Bibliotheca Polyglotta

hāʔ هاء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

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R₁

The letter h of the Arabic alphabet.

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hārb , hā̆rb هارْب

ID … • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRB, HāRB

n.

harp (musical instrument) – WehrCowan1979.

Rolland2014a: from Engl harp or Fr harpe, from oEngl hearpe, from Germ *kharpon‑ .

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▪ Germ *harpon- (cognates: oSax harpa ‘instrument of torture’, oNor harpa, Du harp, oHG harpfa, G Harfe ‘harp’), of uncertain origin. lLat harpa, source of words in some Rom langs (It arpa, Span arpa, Fr harpe), is a borrowing from Germ – .

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Hāmān هامان

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HāMāN, HMN

n.prop.

Hamān

▪ (BAH2008): (proper) noun occurring six times in the Qur’an. »It is considered to be a Copt borrowing related to the Egyptian God of Amon, most likely, according to Muḥammad Asad, the designation ‘Hā-Amen’ given to every high priest of the Egyptian god of Amon (not to be confused with Pers Haman of the Old Testament), or possibly, according to other commentators, it is a proper noun. [In the Qur’an, Hāmān is] either the name of the chief aid to Pharaoh or the title of the high priest in Egypt at the time of Moses (Est. III ff.) (Q 40:36) ‘and Pharaoh said, “Hāmān, build me a lofty tower”’«

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HBṬ

“root”

▪ HBṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HBṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HBṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to descend, climb down; to come to a new place, settle down in a new place; to cave in, collapse; to abate, decrease, depreciate; to be humiliated’

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HBW

“root”

▪ HBW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HBW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HBW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dust floating in the air, dust particles visible in sunlight, mote, dust cloud; to swagger, walk with conceit; to dissolve into nothing, vanish into nothing, vain effort’

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HTF

“root”

▪ HTF_1 ‘to coo (pigeons); to shout, cray, hail, call; telephone’ ↗hatafa
▪ HTF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ Out of the 4 values the root can take in Sem (according to DRS), only 1 is realized in MSA. The meaning ‘telephone’ is a neologism coined from the basic meaning ‘to shout, hail, call’.

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▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HTP-1 Ar hatafa ‘s’écrier, appeler qn, louer; roucouler’, IraqAr hitof ‘acclamer’, PalAr hataf ‘pousser des cris de joie, acclamer’, EgAr hataf ‘crier un slogan’, hātif ‘voix de l’intuition’; Jib htof ‘appeler à l’aide; prendre soin de’. -2 MġrAr hataf ‘délirer (malade), radoter’, hatūf ‘insensé’, Te hatäf belä ‘délirer; se tromper’, Tña hatäfä ‘bafouiller, délirer’. -3 Marāz hataf ‘donner beaucoup de feuilles’. -4 SudAr hataf ‘tomber continûment (averse)’

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hataf‑ هَتَفَ , i (hatf , hutāf)

ID 887 • Sw – • BP 5426 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HTF

vb., I

1 (hatf) to coo (pigeons). – 2 (hutāf) to shout; to rejoice, shout with joy; to acclaim, hail, cheer, applaud (li- or bi‑ s.o.); to jeer, boo (ḍidd s.o.); to praise highly, extol (bi‑ s.th.); (alg.) to call up (on the telephone) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Outside Ar, the root seems to have a cognate only in Jib. The latter’s meaning is probably too far from the Ar as to pass as a borrowing. Thus, one might assume that the root is Sem. The material, however, is too little as to allow for a reconstruction.

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▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HTP-1 Ar hatafa ‘s’écrier, appeler qn, louer; roucouler’, IraqAr hitof ‘acclamer’, PalAr hataf ‘pousser des cris de joie, acclamer’, EgAr hataf ‘crier un slogan’, hātif ‘voix de l’intuition’; Jib htof ‘appeler à l’aide; prendre soin de’.
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► hatafa bi-hī, to call out to s.o.
► hatafa bi-hī hātif, a voice called out to him, an invisible force told him, made him (do s.th.)
► hatafa bi-ḥayāti-hī, to cheer s.o.
► hatafa ṯalāṯan, to give (li‑ s.o.) three cheers

► tahātafa, vb. VI, to shout encouragement to one another, encourage one another (ʕalà to do s.th.): tL-stem, recip.
► hatfaẗ, n.f., shout, cry, call: n.vic.
► hutāf, pl. ‑āt, n., shout, cry, call; exclamation of joy; hurrah; acclamation, acclaim, applause; cheer (li‑ to s.o.); booing, shooting down: vn. I | hutāf al-ḥarb, n., battle cry, war cry; ʕāṣifaẗ min al-hutāf, n., storm of applause, thundering applause.
► ^BP#1227hātif, 1 adj., shouting, calling loudly: PA I. – 2 n., (in earlier Sufism) invisible caller, voice: nominalized PA I. – 3 n., (pl. hawātifᵘ) telephone; loudspeaker: neolog., properly PA I, *‘the calling one’. – 4 pl. hawātifᵘ, exclamations, shouts, cries, calls | hātif al-qalb, n., inner voice; bi’l-hātif, adj., by telephone; hātif ʔālī, n., automated telephony, telephone connection with direct dialing; hātif hawāʔī, n., radio telephone, police radio.
► ^BP#2556hātifī, adj., telephonic, telephone- (in compounds): nsb-adj. of hātif_3 (see preceding item).

hātif هاتِف

ID 886 • Sw – • BP 1227 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HǦD

“root”

▪ HǦD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HǦD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HǦD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sleep in the night or in the latter part of the night; to stay awake at night; (of a camel) to rest the fore part of the neck upon the ground’

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HǦR

“root”

▪ HǦR_1 ‘to emigrate, relinquish, leave’ ↗haǧara
▪ HǦR_2 ‘hottest time of the day’ ↗hāǧiraẗ
▪ HǦR_3 ‘obscene language; to talk nonsense, talk through one’s hat’ ↗huǧr

Other meanings, now obsolete (acc. to Hava1899):

HǦR_4 ‘custom, habit’: ^†hiǧǧīr, ^†hiǧǧīrà, ^†hiǧǧīraẗ ; meaning also ‘speech, language’.
HǦR_5 ‘excellent, distinguished’: ^†hāǧir, ^†hāǧirī, ^†muhǧir, the latter meaning also ‘lofty (palm-tree)’, ^†ʔahǧarᵘ ‘better, nobler; longer, thicker’.
HǦR_6 ‘bow-string; rope for tying a camel’s foot, tether’: ^†hiǧār .

▪ HǦR_7 ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’ ↗huǧraẗ (var. hiǧraẗ).

HǦR_8 ‘to empty, clean a ditch’: MġrAr hǧar (DRS).
HǦR_9 ‘sufficiency’: ^†haǧrāʔᵘ, cf. expr. mā ʕinda-hū ġanāʔu ḏālika wa-lā haǧrāʔu-hū ‘he is not adequate to the work’.
HǦR_10 ‘large watering-trough; large cup’: ^†haǧīr, pl. huǧur .
HǦR_11 ‘durra of minor quality’: SudAr haǧǧarat (DRS).

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 to give up, part company with, abandon; to emigrate, migrate; 2 summer midday heat; 3 bad or obscene language; to slander, insult; 4 custom, habit’

▪ From among the 12 values attached to the root in Sem (as given in DRS), only 9 are represented in Ar. Hava1899 mentions two others (in ClassAr use and in dialects). Of all these, only 3 are still to be found in MSA.
▪ The etymological situation within the root is rather complex and obscure. Whereas some of the values seem to be semantically close, others are difficult to relate to any of the others.

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▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HGR-1 Ar haǧara ‘rompre avec, s’éloigner de, abandonner; bouder qn, cesser de lui parler’, hiǧraẗ ‘rupture, séparation; départ, émigration’, Marāz mahǧar ‘endroit isolé, lieu dont il n’y a aucun avantage à tirer’, HispAr hažar ‘détester’, Mhr hōgər, Jib hogór ‘émigrer’. – Outside Sem: ? [Berb] Warg aggur ‘marcher’, Naf agər, agur ‘s’en aller’, Tmzġ gurr ‘aller, partir, marcher’? -2 Ar haǧr, haǧīraẗ ‘milieu du jour, le plus fort de la chaleur’, HispAr hāžira ‘heure de la sieste’, Mhr hēgər ‘faire chaud à midi’, Jib hógər ‘midi’. -3 Ar hāǧiraẗ ‘langage indécent’, haǧara ‘délirer, radoter’, DaṯAr haǧar ‘parler haut’. -4 Ar haǧara ‘être pur, sans mélange’, huǧr ‘excellent, noble et distingué (homme)’, haǧǧīr ‘coutume, manière’. -5 Syr hᵉgar, ʔahgar ‘devenir musulman’, mahgᵉrā, mahgᵉrāyā ‘musulman’. -6 Ar hiǧār ‘corde de l’arc, corde avec laquelle on rattache le pied du chameau à la sangle, chaîne portée au cou’, DaṯAr haǧǧar ‘lier les pieds de devant d’un chameau’, SudAr haǧar ‘entraver et forcer à s’asseoir (chameau)’, mahǧar ‘vol (en particulier de vaches ou de chameaux)’, Marāz hᵃžaṛ ‘mettre l’entrave (à un chameau, cheval, âne en rut)’, MġrAr hǧar ‘faire violemment, avec excès’. -7 YemAr haǧar : ruines d’une ville antique, hiǧreh ‘enclave protégée’, SAr hgr ‘ville’, Gz hagar ‘ville, village, province, pays’, hagarit ‘ville, citadins’, Te Tña hagär, ‘région habitée, cité, village’, Amh Choa, Gur agär ‘terre, pays’; ? MġrAr mahǧar ‘chemin, rue très fréquentée, animée’. – Outside Sem: Cohen1969:77 proposant de voir dans HǦR avec cette valeur, une variante méridionale de ʔKL, rapproche d’Eg ʔkr ‘dieu de la terre’, [Berb] Tmšq, Sūs akāl ‘terre, terrain, pays’, [Cush] Af erkē, SaAf rikē, Or irge ‘endroit, place’; sans doute Som hag, hal ‘id.’. -8 MġrAr hǧar ‘vider, nettoyer une fosse’. -9 Te hagrä ‘creuser un trou’, hagärä ‘manquer, attendre’. -10 Gz həgʷre, higore, hegore ‘vermillon, couleur rouge’, Te haggärä ‘teindre en rouge’. -11 SudAr haǧǧarat ‘sorte de durra de qualité inférieure’. -12 Mhr həgūr ‘acheter de la nourriture pour sa famille’.

