanaǧǧim ‘astrologer’; (EgAr) nagm ‘jinx’. – Cf. also ^†naǧm ‘horoscope, prediction’. – The value is clearly depending on [v1c] ‘star’, and so is also the special meaning of naǧǧama, ^†‘to expose a little mud to the air [i.e., to the stars] overnight to be able to judge the next flooding of the Nile (use practiced in Egypt)’. – According to HDAL_200620, the earliest attestation of munaǧǧim is from ca. 660 CE (ʕAlī b. ʔAbī Ṭālib), and of naǧm as ‘astrology’ from ca. 732 CE (saying reported by Wahb b. Munabbih).
▪ NǦM_1e : naǧǧama ‘to accomplish s.th. step by step; to pay in instalments’, ²naǧm ‘instalment’. – Cf. also ^†naǧm ‘appointed time, term; pay, wages’; ^†ǧaʕaltu mālī ʕalayhi nuǧūman, expr., ‘I allowed him to pay his debt by instalments’. – Like [v1d], also [v1e] is dependent on [v1c] ‘star’, developed from ^†‘to fix s.th. according to the course of stars, hence, at appointed terms’, hence ‘pay (a debt, wages, etc.) by instalments’ and ‘to accomplish gradually, step by step’, then also ‘to accomplish’ (in general; but this could also be a caus. formation from [v1a], lit. meaning *‘to make appear’), hence probably also [v1k] ‘to be able, have the ability to do s.th.’ (from *‘to be capable of accomplishing s.th. step by step’). – According to HDAL_200620, the value ‘to accomplish s.th. gradually, step by step, at appointed terms’ is attested as early as ca. 609 CE in a verse by the pre-Islamic poet Zuhayr b. ʔAbī Sulmà. From lC7, we have a statement by Ibn ʕAbbās as attestation of the use of nuǧūm as ‘instalments, successive parts’, and another by Saʕd b. ʔAbī Waqqāṣ for munaǧǧam (PP II) in the same sense. The early attestations can certainly be explained from the fact that, as al-Bustānī has it, »the Arabs used to measure time (tuwaqqit) according to the rising of the stars because they did not know how to calculate but remembered the times of the year by natural phenomena [ʔanwāʔ, lit., tempests]. They also called the time at which it [i.e., a tempest etc.] was due [or to be expected], metaphorically, a ‘star’ because its happening was not to be known but by [the observation of] the stars. Then they extended this meaning [even farther], calling also a due payment a ‘star’ because it was due […] at the time when [its] star rose« (1869: 2136).
▪ ^†NǦM_1f : ʔanǧama, vb. IV, and ĭntaǧama, vb. VIII, ‘to cease, be over (rain, cold), clear away (weather) | cesser tout à coup; to dissolve, disappear, evaporate (cloud); se rasséréner, se remettre tout à coup au beau’, cf. ʔanǧamat-i ’l-samāʔ, or absol. ʔanǧamat. – The value is probably dependent on [v1a] ‘to appear, come in sight’, as the sky *‘reappears, comes in sight’ again when the clouds dissolve; alternatively, one may think of a development based on the idea of gradual change and accomplishment expressed in [v1e].
▪ NǦM_1g : ¹manǧam ‘mine, pit’. – The value is a n.loc., apparently derived from either [v1a] (*‘place where s.th. [sc. the metal ore] appears’) or [v1b] (*‘source’ of the metal ore) or [v1c] (*‘place where the metal ore flashes up like stars’).
▪ NǦM_1h : manǧim ‘ankle, ankle-bone’. – Obviously a maFʕiL formation from [v1a], signifying the bone that protrudes (*‘appears, shows) on the sides of a foot.
▪ ^†NǦM_1i : ^†minǧam ‘iron-beam of a balance | cette partie de la balance sur laquelle se trouve l’indicateur des poids’. – Relation to other values not clear. The word is a n.instr., coined along the miC₁C₂aC₃ pattern, and should therefore signify a tool serving to carry out an action designated by the vb. naǧama.
▪ ^†NǦM_1j : ^†²manǧam ‘well traced road; way out | chemin bien tracé et large’. – Relation to other values not clear. The word is a n.loc., so it should indicate the place where an action signified by the vb. naǧama is carried out, or takes place. According to Kazimirski1860 who gives the first meaning of manǧam as ‘source, origine, lieu où la chose naît, où elle apparaît (p.ex. origine de l’erreur, du mal, etc.)’, the original meaning is dependent on [v1a] ‘to appear’ or [v1b] ‘source, origin, to originate’. Is the ‘well traced road’ the *‘road that appears (as a way out)’? The fact that manǧam also can signify a ‘mine, pit’ does not bring any light in this.
▪ ^†NǦM_1k : AlgAr naǧǧam ‘to have the power, be able to do s.th.’, AlgAr naǧām ‘ressources’ (Dozy1881); cf. also DaṯAr naǧǧam ‘to be able to bear (e.g., the cold)’ (Zetterstéen1942). – This value seems to be a further development of [v1e] ‘to accomplish’ or [v1a] ‘to appear’, with emphasis on the ability to accomplish or make appear s.th.
▪ NǦM_1l/2 : ³naǧm ‘plants with no stalk; graminaceous plant, herbs, herbage, quack\couch grass, quitch’; in ClassAr also ^†naǧmaẗ, ^†naǧamaẗ ‘dactylis repens, species of dog-grass’. In ClassAr lexicography, the word is derived from [v1a] ‘to appear’ as the plant simply “appears”, without stalk. This etymology may be true, but there is also conspicuous overlapping with ↗naǧīl. In any case, the value is attested already in pre-Islamic poetry (c. 600 CE), then perh. also in the Qur’an (in one interpretation of Q 55:6).

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naǧam‑ نجم , u (nuǧūm)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

vb., I

1 to appear, come in sight, rise (star), begin, commence, set in; 2 to result, follow, ensue, arise, proceed, derive, originate, spring (min or ʕan from) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The item belongs to a root that seems to be an exclusively Ar root without immediate cognates in Sem or outside. However, the root may be a specification in ‑M from a bi-consonantal root nucleus *NǦ‑ ‘breaking through [and welling\pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not hard\solid\strong, from within s.th.’ (Gabal2012).
▪ At first sight, one may assume dependence of the vb. naǧama on ↗naǧm ‘star’, but given the fact that the latter has no cognates in Sem (where ‘star’ is expressed by words akin to Ar ↗kawkab) it is more likely that naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’ is the primary value, while naǧm an idiosyncratic secondary formation.
▪ [v2] dependent on [v1].

▪ [v1] first attestation <588 CE in a verse by ʕAdiyy b. Zayd al-ʕIbādī – HDAL_200620.
▪ [v2] most frequent in MSA in the PA nāǧim ‘originating, resulting (min, ʕan from)’.
▪ From naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’ are also further meanings, now obsolete but attested in ClassAr, such as ^†‘to break forth, grow (teeth, horns, plants)’, ^†‘to come forward, come out | surgir (a heretic, an innovator)’, ^†‘to ooze (water)’.

▪ Nişanyan (s.v. nücum) lists Aram nagəm ‘to appear’ as a parallel, but as already PayneSmith1901 (s.v. Syr NGM) knew, this is an Arabism.

▪ BadawiHinds1986 identify (for EgAr) two NGM roots, marked »¹NGM« (comprising EgAr nagam, nagmaẗ, nigmaẗ) and »²NGM« (mangam only). But as the discussion of [v1g] in root entry ↗√NǦM shows, there is no reason to think that ¹manǧam ~ EgAr mangam should be from another root than the other items.
▪ Gabal2012: According to the author, Ar √NǦM is composed of the bi-cons. root nucleus *NǦ‑ ‘breaking through [and welling\pouring out, i.e., eruption] of s.th. thick, but not hard\solid\strong, from within s.th.’ (nafāḏ kaṯīf ġayr šadīd min bāṭin al-šayʔ) (see ↗*NǦ‑_2) and a modifying R₃ *‑M, adding the notion of *‘closing\rewelding a gaping opening over what is inside’ (ĭltiʔām ẓāhir al-ǧurm ʕalà mā fī ǧawfih), together producing the basic meaning of *‘partial breaking through of s.th. soft\fine through a closed\covered\rewelded surface’ (nafāḏ ǧuzʔī ʔay daqīq min saṭḥ multaʔim). Other roots/items containing the same nucleus (Qur’anic only) are: ^†naǧǧa ‘to seep, ooze’, ↗naǧā (naǧw) ‘to save o.s., be rescued, escape’, ↗naǧd ‘highland, upland, tableland, plateau; the Nejd’, and ↗naǧas ‘impurity, dirt, filth, defilement’. – Cf. also Ehret’s (1995) assumption of a pre-protSem *NG ‘to seep, ooze’.
▪ Most values in the root √NǦM seem to be dependent on either naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’ or ‘star’ (i.e., values [v1a] and [v1c] in root entry ↗√NǦM, respectively). It is hard to decide whether ‘to appear, come in sight’ is the primary meaning of the root (so that ‘star’ would be deverbal, as *‘the appearing one, the thing that comes in sight in the sky at night’), or whether it is denominal from ‘star’ (so that ‘to appear’ would be, originally, *‘to do the same as a star, namely, to rise, appear, come in sight’). BAH2008, by letting ‘star’ feature first in their list of the values attached to √NǦM in ClassAr, seem to favour the idea that the vb. is denominal. The fact, however, that all other Sem languages use other words for ‘star’ (all akin to Ar ↗kawkab) rather points to a secondary nature of naǧm.
▪ [v2] depends on [v1], focusing on the place where s.th. appears, i.e., its ‘origin, source’ (value attested for the vn. naǧm in ClassAr; cf. also ^†naǧm ‘certain\true origin | origine certaine et authentique, non contestée’ and the idiomatic phrase ^†laysa li-hāḏā ’l-ḥadīṯ naǧm ‘this information is groundless, i.e., il n’y a rien de vrai, de sérieux dans ceci’.

–

▪ Most of the items listed here are rather from the n. ↗¹naǧm (or its f. form, ↗naǧmaẗ) than from the vb. naǧama. However, given that we cannot be absolutely sure whether naǧama is dependent on naǧm or vice versa, the whole spectrum is listed here nevertheless.
▪ Values that are not listed in WehrCowan1979 but found in al-Mawrid (Baalbakki1995), are marked “(M)”.

► naǧama qarnuh, expr., to begin to show: metaphorical use; lit., *his horn appeared.

► naǧǧama, vb. II, 1 to observe the stars; to predict the future from the stars, practice astrology: (D-stem, denom. from ¹naǧm, see ↗¹naǧǧama; 2 to pay in instalments: D-stem, denom. from ²naǧm, see ↗²naǧǧama.
► tanaǧǧama, vb. V, to observe the stars, predict the future from the stars: Dt-stem, denom. from ¹naǧm, intr. of ↗¹naǧǧama.

► ^BP#1019naǧm, n., 1 (pl. nuǧūm, ʔanǧum) celestial body; star; lucky star; constellation, asterism: ↗¹naǧm; 2 (pl. nuǧūm) instalment, partial payment: ↗²naǧm; 3 (coll.) herbs, herbage, grass; (M) quack grass, couch grass, quitch: ↗³naǧm (? = ↗naǧīl).
► ^BP#3363naǧmaẗ, pl. naǧamāt, n.f., star; asterisk (typ.): (singulative?) f. of ↗¹naǧm.
► naǧmī, adj., 1 star-shaped, stelliform, starlike, stellate, stellular, stellar, astral; 2 in instalments, instalment‑ (in compounds): nisba formation from ↗¹naǧm (and/or ↗naǧmaẗ) and ²naǧm, respectively.
► (M) naǧmiyyaẗ, n.f., aster (bot.): abstr. formation in f. nisba ‑iyyaẗ for scientific classification, from ↗¹naǧm; a neol.?
► (M) naǧmiyyāt, n.f.pl., asteroidea (zool.): abstr. formation in f.pl. nisba ‑iyyāt for scientific grouping, from ↗¹naǧm; a neol.?.
► nuǧaymaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., small star, starlet: dimin. of ↗naǧmaẗ.
► naǧām, n., (AlgAr) resources: see ↗s.v.
► naǧǧām, munaǧǧim, ^†mutanaǧǧim, pl. ‑ūn, n., astrologer: n.prof. (I) and PA II, ^†PA V, respectively, from ↗¹naǧm.
► ¹manǧam, pl. manāǧimᵘ, n., 1 source, origin; 2 mine; pit: n.loc., lit., *‘place where s.th. appears, comes in sight’, cf. ↗¹manǧam.
► ^†²manǧam, n., well traced road; way out | chemin bien tracé et large: same morphology as ↗¹manǧam, but semantic relation to √NǦM unclear.
► manǧamī, adj., mining (in compounds): nisba formation from ↗¹manǧam.
► manǧim, n., ankle-bone: maFʕiL formation from naǧama, signifying the bone that protrudes (*‘appears, shows’) on the sides of a foot.
► ^†minǧam, n., 1 = manǧim; 2 iron-beam of a balance | cette partie de la balance sur laquelle se trouve l’indicateur des poids’: relation to other NǦM values not clear; the word is a n.instr., coined along the familiar miC₁C₂aC₃ pattern, and should therefore signify a tool serving to carry out an action designated by the vb. naǧama.
► tanǧīm, n., astrology: vn. II, ↗¹naǧm, ↗¹naǧǧama.
► ^BP#4120nāǧim, adj. originating, resulting (ʕan, min from): PA I [v2].
► manǧūm, adj., starred; marked with a star or asterisk: neol., PP I from a hypothetical *naǧama ‘to mark with a star or asterisk’, denominal from ↗naǧmaẗ.

¹naǧǧam‑ نجّم (tanǧīm)

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√NǦM

vb., II

1 to observe the stars; to predict the future from the stars, practice astrology; 2 to pay in instalments ↗²naǧm, ↗²naǧǧama – WehrCowan1979.

▪ D-stem, denom. from ↗¹naǧm ‘star’ (from ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’).
▪ [v2] ‘to pay in instalments’, too, is related etymologically to the observation of stars, but treated separately here due to distinction in modern semantics.

▪ First attestation of vb. II in the meaning ‘to expect a tempest from the rising of its star’ <748 CE in a verse by the poet Ibn al-Dumaynaẗ, but naǧm in the sense of ‘astrology’, and munaǧǧim ‘astrologer’, are attested earlier (ca. 732 CE in a saying reported by Wahb b. Munabbih, and ca. 660 CE in a saying ascribed to ʕAlī b. ʔAbī Ṭālib, respectively) – HDAL_200621.

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▪ The value is clearly dependent on ↗¹naǧm ‘star’, and so is also the special meaning of naǧǧama, ^†‘to expose a little mud to the air [i.e., to the stars] overnight to be able to judge the next flooding of the Nile (practiced in Egypt)’.
▪ EgAr distinguishes between ni gmaẗ ‘star’and na gmaẗ ‘jinx’. The EgAr vb. I nagam, i, ‘to jinx, put the evil eye on’ (as, e.g., in dōl nās wiḥšīn nagamū-na w-ḥasadū-na ‘they are bad people, they’ve jinxed us and put the evil eye on us’) signifies a magic practice based on the belief in the power of the stars – BadawiHinds1986.
▪ From the observation of the course of the stars and the moments they rise are not only the values ‘to predict the future, (and, in Egypt) the flooding of the Nile’ as well as ‘to practice astrology’, but also ↗²naǧǧama ‘to fix s.th. according to the course of stars, hence, to accomplish s.th. at appointed terms’, and then also ‘to pay in instalments’ (cf. also ^†naǧm ‘appointed time, term’, and ↗²naǧm ‘instalment’). Al-Bustānī1869 explained the relation between the observation of the stars and paying one’s debts by the fact that, as he put it, »the Arabs used to measure time (tuwaqqit) according to the rising of the stars because they did not know how to calculate but remembered the times of the year by natural phenomena [ʔanwāʔ, lit., tempests]. They also called the time at which it [i.e., a tempest etc.] was due [or to be expected], metaphorically, a ‘star’ because its happening was not to be known except by [the observation of] the stars. Then they [sc. the Arabs] extended this meaning [even farther], calling also a due payment a ‘star’ because it was due […] at the time when [its] star rose« (1869: 2136).