▪ HǦR_1 (= DRS HǦR#1): regarded by Huehnergard2011 as an exclusively Arabic root. The notion of ‘departing, leaving behind’ may be at the basis of HǦR_7 YemAr haǧar ‘ruins of an old city/village’ (perhaps: *deserted place). But one could also imagine the reverse to be the case. Kerr, e.g., holds (Kerr2014:79,n.119) that, outside Ar, the root HǦR is attested only in SSem in the meaning of ‘city-dweller’ (HǦR_7; cf. also Ar huǧraẗ, hiǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’) and in Hbr and Aram as the name of Abraham’s concubine, Hagar (not accounted for in DRS). HǦR_1 could thus be dependent on HǦR_7. Some dictionaries indeed interpret the notion of ‘departing’ as that of a ‘removal from the desert to the towns or villages’, in this way linking ‘departure’ up to ‘town, village’. – What is deserted and neglected, also becomes ugly and disgusting; so HǦR_1 may also be the source of HǦR_3 ‘to talk nonsense, obscene language’.
▪ HǦR_2 (= DRS HǦR#2) ‘hottest time of the day’ ↗hāǧiraẗ : ‘because people [then] shelter themselves in their tents or houses, as though they forsook one another (tahāǧarū)’ (Lane, quoting Qāmūs)
▪ HǦR_3 (= DRS HǦR#3) ‘obscene language; to talk nonsense, talk through one’s hat’: ↗huǧr . Just a metathetical variant of ↗ǦHR?
▪ HǦR_4 (= DRS HǦR#4) ‘custom, habit’: ^†hiǧǧīr, ^†hiǧǧīrà, ^†hiǧǧīraẗ; meaning also ‘speech, language’: Seen as one with HǦR_5 by DRS.
▪ HǦR_5 (= DRS HǦR#4) ‘excellent, distinguished’: ^†hāǧir, ^†hāǧirī, ^†muhǧir, the latter meaning also ‘lofty (palm-tree)’, ^†ʔahǧarᵘ ‘better, nobler; longer, thicker’. Seen as one with HǦR_4 by DRS.
▪ HǦR_6 (= DRS HǦR#6) ‘bow-string; rope for tying a camel’s foot, tether’: ^†hiǧār.
▪ HǦR_7 (= DRS HǦR#7) huǧraẗ, hiǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’. ‘ruins of an old city’. – Cf. YemAr haǧar ? The latter or a relative of it may be at the origin of HǦR_1 ‘to depart’ in the sense of *‘to leave desert life and settle in an area of agriculture’. – DRS : Mot voyageur? Cf. also Sum agar ‘territoire irrigué’, Latin ager ‘champ’. – In contrast, Dolgopolsky2012#2571 does not connect the Sum and Lat (< IE *ag̑ro-s ‘field, field in cultivation’) words with Ar HǦR but with Ar ↗ḥākūraẗ ‘piece of land retained and enclosed by its proprietor for sowing and planting trees, (WehrCowan1979:) small vegetable garden’ (< Syr ḥkwrʔ /*ḥakūrā ?/ ‘field’ < CSem *ḤKR ‘field in cultivation’).
▪ HǦR_8 (= DRS HǦR#8) ‘to empty, clean a ditch’: MġrAr hǧar (DRS).
▪ HǦR_9 (DRS : Ø) ‘sufficiency’: ^†haǧrāʔᵘ, cf. the expr. mā ʕinda-hū ġanāʔu ḏālika wa-lā haǧrāʔu-hū ‘he is not adequate to the work’.
▪ HǦR_10 (DRS : Ø) ‘large watering-trough; large cup’: ^†haǧīr, pl. huǧur.
▪ HǦR_11 (DRS : Ø) ‘durra of minor quality’: SudAr haǧǧarat (DRS).

▪ ↗hiǧraẗ ‘Hegira’

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haǧar‑ هَجَرَ , u (haǧr , hiǧrān)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HǦR

vb., I

1 to emigrate; 2 to dissociate o.s., separate, part, secede, keep away (DO from), part company (with); 3 to give up, renounce, forgo, avoid (s.th.); 4 to abandon, surrender, leave behind (s.th. ʔilà to s.o.), relinquish, leave, give up, vacate (s.th., ʔilà in favour of s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ While Huehnergard2011 considers haǧara ‘to depart’ as an Ar specificity, a relation to other values of Sem HǦR should perhaps not be discarded (see DISC below): ‘departing, leaving behind’ could be akin to SSem items meaning ‘city-dweller’. Some dictionaries indeed interpret the notion of ‘departing’ as that of a ‘removal from the desert to the towns or villages’ (or away from them), in this way linking ‘departure’ up to ‘town, village’.
▪ Any relation to the other two values of HǦR that have survived into MSA, ‘to talk nonsense, obscene language’ (↗huǧr) and ‘hottest time of the day’ (↗hāǧiraẗ) does not seem very likely.

▪ eC7 haǧara (to desert, shun, part company with, forsake) Q 74:5 wa’l-ruǧza fa-’hǧur ‘and shun all abominations’, (to leave alone, avoid, abstain from, ignore) Q 4:34 wa-’hǧurū-hunna fī ’l-maḍāǧiʕi ‘and ignore them in bed’. – haǧr (vn. I, act of parting company with s.o., forsaking, boycotting, ignoring) Q 73:10 wa-’ṣbir ʕalà mā yaqūlūna wa-’hǧur-hum haǧran ǧamīlan ‘and endure patiently what they say, and forsake them with a gracious forsaking’. – hāǧara (vb. III, to emigrate, migrate) Q 4:100 wa-man yuhāǧiru fī sabīli ’llāhi ‘and he who emigrates in the cause of God’. – muhāǧir (PA III, migrant, emigrant, s.o. who migrates from their home/country) Q 4:100 wa-man yaḫruǧu min bayti-hī muhāǧiran ʔilà ’ḷḷāhi wa-rasūli-hī ‘and whosoever leaves home migrating to God and His Messenger’. – mahǧūr (PP I, forsaken, abandoned, deserted, shunned, neglected; abused, slandered, insulted) Q 25:30 wa-qāla ’l-rasūlu yā rabbi ʔinna qawm-ī ’ttaḫaḏū hāḏā ’l-qurʔāna mahǧūran ‘and the Messenger will say, “My Lord, my people have considered this Revelation as something of no consequence (or: s.th. to be ignored, or: to be abused)’.
▪ Hava1899 has vb. II ^†haǧǧara with still another meaning: ‘to perform (prayer) before the time (Moslem)’, and vb. III hāǧara not only in the sense of ‘to emigrate’ but, more specifically, ‘to leave nomadic life’; hiǧraẗ not only ‘estrangement’ but also ‘removal from the desert to a town’.

▪ Zammit2002: Hbr hgr (Š-stem) ‘to leave alone’, Ar haǧara ‘to separate o.s. from, break off’
▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HGR-1 Ar haǧara ‘rompre avec, s’éloigner de, abandonner; bouder qn, cesser de lui parler’, hiǧraẗ ‘rupture, séparation; départ, émigration’, Marāz mahǧar ‘endroit isolé, lieu dont il n’y a aucun avantage à tirer’, HispAr hažar ‘détester’, Mhr hōgər, Jib hogór ‘émigrer’. – Outside Sem: ? [Berb] Warg aggur ‘marcher’, Naf agər, agur ‘s’en aller’, Tmzġ gurr ‘aller, partir, marcher’? […] -3 Syr hᵉgar, ʔahgar ‘devenir musulman’, mahgᵉrā, mahgᵉrāyā ‘musulman’. […] -7 YemAr haǧar : ruines d’une ville antique, hiǧreh ‘enclave protégée’, SAr hgr ‘ville’, Gz hagar ‘ville, village, province, pays’, hagarit ‘ville, citadins’, Te Tña hagär, ‘région habitée, cité, village’, Amh Choa, Gur agär ‘terre, pays’; ? MġrAr mahǧar ‘chemin, rue très fréquentée, animée’. – Outside Sem: Cohen1969:77 proposant de voir dans HǦR avec cette valeur, une variante méridionale de ʔKL, rapproche d’Eg ʔkr ‘dieu de la terre’, [Berb] Tmšq, Sūs akāl ‘terre, terrain, pays’, [Cush] Af erkē, SaAf rikē, Or irge ‘endroit, place’; sans doute Som hag, hal ‘id.’.

▪ Huehnergard2011 considers HǦR with the value ‘to depart’ as an exclusively Ar root.
▪ A relation to other values of HǦR should however not be discarded right away, although it is not attested and therefore difficult to prove. ‘Departing, leaving behind’ may be at the basis of YemAr haǧar ‘ruins of an old city/village’ (perhaps: *deserted place, = HǦR_7 s.v. ↗HǦR). But one could also imagine the reverse to be the case, i.e., ‘departing, leaving behind’ to be denominative from these ‘ruins’. In a similar vein, Kerr (2014:79,n.119) holds that, outside Ar, the root HǦR is attested only in SSem, where it carries the meaning of ‘city-dweller’ (HǦR_7) (cf. also Ar huǧraẗ, hiǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’), and in Hbr and Aram as the name of Abraham’s concubine, Hagar (not accounted for in DRS). haǧara could thus be dependent on haǧar (which perhaps is a Wanderwort (cf. Sum agar ‘territoire irrigué’, Latin ager ‘champ’, IE *ag̑ro-s ‘field, field in cultivation’—DRS). Some dictionaries indeed (though with adverse direction) interpret the notion of ‘departing’ as that of a ‘removal from the desert to the towns or villages’, in this way linking ‘departure’ up to ‘town, village’. – What is deserted and neglected, also becomes ugly and disgusting; is haǧara therefore possible also the source of HǦR_3 ‘to talk nonsense, obscene language’ (↗huǧr)? Probably not, the latter may be just a metathetical variant of ↗ǦHR.
▪ A relation to the value ‘hottest time of the day’ (HǦR_2, ↗hāǧiraẗ) ‘because people [then] shelter themselves in their tents or houses, as though they forsook one another (tahāǧarū)’ (Lane, quoting Qāmūs), does not seem very likely.

▪ Engl Hegira, 1580 s, from mLat hegira, from Ar hiǧraẗ ‘departure; emigration, flight’, from haǧara ‘to depart’ – Huehnergard2011, .