–

► tanaǧǧama, vb. V, to observe the stars, predict the future from the stars: Dt-stem, intr. of ¹naǧǧama, denom. from ¹naǧm.

► naǧǧām and munaǧǧim, ^†mutanaǧǧim, pl. ‑ūn, n., astrologer: n.prof. (I) and PA II, ^†PA V, respectively.
► tanǧīm, n., astrology: vn. II.

For other items of the root, see ↗naǧama, ↗²naǧǧama, ↗¹naǧm, ↗²naǧm, ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ, ↗¹manǧam, ↗²manǧam, ↗manǧim, ↗^†minǧam, (AlgAr) ↗naǧām, and, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√NǦM.

²naǧǧam‑ نجّم (tanǧīm)

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√NǦM

vb., II

1 ↗¹naǧǧama; 2 to pay in instalments – WehrCowan1979

▪ D-stem, denom. from ↗²naǧm.
▪ Semantics dependent on ↗¹naǧǧama, the observation of the stars (↗¹naǧm), see DISC below.

▪ First attestation in the meaning ‘to do at appointed terms’ <609 CE in a verse by the pre-Islamic poet Zuhayr b. ʔAbī Sulmà – HDAL_200620.

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▪ The value ‘to pay in instalments’ of naǧǧama is a semantic extension made on the basis of the vb.’s more original value, which is ‘to observe the stars’ (↗¹naǧǧama, from ↗¹naǧm ‘star’). Semantics can be thought to have developed along the line ‘to observe the stars’ > ‘to fix s.th. according to the course of stars, i.e., according to the time at which a certain star (or group of stars) appears in the sky, hence, to accomplish s.th. at appointed terms’ > ‘to pay in instalments’ (cf. also ^†naǧm ‘appointed time, term’, and ↗²naǧm ‘instalment’). Al-Bustānī1869 explained the relation saying that, »The Arabs used to measure time (tuwaqqit) according to the rising of the stars because they did not know how to calculate but remembered the times of the year by natural phenomena [ʔanwāʔ, lit., tempests]. They also called the time at which it [i.e., a tempest etc.] was due [or to be expected], metaphorically, a ‘star’ because its happening was not to be known except by [the observation of] the stars. Then they [sc. the Arabs] extended this meaning [even farther], calling also the due payment [of a debt] a ‘star’ because it was due […] at the time when [its] star rose« (1869: 2136).

–

► naǧmī, adj., 1 ↗¹naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ; 2 in instalments, instalment‑ (in compounds): nisba formation from ↗²naǧm.

For other items of the root, see ↗naǧama, ↗¹naǧǧama, ↗¹naǧm, ↗²naǧm, ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ, ↗¹manǧam, ↗²manǧam, ↗manǧim, ↗^†minǧam, (AlgAr) ↗naǧām, and, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√NǦM.

¹naǧm نَجْم , pl. nuǧūm, ʔanǧum

ID 848 • Sw 74/152 • BP 1019 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.coll.

1 celestial body; star; lucky star; constellation, asterism; 2 ↗²naǧm; 3 ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧīl – WehrCowan1979.

▪ One is tempted to assume that ¹naǧm ‘star’ is the etymon of all (or at least most) lexical items and semantic values encountered in the root √NǦM. However, given that ¹naǧm ‘star’ is without cognates in Sem – in other Sem languages, the term for ‘star’ is expressed by words akin to Ar ↗kawkab – it is more likely that naǧm is an Ar idiosyncrasy, a secondary formation from ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’, literally meaning *‘the appearing, rising one’.
▪ [v2] and [v3] are dependent on [v1] or ↗naǧama: [v2] ‘instalment, partial payment’ is from ‘payment due at an appointed term’, from ‘term (date/time) of the rising of a star, to be known by observation of the stars (↗¹naǧǧama)’, from ¹naǧm ‘star’. [v3] ‘plants with no stalk; herbs, herbage, quack\couch grass, quitch’ may be the *‘plants that appear on the ground like stars, or cover it like stars’ or *‘plants somehow appearing from the ground’ – unless it is the result of a phonological-semantic confusion, due to a merging with naǧl, see ↗naǧīl.

▪ Older pl.s, found in ClassAr dictionaries in addition to nuǧūm and ʔanǧum: ^†ʔanǧām, ^†nuǧum.
▪ [v1] ‘bright star’: first attestation <230 CE in a verse by the pre-Islamic poet ʔAws b. Zayd Manāt al-ʕAbdī – HDAL_200620; then also ▪ eC7 Q 6:97 wa-huwa ’llaḏī ǧaʕala lakum-u ’l-nuǧūma li-tahtadū bihā fī ẓulumāti ’l-barri wa’l-baḥri ‘and He it is who has made the stars for you to use as a guide through the darkness of land and sea’.
▪ naǧm is also attested as ^†‘astrology’, <732 CE, in a saying reported by Wahb b. Munabbih – HDAL_200620. For this value, cf. esp. ↗¹naǧǧama.
▪ Another earlier value of naǧm, ^†‘mine, pit’, has become obsolete now (replaced by ↗¹manǧam). Its earlier use can be explained as either *‘place where s.th. (esp., metal ore) sparkles like stars in the sky’, or *‘place where s.th. (e.g., metal ore) appears, comes in sight’ (↗naǧama).

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▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

► naǧm ḏū ḏanab, n., comet: lit., star with a tail
► nuǧūm al-sīnamā, pl., film stars, movie stars: neol.
► (M) naǧm al-baḥr, n., starfish, sea star: neol.?
► (M) naǧm al-quṭb, al‑naǧm al‑quṭbī, n., Polaris, the North Star, polestar, polar star: …

► naǧǧama, vb. II, 1 to observe the stars; to predict the future from the stars, practice astrology; 2 ↗²naǧǧama: D-stem, denom. from ↗naǧm.
► tanaǧǧama, vb. V, to observe the stars, predict the future from the stars: Dt-stem, denom. from naǧm.

► ^BP#3363naǧmaẗ, pl. naǧamāt, n.f., star; asterisk (typ.) | naǧmaẗ sīnamāʔiyyaẗ, n.f., film star, movie star; naǧmaẗ raqṣ, n.f., ballet star; maraḍ al-naǧmaẗ, n.f., a disease afflicting horses; (M) naǧmaẗ al-baḥr, n.f., starfish, sea star; (M) naǧmaẗ al-ṣabāḥ, n.f., morning glory (bot.): (?singulative) f. of ¹naǧm.
► naǧmī, adj., 1 star-shaped, stelliform, starlike, stellate, stellular, stellar, astral: nisba formation from ¹naǧm and/or naǧmaẗ; 2 ↗²naǧm.
► (M) naǧmiyyaẗ, n.f., aster (bot.): abstr. formation in f. nisba ‑iyyaẗ for scientific classification.
► (M) naǧmiyyāt, n.f.pl., asteroidea (zool.): abstr. formation in f.pl. nisba ‑iyyāt for scientific grouping.
► naǧǧām and munaǧǧim, ^†mutanaǧǧim, pl. ‑ūn, n., astrologer: n.prof. (I) and PA II, ^†PA V, respectively.
► manǧam, pl. manāǧimᵘ, n., 1 source, origin; 2 mine; pit: n.loc., either *‘place where s.th. (e.g., metal ore) sparkles like stars in the sky’, or *‘place where s.th. (e.g., metal ore) appears, comes in sight (↗naǧama)’.
► manǧamī, adj., mining (in compounds): nisba formation from manǧam.
► tanǧīm, n., astrology: vn. II, from ↗¹naǧǧama ‘to observe the stars’, from ¹naǧm.
► manǧūm, adj., starred; marked with a star or asterisk: neol., rather from ↗naǧmaẗ than from ¹naǧm.

For other items of the root, see ↗naǧama, ↗²naǧǧama, ↗²naǧm, ↗³naǧm, ↗²manǧam, ↗manǧim, ↗^†minǧam, (AlgAr) ↗naǧām, and, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√NǦM.

²naǧm نَجْم , pl. nuǧūm

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.

1 ↗¹naǧm; 2 instalment, partial payment; 3 ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧīl – WehrCowan1979.
conc

▪ The value ‘instalment, partial payment’ is derived from ‘payment due at an appointed term’, from ‘term (date/time) of the rising of a star, to be known by observation of the stars (↗¹naǧǧama)’, from ¹naǧm ‘star’.

▪ <687 CE in a statement by Ibn ʕAbbās, saying ʔunzila ’l-qurʔānu ʔilà samāʔi ’l-dunyā ǧumlaẗan wāḥidaẗan ṯumma ʔunzila ʔilà ’l-ʔarḍi nuǧūman ‘the Qur’an was sent down to the world’s heaven as one whole, then it was sent down to earth in instalments’ – HDAL_200620.

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▪ See above, section CONC.

–

► nuǧūman, adv., in instalments: ḥāl‑acc., pl., indicating mode of payment

► naǧǧama, vb. II, 1 ↗¹naǧǧama; 2 to pay in instalments: D-stem, denom.

► naǧmī, adj., 1 ↗¹naǧm; 2 in instalments, instalment‑ (in compounds): nisba formation.

For other items of the root, see ↗naǧama, ↗¹naǧǧama, ↗¹naǧm, ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ, ↗¹manǧam, ↗²manǧam, ↗manǧim, ↗^†minǧam, (AlgAr) ↗naǧām, and, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√NǦM.

³naǧm نَجْم , pl. nuǧūm, ʔanǧum

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√NǦM

n.

1 ↗¹naǧm; 2 ↗²naǧm; 3 (coll.) herbs, herbage, grass; (M) quack grass, couch grass, quitch – WehrCowan1979.

▪ In ClassAr lexicography, the word is explained as ‘plants with no stalk; graminaceous plant, herbs, herbage, quack\couch grass, quitch’ and usually derived from ↗naǧama ‘to appear’, as the plant simply “appears”, without stalk. This etymology may be true, but there is also conspicuous overlapping with ↗naǧīl, so that it may also be the result of a phonological-semantic confusion, due to a merging with the semantics of √NǦL.

▪ <600 CE in a verse by the pre-Islamic poet al-Ḥāriṯ b. Ẓālim al-Murrī al-Ġaṭafānī – HDAL_200620.
▪ Then also ▪ eC7 (plants with no stalk, herbage – in one interpretation of Q 55:6) Q 55:6 wa’l-naǧmu wa’l-šaǧaru yasǧudāni ‘the plants and the trees prostrate (or, fall into the Grand Design)’ – BAH2008.
▪ In ClassAr also attested as ^†naǧmaẗ, ^†naǧamaẗ ‘dactylis repens, species of dog-grass’.

…

See above, section CONC.

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naǧmaẗ نَجْمَة , pl. naǧamāt, nuǧūm

ID 849 • Sw 74/152 • BP 3363 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.f.f., n.un.

1 star; 2 asterisk (typ.) – WehrCowan1979; 3 (EgAr) a jinx – BadawiHinds1986.

▪ Morphologically, naǧmaẗ is a singulative (n.un.), signifying either a single, specific star (from the collective ↗¹naǧm ‘stars’) or one incident of ‘rising, appearing’ (from the vn. naǧm of the vb. ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’).
▪ [v2] is a neologism.
▪ [v3]: EgAr distinguishes between ni gmaẗ ‘star’ and nagmaẗ ‘jinx’ (corresponding vb.: nagam, i, ‘to jinx, put the evil eye on s.o.’, as in dōl nās wiḥšīn nagamū-na w-ḥasadū-na ‘they are bad people, they’ve jinxed us and put the evil eye on us’ – BadawiHinds1986).

▪ …

–

▪ BadawiHinds1986 distinguishes 2 roots: »¹NGM« (comprising ni gmaẗ ‘star’, na gmaẗ ‘jinx’, and nagam ‘to jinx’) and »²NGM« (containing only mangam ‘mine, pit’). Etymologically, however, this distinction does not make sense, as also ‘mine, pit’ (originally, *‘place where s.th., e.g., metal ore etc., appears’) is based on the same ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’ are also ¹naǧm and naǧmaẗ (*‘the rising, appearing one’).

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► naǧmaẗ sīnamāʔiyyaẗ, n.f., film star, movie star: neol.
► naǧmaẗ raqṣ, n.f., ballet star: neol.
► maraḍ al-naǧmaẗ, n.f., a disease afflicting horses: prob. so called after the macula appearing on the sick animal’s skin, cf. LevAr ^†naǧmaẗ ‘blaze (i.e., a *star) on a beast’ – Hava1899.
► (M) naǧmaẗ al-baḥr, n.f., starfish, sea star: original Ar, or a calque?
► (M) naǧmaẗ al-ṣabāḥ, n.f., morning glory (bot.) : original Ar, or a calque?

► manǧūm, adj., starred; marked with a star or asterisk: neol., PP I from a hypothetical *naǧama ‘to mark with a star or asterisk’, denominal from naǧmaẗ.

For other derivatives, see ↗¹naǧm. – For other items of the root, see ↗naǧama, ↗¹naǧǧama, ↗²naǧǧama, ↗¹naǧm, ↗²naǧm, ↗³naǧm, ↗¹manǧam, ↗²manǧam, ↗manǧim, ↗^†minǧam, (AlgAr) ↗naǧām, and, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√NǦM.

¹manǧam منْجم , pl. manāǧimᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.

1 source, origin; 2 mine; pit – WehrCowan1979; 3 ↗^†²manǧam

▪ The word is treated in BadawiHinds1986 (»²NGM«) as if from a separate root, homonymous but to be distinguished etymologically from »¹NGM« (nagmaẗ ‘a jinx’, nagam ‘to jinx, put the evil eye on’), but perh. only because the relation between the two is not so obvious. However, while manǧam in its basic meaning, [v1], clearly is a n.loc., *‘place where s.th. appears, comes in sight, originates from’, coined on the familiar maFʕaL pattern, from ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’, the EgAr ‘jinx’ is only indirectly from the same etymon; see ↗¹naǧǧama ‘to observe the stars; to predict the future from the stars, practice astrology’ (< ¹naǧm ‘star’ < ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’).
▪ [v2] ‘mine, pit’ is either a specialisation of [v1] in the sense of *‘place where metallic ore etc. originates from’, or dependent on ↗¹naǧm ‘star’, as *‘place where s.th. (metallic ore, etc.) comes in sight, sparkling like stars’.
▪ [v3] : see below, section DISC.

▪ …

–

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ Another value of manǧam, now obsolete but attested in ClassAr, namely ^†‘well traced road; way out | chemin bien tracé et large’ (Hava1899, Kazimirski1860; see ↗^†²manǧam), is probably the same as ↗¹manǧam. It is treated separately here nevertheless, due to unclear semantics: how could the value ^†‘well traced road; way out’ be related to either ‘source, origin’ or ‘mine, pit’?

–

► manǧamī, adj., mining (in compounds): nisba formation.

For other items of the root, see ↗naǧama, ↗¹naǧǧama, ↗²naǧǧama, ↗¹naǧm, ↗²naǧm, ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ, ↗²manǧam, ↗manǧim, ↗^†minǧam, (AlgAr) ↗naǧām, and, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√NǦM.

²manǧam منْجم , pl. manāǧimᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.

1 ↗¹manǧam; 2 ↗¹manǧam – WehrCowan1979; 3 ^†well traced road | chemin bien tracé et large – Hava1899, Kazimirski1860.

▪ The word is probably the same as ↗¹manǧam, but treated separately here because of unclear semantics: how could the value ^†‘well traced road; way out’ be related to either ‘source, origin’ or ‘mine, pit’? Riḍà1960 interprets it as maḫraǧ ‘way out’, but this does not help much to explain the word’s etymology either. Given that the primary meaning of manǧam is ‘source, origin, place where s.th. appears, comes in sight’ (n.loc., formed from ↗naǧama ‘to appear’, cf., e.g., ClassAr manǧam al-nahār ‘place where the sun rises’), the ‘well traced road’ is perh. the *‘road that appears (as a way out)’? The fact that manǧam also can signify a ‘mine, pit’ (↗¹manǧam) does not bring any light in this.