► haǧǧara, vb. II, to induce (s.o.) to emigrate: D-stem, caus.
► ^BP#4922hāǧara, vb. III, 1 to emigrate; to migrate, drift away (min from an area): L-stem, associative; cf., however, also muhāǧir, below. – 2 (leb.) to be carried away, be in ecstasy, be out of this world (fī because of, by): fig. use of v1.
► ʔahǧara, vb. IV, 1 to leave, abandon, give up (s.th.): may be denom. from *haǧar in the sense of ‘settlement’ (*giving up desert life and settle in an agricultural area), see DISC above and huǧraẗ ~ hiǧraẗ below. – 2 ↗huǧr.
► tahāǧara, vb. VI, to desert one another, part company, separate, break up: tD-stem, recipr.
► haǧr, n., 1 abandonment, forsaking, leaving, separation; avoidance, abstention; separation from the beloved one: vn. I. – 2 ↗hāǧiraẗ.
► ^BP#1760hiǧraẗ, n.f., departure, exit; emigration, exodus; immigration (ʔilà to); al-Hiǧraẗ, n.f., the Hegira, the emigration of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. | Dār al-hiǧraẗ, epithet of Medina; al-hiǧraẗ min al-rīf, n.f., rural exodus, migration from rural areas: n.vic. I, f.
► hiǧrī, adj., of the Hegira, pertaining to Mohammed’s emigration. nsb-adj. of preceding item. | sanaẗ hiǧriyyaẗ, n.f., a year of the Hegira, a year of the Muslim era (beginning with Mohammed’s emigration).
► huǧraẗ, hiǧraẗ, pl. huǧar, hiǧar, n.f., agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd: perh. akin to HǦR_7 in ↗HǦR. The notion of ‘agricultural settlement, cultivated field’ may in itself be the meaning on which that of haǧara is dependent as *‘to leave desert life and settle in an area of agriculture’ (see DISC above).
► mahǧar, pl. mahāǧirᵘ, n., place of emigration, retreat, refuge, sanctuary; emigration; settlement, colony; al-Mahǧar, the Mahjar, the Arab diaspora, Arabs living abroad, specif., in the New World: n.loc.
► mahǧarī, adj., living in exile, exile (in compounds); pertaining to the Mahjar: nsb-adj. of preceding item.
► tahǧīr, n., displacement (of persons); evacuation, relocation (of population): vn. II.
► muhāǧaraẗ, n.f., emigration: vn. III; cf., however, also muhāǧir, below.
► mahǧūr, adj., 1 abandoned, forsaken, deserted: PP I. – 2 lonely, lonesome: ext. of v1. – 3 in disuse, out of use; obsolete (word), antiquated, archaic: ext. of v1. – ^†4 (Hava1899:) uncouth (word), absurd (speech): cf. ↗huǧr.
► ^BP#2962muhāǧir, n., 1 emigrant, emigré: PA III. – 2 al-Muhāǧirūn, n.pl., (histor.) the Meccans who emigrated with Mohammed to Medina: usually seen as a specialization of v1; Kerr2014, however, thinks al-Muhāǧirūn is based on Syr mhaggrāyā (borrowed into Greek as magaroí) ‘the Hagarites’, a synonym for ‘Arabs’, the successors of Ismael, son of Abraham and Hagar.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗HǦR, ↗huǧr ‘obscene language’, ↗huǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’, ↗hāǧiraẗ ‘midday heat’.

huǧr هُجْر

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HǦR

n.

obscene language – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Vn. of the otherwise obsol. vb. ^†haǧara ‘to talk deliriously (in sleep)’. Etymology obscure.

▪ eC7 ^†haǧara (to speak ill of, slander) Q 23:67 mustakbirīna bi-hī sāmiran tahǧurūna ‘driven by arrogance you spend the evening speaking ill of it [the Qurʔān]’. – Cf. also mahǧūr (PP I, forsaken, abandoned, deserted, shunned, neglected; abused, slandered, insulted) Q 25:30 wa-qāla ’l-rasūlu yā rabbi ʔinna qawm-ī ’ttaḫaḏū hāḏā ’l-qurʔāna mahǧūran ‘and the Messenger will say, “My Lord, my people have considered this Revelation as something of no consequence (or: s.th. to be ignored, or: to be abused)’.
▪ Hava1899 still has a vb. I ^†haǧara (huǧr, hiǧǧīrà, ʔihǧīrà) ‘to talk deliriously (in sleep)’, IV ^†ʔahǧara ‘(fī manṭiqi-hī) to dote, speak nonsense, (bi-) to use unseemly speech; to laugh, scoff at s.o.’, ^†mahǧūr ‘forsaken (house), uncouth (word), absurd (speech)’; cf. also the expression ramā-hu bi’l-hāǧirāti wa’l-muhǧirāti ‘he charged him with disgraceful actions’.

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HGR-5 Ar hāǧiraẗ ‘langage indécent’, haǧara ‘délirer, radoter’, DaṯAr haǧar ‘parler haut’.

▪ Any relation to other values of ↗HǦR, particularly ‘to desert, emigrate, leave’ (↗haǧara)? The overlapping of the notions of ‘deserted’ and ‘insulted’ in a word like the PP I mahǧūr could tempt us to construct a dependency like ‘deserted, hence insulted’.
▪ Do we have to conform ↗hāǧiraẗ ‘midday heat’ (and related items)?
▪ The strange obsol. vn.s ^†hiǧǧīrà and ^†ʔihǧīrà, displaying rather rare nominal patterns, suggest a foreign origin, while huǧr itself does not.

–

► ʔahǧara, vb. IV, 1 ↗haǧara. – 2 to talk nonsense, talk through one’s hat: denom.
► haǧrāʔᵘ, n.f., obscene language: elat.f.
► hāǧiraẗ, pl. hawāǧirᵘ, n.f., 1 see ↗s.v. – 2 (pl. ‑āt, hawāǧirᵘ) obscene language, obscenity.
► mahāǧirᵘ, n.pl., obscenities: pl. of n.loc. (?).
For other items of the root see ↗HǦR, ↗haǧara ‘to depart, emigrate’, ↗huǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’, ↗hāǧiraẗ ‘midday heat’.

hiǧraẗ هِجْرَة

ID 888 • Sw – • BP 1760 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HǦR

n.f.f.

departure, exit; emigration, exodus; immigration (ʔilà to); al-Hiǧraẗ, n.f., the Hegira, the emigration of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. – WehrCowan1979.

n.vic. I, f.

▪ …

↗haǧara.

▪ Engl Hegira, 1580 s, from mLat hegira, from Ar hiǧraẗ ‘departure; emigration, flight’, from haǧara ‘to depart’ – Huehnergard2011, .

► Dār al-hiǧraẗ, epithet of Medina.
► al-hiǧraẗ min al-rīf, n.f., rural exodus, migration from rural areas.

For other items see ↗haǧara and, for the wider context, ↗HǦR in general. ↗huǧr ‘obscene language’, ↗huǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’, and ↗hāǧiraẗ ‘midday heat’ does not seem to be related.

huǧraẗ هُجْرة , var. hiǧraẗ هِجْرة , pl. huǧar , hiǧar

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HǦR

n.f.

agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd – WehrCowan1979.

Perh. akin to HǦR_7 in ↗HǦR. The notion of ‘agricultural settlement, cultivated field’ may in itself be the meaning on which that of ↗haǧara ‘to depart, leave, migrate’ is dependent as *‘to leave desert life and settle in an area of agriculture’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HGR-7 YemAr haǧar : ruines d’une ville antique, hiǧreh ‘enclave protégée’, SAr hgr ‘ville’ (cf. also Müller2010: Sab hgr ‘sedentary, resident population’), Gz hagar ‘ville, village, province, pays’, hagarit ‘ville, citadins’, Te Tña hagär, ‘région habitée, cité, village’, Amh Choa, Gur agär ‘terre, pays’; ? MġrAr mahǧar ‘chemin, rue très fréquentée, animée’. – Outside Sem: Cohen1969:77 proposant de voir dans HǦR avec cette valeur, une variante méridionale de ʔKL, rapproche d’Eg ʔkr ‘dieu de la terre’, [Berb] Tmšq, Sūs akāl ‘terre, terrain, pays’, [Cush] Af erkē, SaAf rikē, Or irge ‘endroit, place’; sans doute Som hag, hal ‘id.’.

▪ In the DRS entry HǦR (#7, = HǦR_7 in ↗HǦR), YemAr haǧar ‘ruins of an old city’ figures together with SSem words denoting ‘settlement, city’, ‘sedentary’, ‘city-dweller’. Ar huǧraẗ ~ hiǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’ is not mentioned in DRS but seems to belong to the same complex.
▪ The vb. ↗haǧara ‘to depart, leave behind, emigrate’ (HǦR_1) may be connected to, if not denominative from, ‘settlement, city, sedentary’, cf. the meaning, given in Hava1899, of vb. III hāǧara not only in the sense of ‘to emigrate’ but, more specifically, ‘to leave nomadic life’ (Lane: ‘to go forth from the desert to the cities or towns’), and that of hiǧraẗ not only as ‘estrangement’ but also ‘removal from the desert to a town’; accord. to Lane, »this is the primary acceptation, with the Arabs, of the verb (when intrans.)«.
▪ Does also (DRS HǦR#5) Syr hᵉgar, ʔahgar ‘to become a Muslim’, mahgᵉrā, mahgᵉrāyā ‘Muslim’ belong here? What at first may look as if it were derived from Ar al-Muhāǧirūn ‘the Meccans who emigrated with Mohammed to Medina’ may however be in itself the source of the Ar word: Kerr2014 thinks that the meaning ‘to migrate’ is secondary, al-Muhāǧirūn being based on Syr mhaggrāyā (borrowed into Greek as magaroí) as ‘the Hagarites’, a synonym for ‘Arabs’, the successors of Ismael, son of Abraham and Hagar, and the name Hagar (Hbr Hāgār) may have s.th. to do with ‘settlement, settling in a(nother) city’ (rather than meaning ‘flight’, as is usually assumed).
▪ DRS reports that YemAr haǧar is perhaps is a Wanderwort , akin to Sum agar ‘irrigated territory’, Lat ager ‘field’, IE *ag̑ro-s ‘field, field in cultivation’.¹
▪ A relation to ‘hottest time of the day’ (HǦR_2, ↗hāǧiraẗ) and ‘obscene language; to talk nonsense, talk through one’s hat’ (HǦR_3, ↗huǧr) does not seem likely.

1. In contrast, Dolgopolsky2012#2571 does not connect the Sum and Lat (< IE *ag̑ro-s ‘field, field in cultivation’) words with Ar HǦR but with Ar ↗ḥākūraẗ ‘piece of land retained and enclosed by its proprietor for sowing and planting trees, (WehrCowan1979:) small vegetable garden’ (< Syr ḥkwrʔ /*ḥakūrā ?/ ‘field’ < CSem *ḤKR ‘field in cultivation’).

–

For other items of the root see ↗HǦR, ↗haǧara ‘to depart, emigrate’, ↗huǧr ‘obscene language’, ↗hāǧiraẗ ‘midday heat, midday, noon’.

hāǧiraẗ هاجِرة , pl. hawāǧirᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HǦR

n.f.

1 midday heat, midday, noon – WehrCowan1979. – 2 For another meaning see ↗huǧr .

Etymology obscure. ClassAr lexicography constructs a relation to ↗haǧara ‘to depart, emigrate’, but this is hardly to be trusted.

▪ Hava1899 still has the (denom.) vbs. II ^†haǧǧara ‘to be intensely hot (day)’; id., ^†ʔahǧara (IV), and ^†haǧǧara (V) ‘to journey in the middle of the day’; as well as the n. (nominalized adj.?) ^†haǧūrī ‘midday-meal’.

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HGR-2 Ar haǧr, haǧīraẗ ‘milieu du jour, le plus fort de la chaleur’, HispAr hāžira ‘heure de la sieste’, Mhr hēgər ‘faire chaud à midi’, Jib hógər ‘midi’.

▪ ClassAr lexicography constructs a relation between ‘midday heat’ and ↗haǧara ‘to depart, emigrate’, claiming that the former is dependent on the latter »because people [then] shelter themselves in their tents or houses, as though they forsook one another (tahāǧarū)« (Lane, quoting Qāmūs). But this looks very much as a late attempt at explaining, and unifying, semantic variety within the root.
▪ The word not only appears in the form hāǧiraẗ that looks like PA I f. (FāʕiL-aẗ-), but also as ^†haǧr, haǧīr and haǧīraẗ (the latter two displaying a quasi-PP I pattern (FaʕīL-aẗ-). DRS lists ^†haǧr and haǧīraẗ as the most original forms, but does not provide further explanation.

–

► ḫaṭṭ al-hāǧiraẗ, n.f., meridian (geogr.)

► haǧr, n., 1 ↗haǧara. – 2 hottest time of the day.
► haǧīr, n., midday heat: quasi-PP I.
► haǧīraẗ, n.f., midday heat, midday, noon: quasi-PP I, f.
► hāǧirī, adj., midday (adj.); meridional (geogr.); excellent, outstanding: nsb-adj.
► mahǧūr, adj., 1 abandoned, forsaken, deserted: PP I of ↗haǧara. – 2 lonely, lonesome: ext. of v1. – 3 in disuse, out of use; obsolete (word), antiquated, archaic: ext. of v1. – ^†4 (Hava1899:) uncouth (word), absurd (speech): cf. ↗huǧr.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗HǦR, ↗haǧara ‘to depart, emigrate’, ↗huǧr ‘obscene language’, ↗huǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’.

HDː (HDD) هدّ/هدد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√ HDː (HDD)

“root”

▪ HDː (HDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HDː (HDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HDː (HDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pull down, demolish; thud, thundering sound, devastating event; to frighten, threaten’

▪ …

–

.

–

HDF هدف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HDF

“root”

▪ HDF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HDF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

hadaf هَدَف

ID 889 • Sw – • BP 218 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HDF

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

HDM هدم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HDM

“root”

▪ HDM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HDM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HDM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wreck, demolish; to commit murder; a grave; a tattered garment; to be in a rage’

▪ …

–

.

–

HDHD هدهد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HDHD

“root”

▪ HDHD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HDHD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HDHD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to coo, murmur, gently pat a baby to sleep; hoopoe’

▪ …

–

.

–

HDY هدي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HDY

“root”

▪ HDY_1 ‘to lead, guide; (right) way, path, road; manner, mode’ ↗hadà
▪ HDY_2 ‘to offer, give as present; present, gift’ ↗hadiyyaẗ
▪ HDY_3 ‘to totter, stagger, reel (in walking)’ ↗tahādà

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘guide, vanguard, to guide, to rightly guide; to explain, to clarify; road; daylight; objective; piety; mode; manner; a present, to give a present; a sacrificial offering, to offer a sacrificial offering’

[v1] and [v2] are most probably connected to each other, perhaps also [v3]. With Zammit2002 it may be assumed that the meaning ‘to stretch out the hand’, preserved in Hbr, is possibly »more generic« than ‘to guide, lead, direct’ (but cf. “DISC” below). Thus, the meaning [v1] ‘to guide’ may have evolved from *‘to stretch out the hand to s.o. in order to guide him/her’, while [v2] ‘to give, offer, present’ may be from *‘to stretch out the hand in order to give s.th. to s.o.’ (unless dependent on ‘to guide’, as from *‘to direct s.th./make s.th. find its way to s.o.’). [v3] ‘to totter, stagger, reel (in walking)’ is seen as an independent value by DRS, but may well be a tentative/conative *‘to try to guide o.s., find the balance’.

–

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HDY–1 Hbr hādāh ‘tendre (la main)’, Syr haddī, Mand hda, Ar hadà ‘conduire, diriger’, istahdà ‘mener la nouvelle mariée (à son époux)’, Palm hdy, Syr hadāyā, Ar hadw ‘guide, conducteur’, Sab hdy ‘guide, chef’, TargAram ba-hᵃdē ‘avec, chez’, la-hᵃdē ‘à, vers, en direction de’; Ar hadà (li‑) ‘exposer, prouver à’, ʔahdà (bi‑) ‘présenter, adresser’, haddà ‘offrir, séparer, disjoindre’; hady‑ ‘manière, façon, coutume; politesse, offrande’, EgAr hada, hāda ‘offrir’, orient. hadà ‘guider’, ChadAr SudAr hidwe, hadi ‘conseil’, MġrAr hdā ‘pousser, orienter vers; faire un présent; continuer, ne pas cesser de’, Mhr hədū ‘changer d’attitude, retrouver le droit chemin, tourner la page’, Jib hédé ‘faire changer d’attitude’. – Mhr hōdi, Ḥrs hēd, Jib ohodi ‘diviser, partager’, Jib hede ‘faire un présent’, Te hadā ‘se marier, prendre femme’, tähadda ‘se marier (femme)’. –2 Ar hādà ‘se trainer lentement à côté de qn’, tahādà ‘marcher en chancelant, en se balançant’, SudAr ‘marcher seul, d’une démarche chancelante’. –3 Ar hadin, det. hadī ‘eau blanchâtre émise lors d’un accouchement’. –4 EAr hadā ‘s’inquiéter (de qn)’. –5 Ḥrs šhedō ‘connaître’. — See HD, and also HDʔ. –1 Le rapport entre ‘guider’ et ‘poursuivre, continuer à’ trouve son parallèle au Maghrib dans sāq qui signifie aussi ‘guider, conduire devant soi’ et ‘poursuivre, continuer à (après avoir été interrompu)’. Le Soq (y)hotidi ‘être partagé’ est à transcrire hʸótedi et appartient à la racine ŠDY. –2 Berbère touareg hədəddy ‘chanceler’ ? Le caractère originellement laryngal de la consonne initiale ne peut pas être affirmé. –3 Berbère tamazight aheddawi ‘vagabond, errant’?

▪ DRS 5 (1995) distinguishes five values attached to the root in Sem, four of which are represented in Ar. Among these four, one (no. -4.) is to be found in EAr only, and one (no. -3.) has not survived into MSA. Thus, EtymArab has to deal with the first two only, i.e., according to DRS’ grouping, 1. ‘to stretch out the hand; to guide; to offer, present’, and 2. ‘to totter, stagger, reel (in walking)’.
▪ Badawi 2008 lists the following values for the root in ClassAr: ‘guide, vanguard, to guide, to rightly guide; to explain, to clarify; road; daylight; objective; piety; mode; manner; a present, to give a present; a sacrificial offering, to offer a sacrificial offering’. All of these seem to belong to DRS’ main value no. 1 (‘to explain, clarify’ = *‘to guide s.o. to the solution’; ‘road’ = *‘the way on which one is led/guided’; ‘daylight’ = *‘the light that guides, shows the right way/direction’; ‘objective’ = *‘what one is led/guided to’; ‘piety’ = the result of being led on, or following, the right path; ‘mode, manner’ = fig. use of *‘way, road’; ‘present’ = *‘what is presented/offered when stretching out the hand to s.o.’).
▪ Although they are with all probability etymologically connected, EtymArab treats ‘to lead, guide’ and ‘to offer, give as a present’ as two individual items, for the mere sake of making the semantic variety within the root easier to handle and to account for the fact that, from a modern perspective, the two do not have to much to do with each other any longer.
▪ If Zammit2002: 553 is right then »[t]he Hbr sense ‘to stretch out the hand’ might be more generic and neutral than the sense ‘to guide’ attested in Ar, SAr, Syr and which could have developed later.« Ar [v1] ‘to guide’ may thus properly be *‘to stretch out the hand to s.o. in order to guide him/her’, while [v2] ‘to give, offer, present’ could be explained as having developed from *‘to stretch out the hand in order to give s.th. to s.o.’. However, [v2] may also depend on ‘to guide’, the notion of ‘giving (as a present, or sacrifice)’ having evolved from *‘to direct s.th./make s.th. find its way to s.o.’. An expression which could be seen as a semantic link between both is Ar hadā-hā ʔilay-hi ‘he led/guided her [sc. the bride] to him [sc. the bridegroom]’, an expression in which ‘leading, guiding’ and ‘giving, handing over, presenting’ overlap and cannot be separated, cf. also the meaning of ↗hadiyyaẗ, in ClassAr, not only as ‘present’ but also as ‘bride’ and ‘beast of sacrifice’ (to be led to Mekkah and presented there) (Freytag1835, Steingass1884, Wahrmund1887). – [v3] ‘to totter, stagger, reel (in walking)’ is more difficult to relate to [v1] or [v2], but since it is unlikely that an Ar form VI stands there isolated both in its Ar and Sem “root environment”, and since also derivation from ‘to guide, lead, direct’ does seem possible, we may explain it as a tentative/conative *‘to try to guide o.s., find the balance’, not uncommon with form VI.
▪ For HDY_1, Huehnergard 2011 reconstructs WSem *HDY ‘to lead, extend’.

–

hadà هَدَى / haday‑ هَدَيْـ , i (hady , hudan , det. hudà , hidāyaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP 3652 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HDY

vb., I

to lead (s.o.) on the right way (DO), guide (s.o. on a course, 2x DO); to guide, show, direct (s.o. ʔilà to), show (s.o.) the way (ʔilà to); to lead (s.o., to the true faith); to supply, bring, procure (s.th.); — (hidāʔ) to bring, lead, conduct ( hā the bride ʔilà to the bridegroom) — WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *hdy ‘to lead, extend’ (Huehnergard2011), probably developed from the notion of ‘to stretch out the hand’ (as preserved in Hbr hādā).
▪ The item is related to, or perhaps the etymon of, the semantic complex of ‘giving (as a present), offering’, treated under ↗hadiyyaẗ, as well as of ‘tottering, staggering (in walking)’, treated under ↗tahādà. For the broader context, cf. ↗HDY.
▪ In the Islamic context, the vb. and many of its derivatives have taken on a specifically religious-moral connotation (right path, right guidance, etc.)