▪ …

–

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

^†manǧim منْجِم , pl. manāǧimᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.

ankle-bone – Hava1899

▪ Obviously a maFʕiL formation from ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’, signifying the bone that protrudes (*‘appears, shows’) on the sides of a foot.

▪ Earliest attestation <735 CE in a verse by Ḏū ’l-Rummaẗ – HDAL_200620.

–

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

^†minǧam مِنْجَم , pl. …

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.

iron-beam of a balance | cette partie de la balance sur laquelle se trouve l’indicateur des poids – Hava1899, Kazimirski1860

▪ Unclear semantics. The word is a n.instr., coined along the familiar miC₁C₂aC₃ pattern, and should therefore signify a tool serving to carry out an action designated by the vb. ↗naǧama ‘to appear, come in sight’, so perh. *‘tool that makes the differences appear, indicates whether the weights are in balance or not yet’?

▪ …

–

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

AlgAr naǧām نجام

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NǦM

n.

resources – Dozy1881.

▪ The meaning of AlgAr naǧām and the corresponding vb. II, naǧǧam ‘to have the power, be able to do s.th.’, seems to be the latest stage in a semantic development that goes back, ultimately, to the notion of ‘appearing, coming in sight’ (↗naǧama): > ‘to appear in the sky’ = ‘to rise (stars)’ > ‘star’ (↗¹naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ) > ‘to observe the stars’ (↗¹naǧǧama) > ^†‘to fix s.th. according to the course of stars, hence, at appointed terms’ (↗²naǧm) > ‘to accomplish s.th. at appointed terms, step by step, gradually’ (↗²naǧǧama) > ‘to accomplish (in general)’ (↗²naǧǧama) > ‘to be able, have the ability to accomplish s.th. (AlgAr naǧǧam), to have the resources to do so’ > ‘resources’. Alternatively, the semantics may be based directly on ↗naǧama, vb. I, ‘to appear’: > vb. II = causative formation, lit. *‘to make appear’ = ‘to create, accomplish’ etc.

▪ …

–

See section CONC, above.

–

► naǧǧam, vb. II, (AlgAr) to have the power, be able to do s.th.

For other items of the root, see ↗naǧama, ↗¹naǧǧama, ↗²naǧǧama, ↗¹naǧm, ↗²naǧm, ↗³naǧm, ↗naǧmaẗ, ↗¹manǧam, ↗²manǧam, ↗manǧim, ↗^†minǧam and, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√NǦM.

NǦW نجو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NǦW

“root”

▪ NǦW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NǦW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NǦW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘elevation, highland, a place too high for flooding to reach; to escape, deliver, rescue; speed, to run quickly; to remove dirt from o.s., cleanse o.s.; to cut, flay; to confide, confer in secrecy, consult with one another’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḤB نحب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḤB

“root”

▪ NḤB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḤB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḤB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘vow, to fulfil a vow, (allotted) lifespan, to come to the end of one’s life, death; to weep; danger, to take chances; walking briskly, to work hard; to debate’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḤT نحت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḤT

“root”

▪ NḤT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḤT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḤT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to hew, carve, quarry, chisel, hollow, splinters; disposition, character’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḤR نحر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NḤR

“root”

▪ NḤR_1 ‘upper part of chest, throat; to slaughter; to hit, kill’ ↗naḥr
▪ NḤR_2 ‘to master one’s affairs’ ↗naḥr
▪ NḤR_3 ^†‘first part, beginning; to perform the prayer in the first part of its time’: see DISC below.
▪ NḤR_4 ^†‘to become opposite, to face, confront’: see DISC below.
▪ NḤR_5 ^†‘to pour down heavily’: see DISC below.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘chest, the upper part of the chest, the throat, to slaughter; to strive; to pour down heavily’

The many meanings that the root can take in ClassAr may all go back to naḥr ‘upper part of chest, throat’. The root seems to be Sem, but is scarcely attested.

–

See ↗naḥr.

▪ Badawi2008 gives thrree values of √NḤR in ClassAr: ‘1. chest, the upper part of the chest, the throat, to slaughter; 2. to strive; 3. to pour down heavily’.
▪ The lexicographers derive all other values from ‘to stab, stuck (a camel)’: NḤR_2 ‘to master one’s affairs’ is explained as *‘to be so experienced as s.o. who when slaughtering a camel, hits it exactly where it ought to be hit’; ^†NḤR_3 ‘first part, beginning; to perform the prayer in the first part of its time’ is another transfer of meaning, either of ‘upper part (of body)’ > ‘beginning (of s.th.)’, or (in the case of the early prayer) of the notion of ‘exactness’, to the field of religious duties; ^†NḤR_4 ‘to become opposite, to face, confront’ is *‘to become abreast of’. The value ^†NḤR_5 ‘to pour down heavily’ (only in vb. VI, tanāḥara, said of a cloud that bursts out with water) is not explained but could be interpreted as figurative use as well: rain pours from the cloud like the blood from an animal whose throat has just been cut.

–

naḥr نَحْر , pl. nuḥūr

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NḤR

n.

upper portion of the chest, juncture of chest and neck, throat – WehrCowan1979.

From Sem *naḥ(a)r‑ ‘upper part of the chest’.

▪ …

Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED-1)#196: Te näḥar ‘breast’⁴ , Jib náḥar ‘windpipe and lungs’. »Scarce but reliable attestation in SSem area.«

4. Regarded as an Arabism by some.

Militarev&Kogan2000 (SED-1)#196: Sem *naḥ(a)r ‘upper part of the chest’.

–

► naḥara, u (naḥr), vb. I, to cut the throat (of an animal), slaughter, butcher, kill (an animal): denom.
► tanāḥara, vb. VI, to fight; to kill each other, hack each other to pieces, engage in internecine fighting: denom., recipr.
► ĭntaḥara, vb. VIII, to commit suicide: denom., lit. ‘to cut one’s own throat’.

► naḥr, n., killing, slaughter(ing), butchering: lexicalized vn. of vb. I | yawm al-naḥr Day of Immolation (on the 10th of Ḏū ’l-ḥiǧǧaẗ).
► niḥr and niḥrīr, pl. naḥārīrᵘ, adj., skilled, adept, proficient, versed, experienced (fī in): belonging to the obsolete meaning of vb. I, ^†‘to master (e.g., al-ʔumūr the affairs)’, explained by the classical lexicographers as derived from the original meaning of naḥara, namely ‘to stab (a camel etc.) in its manḥar ’, hence ‘to hit, hurt’ s.o. in exactly the place where he is vulnerable, hence naḥara… ʕilman ‘to master s.th. by knowledge or science’ (cf. Lane 8, 1893).
► naḥīr, adj., killed, slaughtered, butchered: pseudo-PP.
► manḥar, n., throat, neck: n.loc.
► ĭntiḥār, n., suicide: vn. VIII.
► manḥūr, adj., killed, slaughtered, butchered: PP I.
► muntaḥir, adj./n., suicide (person): PA VIII.

NḤS نحس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NḤS

“root”

▪ NḤS_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NḤS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hardship, bad luck; dusty wind, severe cold; copper’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nuḥās نُحاس

ID 850 • Sw – • BP 5837 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NḤS

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NḤL نحل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NḤL

“root”

▪ NḤL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NḤL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘honey bees; free gift; to become emaciated; to purport to be, to claim s.th. false for o.s. (such as a name, a virtue, an excuse)’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

naḥl نَحْل

ID 851 • Sw – • BP 3998 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NḤL

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NḪR نخر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḪR

“root”

▪ NḪR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḪR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḪR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘nostril, to snort; decay, decaying’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḪL نخل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḪL

“root”

▪ NḪL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḪL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḪL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘palm trees, date palms; the select; the dregs, to sieve out, sift’

▪ …

–

.

–

NDː (NDD) ندّ/ندد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√ NDː (NDD)

“root”

▪ NDː (NDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NDː (NDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NDː (NDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘an equal, peer; antagonist; to stand in opposition, slander, bolt, wander, scatter; sandalwood’

▪ …

–

.

–

NDM ندم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NDM

“root”

▪ NDM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NDM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NDM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘remorse, repentance, regret, to be regretful; a drinking partner, an intimate companion’

▪ …

–

.

–

NDW ندو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NDW

“root”

▪ NDW_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NDW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘moisture, dew; goodness, generosity; voice, voice that carries, to call, to seek assistance; to call together, to get together, to assemble, to convene, assemblage, a group of people, a place of gathering for conferring, a consultative group, to take part in such an activity, to consult’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nadwaẗ نَدْوَة

ID 852 • Sw – • BP 1442 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NDW

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

nadaⁿ نَدىً , det. nadà

ID 853 • Sw – • BP 4035 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NDW

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NḎR نذر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḎR

“root”

▪ NḎR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḎR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḎR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘vow, to pledge to God, pledge, consecrate, votive offering; to warn, threaten, admonish, denote; harbinger, herald’

▪ From WSem *√NḎR ‘to vow, consecrate’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

NǦZ نجز

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√NǦZ

“root”

.

▪ …

–

.

–

tanǧīzī تَنْجيزيّ

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√NǦZ

adj.

.

▪ nsb-formation, from tanǧīz, vn. of vb. II naǧǧaza, D-stem

.

NZʕ نزع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NZʕ

“root”

▪ NZʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NZʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NZʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pull out, strip off, pull at; an archer; to incline, take after (a parent); to walk briskly, strive; to desire; to exchange, dispute, controversy’

▪ …

–

.

–

NZĠ نزغ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NZĠ

“root”

▪ NZĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NZĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NZĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘jab, nudge, poke s.o. (with a finger or a spear); to sow dissension, incite hatred, insinuate, defame’

▪ …

–

.

–

NZF نزف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NZF

“root”

▪ NZF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NZF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘haemorrhage, to bleed; to drain, to exhaust; (of drinks and arguments) to run out; to be intoxicated’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nazīf نَزِيف

ID 854 • Sw – • BP 3588 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NZF

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NZL نزل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NZL

“root”

▪ NZL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NZL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dwelling, habitat, to take up residence; hospitality, food offered to guests, provisions; to come down, to disembark, to bring down; flood, rain, stage, rank; combat, duel, to engage in combat; calamity; an attack of ill health, seizure’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nazal‑ نَزَلَ

ID 855 • Sw – • BP 673 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NZL

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

tanzīl تَنْزيل

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√NZL

n.

.

▪ vn., II

.

tanzīlī تَنْزيليّ

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√NZL

adj.

.

▪ nsb-formation, from tanzīl, vn. of vb. II nazzala, D-stem

.

NSʔ نسأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NSʔ

“root”

▪ NSʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘stick, staff, to chide, drive hard (an animal), longevity, postponement, to protract, allow time to pay a debt; strongly intoxicating drink, to cause to forget’. There is some overlap between this root and root ↗NSY due to the alteration in Ar between the semi-vowels w, y and glottal stop ʔ, indicative of dialectical variation or historical sound change.

▪ …

–

.

–

NSB نسب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSB

“root”

▪ NSB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NSB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘kinship, lineage, relationship through marriage, relative; to be equal, to be suitable, to match; a clearly-marked straight road’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nasab نَسَب

ID 856 • Sw – • BP 3879 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSB

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NSḪ نسخ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSḪ

“root”

▪ NSḪ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NSḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to abrogate, to revoke, to remove, to invalidate, to substitute one thing for another; to copy, a copy, to seek to copy.’ – Some scholars claim the word nusḫaẗ is of Akk origin.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nasḫ نَسْخ

ID 857 • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSḪ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

nusḫaẗ نُسْخَة

ID 858 • Sw – • BP 1323 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSḪ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NSR نسر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSR

“root”

▪ NSR_1 ‘eagle, vulture’ ↗nasr ~ nisr
▪ NSR_2 ‘small piece, chip, splint ; to get torn, break’ ↗nasraẗ
▪ NSR_3 ‘beak (of a predatory bird)’ ↗minsar
▪ NSR_4 ‘band, troop, clique’ ↗mansar
▪ NSR_5 ‘fistula, tumor’ ↗nāsūr
▪ NSR_6 ‘jonquil’ ↗nisrīn

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): [nasr] ‘[proper name occurring once in the Qur’an] eagle, vulture; pre-Islamic Arabian idol worshipped by the tribe of Hudhayl and said to have been in the shape of a vulture; the cult is thought to have come to Arabia from Syria and Babylonia (71:23) ‘they say to each other], “Do not renounce your gods—do not renounce Wadd, Suwāʕ, Yaġūṯ, Yaʕūq or Nasr’

▪ It seems that the semantic diversity in the root can be reduced to basically 2 values: [v1] and [v6]. While [v6] is prob. a borrowing from Pers nasrīn ‘wild rose’ – »à moins que ce ne soit l’inverse« (Rolland2014) – the other items are with all likelihood all based on [v1] ‘eagle, vulture’, which is the Ar form of the bird’s name that is very widespread in Sem.
▪ [v1] : from protSem *n˅šr ~ n˅sr ‘eagle, vulture’ – MilitarevKogan2005#166.
▪ [v2] designates, originally, a small piece of flesh a predatory bird tears from the body of its prey.
▪ [v3] is a n.instr. formed from the denom. vb. I, now obsolete, *‘to tear pieces of flesh from the body of a prey like an eagle\vulture does with its beak’ (Lane viii 1893: ^†nasara ‘he [a bird etc.] pluck flesh with his beak’; still attested in a more generalized form in Hava1899: ‘to take off s.th.; to scrape, rub out s.th.’).
▪ [v4] is the result of a transfer of meaning from the eagle\vulture’s beak that ‘precedes’ the bird, onto a smaller group of people that marches ahead of the others (Lane viii 1893: ‘a portion of an army that goes before the main army’, Hava1899: ‘vanguard of an army’).
▪ [v5] is thought to be of foreign (Pers, Syr) origin by some, but can be from [v1] ‘eagle, vulture’, on account of the wounds caused by a predatory bird in the flesh of its prey.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

See above, section CONC.

…

nasr نَسْر , var. nisr, pl. nusūr, nusūraẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSR

n.

eagle; vulture – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *n˅šr ~ n˅sr ‘eagle, vulture’ – MilitarevKogan2005#166.
▪ For the relation of the derivatives to ‘eagle’, see below (section DERIV) and individually, s.v..

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘eagle, vulture’) Akk našru, Hbr néšer, Syr nešrā, Gz nesr.

See above, section CONC.

…

►tanassara, vb. V, 1to get torn; 2 to break, snap: Dt-stem, quasi-pass. (1), intr. (2), orig. likened to an eagle’s plucking flesh from its prey with its beak.
►ĭstansara, vb. X, to become eagle‑like, act like an eagle: *Št-stem

►nasraẗ, n.f., small piece, chip, splint: orig. prob. *‘piece of flesh that an eagle tears out of its prey with its beak’.
►nusāriyyaẗ, n.f., eagle
►nāsūr, pl. nawāsīrᵘ, n., fistula, tumor: perh. a loanword (from Pers, or Syr?; cf. var. writing with ṣ: nāṣūr), but perh. akin to nasr , a tumor that breaks up being likened to the wound caused by an eagle’s beak.
►mansar, var. minsar, mansir, pl. manāsirᵘ, n., band, gang (of robbers, etc.); troop; clique: orig. ‘vanguard of an army’ (Lane viii 1893, Hava1899), so called on account of its marching ahead of the main army, like an eagle’s beak is ‘ahead’ of the bird’s main body.
►minsar, pl. manāsirᵘ, n., beak (of predatory birds): n.instr., from obs. vb. I, ^†nasara *‘to pluck (with the beak) pieces of flesh from the body of a prey’ (Lane viii 1893; cf. also Hava1899: ‘to take off s.th.; to scrape, rub out s.th.’).

▪ For other items of the same root, cf. ↗nisrīn, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√NSR.

nasraẗ نَسْرة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSR

n.f.

small piece, chip, splint – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From ↗nasr~nisr ‘eagle, vulture’, orig. prob. *‘piece of flesh that an eagle tears out of its prey with its beak’.

▪ …

See ↗nasr.

See above, section CONC.