▪ eC7 hadà (to give the ability to know right from wrong, to give the ability to fend for o.s., to instil the instinct for survival) Q 20:50 rabbu-nā ’llaḏī ʔaʕṭà kulla šayʔin ḫalqa-hū ṯumma hadà ‘our Lord is He who gave everything its form then showed them how to find their way’, (to provide or offer guidance) 41:17 wa-ʔammā ṯamūdu fa-hadaynā-hum fa-’staḥabbū ’l-ʕamà ʕalà ’l-hudà ‘as for Thamūd, We called them to guidance, but they preferred blindness over guidance’, (to guide to the right path) 6:161 hadā-nī rabbī ʔilà ṣirāṭin mustaqīmin ‘my Lord has guided me to a straight path’, ((of God) to lead to Paradise, to guide to ultimate heavenly reward) 7:43 ▪ ĭhtadà (to use for guidance) 6:97, (to seek guidance) 2:53, (to find guidance) 3:20, (to follow in the footsteps of the guided, to accept guidance) 2:170, (to stay on the right course) 20:82 ▪ hādin (one guiding to the right path) 27:81, (a guide, resuer) 25:31 ▪ hudan (guiding, showing the right way) 16:37, (news, information, directions) possibly in 20:10, (spiritual guidance) 3:73, (the Revelation, the Qur’an) 72:13 ▪ ʔahdà (most guided; elat.) 67:22 ▪ muhtadin (one finding the way, one coming to a conclusion, one reaching the right decision) 2:70, (one who follows s.o.’s path) 43:22, (one who has found or accepted true guidance) 57:26

▪ Zammit 2002: Hbr hādā ‘to stretch out the hand’, Aram Syr haddī, SAr hdy ‘to lead, guide, direct’.

▪ Zammit2002: 553 »The Hbr sense ‘to stretch out the hand’ might be more generic and neutral than the sense ‘to guide’ attested in Ar, SAr, Syr and which could have developed later.«
▪ Huehnergard 2011: WSem *hdy ‘to lead, extend’.
▪ The item is related to, or perhaps the etymon of, the semantic complex of ‘giving (as a present), offering’, treated under ↗hadiyyaẗ. For the broader context, cf. ↗HDY.

▪ mahdi, 1792, spiritual and temporal leader expected by some Muslims, from Ar mahdiyy ‘he who is guided aright, rightly guided (one), Mahdi’’, PP I of hadà, vb. I, ‘to lead in the right way’. Applied c.1880 to insurrectionary leaders in the Sudan who claimed to be him. (EtymOnline)

► tahaddà, vb. V, to be rightly guided, be led well: quasi-pass.; to get (ʔilà to), reach (ʔilà a place, s.th.): resultative (of quasi-pass.).
► tahādà, vb. VI, to move forward, move on, advance; to glide along (e.g., a sailboat), to get (ʔilà to), reach (ʔilà a place); to get as far as, penetrate (ʔilà to); to flock (ʔilà to s.o.), rally (around s.o.): resultative (of quasi-pass.). – For other meanings see ↗s.v. and ↗hadiyyaẗ.
► ĭhtadà, vb. VIII, to be rightly guided, be led on the right way; to be led, be shown, be taken (ʔilà, li‑ to): quasi-pass.; to find the way (to); to find, detect, discover (ʔilà s.th.), come upon (ʔilà s.th.); to hit upon s.th. (ʔilà or li‑, e.g., an idea), be made aware, think (ʔilà or li‑ of), arrive (at): resultative (of quasi-pass.); to be led back, find one’s way back (ʔilà to the true faith, min away from evil); to be guided (bi‑ by s.o.), take (bi‑ s.o. or s.th.) as an example or model, follow s.o.’s (bi‑) lead: quasi-pass.
► ĭstahdà, vb. X, to ask to be rightly guided, pray for divine guidance, seek the right way: requestative.

► hady, n., guidance, direction; way, road, course, direction; manner, mode, fashion: lexicalized vn. I.
► ^BP#2341hudan, det. hudà, n., right guidance (esp., in a religious sense); guiding, leading (of s.o.); right way, true religion: lexicalized vn. I. | kāna ʕalà hudan, vb. I, to be on the right way; to embrace the true religion; ʕalà ġayri hudan, adv., aimlessly, at random; sāra ʕalà ġayri hudan, vb. I, to wander aimlessly.
► hadyaẗ, var. hidyaẗ, n., (line of) conduct, procedure, policy, course, way, direction; manner, mode, fashion: n.un. of vn. I hady (?).
► hidāyaẗ, n.f., guidance: vn. I | ʕalà ġayri hidāyaẗ, adv., without divine guidance, aimlessly, at random.
► ʔahdà, adj., better guided; more correct, more proper, better: elat.
► hādin, det. hādī, pl. ‑ūn, hudāẗ, adj., leading, guiding: PA I; n., leader, guide: nomin. PA I.
► mahdiyy, adj., rightly guided: PP I; n., Mahdi: nomin. PP I.
► muhtadin, det. muhtadī, adj., rightly guided; finding the right way; guided by the right feelings; certain, steady (manner of walking, steps, etc.): PA VIII; (pl. ‑ūn), n., a convert to Islam: nomin. PA VIII.

tahādà تهادَى / tahāday‑ تهادَيْـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HDY

vb., VI

to totter, stagger, reel (in walking); to walk with a sway or rolling gait – WehrCowan1979. – For other meanings see ↗hadà and ↗hadiyyaẗ .

See "Discussion", below.

▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HDY–2 Ar hādà ‘se trainer lentement à côté de qn’, tahādà ‘marcher en chancelant, en se balançant’, SudAr ‘marcher seul, d’une démarche chancelante’.

▪ In DRS, the item is given (in form III and VI) as a separate value, to be distinguished from ‘to lead, guide’. But it is perhaps related to the latter ↗hadà ‘to guide, lead, conduct’ as a derivation, not uncommon in form VI, with a tentative/conative reflexive meaning, i.e., *‘to try to guide o.s., to try to find the balance (for o.s.)’; ClassAr form III could be interpreted as associative *‘to take s.th./s.o. as a guide/point of orientation (when not being sure of o.’s own way, and thus tottering)’. The assumption gains plausibility through the fact that it is unlikely that an Ar form VI stands there isolated, both in its Ar and Sem “root environment”. On the other hand, the notion of ‘tottering, staggering’ is not sufficiently explainable from the usual meanings of form III and VI.

–

hudaⁿ هُدىً , det. hudà

ID 890 • Sw – • BP 2341 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HDY

n.f.

right guidance (esp., in a religious sense); guiding, leading (of s.o.); right way, true religion – WehrCowan1979.

The word is a vn. I of the vb. I, ↗hadà ‘to lead, guide, direct, show the way, conduct’ and has taken on a religious connotation since early times. In the religious field, the ‘right guidance’ became identified with the ‘right path’ a believer follows, hence ‘true religion’.

▪ eC7 (guiding, showing the right way) 16:37 ʔin taḥriṣ ʕalā hudā-hum fa-ʔinna ’ḷḷāha lā yahdī man yuḍillu ‘if you (Muḥammad) are eager to guide them, [know that] God does not guide those who lead [others] astray [from the right way]’, (news, information, directions) possibly in 20:10 ʔiḏ raʔā nāran fa-qāla li-ʔahli-hī ’mkuṯū ʔin-nī ʔānastu nāran laʕall-ī ʔātī-kum min-hā bi-qabasin ʔaw ʔaǧidu ʕalā ’l-nāri hudan ‘when he saw a fire and said unto his folk: stay here, I have perceived a fire; maybe I will bring you a brand from it or find [guidance] directions there’, (spiritual guidance) 3:73 al-hudà hudà ’ḷḷāhi ‘true guidance is the guidance of God’, (the Revelation, the Qur’an) 72:13 wa-ʔannā lammā samiʕnā ’l-hudà ʔāmannā bihī ‘and when we heard the Guidance we came to believe in it’.

See ↗hadà.

–

Cf. ↗hadà, esp.

► tahaddà, vb. V, to be rightly guided, be led well: quasi-pass.
► ĭhtadà, vb. VIII, to be rightly guided, be led on the right way; to be led back, find one’s way back (ʔilà to the true faith, min away from evil): quasi-pass.
► ĭstahdà, vb. X, to ask to be rightly guided, pray for divine guidance, seek the right way: requestative.

hadiyyaẗ هَدِيّة , pl. hadāyā

ID … • Sw – • BP 1438 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HDY

n.f.

gift, present, donation; offering, sacrifice – WehrCowan1979.

The n. is a nominalized pseudo-PP of *hadà ‘to give (as a present)’, which is not attested with this general meaning, neither in MSA nor ClassAr but only as hadà, i (hidāʔ), vb. I, with the specialized meaning of ‘to bring, lead, conduct a bride to the bridegroom’ (which also shows the relation between ‘giving’ and ‘leading, conducting’, cf. ↗HDY and ↗hadà). The (hypothetical but quite likely) general sense survived in derivatives such as hādà (III) ‘to exchange presents’, tahādà (VI) ‘to make each other presents, exchange presents’, or ClassAr ^†ĭnhadà, vb. VII, ‘to be offered, given as a present’, reflecting a general giving (of presents). The items listed below in the “Derivatives” section are, properly speaking, not from the lemma hadiyyaẗ but from this reconstructed vb. I.

▪ eC7 hady (offering brought to the Sacred Mosque in Mecca in accordance with the teachings) Q 48:25 humu ’llaḏīna kafarū wa-ṣaddū-kum ʕani ’l-masǧidi ’l-ḥarāmi wa’l-hadya maʕkūfan ‘These it was who disbelieved and debarred you from the Inviolable Place of Worship, and debarred the offering from reaching its goal’ ▪ hadiyyaẗ (gift) 27:35 wa-ʔinnī mursilatun ʔilayhim bi-hadiyyatin ‘but I am sending them a present’
▪ hadiyyaẗ : until lC19 also ‘bride’ (Freytag1835, Steingass1884, Wahrmund1887).

▪ Zammit 2002: Hbr hādā ‘to stretch out the hand’, Aram Syr haddī, SAr hdy ‘to lead, guide, direct’
▪ Cf. also the cognates given in the entry on ↗hadà.