…

►tanassara, vb. V, 1 to get torn; 2 to break, snap: Dt-stem, quasi-pass. (1), intr. (2), orig. likened to an eagle’s plucking pieces of flesh from its prey with its beak.

▪ For other items of the same root, cf. ↗nasr~nisr, ↗minsar, ↗mansar, ↗nisrīn, and ↗nāsūr, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√NSR.

nāsūr ناسور , nawāsīrᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSR

n.

fistula, tumor – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Perh. a loanword (from Pers, or Syr?; cf. var. writing with ṣ: nāṣūr, pl. nawāṣīrᵘ), but ultimately perh. akin to ↗nasr~nisr ‘eagle, vulture’, a tumor that breaks up being likened to the wound caused by an eagle’s beak (?).

▪ Lane viii 1893: ‘a certain disease that happens in the inner angles of the eyes (Ṣ, Mṣb, Q), with an incessant defluxion therefrom (Ṣ, TA) and sometimes it happens also in the part around the anus, and in the gum (Ṣ, Mṣb), or it signifies also a certain disease in the part around the anus, and a certain disease in the gum; nawāṣīr, pl. of nāṣūr: accord. to certain of the physicians, is a term applied to deep ulcers in the anus, at the extremity of the gut; – also: a vein constantly becoming recrudescent, with an incessant defluxion, corrupt within, whenever its upper part heals breaking forth again with corruption’.

…

▪ Lane viii 1893: according to some ClassAr lexicographers, the word is Arabized from a Pers source.
▪ Ḍinnāwī2004: from Pers, or perh. from Syr nocouro (=?).

…

▪ For other items of the same root, cf. ↗nasr~nisr, ↗nasraẗ, ↗minsar,↗mansar, and ↗nisrīn, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√NSR.

nisrīn نِسْرين

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSR

n.

jonquil (Narcissus jonquilla bot.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Pers nasrīn ‘wild rose’ – »à moins que ce ne soit l’inverse« (Rolland2014).

▪ …

…

See above, section CONC.

…

▪ For other items of the same root, cf. ↗nasr~nisr, ↗nasraẗ, ↗minsar, ↗mansar, and ↗nāsūr, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√NSR.

mansar مَنْسَر , var. minsar, mansir, pl. manāsirᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSR

n.

band, gang (of robbers, etc.); troop; clique – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From ↗nasr~nisr ‘eagle, vulture’, orig. ‘vanguard of an army’ (Lane viii 1893, Hava1899), so called on account of its marching ahead of the main army, like an eagle’s beak is ‘ahead’ of the bird’s main body. If this etymology is correct, minsar (miFʕaL for n.instr.) may be the more original form, an eagle’s beak being its ‘instrument’ of prey. Given the spatial dimension inherent in marching ‘ahead’, for later users a re-interpretion as a maFʕaL form for n.loc. may have sounded more plausible.

▪ …

See ↗nasr.

See above, section CONC.

…

▪ For other items of the same root, cf. ↗nasr~nisr, ↗nasraẗ, ↗minsar, ↗nisrīn, and ↗nāsūr, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√NSR.

minsar مِنْسَر , pl. manāsirᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSR

n.

beak (of predatory birds) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The n. is a miFʕaL formation for n.instr., from obs. vb. I, ^†nasara *‘to pluck (with the beak) pieces of flesh from the body of a prey’ (Lane viii 1893; cf. also Hava1899: ‘to take off s.th.; to scrape, rub out s.th.’), from ↗nasr~nisr ‘eagle, vulture’.

▪ …

See ↗nasr.

See above, section CONC.

…

▪ For other items of the same root, cf. ↗nasr~nisr, ↗nasraẗ, ↗mansar, ↗nisrīn, and ↗nāsūr, as well as, for the general picture, ↗√NSR.

NSF نسف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSF

“root”

▪ NSF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NSF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to obliterate, to erase, to scatter, to uproot, to cause to collapse; to sift, to sieve, to winnow’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

mansaf مَنْسَف

ID 859 • Sw – • BP 6523 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSF

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NSK نسك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NSK

“root”

▪ NSK_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSK_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSK_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘green meadows; nuggets of gold and silver; sacrifice, ritual, act of worship; hermit, to live the life of an ascetic, be pious’

▪ …

–

.

-

–

NSL نسل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NSL

“root”

▪ NSL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘offspring, progeny, to beget, give birth; (of hair or feathers) to fall out, fibrous waste; to move quickly, ooze out’

▪ …

–

.

–

NSM نسم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSM

“root”

▪ NSM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NSM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nasamaẗ نَسَمَة

ID 860 • Sw – • BP 3296 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NSM

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NSW نسو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NSW

“root”

▪ NSW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘women, woman-like, pertaining to women; sciatica’. – In some works the roots √NSW and ↗√NSY are classified together, suggesting, perhaps, another overlap between these two roots and root ↗√NSʔ.

▪ …

–

.

–

NSY نسي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NSY

“root”

▪ NSY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NSY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘lowly people, rubble; a forlorn thing, to forget, abandon, overlook, oblivion’. – There is an overlap between this root and roots ↗√NSʔ and ↗√NSW.

▪ …

–

.

–

NŠʔ نشأ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NŠʔ

“root”

▪ NŠʔ_1 ‘to rise, emerge, come into being; to grow; to raise’ ↗našaʔa
▪ NŠʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NŠʔ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the young, youth, young plants and animals, the young generations, the first hours of the night; to rise, to grow, to emerge, to come into being, to create, to initiate, to cause to grow, to raise from the dead; to glean information’

▪ NŠʔ_1 : (Orel&Stolbova1994#516:) from protSem *n˅śaʔ‑ (with prefix *n˅‑) ‘to rise, grow, raise’ < AfrAs *ĉaʔ‑ /*ĉaw‑ /*ĉay‑ ‘to move upwards’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

našaʔ‑ نَشَأَ , a, and našuʔ‑ نَشُؤَ , u (našʔ, nušūʔ, našʔaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP 2634 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NŠʔ

vb., I

1 to rise, rise, aloft, emerge, appear, loom up; 2a to come into being, come into existence, originate, form, arise, come about, crop up; 2b to grow, grow up; 2c to develop, evolve 3 to proceed, spring (from), grow out (of); 4 to follow, ensue, result, derive (from) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#516: from protSem *n˅śaʔ‑ (with prefix *n˅‑) ‘to rise, grow, raise’ < AfrAs *ĉaʔ‑ /*ĉaw‑ /*ĉay‑ ‘to move upwards’.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to raise, bear’) Akk iššī, Hbr nāśā (ipfv yiśśā), Syr nśā, Gz nšʔ – (ā).
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#516: Akk našū, Ug nšū, Hbr nśʔ ‑a‑, Gz nśʔ, Amh nässa ‘to rise, grow, raise’. – Outside Sem: Eg (pyr) šwy ‘raise’ (cf. also zšy ‘lift’ with digraph zš‑ reflecting AfrAs *ĉ‑), (WCh) śa(‑), śe, śi, śu, iśa, śau ‘to stand up’, (CCh) ẑa, śeʔe, śaʔi, śi, śay, śēy, śāy, śa‑vo, śa‑tuʔ, śe, ẑeʔi ‘to stand up, rise’, and (ECh) so, sē, say ‘to stand up, rise’.
▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#516: The word which denotes an elementary movement of the body is one of those AfrAs terms which have survived in more than only a few languages. It has cognates in Sem, Eg and a number of the Ch idioms. Since Eg and Ch lack the initial *n˅‑ of Sem, this latter seems to be a Sem innovation. Akk našū, Ug nšū, Hbr nśʔ [‑a‑ ], Gz nśʔ, Amh nässa go back to Sem *n˅śaʔ‑ (with prefix *n˅‑) ‘rise, grow, raise’. Cf., outside Sem, the forms without *n˅‑ : Eg (pyr) šwy ‘raise’ (cf. also zšy ‘lift’ with digraph zš‑ reflecting AfrAs *ĉ‑), WCh *ĉaʔ‑ (śa(‑), śe, śi, śu, iśa, śau) ‘stand up’, CCh *śaʔ‑ /*śay‑ (ẑa, śeʔe, śaʔi, śi, śay, śēy, śāy, śa‑vo, śa‑tuʔ, śe, ẑeʔi) ‘stand up, rise’, and ECh *ĉaw‑ /*ĉay‑ (so, sē, say) ‘stand up, rise’. As a common ancestor, AfrAs *ĉaʔ‑ /*ĉaw‑ /*ĉay‑ ‘move upwards’ is to be assumed.

…

►naššaʔa, vb. II, to cause to grow; to bring up, raise (a child): D‑stem, caus.
► ^BP#2634ʔanšaʔa, vb. IV, 1 to cause to rise; 2a to create, bring into being; 2b to bring forth, produce, generate, engender; 2c to build, construct; 2d to call into existence, originate, start, found, establish, organize, institute; 2e to set up, erect; 2f to install; to compose, draw up, write; 2g to bring up, raise, rear; 3 to begin, start, commence, initiate: *Š‑stem, caus.
►tanaššaʔa, vb. V, to grow, develop, spread, gain ground: Dt‑stem, intr.
►ĭstanšaʔa, vb. X, to search, ask, look (for news): *Št‑stem, desid.

►našʔ, n., youth; new generation.
►našʔaẗ, 1 growing up, upgrowth, growth; 2 early life, youth; 3 rise, birth, formation, genesis; 4 origin; 5 youth, young generation; 6 culture, refinement; upbringing, background (of a person).
►nušūʔ, n., growing, growth, development, evolution: vn. I | maḏhab al‑nušūʔ wa’l‑taraqqī, n., theory of evolution, evolutionism.
►al‑nušūʔiyyūn, n.pl., the evolutionists: pl.m. of nisba formation from nušūʔ.
►manšaʔ, n., 1 place of origin or upgrowth; 2 birth place, home town, home; 3 fatherland, homeland, native country; 4 origin, rise, birth, formation, genesis; 5 source, springfield, fountainhead; 6 beginning, start, onset: n.loc.
►tanšīʔ, n., upbringing, education: vn. II.
►tanšiʔaẗ, n.f., upbringing, education: quasi‑vn. II.
►ʔinšāʔ, n., 1 creation; 2 origination; 3 bringing about; 4 setting up, establishment, institution; 5 formation; 6 erection; – 7 (pl. ‑āt) building, construction; 8 founding, foundation; installation; – 9a composition, compilation, writing; 9b letter writing; 9c style, art of composition; 9d essay, treatise: vn. IV.
►ʔinšāʔī, adj., 1 construction…; 2 constructive; 3a relating to composition or style; 3b stylistic; 3c editing, editorial: nisba formation from ʔinšāʔ.
^BP#4215nāšiʔ, adj., 1 growing, growing up; 2 arising, originating, proceeding, emanating, springing, resulting; 3a n. (pl. ‑ūn) beginner; 3b (in sports) junior; 3c youngster, youth: PA I
►nāšiʔaẗ, n.f., youth, rising generation: PA I, f.
►munšiʔ, adj., creating; creative; – (pl. ‑ūn) creator, originator; builder, constructor; founder, establisher; author, writer: PA IV.
►munšaʔaẗ, f., pl. ‑āt, n.f., foundation; establishment, firm; 2 industrial plant; 3 pl., installations, (technical, military) facilities: nominalized PP IV.

NŠR نشر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NŠR

“root”

▪ NŠR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NŠR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NŠR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘scent, to waft; to sprout, unfold, come into leaf, multiply; to announce, publicise; to raise, revive; to saw apart’

▪ …

–

.

–

NŠZ نشز

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NŠZ

“root”

▪ NŠZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NŠZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NŠZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘high ground, elevation, protrusion, stand out, be discordant, be rebellious; to be perverted’

▪ …

–

.

–

NŠṬ نشط

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NŠṬ

“root”

▪ NŠṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NŠṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NŠṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a well with water high enough to draw, draw water from such a well; energy, agility, to recover completely from illness; to pasture well, (of animals) to migrate from one location to another in search of pasture’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṢB نصب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NṢB

“root”

▪ NṢB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘landmark; idol, altar; to erect, set up a monument; to tire, irritate; a trap, to trap; a base, a handle; part, share; in front of, opposite’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṢT نصت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NṢT

“root”

▪ NṢT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to listen, lend an ear to, accept advice; to be silent, silence’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṢḤ نصح

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NṢḤ

“root”

▪ NṢḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NṢḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a needle, to patch up, to stitch up; rain falling on arid land, to quench the thirst of animals or land; purity, sincerity, sincere advisor; advice, counsel, to be good-hearted, to act in good faith’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

naṣaḥ‑ نَصَحَ

ID 861 • Sw – • BP 3575 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NṢḤ

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NṢR نصر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NṢR

“root”

▪ NṢR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NṢR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flood channels leading into a valley, tributaries of a river, rain falling on arid land; to aid, to assist in repelling an attack, helpers, disciples; to triumph; to become impregnable; to avenge o.s.’ – Philologists derive the word naṣrānī from this root although it is more likely that the word is of Syr origin, derived from the name of Jesus’ hometown, Nazareth.

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

naṣrānī نَصْرانِيّ

ID 862 • Sw – • BP 4804 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NṢR

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NṢF نصف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NṢF

“root”

▪ NṢF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘half, to halve, middle; justice; to be of good countenance; veil; rivulet leading into a valley’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṢY نصي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NṢY

“root”

▪ NṢY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṢY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘forehead, forelock, hair growing above the forehead, to plait hair, grasp by the forehead; to disgrace s.o.; to control; the upper crust of society, to climb up’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḌǦ نضج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḌǦ

“root”

▪ NḌǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be cooked, to be done, ripen, mature, maturity, be wise, attain wisdom, be overdue in giving birth’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḌḪ نضخ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḌḪ

“root”

▪ NḌḪ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌḪ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌḪ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a drizzle, a gushing spring, a cascading spring, to spout water copiously’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḌD نضد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḌD

“root”

▪ NḌD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pile of things, bunches of fruit growing in rows over one another, layers of clouds, stack of stones; the family elders’

▪ …

–

.

–

NḌR نضر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NḌR

“root”

▪ NḌR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NḌR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pure gold, good living; lushness, verdure, freshness, good looks; the upper crust of the society; purity’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṬḤ نطح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NṬḤ

“root”

▪ NṬḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṬḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṬḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a horse with two white spots on the forehead (considered unlucky); to butt with horns; hardship, struggle’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṬF نطف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NṬF

“root”

▪ NṬF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṬF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NṬF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘unblemished pearl, drop of water, semen; the dregs at the bottom of a container; to smear, slander, become dirty; to seep’

▪ …

–

.

–

NṬQ نطق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NṬQ

“root”

▪ NṬQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NṬQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘belt, girdle, waist; speech, language, to speak, signal, to express o.s.; living animal’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

naṭaq‑ نَطَقَ

ID 863 • Sw – • BP 2816 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NṬQ

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NẒR نظر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NẒR

“root”

▪ NẒR_1 ‘to see, view, eye, regard, etc.’ ↗naẓara
▪ NẒR_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NẒR_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘eyesight, a sight, to look at, glimpse, see, watch; evil eye; to contemplate; to compare; to debate; to be equal; to wait, postpone, delay; to expect, expectation’

▪ From protSem *√NṮR ‘to see, watch, observe, guard’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

▪ Engl Nebuchadnezzar, Nebuchadrezzar), Belshazzar: cf. Ar ↗baʕl and ↗naẓara.▪
Engl nadir, from Ar ↗naẓīr.

…

naẓar‑ نَظَرَ , u (naẓar, manẓar)

ID … • Sw – • BP 478 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NẒR

vb., I

to perceive with the eyes, see, view, eye, regard (‑h, ʔilà s.o., s.th.), look, gaze, glance at, watch, observe, notice, pay attention to; to expect (‑h s.th.); to envisage, consider, contemplate, purpose (‑h, ʔilà s.o., s.th.); to have in mind, have in view (ʔilà s.th.), put one’s mind, direct one’s attention (ʔilà to s.th.); to take up, try, hear (fī a case; court), look into a case (fī), examine (‑h, fī a case); to judge, rule, decide (bayna between two litigant parties); to take care (li‑ of s.o.), help (li‑ s.o.), stand by s.o. (li‑), look after s.o. (li‑) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Huehnergard2011: from protSem *√NṮR ‘to see, watch, observe, guard’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#506: from protSem *n˅ṯ̣ar‑ ‘to guard, look’ (perh. < *n˅‑ ṯ̣ar‑, prefix *n˅‑), from hypothetical AfrAs *č̣ar‑ ‘to look, see’.

▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to watch, guard’) Akk nṣr (u), Hbr nṣr a (o), Syr nṭr a (u/a), Gz nṣr a (e) ‘to watch’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#506: Akk naṣāru, Ug nġr, Phoen nṣr, Hbr nṣr, Syr nṭr, SAr nṭr ‘to guard’, Gz nṣr, Ar nẓr ‘to look’. – Outside Sem: Berb ẓer, ẓar ‘to see, look’, (WCh) Hs c̣are ‘to guard’.
▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#506: protSem *n˅ṯ̣ar‑ ‘guard’, ‘look’ (with prefix *n˅‑), protBerb *c̣˅r‑ ‘to see, look’²² , protWCh *č̣ar‑) ‘to guard’, all from hypothetical AfrAs *č̣ar‑ ‘to look, see’.

22. Cf. also Berb *c̣˅r‑ ‘pupil (of an eye)’, reconstructed from əẓẓəru in 1 Berb lang.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Nebuchadnezzar, from Hbr nᵊbûkadneʔṣṣar (also nᵊbûkadreʔṣṣar, whence English by-form Nebuchadrezzar), alteration of Akk nabû-kudurrī-uṣur ‘Nabu (a god) protect the borders’ (kudurrī, pl.obl. of kudurru ‘border’); Belshazzar, from Hbr bēlšaṣṣar, from Akk bēl-šar-uṣur ‘Bel (an Akk deity) protect the king’ (bēl ‘lord, Bel’, cf. Ar ↗baʕl, and šar ‘king’); both from Akk uṣur ‘protect!’, imperative sg. of naṣāru ‘to guard, protect’, akin to Ar NẒR, ↗naẓara.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl nadir, from Ar ↗naẓīr (as-samt) ‘opposite (of the zenith)’, from naẓīr ‘facing, equal, opposite’, from ↗naẓara, vb. I, ‘to see, watch’.

►naẓara ʔilayhi šazr^an, to give s.o. a sidelong glance, look askance at s.o.
►naẓara (fī) ’l‑qaḍiyyaẗ, to try a case (jur.)
►naẓara fī ṭalab fulān, to process s.o.’s application, take care of s.o.’s application
►naẓara min furǧaẗ/fūhaẗ al‑miftāḥ, to peep through the keyhole
►unẓur baʕdahū, see below!
►unẓur ẓahrahū, see reverse!, please turn over!

►naẓẓara, vb. II, to make comparisons, draw parallels (bayna between): D‑stem, caus. (< *‘to make x face y’)
►nāẓara, vb. III, to equal (‑h s.o., s.th.), be equal (‑h to s.o., to s.th.); to equalize, put on an equal footing (bi‑ with), equate, liken, compare (bi‑ to); to vie, compete, be in competition (‑h with), rival; to argue, debate, dispute (‑h with s.o.), point out (‑h s.o., bi‑ to s.th.) by way of argument or objection, confront (s.o. bi‑ with); to superintend, supervise (s.th.): L‑stem, associative, from naẓīr.
►ʔanẓara, vb. IV, to grant (‑h s.o.) a delay or respite: *Š‑stem, caus.
►tanaẓẓara, vb. V, to regard, watch or observe attentively (‑h s.o., s.th.), look closely at, scrutinize; to bide one’s time, wait: Dt‑stem
►tanāẓara, vb. VI, to face each other, lie opposite; to be symmetrical (math.); to dispute, argue (with one another); to quarrel (ʕalà about), fight (ʕalà over s.th.); to contend (with each other), contest each other’s right: Lt‑stem, recipr.
►ĭntaẓara, vb. VIII, to wait (‑h for s.o.), expect (‑h s.o., s.th.), await, anticipate; to look closely (‑h at s.o.); to look on expectantly, bide one’s time, wait: Gt‑stem | ĭntaẓara ’l‑šayʔ al‑kabīr min, to expect much of…; ĭntaẓara min warāʔihī kulla ḫayr, expr., to set the greatest expectations in s.th.
►ĭstanẓara, vb. X, to wait, await, expect; to have patience, be patient; to request a delay or respite; to ask (s.o.) to wait, keep (s.o.) waiting: *Št‑stem, desiderative.

► ^BP#261naẓar, pl. ʔanẓār, n., seeing, eyesight, vision; look, glance, gaze; sight; outlook, prospect; view; aspect; appearance, evidence; insight, discernment, penetration; perception; contemplation; examination (fī of); inspection, study, perusal; consideration, reflection; philosophical speculation; theory; handling (fī of a matter); trial, hearing (fī of a case, in court); supervision, control, surveillance; competence, jurisdiction; attention, heed, regard, notice, observance, respect, consideration, care | naẓaran ʔilà\li‑, quasi‑prep., in view of, with a view to, in regard to, with respect to, in consideration of, on the basis of, due to, because of, for; bi’l‑naẓar li‑, dto.; bi‑ṣarf\qaṭʕ al‑naẓar ʕan, quasi‑prep., regardless of, irrespective of; taḥt al‑naẓar, adv., under consideration, being studied, being dealt with; dūn naẓar ʔilà, quasi‑prep., irrespective of, regardless of; fī naẓarī, adv., in my eyes, in my opinion; lil‑naẓar fī, quasi‑prep., for the study of, for consideration, for further examination of, for handling…, for action on…; al‑naẓar fī ’l‑ḥayāẗ, n., weltanschauung; ʔiʕādaẗ al‑naẓar, n.f., re‑examination, reconsideration, resumption, retrial, revision; ʔahl al‑naẓar, n., speculative thinkers; theoreticians, theorists; baʕīd\ṭawīl al‑naẓar, adj., farsighted; qiṣar al‑naẓar, n., shortsightedness; qaṣīr al‑naẓar, adj., shortsighted; al‑maḥkamaẗ ḏāt al‑naẓar, n.f., the court of competent jurisdiction; masʔalaẗ fīhā naẓar, n.f., an unsettled, open question, an unsolved problem; man lahū naẓar, n., s.o. noteworthy, a distinguished man; the responsible, or authorized person; ʔaḫaḏa bi’l‑naẓar, vb. I, to catch the eye; ʔadāra naẓarahū fī, vb. IV, to let one’s eyes roam over…; tābiʕ \ rāǧiʕ bi’l‑naẓar li‑, adj., falling to the responsibility of, under the jurisdiction of, subject to the authority of; sāraqa\ĭstaraqa ’l‑naẓar ʔilayh or sāraqahū ’l‑naẓar, expr., to glance furtively at s.o., give s.o. a surreptitious look; fī hāḏā ’l‑ʔamr naẓar, expr., this matter calls for careful study, will have to be considered; qaṭaʕa ’l‑naẓar ʕan, vb. I, to take no account of, disregard s.th.; huwa taḥt naẓar fulān, expr., he is under the protection of so‑and‑so, he is patronized by so‑and‑so
►niẓr, adj., similar, like; equal | ʕadīm al‑niẓr, adj., unparalleled, unequaled, matchless, unique of his (its) kind
►naẓraẗ, pl. naẓarāt, n.f., look, glance; sight, view; viewing, contemplation (ʔilà of s.th.); pl. naẓarāt, (philosophical) reflections
►naẓiraẗ, n.f., delay, postponement, deferment (of an obligation)
►naẓarī, optic(al); visual; theoretic(al); speculative
►naẓariyyaẗ, n.f., theory; theorem; reflection, meditation, contemplation
►naẓīr, pl. nuẓarāʔᵘ, f.pl. naẓāʔirᵘ, adj., similar, like, same, equal, matching, corresponding, comparable; an equivalent; facing, opposite, parallel; (with foll. genit.) in the manner of, in the same manner as, just like, just as; transcript, copy | naẓīrᵃ, prep., as a compensation foe, in consideration of, in return for, in exchange for, for, on, e.g., naẓīrᵃ dafʕ ḫamsīn mallīm^an, on paying 50 millièmes; nuẓarāʔuh, people of his kind, people like him; naẓīr al‑samt or al‑naẓīr, n., nadir (astron.); maqṭūʕ\munqaṭiʕ al‑naẓīr, adj., incomparable; laysa lahū naẓīr, unparalleled, unequaled, matchless, unique of his (its) kind
►naẓīraẗ, n.f., head, foremost rank | fī naẓīraẗ (with foll. genit.) at the head of
►naẓẓār, adj., keen‑eyed; (pl. naẓẓāraẗ) spectator, onlooker
►naẓẓāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., field glass, binocular; telescope, spyglass; (pair of) eyeglasses, spectacles (occasionally also pl. naẓẓārāt with sg. meaning: a pair of eyeglasses); (pair of) goggles | naẓẓāraẗ fardiyyaẗ, n.f., eyeglass, monocle; naẓẓāraẗ muʕaẓẓimaẗ, n.f., magnifying glass; naẓẓāraẗ al‑maydān, n.f., field glass
►naẓẓārātī, n., optometrist; optician
►niẓāraẗ, n.f., supervision, control, inspection, management, administration, direction; ministry (now obs.)
►nāẓūr, n., field glass
►manẓar, pl. manāẓirᵘ, n., sight; view, panorama; look(s), appearance, aspect; prospect, outlook, perspective; an object seen or viewed, photographic object; scene (of a play); spectacle; stage setting, set, scenery; place commanding a sweeping view; lookout, watchtower | manẓar ʕāmm, n., general view, panorama, landscape, scenery; manāẓir ḫāriǧiyyaẗ, n.nhum.pl., shots on location (in motion‑picture making); manāẓir ṭabīʕiyyaẗ, n.nhum.pl.,scenic views, scenery, Iandscapes
►manẓarat, pl. manāẓirᵘ, n.f., place commanding a scenic view; view, scenery, landscape, panorama; watchtower, observatory; guestroom, reception room, drawing room, parlor
►minẓar, n., (pair of) eyeglasses, spectacles; telescope, spyglass
►minẓār, pl. manāẓīrᵘ, n., telescope, spyglass; magnifying glass; mirror, speculum, ‑scope (e.g., laryngoscope) | minẓār muʕaẓẓim, n., magnifying glass; raqaba bi‑minẓār ʔaswad, expr., to have a pessimistic outlook, look on the dark side of everything
►munāẓaraẗ, n.f., emulation, rivalry, competition; quarrel, argument, altercation, debate, dispute, discussion, controversy; supervision, control, inspection: vn. III.
►tanāẓur, n., difference of opinion, squabble, wrangle, altercation; symmetry (math.)
►ĭntiẓār, n., waiting, wait; expectation | ʕalà ġayr intiẓār, adv., unexpectedly
►nāẓir, pl. nuẓẓār, n., observer, viewer, spectator, onlooker; overseer, supervisor; inspector; manager, director, superintendent, administrator, principal, chief; (cabinet) minister (now obs.) | nāẓir al‑waqf, n., trustee of a wakf, administrator of a religious endowment
►nāẓiraẗ, administratress, directress, manageress, headmistress, matron
►nāẓir, n., and nāẓiraẗ, n.f., both pl. nawāẓirᵘ, eye; look, glance | bayna nāẓirayh, adv., before his eyes
►manẓūr, adj., seen; visible; foreseen, anticipated, expected; supervised, under supervision, controlled; envied, regarded with the evil eye; under consideration (case), pending (complaint, lawsuit; ʔamāmᵃ in a court) | manẓūr ʔilayh, one under supervision, subordinate, underling, protégé, charge, ward, pupil; ġayr manẓūr, adj., invisible; unforeseen, unexpected; ʔadawāt manẓūraẗ, n.inhum.pl., visual training aids; daʕwà manẓūraẗ, n.f., pending lawsuit; al‑šaḫṣ al‑manẓūr, n., person whose case is under consideration
►munāẓir, adj., similar, like, equal; competitor, rival, adversary, opponent (esp., in a discussion); interlocutor

NẒM نظم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NẒM

“root”

▪ NẒM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NẒM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ Ar root √NẒM ‘to arrange’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

niẓām نِظام

ID 865 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 199 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NẒM

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

tanẓīm تَنْظيم

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD 703 • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√NẒM

n.

.

▪ vn., II

.

munaẓẓamaẗ مُنَظَّمَة

ID 864 • Sw – • BP 521 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NẒM

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NʕǦ نعج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NʕǦ

“root”

▪ NʕǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘female sheep, ewe, gazelle, mountain goat, antelope; woman, woman or camel with good colouring; fast camel’

▪ …

–

.

–

NʕS نعس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NʕS

“root”

▪ NʕS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘slumber, dozing off, drowsiness, to doze off; to beget lazy children’

▪ …

–

.

–

NʕQ نعق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NʕQ

“root”

▪ NʕQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘entrance to desert rat’s burrow; croaking, bleating, gibberish, to scream, shout at herds of goats and sheep, (all) living things’

–

.

–

NʕL نعل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NʕL

“root”

▪ NʕL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘footwear, horseshoe, camelshoe, to have thick hard feet, have hooves, travel on foot, hard and stony piece of barren land; calamities’

▪ …

–

.

–

NʕM نعم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NʕM

“root”

▪ NʕM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NʕM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘cattle, ostrich; bounty, blessings, grace, good living, to enjoy life, to bestow favours; to flourish, become verdant; to be soft and smooth’

▪ From CSem *√NʕM ‘to be(come) pleasant, agreeable’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

▪ 1 Engl personal name Naomi, from Hbr noʕŏmî ‘my delight’, from nōʕam ‘delight, delightfulness’, from nāʕēm ‘to be(come) pleasant, delightful’; 2 Engl anemone, perh. a folk-etymological alteration (influenced by Grk anemos ‘wind’) of an epithet of Adonis (the anemone having sprung from Adonis’s blood in Grk myth), from Phoen *hannaʕmon ‘the pleasant one’, akin to Hbr naʕămān, a man’s name (lit. ‘pleasantness’), and naʕămānîm, a word describing a garden in Isaiah 17:10, perh. a distortion of an epithet of Adonis. The Phoen and Hbr words are cognate to Ar ↗niʕmaẗ, ↗naʕam, etc., see ↗√NʕM.

–

NĠḌ نغض

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 17May2023

√NĠḌ

“root”

▪ NĠḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NĠḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NĠḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the joint that moves the shoulder, to move from one side to the other, incline (one’s head), move the head up and down’

▪ …

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.

–

*NF‑ نفـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√*NF-

2-cons. "root nucleus"

▪ *NF-_1 ‘to come out’
▪ *NF-_2 ‘to inhale, exhale’
▪ *NF-_3 ‘…’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

According to Ehret1989#58 and #59, 3-rad. extensions of pre-protSem *NP- in Ar are:

*NF _1 ‘to come out’
► + “durative” *‑G : ^†nafaǧa (nafǧ) ‘to creep out of the egg’
► + “intensive (> fortative)” *‑Z : ^†nafaza (nafāz) ‘to come forth, arrive, reach’
► + “diffusive” *‑R : ↗nafara u i (nafar) ‘to flee and disperse, run away’
► + “venitive” *‑ɬ : ↗nafaša u (nafš) ‘to pick wool or cotton, pluck’
► + “focative” *‑Ṣ : ^†nafaṣa (nafṣ) ‘to emit urine forcibly’
► + “middle” *‑Ḍ : ^†nafaḍa (nafḍ) ‘to drop a foal, put forth ears’, ↗nafaḍa u (nafḍ) ‘to shake off, dust, dust off’
► + “inchoative (> tr.)” *‑W : ↗nafā (nafw) ‘to drive away, chase off’
► + “inchoative (> tr.)” *‑Y : ↗nafà (nafy) ‘to expel, drive away, banish, exile’

*NF _2 ‘to inhale, exhale’
► (simple form) : ↗naffa i ‘to blow one’s nose, snuff’
► + “diffusive” *‑Ṯ : ↗nafaṯa u i (nafṯ) ‘to blow upon, spit out’
► + “finitive fortative” *‑G : ^†nafaǧa (nafǧ) ‘to blow violently’
► + “iterative” *‑Ḥ : ↗nafaḥa a (nafḥ) ‘to spread odor, be fragrant, blow’
► + “extendative fortative” *‑Ḫ : ↗nafaḫa u (nafḫ) ‘to blow, breathe in air, blow upon’
► + “fortative” *‑S : ↗nafasa u (nafs, nafas) ‘to injure by breathing upon, breath of life, vital spirit, soul’
► + “durative intensive” *‑Ṭ : ^†nafaṭa (nafīṭ) ‘to sneeze’, ↗nafṭaẗ ‘blister’, (?)↗nafṭ ‘naphtha, petroleum’

NFṮ نفث

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFṮ

“root”

▪ NFṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to blow, spit out, puff out, inspire, (of a snake) to inject (venom), (of a witch) to hiss an incantation’

▪ …

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.