▪ Zammit2002: 553 #HDY: »The Hbr sense ‘to stretch out the hand’ might be more generic and neutral than the sense ‘to guide’ attested in Ar, SAr, Syr and which could have developed later.«
▪ Huehnergard 2011: WSem *hdy ‘to lead, extend’.
▪ The meanings ‘present; to give as a present’ etc. are either a development directly from a WSem *hdy ‘to stretch out the hand’ as an act performed in order to give s.th. to s.o. else, or from ↗hadà ‘to lead, guide, direct’ used with a metaphorical meaning, *‘to direct s.th. (esp. a present) to s.o., to make s.th. find its way’. A semantic “bridge” where the notions of ‘guiding, conducting’ and ‘giving away’ overlap, or merge, is the specialized meaning of ↗hadà, i, vb. I, ‘to bring, lead, conduct a bride to the bridegroom’ (vn. hidāʔ). Accordingly, the pseudo-PP I hadiyyaẗ is properly *‘s.th. that is brought (conducted, led) (to s.o., to a destination)’, whence developed the specialized values of ‘gift, present, donation’, ‘offering, sacrifice’ (Steingass1884: ‘beast of sacrifice (to be led to Mekkah and presented there’), and (attested until lC19) also ^†‘bride’.

–

► hādà, vb. III, to exchange presents (DO with s.o.): assoc.
► ʔahdà, vb. IV, to bring, lead, conduct (‑hā the bride ʔilà to the bridegroom); to give as a present, present, make s.o. (li‑ or ʔilà) a present of (DO): from (hypothetical) vb. I, or denominative from hadiyyaẗ ?; to dedicate (s.th. to s.o.), confer, bestow, award (e.g., an order); to send, convey, transmit (s.th. li‑ or ʔilà to): fig. use.
► tahādà, vb. VI, to make each other presents, exchange presents; to exchange among each other (s.th., also al-taḥiyyaẗ, to exchange greetings, greet or salute each other); – For other meanings see ↗hadà and ↗s.v..

► ʔihdāʔ, n., presentation; donation, grant(ing); award, bestowal, conferment; dedication (of a book): vn. IV.
► muhdan, det. muhdà, adj., presented, given: PP IV.

HḎB هذب

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√HḎB

“root”

.

▪ …

–

.

–

tahḏīb تَهْذيب

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√HḎB

n.

.

▪ vn., II

.

HRB هرب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRB

“root”

▪ HRB_1 ‘to flee, escape, desert; (D-stem) to traffic, smuggle’ ↗haraba
▪ HRB_2 ‘harp’ ↗hārb

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 to escape, flee, desert; to seek refuge; refuge; fugitive; to disappear from sight; 2 to become feeble’

▪ HRB_1: Out the 8 values listed in DRS for the root in Sem, 7 are represented in Ar. However, only 1 of these (‘to flee; D-stem: to smuggle’) can be found in MSA as documented in WehrCowan1979. The others appear either in dialects (#HRB-2, #HRB-3, #HRB-7) or form part of the ClassAr vocabulary that has become obsolete (#HRB-4, #HRB-5, #HRB-6). The notion of fleeing may be secondary, a result of an original ‘cry, noise’, as attested in Syr and SudAr.
▪ HRB_2 hārb ‘harp’ is clearly a modern borrowing from Engl.

–

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HRB-1 Syr hᵉrābā ‘tumulte, bruit’, Ar haraba, Liḥ Tham ‘fuir, s’enfuir’, harraba ‘mettre en fuite’; ʕOmAr EgAr ‘faire passer en contrebande’; EgAr ‘cacher’, ? SudAr hurrub, hurrēb : cri pour faire venir les vaches, SAr hrb ‘fuir, s’enfuir’, Mhr hōrəb, Ḥrs herōb ‘mettre en fuite; faire passer en contrebande’, Jib ohurb ‘s’enfuir; faire passer en contrebande’, hérəb, Mhr hērəb ‘craindre de faire qc’, Jib härbún ‘avare, chiche; trop porté sur la nourriture’, Te harbä ‘s’enfuir’. -2 YemAr harābah, PalAr hrubbe ‘citerne’, SudAr hurrub ‘trou dans le sol couvert de broussaille servant de piège; sol glissant ou qui s’écroule dès qu'on le foule’. -3 TchadAr hārib ‘prostituée’. -4 Ar hariba ‘être vieux, décrépit’. -5 Ar hurb : pellicule de graisse qui tapisse l’estomac ou les intestins. -6 mihrab : outil en bois pour élever et abaisser le semoir; morceau de tronc d’arbre qu'on traîne sur le sol après avoir semé. -7 YemAr mahrabah : sorte de grande hache. [-8 not represented in Ar.]

▪ The only value mentioned by BAH2008 in addition to ‘to escape, flee, ’ etc. (HRB_1 = DRS#HRB-1), namely ‘to become feeble’, evidently corresponds to DRS#HRB-4. This is also the only one that is still attested in Hava1899: hariba a (harb) ‘to be old, decrepit’.
▪ Some of the values DRS #HRB-2 through #HRB-7 may be connected to or derived from the notion of fleeing (#HRB-1); the exact relation however, if existant, remains obscure so far.
▪ The modern borrowing HRB_2 hārb ‘harp’ is not mentioned in DRS, see s.v.

–

harab‑ هَرَبَ , u (harab , hurūb , mahrab , harabān)

ID … • Sw … • BP 2200 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRB

vb., I

to flee; to escape (min a danger); to desert; to run away, elope (maʕa with) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Of obscure etymology. If DRS is right, the Ar vb. has cognates mostly in both old SAr and modSAr as well as Te (which may be loan), in addition to Syr which stands rather isolated against the rich Ar and SSem evidence. Zammit2002 extends the relation to Akk nērubu; if this is correct, the root may not only be WSem but perhaps ComSem.
▪ The notion, now dominant, of fleeing, escaping, etc. may be secondary, a result of an original ‘cry, noise’, as attested in Syr and preserved in SudAr (see section COGN below).

▪ eC7 harab (fleeing, running away) Q 72:12 wa-ʔannā ẓanannā ʔan lan nuʕǧiza ’llāha fī ’l-ʔarḍi wa-lan nuʕǧiza-hū haraban ‘we know we can never frustrate God on earth; we can never frustrate Him [by] fleeing’

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HRB-1 Syr hᵉrābā ‘tumulte, bruit’, Ar haraba, Liḥ Tham ‘fuir, s’enfuir’, harraba ‘mettre en fuite’; ʕOmAr EgAr ‘faire passer en contrebande’; EgAr ‘cacher’, ? SudAr hurrub, hurrēb : cri pour faire venir les vaches, SAr hrb ‘fuir, s’enfuir’, Mhr hōrəb, Ḥrs herōb ‘mettre en fuite; faire passer en contrebande’, Jib ohurb ‘s’enfuir; faire passer en contrebande’, hérəb, Mhr hērəb ‘craindre de faire qc’, Jib härbún ‘avare, chiche; trop porté sur la nourriture’, Te harbä ‘s’enfuir’.
▪ Zammit2002: Akk nērubu [var. nerrubu, narrubu ] ‘to flee, run away, escape’ [CAD; cf. also arbu, n., fugitive, person without family; arbūtu ‘flight, rout; devastation, ruin; status of a person without a family (arbu)], Syr hᵉrābā ‘tumulte, bruit’, SAr hrb ‘to flee’, Ar (Q) harab ‘flight’.

▪ The Akk nērubu, given as cognate by Zammit2002, is not mentioned in DRS. Has it been omitted on purpose?
▪ LandbergZetterstéen1942 notes, but dismisses as »assez problématique« the theory (put forward by Mez, OS, p. 252,) that haraba ‘to flee’ could be composed of h + rb, from rāba u ‘to curdle (milk), have a troubled mind (s.o.)’.
▪ Some of the values the root HRB displays in ClassAr and some dialects may be connected to or derived from the notion of fleeing; cf. ↗HRB.

–

► harraba, vb. II, 1 to help to escape; to force to flee, put to flight; to liberate, free (a prisoner); to rescue (a distrained or impounded thing; jur.); 2 to engage in illicit trade, to traffic; to smuggle: D-stem, caus.; [v2] extended to non-human objects.
► taharraba, vb. V, 1 to escape, elude (min s.th.); to shirk, dodge, evade (min a duty, or the like); 2 to evade tax payment: tD-stem, intr.; [v2] modern extended usage.

► ^BP#3338harab, n., flight, escape, getaway; desertion; elopement: vn. I.
► ^BP#2993hurūb, n., flight: vn. I.
► harbān, adj., fugitive, runaway, on the run; n., a runaway, a fugitive, a refugee: ints. formation.
► harrāb, adj./n., coward: ints. formation.
► mahrab, pl. mahāribᵘ, n., (place of) refuge, retreat, sanctuary; flight, escape, getaway: n.loc. | lā mahrabᵃ min-hu, rel.cl., inescapable, unavoidable.
► ^BP#3982tahrīb, n., illicit trade, trafficking; smuggling, smuggle, contrabandism: vn. II, restricted to [v2].
► hārib, adj., fugitive, runaway, on the run; n., a runaway, a fugitive, a refugee; deserter: PA I.
► muharrib, n., illicit dealer, trafficker; smuggler: PA II, restricted to [v2] of corresponding vb.
► muharrab, pl. ‑āt, n.pl., smuggled goods, contraband: PP II, [v2].

tahrīb تَهْرِيب

ID 891 • Sw – • BP 3982 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRB

n.

illicit trade, trafficking; smuggling, smuggle, contrabandism – WehrCowan1979.

The n. is a vn. of harraba, vb. II, properly ‘to help to escape; to force to flee, put to flight; to liberate, free (a prisoner); to rescue (a distrained or impounded thing; jur.)’, but then also applied to non-human objects and used with the extended meaning of ‘to traffic, smuggle’. Morphologically a D-stem with caus. meaning, *‘to let/make escape (sc. goods)’.

▪ …

▪ ↗haraba, vb. I.

▪ …
▪ …

–

Cf. also

► muharrib, n., illicit dealer, trafficker; smuggler: PA II, restricted to [v2] of corresponding vb.
► muharrab, pl. ‑āt, n.pl., smuggled goods, contraband: PP II, [v2].

HRT هرت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HāRūT

“root”

▪ HRT_1 ‘Hārūt’ : see alphabetically

▪ …

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HRʕ هرع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HRʕ

“root”

▪ HRʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HRʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HRʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to go in haste, hurry, haste, hasty, walk briskly; to flow; a weak person’

▪ …

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.