–

NFḤ نفح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFḤ

“root”

▪ NFḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘rennet; dose; touch; (of a scent) to waft about, pleasant smell; to make a present; to kick, fend off’

▪ …

–

.

–

NFḪ نفخ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFḪ

“root”

▪ NFḪ_1 ‘to blow, breathe; to inspire; to inflate, fill with air; bellows; arrogance’ ↗nafaḫa
▪ NFḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NFḪ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 puff, blow, blow into, breathe in, inflate, bellows; 2 haughtiness, arrogance’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

nafaḫ‑ نَفَخَ , u (nafḫ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFḪ

vb., I

1 to blow, puff; 2 to blow (tunes, on an instrument); 3a to breathe; 3b to breathe s.th. into s.o., inspire; 4a to blow up, inflate, fill with air; 4b to pump up, fill (a tire), fill with gas (balloon); 5 to inflate, puff up, elate, flush with success, fill with pride – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to blow’) Akk npḫ (u) ‘to ignite a fire’, Hbr np̄ḥ a (a), Syr npḥ a (u), Gz nfḫ – (ā).

…

►nafaḫa fī ’l‑būq, vb. I, to blow the trumpet
►nafaḫa fī rūḥih, vb. I, to animate, inspirit s.o.
►nafaḫa fī ṣūratih, vb. I, to bring s.th. into being, give birth to s.th.
►nafaḫa fī zammāraẗ rūḥih, expr., to rouse s.o.’s temper
►nafaḫa ’l‑šamʕaẗ, vb. I, to blow out a candle
►nafaḫa fī šidqayhi, vb. I, to be puffed up, become inflated

►tanaffaḫa, vb. V, and ĭntafaḫa, vb. VIII, 1a to be blown up, inflated, filled with air; 1b 2 to swell.

►nafḫ, n., blowing, blowing up, inflation, pumping up, filling with air: vn. I.
►nafḫaẗ, n.f., 1 blow, puff; 2 breath; 3 gust; 4 distention, inflation, swelling; 5 conceit, overweeningness, haughtiness: nom.vic.
►nufāḫ, n., pulmonic emphysema (med.)
►naffāḫ, n., 1 flatulent; 2 grandiloquent: ints. formation.
►nuffāḫ, n., 1 vesicle; 2 swelling, inflation (med.).
►nuffāḫaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 blister, vesicle; 2 bladder; 3 air bladder, swimming bladder; 4 bubble
►minfaḫ, pl. manāfiḫᵘ, n., bellows: n.instr.
►minfāḫ, pl. manāfīḫᵘ, n., 1a bellows; 1b air pump, tire pump; 2 blowpipe: n.instr.
►tanaffuḫ, n., 1 inflatedness, inflation; 2a bumptiousness, bumptious behaviour; 2b pride: vn. V.
►ĭntifāḫ, n., 1 process of being inflated; 2 distention, inflation, swelling, protuberance; 3 flatulence, meteorism (med.): vn. VIII.
►nāfiḫ, 1 adj., a blowing; b flatulent; blower; 2 n., a player of a wood‑wind or brass‑wind instrument
►manfūḫ, adj., 1a blown up, puffed up, inflated; 1b swollen; 1c pumped up; 1d bloated; 1e paunchy, obese, fat; 2a conceited, self‑conceited, overweening, snobbish; 2b turgid, bombastic (style): PA I.
►muntafiḫ, adj., 1a blown up, puffed up, inflated; 1b swollen: PA VIII.

NFD نفد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFD

“root”

▪ NFD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to run out, vanish, be depleted’

▪ …

–

.

–

NFḎ نفذ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFḎ

“root”

▪ NFḎ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFḎ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFḎ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘vent, opening, exit, to go through, penetrate; to carry out, arbitration’

▪ …

–

.

–

NFR نفر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFR

“root”

▪ NFR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘group of between three and ten people, detachment, fighting group; to seek help, call up, rise to one’s duty; to scatter, stampede, flee; to alienate, dislike, kind of debate between two men each trying to prove his own superiority over the other’

▪ …

–

.

–

nafīr نَفير

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√NFR

n.

.

▪ …

.

NFS نفس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFS

“root”

▪ NFS_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NFS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘blood, life; breath, to breathe; (of soul, dawn or daylight) to break out, mind, the self, the psyche, discerning faculty, person, essence; the evil eye, to give the evil eye; to slacken, to release; precious, treasure, to treasure, to yearn for, to vie, to compete; to envy, to covet, to be sparing, to be niggardly’

▪
…

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nafs نَفْس

ID 866 • Sw – • BP 44, 805 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFS

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *napš‑ ‘soul’ (as receptacle of vital energy).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘soul’) Akk napištu, Hbr nép̄eš, Syr nap̄šā, Gz nafs.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NFŠ نفش

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFŠ

“root”

▪ NFŠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFŠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFŠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wool, to tease out, ruffle the feathers, bristle up, swell, scatter over a large area’. – Some scholars attribute an Aram origin to the form manfūš’

▪ …

–

.

–

NFḌ نفض

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFḌ

“root”

▪ NFḌ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NFḌ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ NFḌ_1: from protSem *√NPṢ́ ‘to shake, shatter’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ NFḌ_2: …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl intifada ↗ ĭntifāḍaẗ, ↗nafaḍa.

–

ĭntifāḍaẗ اِنْتِفاضَة

ID 868 • Sw – • BP 2704 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFḌ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl intifada, from Ar ĭntifāḍaẗ ‘shudder, awakening, uprising’, from ↗ĭntafaḍa, vb. VIII, ‘to be shaken, shudder, wake up’, Gt-stem of ↗nafaḍa, vb. I, ‘to shake’.

►

NFṬ نفط

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFṬ

“root”

▪ NFṬ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NFṬ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl naphtha, from the same source as Ar ↗nafṭ.

–

nafṭ نَفْط , var. nifṭ

ID 869 • Sw – • BP 948 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFṬ

n.

naphtha, petroleum, (mineral) oil – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *napṭ‑ ‘naphtha’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl naphtha, from Grk náphtha, from a Sem source akin to and Gz and Ar ↗nafṭ, Aram nepṭā, Akk napṭu ‘naphtha’.

► ^BP#2521nafṭī, adj., of naphtha, soaked in naphtha; oil-, petroleum- (in compounds): nsb-adj. | miṣbāḥ ~, n., oil lamp.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗NFṬ, ↗nafṭaẗ

NFʕ نفع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFʕ

“root”

▪ NFʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘benefit, use, advantage, be useful, make use of; walking stick, dealers in walking sticks’

▪ …

–

.

–

NFQ نفق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFQ

“root”

▪ NFQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NFQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a desert rat’s tunnel, (of a desert rat) to go into one tunnel entrance and come out of another; (of an animal) to die; to find a good market, to become depleted; to spend, to donate for a good cause, to support one’s family’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nifāq نِفاق

ID 870 • Sw – • BP 4225 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFQ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

munāfiq مُنافِق

ID 871 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√NFQ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NFL نفل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 19May2023

√NFL

“root”

▪ NFL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NFL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘spoils of war, assistance, defence of others; extras, to give more than that due’

▪ …

–

.

–

NFY نفي

√NFY

“root”

▪ NFY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NFY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r. NFW): ‘garbage, dregs; to eject, to exile, to dismiss, to set aside, to blow away, to exile; to deny, to disown’

▪ From protSem *√NPY ‘to sift’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl apron, map, mop, napery, napkin, nappe, perh. akin to cf. Ar ↗nafà.

–

nafà / nafay‑ نَفَى / نَفَيْـ

√NFY

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl apron, map, mop, napery, napkin, nappe, from Lat mappa, originally ‘napkin, cloth’, said by the Roman author Quintilian to be of Pun origin, perh. from Phoen (Pun) *mappē, from protSem *manpay‑ or *manpiy‑ ‘sieve, fine cloth’ (?), cf. Ar ↗nafà.

►

NQB نقب

√NQB

“root”

▪ NQB_1 ‘to pierce; overseer, chief; syndicate, trade-union; intellect; veil’ ↗naqaba, ↗naqīb, ↗niqāb, ↗manāqibᵘ
▪ NQB_2 ‘Negev’ ↗Naqab
▪ NQB_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘perforation on a camel’s hooves; to pierce, to dig, to dig up; to search; nature, disposition, good character, good deeds; chief; veil, to wear a veil’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Maccabee, niqab, cf. ↗naqaba, ↗niqāb.

–

naqab‑ نَقَبَ , u (naqb)

√NQB

vb., I

to bore, pierce, perforate, breach, make a hole or breach, punch or drill a hole; to dig, dig up, dig out, excavate, hollow out; to traverse (fī a country), pass, travel (fī through); to inquire, ask, look, search (ʕan for), examine thoroughly, investigate, explore, search into, delve into – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *√NQB ‘to pierce’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to pierce’) Akk nqb (i) ‘deflower’ [CAD: naqābu ‘to deflower, rape’], Hbr nqb a (o), Syr nqb a (u), SAr nqb.
▪ BDB 1906: Ass naḳbu ‘depth, spring’ (of water) [CAD: nagbu ‘spring, fountain; underground water’], Hbr nāqaḇ ‘to pierce’, Aram nᵊqaḇ, Syr nqaḇ ‘piercing, boring through’, Ar naqaba ‘to perforate, pierce; to scrutinize’, naqībaẗ ‘sagacity’, naqīb ‘leader, chief’ (one who scrutinizes). – Hbr näqäḇ appar. a ‘pass’ on border of Naphtali, Ar naqb ‘road between mountains’. – Hbr maqqǟḇǟṯ 1. ‘hammer’ (by means of which on drives in nails and pegs), 2. ‘hole, excavation’.

▪ Ehret1995#645 (naqb to till or cultivate the ground; hollow out, excavate): an extension in »extendative« *‑b ²³ from a bi-consonantal »pre-Proto-Semitic« (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *nḳ ‘to scrape’ < AfrAs *‑ɲuuk'‑ ‘to rub’. – Other extensions from the same pre-Sem root: NQṮ_2 • NQḤ • NQR • NQŠ_2.

23. Cf. Ehret1995_Verbext

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Maccabee, from Hbr maqqebet (< *manqabt‑) ‘hammer’, from nāqab ‘to pierce’.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl niqab, from Ar niqāb ‘veil’, from naqaba ‘to pierce, bore a hole, perforate’.

► naqiba, a (naqab), vb. I, to be perforated, be full of holes: denom. from naqb (?).
► naqqaba, vb. II, to dig (ʕan for); to drill (ʕan for, e.g., for oil); to explore, study, investigate (ʕan s.th.), penetrate, delve, search (ʕan into), look, search (ʕan for); to travel (fī through): intens. of I (?).
► nāqaba, vb. III, to vie in virtues (‑hu with s.o.):.
► tanaqqaba, vb. V, to examine, study, investigate (ʕan s.th.), look, search (ʕan for): t-stem of II, reflexive; to veil her face (woman): denom. from niqāb; to be perforated, be full of holes: pseudo-pass. of II, denom. from naqb.
► ĭntaqaba, vb. VIII, to put on a veil, veil one’s face: denom. from niqāb.

► naqb, n., digging, excavation; piercing, perforation; — (pl. ʔanqāb, niqāb) hole, opening, breach; boring, bore; tunnel: the proper etymon?
► naqqāb, n., punch: ints.
► ^BP#3999niqāb, pl. nuqub, ʔanqibaẗ, n., veil: »voile dans lequel on a pratiqué deux trous à l’endroit des yeux« (Dozy ii 1881) | kašafa ‘l-niqāb ʕan to uncover, reveal, disclose s.th.
► ^BP#2150niqābaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., cooperative society; union, association, guild; corporation; syndicate; trade-union, labor union: originally, the office of a naqīb I n. al-ʕummāl, n., trade-union, labor union; n. mihniyyaẗ, n., white collar union:.
► ^BP#4926niqābī, adj., cooperative; syndicalistic; syndicalist; trade-unionist: nsb-adj from niqābaẗ.
► niqābiyyaẗ, n.f., syndicalism; trade-unionism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ, from niqābaẗ.
► ^BP#3877naqīb, pl. nuqabāʔᵘ, n., leader, head, headman; director, principal, chief; chairman of a guild; president; syndic, corporation lawyer; head of a labour or trade union; captain (in most Arab countries; mil.); staff sergeant, first sergeant (Jord.; mil.); tongue of a balance: properly, ‘one who sees through things, one whose view penetrates’, hence: ‘one who has overview, can oversee’ | n. al-ʔašrāf, n., head of the Alids, head of the descendants of the Prophet:.
► naqībaẗ, pl. naqāʔibᵘ, n., soul, spirit, mind, intellect; natural disposition, nature, temper, character: < *‘the ability to penetrate (a subject) intelletually, to examine, investigate’ (?).
► manqib, minqab, and manqabaẗ, pl. manāqibᵘ, n., mountain trail, defile, pass: *‘trail digged into the mountain’ (?).
► minqab and minqabaẗ, n.f., punch, perforator, drill; lancet: n.instr.
► manāqibᵘ, n.pl., virtues, outstanding traits; glorious deeds, feats, exploits: *‘deeds that exceed the usual and penetrate into the spheres of glory’ (?).
► ^BP#4923tanqīb, pl. ‑āt, n., drilling (esp., for oil); digging, excavation; investigation, examination, inquiry, search, exploration, research: vn. II.
► tanqībī, adj.: biʔr tanqībiyyaẗ, drilled well, exploratory well (oil industry): nsb-adj from tanqīb.
► munaqqib, pl. ‑ūn, n., drilling or excavation specialist; excavator; prospector; investigator, researcher, scholar, explorer: nominalized and lexicalized PA II.

niqāb نِقاب , pl. nuqub , ʔanqibaẗ

√NQB

n.

veil | kašafa ’l-niqāb ʕan to uncover, reveal, disclose s.th. – WehrCowan1979.

From ↗naqaba ‘to pierce’, i.e., properly, a tissue into which two holes for the eyes have been made.¹

1. »voile dans lequel on a pratiqué deux trous à l’endroit des yeux« (Dozy ii 1881).

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

↗NQB, ↗naqaba

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl niqab, from Ar niqāb ‘veil’, from ↗naqaba ‘to pierce, bore a hole, perforate’.

► tanaqqaba, vb. V, to veil her face (woman): denom. – For other meanings ↗naqaba V.
► ĭntaqaba, vb. VIII, to put on a veil, veil one’s face: denom.

naqīb نَقِيب , pl. nuqabāʔᵘ

√NQB

n.

leader, head, headman; director, principal, chief; chairman of a guild; president; syndic, corporation lawyer; head of a labour or trade union; captain (in most Arab countries; mil.); staff sergeant, first sergeant (Jord. ; mil.); tongue of a balance | n. al-ʔašrāf, n., head of the Alids, head of the descendants of the Prophet – WehrCowan1979.