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HRM هرم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRM

“root”

▪ HRM_1 ‘to become senile and decrepit’ ↗harima
▪ HRM_2 ‘to mince, chop’ ↗harrama
▪ ^†HRM_3 ‘the mind’ ↗harim
▪ HRM_4 ‘pyramid’ ↗haram

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

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harim‑ هَرِمَ , a (haram , mahram , mahramaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRM

vb., I

to become senile and decrepit – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

…

harram‑ هَرَّمَ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRM

vb., II

to mince, chop – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

…

^†harim هَرِم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRM

n.

The mind – Lane viii (1893, Suppl.).

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

…

haram هَرَم , pl. ʔahrām , ʔahrāmāt

ID 892 • Sw – • BP 3342 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HRM

n.

pyramid – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► haram nāqiṣ, n., frustum of pyramid, truncated pyramid (math.)

► haramī, adj., pyramidlike, pyramidical, pyramidal: nsb-adj.
► ʔahrāmī, adj., pyramid like, pyramidical, pyramidal: nsb-adj., from ʔahrām, pl. of haram.

HZː (HZZ) هزّ/هزز

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√ HZː (HZZ)

“root”

▪ HZː (HZZ)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZː (HZZ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZː (HZZ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shaking, vibrating, to swing; to walk briskly, (of God) to bring forth plants, (of barren land) to become alive; rumbling, quivering, trembling, commotion, movement’

▪ …

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.

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HZʔ هزء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HZʔ

“root”

▪ HZʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to mock, scorn, ridicule, sneer at, derision; to break; to perish, cause death of cattle by allowing them to get too cold’

▪ …

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.

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HZL هزل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HZL

“root”

▪ HZL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to mock, joke, jest, take lightly; to be thin, be emaciated; to lose one’s cattle, become impoverished’

▪ …

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.

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HZM هزم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HZM

“root”

▪ HZM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HZM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘lowland; crevice, dent, groove, crack; to defeat, vanquish, rob s.o. of his rights; roll of thunder; disaster, to kill; emaciated animals’

▪ …

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.

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HŠː (HŠŠ) هشّ/هشش

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√ HŠː (HŠŠ)

“root”

▪ HŠː (HŠŠ)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HŠː (HŠŠ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HŠː (HŠŠ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be brittle; to be pliant, (of bread etc.) to be thin, be soft; to be welcoming, wear a welcoming smile; to drive away; to beat down tree leaves with a stick; a horse that perspires too much’

▪ …

–

.

–

HŠM هشم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HŠM

“root”

▪ HŠM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HŠM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HŠM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to break down, crumble, crack; to be frail, be brittle; dry stalks, straw, dry herbage, land with dry, dead trees; lowlands’

▪ Ar root *√HŠM ‘to smash, shatter, destroy’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

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.

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HḌM هضم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HḌM

“root”

▪ HḌM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HḌM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HḌM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to digest; to deny s.o. his rights, oppress; to cleave; to be slender, be graceful, be soft and ripe; to be encased; lowland’

▪ …

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.

–

HṬʕ هطع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HṬʕ

“root”

▪ HṬʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HṬʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HṬʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to come rushing in fear, stretch the neck and head in agitation, transfix the eyes in horror, cower in fear; a wide road’

▪ …

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.

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HL هل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HL

“root”

▪ HL_1 ‘(interrogative particle)’ ↗hal
▪ HL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

▪ …

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.

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HLː (HLL) هلّ / هلل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HLː (HLL)

“root”

▪ HLː (HLL)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HLː (HLL)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘new moon, (of the moon) to appear for the first time; (of the month) to start; crescent, crescent-šaped; to come forth; to exalt God, to invoke God’s name upon an animal at the moment of slaughter; (of the face) to lighten up, to show joy; (of clothes) to become tattered’

▪ …
▪ …
▪ From protSem *√HLL ‘to shout, boast’; in derived stem, ‘to praise’ – Huehnergard2011.

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl alleluia, hallelujah, from Hbr hallᵊlû-yāh ‘praise Yahweh’, from hallᵊlû ‘praise’, imp.m. of hillēl ‘to praise’, akin to Ar ↗hallala.

–

hilāl هِلال

ID 893 • Sw – • BP 5012 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HLː (HLL)

n.

new moon; half-moon, crescent; parenthesis; any crescent-shaped object – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

HLB هلب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2021

√HLB

“root”

▪ HLB_1 ʻhair, bristles; (to be) hairy, shaggy’ ↗hulb
▪ HLB_2 ʻanchor, grapnel, grappling iron, boat hook’ ↗hilb
▪ HLB_3 ʻlochia (med., vaginal discharge after giving birth, postpartum bleeding)’ ↗hulābaẗ
▪ HLB_4 ʻmuhallabiya/mahallabiya (dessert resembling blancmange)’ ↗mahallabiyyaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (Steingass1881, Lane viii 1893, Hava1899):

▪ ^†HLB_5 ʻto drench s.o. (dew), moisten, wetten (by lasting rain or dew)’: ^†halaba (u, hulb); cf. also ^†hallāb ʻcold wind with rain’
▪ ^†HLB_6 ʻto continue running, run uninterruptedly’: ^†halaba (u, hulb) and ^†ʔahlaba
▪ ^†HLB_7 ʻto scold, revile, lampoon, satirize’: ^†halaba (i, halb), ^†hallaba
▪ ^†HLB_8 ʻseverity (of fortune, of winter)’: ^†hulbaẗ (al-šitāʔ), hulubbaẗ
▪ ^†HLB_9 ʻto unsheath (a sword)’: ^†ĭhtalaba
▪ ^†HLB_10 ʻaffectionate; distant, shy (woman)’: ^†halūb; cf. also ^†ʔuhlūb ʻardour, impetuosity (in running; horse); (fig.) a kind of speech, way of praising\eulogizing’.
▪ …

▪ The root √HLB displays a large variety of values the relations betw. which is difficult to establish. DRS distinguishes eight main values in Sem, five of which are represented in Ar. Some of them contain in themselves are broad spectrum of meanings whose interrelatedness is not obvious. They are kept separate therefore here in EtymArab.
▪ HLB_1 (≙ DRS #HLB-1) hulb ʻhair, bristles; (to be) hairy, shaggy’: displays most of the obvious derivatives, both in MSA and ClassAr. – Of unknown etymology. DRS regards also [v7] ʻto scold, revile, lampoon, satirize’ and [v8] ʻseverity (of fortune, of winter)’ as belonging to this complex (see below).
▪ HLB_2 (≙ DRS #HLB-4) hilb ʻanchor, grapnel, grappling iron, boat hook’: for DRS , hilb is an EgAr var., while the actual item is halb. Etymology obscure; fig. use of [v1]? (Lane viii 1893 reports that hulb ʻpigs’ bristles’ were used to sew skins etc.). – Any relation to ↗ḥalbaẗ (pl. ḥalāʔibᵘ), which, accord. to Hava1899, also can mean ^†ʻanchor’ (though the regular meaning is ʻarena, race track’, in itself without obvious relation to ʻanchor’)?
▪ HLB_3 (cf. DRS #HLB-3) hulābaẗ ʻlochia (med., vaginal discharge after giving birth, postpartum bleeding)’: etymology unclear; DRS puts the item together with ^†[v5] ʻto drench, moisten, wetten (by lasting rain or dew)’. Should we add ^†[v6] (≙ DRS #HLB-2) ʻto continue running, run uninterruptedly’?
▪ HLB_4 (≙ DRS #HLB-5) mahallabiyyaẗ, var. muhallabiyyaẗ, ʻa dessert resembling blancmange’: vowel in first syllable not secured, DRS has mahallabiyyaẗ. – Prob. a re-import from Tu which had borrowed the word from Ar (with loss of emphatic ḥ). Traditionally, the name of the dish is derived from ↗ḥalab ʻmilk’, but derivation from ↗maḥlab ʻmahaleb, St Lucie cherry’ or ^†ḥalbānaẗ ʻgalbanum; storax’ (↗ḥalab, ↗ḤLB) is more likely.
▪ HLB_5 (≙ DRS #HLB-3) ^†halaba (u, hulb) ʻto drench, moisten, wetten (by lasting rain or dew)’; cf. also ^†hallāb ʻcold wind with rain’; DRS sees also [v3] hulābaẗ ʻlochia’ as belonging here; perh. one has to add also ^†[v6] (≙ DRS #HLB-2) ʻto continue running, run uninterruptedly’. – Etymology obscure. On account of alleged extra-Sem cognates, Orel&Stolbova1994 #1196 posit a protSem *h˅lib‑ ‘to soak, be wet’, from AfrAs *hulüb‑ ‘to soak’.
▪ HLB_6 (≙ DRS #HLB-2) ^†halaba (u, hulb) and ^†ʔahlaba ʻto continue running, run uninterruptedly’: etymology obscure. DRS lists it as a distinct value, but it may have to be seen together with [v3] hulābaẗ ʻlochia’ and ^†[v5] ʻto drench, moisten, wetten (by lasting rain or dew)’.
▪ HLB_7 (cf. DRS #HLB-1) ^†halaba (i, halb) and ^†hallaba ʻto scold, revile, lampoon, satirize’: DRS juxtaposes this value to [v1] ʻhair, (pig’s, horse’s) bristles’ as well as ^†[v8] ʻseverity, intensity (of fortune, of winter)’. An explanation for their grouping may be fig. use of ʻhair, bristles’: ClassAr ^†halaba and ^†hallaba normally mean ʻto pluck (the hair); to clip (a horse’s tail)’, but when combined with bi-lisānih ʻwith one’s tongue, i.e., with words’, the meaning changes to ʻto satirise, revile, carp severely’, prob. because of the “hair-raising” or “stinging” effect of satire (and likewise of the cold or winter or the blow of destiny). From the point of semantic vicinity, also ^†[v5] ʻto drench, moisten, wetten (by lasting rain or dew)’ could seem to be a source of fig. use (ʻlampooning’ interpreted as a *ʻwettening’ of the object of satire by pouring down on him/her a *ʻrain/shower’ of biting comments). – Etymology obscure. Cf., however, Ehret1995#775, who sees Ar halaba ʻto scold, revile’ as an extension in »extendative« *‑b from a bi-consonantal »pre-protSem« root *hl ‘to shout’, from AfrAs *‑hāl‑/*‑hīl‑ ‘to cry, call out’ (↗√HLː (HLL)). (Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root would be ↗√HLHL ʻto repeat a voice, or raise and lower it alternatively; bewail the dead’, ↗√HLǦ ʻto tell incredible things’, and ↗√HLS ʻto laugh, jest, crack jokes’.
▪ HLB_8 (cf. DRS #HLB-1) ^†hulubbaẗ, hulbaẗ (al-šitāʔ) ʻseverity, intensity (of fortune, of winter)’: DRS groups this value together with [v1] ʻhair, (pig’s) bristles’ and [v7] ʻto scold, revile, lampoon, satirize’, probably because of the “hair-raising” or “stinging” effect of both satire and the winter’s cold or a blow of destiny; cf. the expr. ^†hālib al-šaʕr, lit., ʻhair-plucking’, as an attribute describing a ʻvehemently cold day’.¹ – Further etymology obscure.
▪ HLB_9 ^†ĭhtalaba ʻto unsheath (a sword)’: not registered in DRS, perh. fig. use of ^†halaba (i, halb) ʻto pull out the long hairs of a horse’s tail or the bristles of a pig’ and thus from [v1]?
▪ HLB_10 ^†halūb ʻaffectionate; distant, shy (woman)’: Accord. to ClassAr lexicographers (as summarized in Lane viii 1893), the adj. is used as an attribute either of a ʻ(woman) who draws near to her husband, or ingratiates herself with him; loving, affectionate, distant with respect to others’ or a woman who, contrary to the first, ʻis distant, or shy, with respect to her husband, or who alienates herself from him, or avoids or shuns him, and draws near to, or ingratiates herself with, her special friend’; the seeming contradiction is explained by some as stemming »from [v7] halabahū bi-lisānih ʻhe carped at him severely with his tongue’ because a wife carps either at her husband or at her friend, or from yawm hallāb ʻa day of gentle, constant, innocuous rain’ and in the latter sense from the same phrase as signifying ʻa day of rain attended by thunder and lightning and terrors, and destructive to dwellings’«. If this explanation reflects etymological truth, the value is fig. use of ^†[v7] ʻto lampoon’ and/or ^†[v5] ʻto drench, moisten, wetten; cold wind with rain’ as well as [v6] ʻto continue running, run uninterruptedly’; cf. also the double meaning in ^†ʔuhlūb ʻardour, impetuosity (in running; said of a horse); (fig.) a kind\way of speech, of praising, or eulogizing’.
▪ …