From ↗naqaba ‘to pierce’, properly *‘one who sees through things, one whose view penetrates’, hence: ‘one who has overview, can oversee’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

↗NQB, ↗naqaba

–

► ^BP#2150niqābaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., cooperative society; union, association, guild; corporation; syndicate; trade-union, labor union: originally, the office of a naqīb I n. al-ʕummāl, n., trade-union, labor union; n. mihniyyaẗ, n., white collar union:.
► ^BP#4926niqābī, adj., cooperative; syndicalistic; syndicalist; trade-unionist: nsb-adj from niqābaẗ.
► niqābiyyaẗ, n.f., syndicalism; trade-unionism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ, from niqābaẗ.
► naqībaẗ, pl. naqāʔibᵘ, n., soul, spirit, mind, intellect; natural disposition, nature, temper, character: derived from naqīb ? Or directly from ↗naqaba (*‘the ability to penetrate (a topic) intellectually, to examine, investigate’)?

manāqibᵘ مَناقِبُ

√NQB

n.pl.

virtues, outstanding traits; glorious deeds, feats, exploits – WehrCowan1979.

Ultimately from ↗naqaba ‘to make a hole, pierce’? If so, semantics could be explained as *‘deeds that exceed the usual and penetrate into higher, lofty spheres’, or as a figurative use of the pl. of manqab *‘place where a breach has been made’ (n.loc.), hence ‘pass (in the mountains)’, i.e. a difficult trail. Other ClassAr etymologies connect the term either to ↗naqībaẗ ‘soul; trait of character, disposition’, or to ↗naqīb ‘chief’ (the one who scrutinizes).

▪ …

↗naqaba.

Ch. Pellat, “Manāḳib”, in EI² : »To define this term, the lexicographers make it a synonym of ʔaḫlāq, taken in the sense of ‘natural dispositions (good or bad), innate qualities, character’, and associate it with naqībaẗ, explained by nafs ‘soul’, ḫalīqaẗ or ṭabīʕaẗ, likewise signifying ‘trait of character, disposition’, but also with nafāḏ al-raʔy, ‘perspicacity’, in such a way that the connection with the radical n-q-b, which is particularly expressive and implies especially the concrete sense of ‘perforate, pierce (a wall, for example)’, thus, in an abstract sense, ‘succeed in penetrating a secret’, becomes perfectly clear. Perhaps it should be approached as is suggested by Ibn Manẓūr (LA, sub radice n-q-b), via naqīb ‘chief’, thus named because he is privy to ‘the secrets of his fellow-tribesmen […] and to their manāqib, which is the means of knowing their affairs’; in short, manāqib would signify almost simultaneously both ‘traits of character’ and ‘acts and deeds’, and its use to introduce a biography centred not only on the actions, but also on the moral qualities of an individual, would be entirely legitimate. Finally, also worth consideration is an alternative meaning of the verb naqaba, ‘walk, follow a narrow path’, and a subtle connection may be observed between two senses of the singular manqabaẗ : on the one hand, ‘narrow street between two houses’, or ‘difficult path on the mountain’ (cf. Yāḳūt s.v. al-Manāqib; Sīra, ii, 468) and, on the other hand, ‘noble action’, in contrast to maṯlabaẗ ‘villainy, subject of shame’ […]. If the last explanation suggested is correct, one is entitled to consider that a semantic evolution has occurred comparable to that of ↗sīrat.«

–

al‑Naqab النَّقَب

√NQB

n.prop.

Negev (desert region in S Israel) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Negev

–

NQD نقد

√NQD

“root”

▪ NQD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NQD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nāqid ناقِد

√NQD

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NQḎ نقذ

√NQḎ

“root”

▪ NQḎ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQḎ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQḎ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to escape, save, to rescue, deliver, retrieve, a horse taken from the enemy’

▪ …

–

.

–

NQR نقر

√NQR

“root”

▪ NQR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘puddle, small hole in a date-stone; bird’s beak; click with the tongue or fingers; to chisel, pierce; to abuse, infighting; to select; trumpet, horn’

▪ From protSem *√NQR ‘to bore, pierce’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

NQṢ نقص

√NQṢ

“root”

▪ NQṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to decrease, diminish, loss; to disparage; weakness in the mind, shortcomings, faults’

▪ …

–

.

–

NQḌ نقض

√NQḌ

“root”

▪ NQḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to annul, dismantle, revoke, violate, dispute with; contrary; opposite; to overburden; to weaken’

▪ …

–

.

–

NQʕ نقع

√NQʕ

“root”

▪ NQʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘stagnant water, swamp, quagmire, (of water) to collect, soak, quench one’s thirst; dust storm, (of dust) to rise and float, raise one’s voice and shout, turn pale from fright or sickness’

▪ …

–

.

–

NQL نقل

√NQL

“root”

▪ NQL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NQL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

naqal‑ نَقَلَ

√NQL

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

NQM نقم

√NQM

“root”

▪ NQM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NQM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘punishment, denial, resentment, hatred, vengeance, to punish, deny, dislike, reproach, loathe, take revenge’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKB نكب

√NKB

“root”

▪ NKB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wind that brings no rain, disastrous wind, to be afflicted by disaster; the shoulder joint, disease that afflicts the joint, to veer off, turn away from’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKṮ نكث

√NKṮ

“root”

▪ NKṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to untwist yarn, undo what has been done, go back on an agreement, renege on a promise, violate an oath; great crisis’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKḤ نكح

√NKḤ

“root”

▪ NKḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to marry, be married, give in matrimony; to fornicate, fornication; to drench the land (with rain), be overcome (by sleep)’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKD نكد

√NKD

“root”

▪ NKD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘bad luck, strained circumstances; to be niggardly, deny assistance; (of she-camels) to fail to give birth to living young; (of land) to fail to grow plants’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKR نكر

√NKR

“root”

▪ NKR_1 ‘not to know, be ignorant; to deny’ ↗nakira
▪ NKR_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NKR_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hardship, serious matters; cunning; to be discerning; denial, to disown; to dispute with, fighting; to be ignorant of s.th., to fail to recognise, to refuse to acknowledge; to seek to clarify; to censure, to blame; detestable, abominable, loathsome’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

nakir‑ نَكِر , a (nakar, nukūr, nakīr)

√NKR

vb., I

1 not to know, have no knowledge, be ignorant of; 2 to deny, disown, disavow, renege – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘stranger’) Akk nakru ‘enemy’, Hbr noḵrī, Syr nuḵrāyā, Gz (nakīr).

…

►nakkara, vb. II, 1 to disguise, mask; 2 to use in its indefinite form (a noun; gram.): D‑stem, caus.
►nākara, vb. III, to disapprove (‑h of s.o.), reject (s.o.): L‑stem, assoc.
► ^BP#3131ʔankara, vb. IV, 1 to pretend not to know, refuse to have anything to do with; 2a to refuse to acknowledge, disown, disavow, disclaim, deny; 2b to renounce, renege; 2c to refuse, deny (s.th. ʕalà to s.o.), dispute, contest (s.th. ʕalà of s.o.); to reject (s.th. ʕalà with regard to s.o.), disapprove; 3 to censure, blame, rebuke (s.o. ʕalà for), criticize (s.th. min in s.o.); to hold s.th. (ʕalà against s.o.), reproach (s.o. ʕalà for): *Š‑stem | ʔankara ḏātahū, vb. IV, to deny o.s.; ʔankara nafsahū, vb. IV, to harbor self‑doubts; ʔankartu ʔannī ʔarāh, expr., I pretended not to see him
►tanakkara, vb. V, 1 to be in disguise, be disguised, disguise o.s.; 2 to change for the worse, change beyond reCOGNition; 3 to become estranged, be alienated (li‑ from s.th.); 4 to snub (li‑ s.o.), treat (li‑ s.o.) with hostility, deal ungraciously (li‑ with s.o.); 5 to deny o.s. (li‑, e.g., a feeling), shut out from one’s heart (li‑ s.th.): Dt‑stem.
►tanākara, vb. VI, 1 to have no knowledge, be ignorant (• of s.th.); 2 to pretend not to know (• s.th.), feign ignorance, make as if one doesn’t know; 3 to refuse to have anything to do (‑h with), snub, out, ignore, pretend not to know: Lt‑stem.
►ĭstankara, vb. X, 1 not to know (s.o., s.th.), have no knowledge, be ignorant of; 2a to disapprove (of s.th.), reject; 2b to detest, loathe (• s.th.)

►nukr, n., denial, disavowal
►nakir, adj., unknown, little known
►nakiraẗ, n.f., 1 indefinite noun (gram.); 2 unknown person
►nukrān, n., denial | lā nukrāna, expr., it is incontestable; nukrān al‑ǧamīl, n., ingratitude; nukrān al‑ḏāt, n., self‑denial
►nakīr, n., 1a denial, disavowal; 1b disapproval, rejection; 2 negation; 3 adj., reprehensible, repugnant, disgusting, vile, revolting, loathsome, abominable, atrocious; 4 n.prop., one of the Angels of Death (see munkar) | šadda ʕalayhi ’l‑nakīr, expr., to reproach s.o. severely
►ʔankarᵘ, f. nakrāʔᵘ, adj., reprehensible, abominable, disgusting, vile, revolting, loathsome | ĭbtisāmaẗ nakrāʔᵘ, n.f., a vicious smile
►ʔinkār, n., 1 denial, disavowal, negation, contestation; 2 refusal, rejection, nonacceptance: vn. IV | ʔinkār al‑ḏāt, n., self‑denial, selflessness, unselfishness; ʔinkār li‑ǧamīlih, n., ingratitude toward s.o.
►ʔinkārī, adj., denying, disaffirmative; negative
►tanakkur, n., disguise, masquerade: vn. V | maḥfil al‑tanakkur, n., fancy‑dress party, costume ball
►tanakkurī, adj.: ḥafl tanakkurī, n., masked ball, costume ball
►ĭstinkar, n., 1a disapproval; 1b horror, aversion, loathing: vn. X.
►nākir, adj., 1 denying, disavowing; 2 unfriendly, hostile, forbidding | nākir al‑ǧamīl, adj., ungrateful
►munakkar, adj., 1a indeterminate; 1b indefinite (gram.): PP II.
► ^BP#4169munkar, I adj., 1 denied; 2 not reCOGNized, unacknowledged, disowned, disavowed, disclaimed; 3 disagreeable, shocking, detestable, abominable; II n., abomination, atrocity; pl. ‑āt, objectionable, forbidden, or reprehensible, actions: PP IV | Munkar wa‑Nakīr, n., the two angels who examine the dead in their graves as to their faith
►mutanakkir, adj., 1a disguised, in disguise; 1b inCOGNito: PA V | raqṣ mutanakkir, n., masked ball, oostume ball
►mustankar, adj., 1 objectionable, reprehensible; 2 odd, strange: PP X.

NKS نكس

√NKS

“root”

▪ NKS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to turn upside down, turn down, reverse, hang one’s head in shame, be weak; to relapse, degeneration’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKṢ نكص

√NKṢ

“root”

▪ NKṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to withdraw, reverse, show reluctance, recoil, lose heart’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKF نكف

√NKF

“root”

▪ NKF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wipe tears from the cheek with one’s finger, be disdainful, snub, loathe, be haughty’

▪ …

–

.

–

NKL نكل

√NKL

“root”

▪ NKL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NKL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shackles, chains; to punish severely, torture; to force back, rebel; to recoil, evade, be cowardly in the face of the enemy; courageous and experienced person’

▪ …

–

.

–

NMː (NMM) نمّ / نمم

√NMː (NMM)

“root”

▪ NMː (NMM)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NMː (NMM)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘louse; slight, gentle sound; to show through, (of scent) to waft about; to disclose or betray a confidence, to spread malicious rumours, to slander, to sow dissension, slanderer, calumny’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

namm‑ / nam˅m‑ نَمَّ / نَممْـ

√NMː (NMM)

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NMR نمر

√NMR

“root”

▪ NMR_1 ‘to become angry; leopard; speck, spot’ ↗nimr, ↗numraẗ
▪ NMR_2 ‘clean, pure’ ↗namir
▪ NMR_3 ‘number’ ↗nimraẗ
▪ NMR_ ‘…’ ↗…

▪ NMR_1 : from protSem *namir‑ ‘leopard’ < AfrAs *numur‑ or *nurum‑ ‘leopard; hyaena’ (orig. prob. *‘the spotted one’) – Orel&Stolbova1994#1886.
▪ NMR_2 : …
▪ NMR_3 : (var. numraẗ) from Ital numero

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Any connection with ↗nimr / ²namir ‘leopard, panther’ and ↗¹namir ‘clean, pure, healthy, wholesome’?
▪ …
▪ …

…

–

nimr نِمْر , var. namir, pl. numur, ʔanmār, numūr

√NMR

n.

panther, leopard – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1886: from protSem *namir‑ ‘leopard’ < AfrAs *numur‑ or *nurum‑ ‘leopard; hyaena’ (orig. prob. *‘the spotted one’).
▪ Any connection with ↗¹namir ‘clean, pure, healthy, wholesome’?
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘panther, leopard’) Akk nimru, Hbr nāmēr, Syr nemrā, Gz namr.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1886: Together with Akk nimrᵘ, Hbr nāmēr, Syr nemrā, Gz namr, Hss nemr, the Ar word goes back to protSem *namir‑ ‘leopard’. Given the fact that three WCh languages have the word murum (< WCh *murum‑), which could be COGNates (with assimilation of nasals & metathesis), for ‘hyaena’, one could assume AfrAs *numur‑ as a possible ancestor (alternatively *nurum‑, in which case the Sem, not the Ch form would show metathesis). A possible explanation for the fact that the word signifies ‘leopard’ in Sem, but ‘hyaena’ in Chad, would be that originally it just meant *‘the spotted one’, see ↗numraẗ below, in section DERIV.
▪ Any connection with ↗¹namir ‘clean, pure, healthy, wholesome’?
▪ …

…

►tanammara, vb. V, to become angry, furious, turn into a tiger: DT-stem, denom.

►numraẗ, pl. numar, n.f., speck, spot: perh. the etymon proper.
►ʔanmarᵘ, f. namrāʔᵘ, pl. numr, adj., spotted, speckled: ʔaFʕaLᵘ formation for colours and body dysfunctions.
►munammar, adj., spotted, striped, brindled: PP II.

namir نَمِر

√NMR

adj.

clean, pure, healthy, wholesome (esp., water) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Any connection with ↗nimr / ²namir ‘leopard, panther’ ?
▪ …

▪ …

…

▪ Any connection with ↗nimr / ²namir ‘leopard, panther’ ?
▪ …

…

numraẗ نُمْرة , pl. numar

√NMR

n.f.

1 speck, spot; 2 ↗nimraẗ – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Perh. the etymon proper of the complex treated sub ↗nimr ‘panther, leopard’.
▪ …

▪ …

Cf. perh. ↗nimr.

See above, section CONC.

…

►ʔanmarᵘ, f. namrāʔᵘ, pl. numr, adj., spotted, speckled: ʔaFʕaLᵘ formation for colours and body dysfunctions.
►munammar, adj., spotted, striped, brindled: PP II.

Cf. perh. also ↗nimr ‘panther, leopard’ (< *‘the speckled one’?).

For the loanword numraẗ ‘number’ cf. s.v. ↗nimraẗ.

nimraẗ نِمْرة , var. numraẗ (نُمْرة , also plene نومرة), pl. nimar, numar

√NMR

n.f.

1 number, numero; 2 figure – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Ital numero, from Lat numerus ‘number’.

▪ …

See WEST.

See CONC.

▪ Not from Ar nimraẗ ~ numraẗ, but ultimately from the same source is Engl number: c. 1300 ‘sum, aggregate of a collection’, from AngloFr noumbre, oFr nombre and directly from Lat numerus ‘a number, quantity’, from protIE root *nem- ‘to assign, allot; to take’.
▪ …

►nimraẗ wāḥid, expr., first-class, first-rate, A-1, excellent

►nammara, vb. II, to mark with number, to number, provide with a number: D-stem, denom.
►tanammara, vb. V, to be numbered: Dt-stem, denom., intr.

►nammāraẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., numberer, numbering machine, date stamp: quasi-PA, ints.f.
►tanmīr, n., numbering, numeration, count: vn. II.
►munammar, adj., numbered, counted: PP II.

NML نمل

√NML

“root”

▪ NML_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NML_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NML_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘ants; tips of the fingers; to invisibly mend a garment; to tell lies; to be restless, active person’

▪ …

–

.

–

NHǦ نهج

√NHǦ

“root”

▪ NHǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NHǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NHǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘clear, open road, pass through a clear road, point out the way, proceed; to breathe with difficulty; (of a garment) to become tattered’

▪ …

–

.

–

manhaǧ مَنْهَج

√NHǦ

n.

.

▪ …I

▪ …

.

NHR نهر

√NHR

“root”

▪ NHR_1 ‘stream, river; column (of a newspaper etc.)’ ↗nahr
▪ NHR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘river, stream, to strike water (in digging a well), to gush forth; daylight; to chase away, to rebuke’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nahr نَهْر , pl. ʔanhur, ʔanhār, nuhūr

√NHR

n.

1 stream, river; – 2 (pl. ʔanhur and ʔanhār) column (of a newspaper) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ [v1] Kogan2011: from protSem *nah(a)r‑ ‘river’. Underlying may be the idea of *‘(water) gushing forth and carving a river bed/channel into the earth/soil’.
▪ [v2] Figurative use (?).

▪ …

▪ Dolgopolsky 2012 #1619: Akk nāru ‘river, canal; vein’, Ug nhr (Tropper 2008: [*nah(a)ru]) ‘stream, river, flood’, BiblHbr nāhār ‘stream, river’, oAram nhr ‘river, watercourse’, (BDB 1906: BiblAram nhar ‘river’), JudAram [Targ] nahrā ‘stream’, Syr nahrā, Ar nahr ~ nahar ‘river’, Sab ʔnhr (pl.) ‘irrigation channels’. – Cf. also corresponding verb: BiblHbr nāhar ‘to stream’, Ar nahara ‘to flow abundantly’ (blood, river), Gz nahara ‘to flow, go down, leap’
▪ BDB 1906, Klein 1987: Hbr minhārâh (dubious) ‘(BDB:) crevices, ravines (?), (Klein:) fissure, cleft, (nHbr) tunnel’: perh. related to Ar ^†minhar(aẗ) ‘place hollowed out by water’, ^†manhar ‘bed of a river, channel of water’

▪ Huehnergard 2011 assumes a ComSem noun *nah(a)r‑ ‘river’.
▪ Similarly, Dolgopolsky 2012 #1619 reconstructs Sem *nahar- ‘stream, river’ (verbal root *√NHR ‘to stream’ attested only in WSem). – Based on Sem and extra-AfrAs evidence, the author further reconstructs Nostr *ńihR˹a˺ ‘to stream; a stream, liquid’.
▪ According to Gabal 2012-IV: 2337, Ar nahr ‘river’ belongs to a theme √NHR the basic meaning of which is ‘copious (or also thin) flowing, broadly and extensively, from an opening (which it also produces and widens/carves out)’, based on a 2-consonantal nucleus *NH- meaning ‘an opening, a void space filled by s.th.’.
▪ Fraenkel doubted that nah(a)r is a genuinely Arabic word (as already Guidi 1879: 7 had assumed). According to him, »the Arabs can hardly have had an idea of a stream because they only knew wādī and sayl in their lands. nah(a)r however is a big stream, and I believe that the Arabs have taken its name from the inhabitants of Euphrates region« – Fraenkel 1886: 285.
▪ The Sem word has also been loaned into lEg as *nahara, Nah(a)rêna ‘stream, river’ – Hoch 1994 #253. – Cf. also (#254) lEg *nahara ‘flowing; fleeing’ or ‘to flee; to sail’, (#255) *naharû (?) ‘fugitives’.
[v2] The value ‘(newspaper) column’ given in Wehr/Cowan could not be attested elsewhere. If this is not a mistake it must be a case of figurative use (*‘channel/river bed in which text is flowing’?). No explanation could be traced.

▪ Engl Achernar ‘α Eridani (astron.)’, the brightest ‘star’ or point of light—actually, it is the primary star in a binary system—in the constellation of Eridanus, from Ar ʔāḫir al-nahr ‘the end(point) of The River’ (Grk Potamós, sc. the Eridanus) – Huehnergard 2011.

► mā bayna ’l-nahrayn, n.topogr., (lit., what is between the two rivers, sc. Euphrates and Tigris) Mesopotamia
► mā warāʔa ’l-nahr, n.topogr., (lit., what is behind/beyond the river, sc. the Oxus) Transoxiana
► nahr ʔurdunn, n.fl., the Jordan river
► nahr al-salām, n.fl., (lit., river of peace) the Tigris
► nahr al-šarīʕaẗ, n.fl., the Jordan river
► nahr al-ʕāṣī, n.fl., the Orontes

► nahara, a (nahr), vb. I, 1. to flow copiously, stream forth, gush forth: BDB 1906 (s.v. Hbr nāhar) thinks that the Ar vb. I ‘to run, flow’ is »perh[aps] denom[inative] fr[om] nahr ‘river’«; 2. ↗nahara
► nahrī, adj., river- (in compounds), riverine, fluvial, fluviatile: nisba formation from nahr.
► nahīr, adj., copious, ample, abundant, plentiful, much: quasi-PP.
► nuhayr, pl. ‑āt, little river, creek, brook; a tributary, an affluent: dimin. of nahr.

For other items from the root, see ↗√NHR.

nahār نَهار

√NHR

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NHḌ نهض

√NHḌ

“root”

▪ NHḌ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NHḌ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nahḍaẗ نَهْضَة

√NHḌ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ n.vic., I

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NHW نهو

√NHW

“root”

▪ NHW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NHW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NHW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘goal, end, termination; to end, restrain, forbid, abstain; to inform, relate to; mind, discerning power, reason’

▪ …

–

.

–

NWʔ نوأ

√NWʔ

“root”

▪ NWʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a star approaching its celestial setting point; to be weighed down with difficulties, be strained by, or succumb under a heavy load; hostility’

▪ …

–

.

–

NWB نوب

√NWB

“root”

▪ NWB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NWB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘affliction, a seizure, calamity; to visit, to deputise; to take turns, a shift; to go back, to revert, to repent’

▪ Ar root √NWB ‘to represent, act as deputy’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl nabob ↗nāʔib.

–

nāʔib نائِب

√NWB

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl nabob, from Ar nuwwāb, pl. of nāʔib ‘deputy’, active participle of ↗nāba ‘to represent, act as deputy’.

►

NWḤ نوح

√NWḤ

“root”

▪ NWḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wail, lament, (of wind, wolves and dogs) to howl; power; to swing, (of trees and mountains) to stand face-to-face’

▪ (BAH2008): Although Arab philologists are aware of the Syr origin of the proper noun Nūḥ, they include it under this root.

–

.

–

NWḪ نوخ

√NWḪ

“root”

▪ NWḪ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NWḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ From protSem *√NWḪ ‘to rest, come to rest’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to rest’) Akk inūḫ, Hbr nāḥ, Syr nāḥ, Gz nṓḫa.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl almanac, from munāḫ, var. ↗manāḫ.

–

manāḫ مَناخ , var. munāḫ

√NWḪ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl almanac, from Ar munāḫ ‘halting place, caravan stop, position of the stars’, from ʔanāḫa, vb. IV, ‘to make (a camel) lie down’, *Š-stem of nāḫa, vb. I, ‘to lie down, rest (of camels)’.

►

manāḫī مناخيّ

√NWḪ

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NWR نور

√NWR

“root”

▪ NWR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NWR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘light, to light, to shed light, to illuminate; to clarify, to become clear; guidance, to guide, to seek guidance, to enlighten, to gain insight; lantern, landmark; fire, to light fire; blossoms, to blossom, to bring forth flowers’

▪ protSem *√NWR ‘to shine, be(come) bright’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl minaret, from Ar ↗manāraẗ, akin to ↗nūr.

–

nār نار

√NWR

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from Sem *nwr ‘to shine’, replaced the main Sem term for ‘fire’, protSem *ʔiš(‑āt)‑ (which left no traces in Ar).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

NWS نوس

√NWS

“root”

▪ NWS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘human beings, increase, shake; to be blown about, drive an animal; to slacken, hang down; cobweb’

▪ (BAH2008): In addition to deriving nās from this root (‘to move about’), philologists derive it also from roots ↗ʔNS ‘to be sociable’ and ↗NSY ‘to be forgetful’.
▪ …

–

.

–

NWŠ نوش

√NWŠ

“root”

▪ NWŠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWŠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWŠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘skirmish; to seize; to hang on to, receive; to save; to come face-to-face with’

▪ …

–

.

–

NWṢ نوص

√NWṢ

“root”

▪ NWṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘escape, way out, place and time of escape, flee; to ready o.s. for action, move, pull; avoidance’

▪ …

–

.

–

NWʕ نوع

√NWʕ

“root”

.

▪ …

–

.

–

nawʕ نَوْع

√NWʕ

n.

.

▪ …

.

NWQ نوق

√NWQ

“root”

▪ NWQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWQ_3 ‘...’ ↗... ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘she-camel, to be elegant, make dainty, be of pleasant complexion; to cause to be amiable; to be selective’

▪ …

–

.

–

NWM نوم

√NWM

“root”

▪ NWM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NWM_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ NWM_1 ‘to sleep’ ↗nāma

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sleep, to lie down, to dream, to he lazy; to be insignificant; to abate’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

nām‑ / nim‑ نامَ / نِمْـ , ā (nawm , niyām)

√NWM

vb., I

to sleep, slumber; to go to bed; to go to sleep; to abate, subside, let up, calm down, be calm (wind, sea, etc.); to be inactive, dull, listless (market); to be benumbed, be numb (limb); to neglect, omit, overlook (ʕan s.th.), forget (ʕan about s.th.), fail to think of; to be reassured (ʔilà by s.th.), accept (ʔilà s.th.), assent (ʔilà to), acquiesce (ʔilà in); to place confidence (ʔilà in s.o.), trust (ʔilà s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protWSem *nwm ‘to sleep’. – For another word, less common in Ar but a basic item in protSem, cf. ↗sinaẗ (< protSem *šin‑at‑) ‘sleep’.
▪ From WSem *nwm ‘to sleep’, Sem *nawim‑ ‘drowsy’, *nawm-at‑ ‘slumber’.

▪ eC7 (nawm) Q 2:255 lā taʔḫuḏuhū sinatun wa-lā-nawm ‘neither slumber nor sleep overtakes Him’; (manām) (act of sleeping) Q 30:23 wa-min ʔātāti-hi manāmu-kum bi’l-laylī wa’l-nahāri wa-’btiġāʔu-kum min faḍli-hī ‘His wonders [also] include your sleeping and seeking his bounty by night and by day’, (dream) Q 37:102 yā bunay-ya ʔinnī ʔarà fī ’l-manāmi ʔannī ʔaḏbaḥu-ka ‘my son, I have seen in the dream that I am slaying [sacrificing] you’; (nāʔim) Q 68:19 fa-ṭāfa ʕalayhā ṭāʔifun min rabbi-ka wa-hum nāʔimūna ‘a visitation from your Lord visited it while they were sleeping’

▪ Fronzaroli#2.11: Akk munattu ‘dream’,⁵ Hbr nāmū ‘they slept’, Syr nām, Ar nāma (< *nawima), Gz nōma ‘to sleep’; Hbr nūmā, Syr nawmᵉtā, Ar nawmaẗ, Gz newām ‘slumber’.
▪ BDB1906: nûm, Aram nūm, Syr nām, Gz nōma ‘to be drowsy, slumber’.
▪ Zammit2002: Akk nāmu ‘to slumber’⁶ (munattu ‘morning slumber’), Ug nhmmt ‘slumber’,⁷ Hbr nūm ‘to be drowsy, slumber’, Aram nūm ‘to slumber’ (namnēm ‘to be drowsy; to doze’), Syr nām ‘to sleep heavily, slumber’, Ar nawm, Gz newām ‘sleep’.
▪ Kogan2011: Ar nāma, Gz noma ‘to sleep’, Hbr Syr nām ‘to slumber’, ? Ug nhmmt ‘drowsiness’, ? Akk nu-ma-at ‘it (the forest) was still’.⁸

5. CAD: ‘waking, waking time’, pl. munāmātu. 6. Not in CAD! 7. Cf. Kogan’s critical note in DISC section. 8. For Akk munattu ‘waking time’, Morgendämmer(traum) see CAD, Zgoll 2006: 66-69. The etymology of SEthSem forms like Har ñēʔa, Amh täññä is discussed in CDG 394 and EDH 120.

▪ Fronzaroli#2.11: Sem *nawim‑ ‘drowsy’, *nawm-at‑ ‘slumber’.
▪ Kogan2011: Ar nāma, Gz noma ‘to sleep’ go back to WSem *nwm, preserved with the non-basic meaning ‘to slumber’ in Hbr and Syr and doubtfully attested in Ug nhmmt ‘drowsiness’ and Akk nu-ma-at ‘it (the forest) was still’.

–

► nawwama, vb. II, to lull (s.o.) to sleep, make sleep, put to bed (esp., a child); to anesthetize, narcotize, put to sleep: caus.
► ʔanāma, vb. IV, = II: caus.
► tanāwama, vb. VI, to pretend to be asleep; to place confidence, put trust (ʔilà in s.o.):…
► ĭstanāma, vb. X, to let o.s. be lulled to sleep or narcotized (li‑ by s.th.); to accede (li‑ to s.th.), comply (li‑ with); to trust (ʔilà s.o.), have confidence (ʔilà in s.o.), rely, depend (ʔilà on s.o.); to entrust (bi‑ s.th. ʔilà to s.o.); to be reassured (ʔilà by s.th.), accept tacitly (ʔilà s.th.), acquiesce (ʔilà in s.th.), content o.s., be content (ʔilà with): requestative, tŠ-stem.
► ^BP#930nawm, n., sleep, slumber: vn. I | ġurfat al-~, n., bedroom; qamīṣ al-~, n., nightgown, nightshirt.
► nawmī, adj., of or pertaining to sleep, somn(i)-, sleeping- (in compounds): nsb-adj., from nawm.
► nawmaẗ, n.f., sleep, nap: n.un. of nawm.
► nuwamaẗ, n.f., one who sleeps much, sleeper: ints.
► nawwām, n., one given to sleep, sleeper: nominalized ints. adj.
► naʔūm, adj., sound asleep: ints.; n., one given to sleep, sleeper; late riser, slugabed: nominalization.
► ^BP#4877manām, n., sleep; (pl. ‑āt) dream:…
► ^BP#4877manām, n., place to sleep; bedroom, dormitory: n.loc.
► manāmaẗ, n.f., place to sleep; bedroom, dormitory: n.loc.; nightwear, nightgown, nightshirt: n.instr.; al-Manāmaẗ, Manama (capital of Bahrein Islands).
► tanwīm, n., lulling to sleep; narcotization, anesthetization; hypnotism, hypnosis: vn. II.
► ^BP#2214nāʔim, pl. niyām, nuwwam, nuyyam, nuwwām, nuyyām, adj., sleeping; asleep; numb, benumbed (limb); calm, tranquil, peaceful (night): PA I.
► munawwim, adj., sleep-inducing, somniferous, soporific; narcotic; hypnotist; (pl. ‑āt), n., a soporific, somnifacient: PA II | ǧurʕaẗ ~aẗ, n., soporific potion, sleeping draught, nightcap; dawāʔ ~, n., a soporific, somnifacient; ḥubūb ~aẗ, n.pl., sleeping pills.

NWN نون

√NWN

“root”

▪ NWN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘fish; a correct word, word of wisdom; inkpot, the letter nūn, enunciate the sound nūn. nūn meaning ‘fish’ is considered by some scholars to be of Syr origin’

▪ From protSem *nūn‑ ‘fish’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

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NWY نوي

√NWY

“root”

▪ NWY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NWY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a fruit stone; home, to leave home; direction, intention, to intend, determine’

▪ …

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NYL نيل

√NYL

“root”

▪ NYL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NYL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ NYL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gift, a favour bestowed, a gracious act conferred, benefit; to obtain, enable to have, let have; to reach; to harm, bear upon, insult’

▪ …

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