1. Cf. also ^†laylaẗ hālibaẗ ʻrainy night’; ^†hallāb, hallābaẗ ʻcold wind with rain’; ^†hallāb, halīb, muhallib ʻcold winter-day’.

▪ HLB_1: Other historically attested meanings derived from ʻhair’: ^†halaba (i, halb) ʻto pull out the long hairs of a horse’s tail or the bristles of a pig’, ^†haliba (a, halab) ʻto be hairy’, ^†hulbaẗ ʻthe hair that is above the pubes, extending near to the navel’.
▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995) #HLB-1 Ar hulb ʻcrins, soies, cheveux’, haliba ʻavoir beaucoup de cheveux’, halaba ʻarracher les cheveux, etc’; mahlūb ʻcheval à la queue coupée’, halaba ʻse moquer de, injurier’; halbaẗ ʻrigueur (de l’hiver, du sort, etc.)’, HispAr halb ʻdéfilage du tissu’, mahlūb ʻfuselé, en forme de fuseau’; maraz. hallab ʻdéchirer, mettre en lambeaux’. -2 halaba ʻfournir sans répit plusieurs courses (cheval)’, Soud. haylūb ʻchameau rapide, vif’, ? hilib ʻbateau’, ? hēlūb ʻhaut de taille’, MarazAr hᵃlab ʻcourir vite, pousser vivement devant soi’. -3 Ar halaba ʻtremper de rosée, ou de pluie’, hulābaẗ ʻarrière-faix’; ? ʔahlab, LibAr hilbaẗ ʻabondant en produits de la terre (année)’. -4 halb ʻancre, grappin, trident’, EgAr hilb ʻgrappin; croc de boucher’, hallib ʻvivre aux crochets des autres’. -5 mahallabiyyaẗ ʻflan de farine de riz à 1’eau de rose’. -6 Gz holob: sac à provision en peau . -7 Te halbä ʻfaire des incisions, saigner’. -8 Te həlbät : corde passée dans les naseaux d’un chameau.
▪ HLB_5: For Ar ^†halaba (i) ‘to soak, be wet’, Orel&Stolbova1994 #1196 see cognates in (WCh) Hs luḅuluḅū ‘sogginess’; in the items lūḅu-ri, ālub-tū, lup-ti, ləb-di, lub-ta, luḅwi-ti, luḅi-ke, luḅ‑, lub ‘to be/make wet’ in several CCh langs; and in the vb. lubi ‘to soak’ in an ECh lang.
▪ HLB_7: Ehret1995#775 suggests to regard Ar ^†halaba ʻto scold, revile’ as an extension in »extendative« *‑b from a bi-consonantal »pre-protSem« root *hl ‘to shout’, from AfrAs *‑hāl‑ / *‑hīl‑ ‘to cry, call out’, cf. ↗√HLː (HLL). Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root would be ↗√HLHL ʻto repeat a voice, or raise and lower it alternatively; bewail the dead’, ↗√HLǦ ʻto tell incredible things’, and ↗√HLS ʻto laugh, jest, crack jokes’.
▪ …

▪ ^†HLB_5: Orel&Stolbova1994 #1196 reconstructs protSem *h˅lib‑ ‘to soak, be wet’ (based exclusively on Ar), WCh *luḅ‑ < *luHub‑ (from the Hs word), CCh *luḅ‑ < *luHub‑ ‘to be/make wet’ (widely attested), and ECh *lub‑ (from 1 item) ‘to soak’, all from an hypothetical AfrAs *hulüb‑ ‘to soak’. An alternative reconstruction reflected by all Chad branches is *luhub‑.
▪ …

–

hulb هُلْب

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2021

√HLB

n.coll. (n.un. ‑aẗ)

hair, bristles – Wehr1976

▪ Within the root ↗√HLB, hulb ʻhair, bristles’ seems to be the source of most of the obvious derivatives, both in MSA and ClassAr.
▪ The word itself is of unknown etymology. No cognates outside Ar.
▪ …

▪ Other historically attested meanings derived from ʻhair’: ^†halaba (i, halb) ʻto pull out the long hairs of a horse’s tail or the bristles of a pig’, ^†haliba (a, halab) ʻto be hairy’, ^†hulbaẗ ʻthe hair that is above the pubes, extending near to the navel’.
▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995) #HLB-1 Ar hulb ʻcrins, soies, cheveux’, haliba ʻavoir beaucoup de cheveux’, halaba ʻarracher les cheveux, etc’; mahlūb ʻcheval à la queue coupée’, halaba ʻse moquer de, injurier’; halbaẗ ʻrigueur (de l’hiver, du sort, etc.)’, HispAr halb ʻdéfilage du tissu’, mahlūb ʻfuselé, en forme de fuseau’; maraz. hallab ʻdéchirer, mettre en lambeaux’.
▪ …

▪ DRS regards the obsolete values ^†ʻto scold, revile, lampoon, satirize’ (^†halaba, ^†hallaba) and ^†ʻseverity, intensity (of fortune, of winter)’ (^†hulbaẗ, ^†hulubbaẗ) as belonging to this complex, prob. on account of the “hair-plucking, hair-raising” or “stinging” effect of both satire and the winter’s cold or a heavy blow of destiny.
▪ Should we also include ↗hilb ʻanchor, grapnel, grappling iron, boat hook’ in the picture? (Lane viii 1893 reports that accord. to some ClassAr lexicographers, pigs’ bristles were used to sew skins etc., hence *ʻbristles > needle > hook’?).
▪ ClassAr ^†ĭhtalaba, vb. VIII, ʻto unsheath (a sword)’ is perh. fig. use of ^†halaba (i, halb) ʻto pull out the long hairs of a horse’s tail or the bristles of a pig’, and thus from hulb.
▪ …

–

►haliba, a (halab), vb. I, to be hairy, covered with hair
►halib, adj., hairy, covered with hair; shaggy, hirsute
►ʔahlabᵘ, f. halbāʔᵘ, pl. hulb, adj., hairy, hirsute, shaggy

For other values attached to the root, see ↗hilb, ↗hulābaẗ, and ↗mahallabiyyaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√HLB.

hilb هِلْب , pl. ʔahlāb

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2021

√HLB

n.

anchor, grapnel, grappling iron, boat hook – Wehr1976

▪ Of obscure etymology. Is it akin to, and perh. even a development from, ↗hulb ʻhair, bristles’? Lane viii 1893 reports that accord. to some ClassAr lexicographers, pigs’ bristles were used to sew skins etc. – So, perh. *ʻbristles > needle > hook’?
▪ For DRS , hilb is an EgAr var., while the actual item is halb.
▪ Any relation to ↗ḥalbaẗ (pl. ḥalāʔibᵘ), which, accord. to Hava1899, also can mean ^†ʻanchor’ (though the regular meaning is ʻarena, race track’, in itself without obvious relation to ʻanchor’)?
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995) #HLB-4 LibAr halb ʻancre, grappin, trident’, EgAr hilb ʻgrappin; croc de boucher’, hallib ʻvivre aux crochets des autres’.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, see ↗hulb, ↗hulābaẗ, and ↗mahallabiyyaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√HLB.

hulābaẗ هُلابة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2021

√HLB

n.f.

lochia (med.; vaginal discharge after giving birth) – Wehr1976

▪ Etymology obscure. – DRS puts the item together with ^†ʻto drench, moisten, wetten (by lasting rain or dew)’. Should we add ^†ʻto continue running, run uninterruptedly’? See root entry ↗HLB for more details.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995) #HLB-3 Ar halaba ʻtremper de rosée, ou de pluie’, hulābaẗ ʻarrière-faix’; ? ʔahlab, LibAr hilbaẗ ʻabondant en produits de la terre (année)’.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, see ↗hulb, ↗hilb, and ↗mahallabiyyaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√HLB.

mahallabiyyaẗ مَهَلَّبيّة , var. muhallabiyyaẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2021

√HLB

n.f.

a dessert resembling blancmange, made of rice flour, milk and sugar – Wehr1976

▪ Traditionally, the popular blancmange-like dessert called mahallabiyyaẗ or muhallabiyyaẗ is explained as a derivation from ↗ḥalab ʻmilk’ (see Nişanyan’s etymology, quoted below, section WEST). However, while the h instead of ḥ may be due to a re-import from Tu (where original Ar ḥ would have lost emphatic articulation), the morphological structure of the word – a f. nisba formation based on a PP II – runs contrary to such an interpretation, as form II is not attested and a nisba of PP II ʻmilk’ would mean *ʻbelonging to s.th. made milky, or milk-like’. In reality, we are prob. dealing with a popular re-interpretation of ^†maḥlabiyyaẗ ʻperfume containing ↗maḥlab’, i.e., ʻmahaleb’, a substance produced from the kernels of the St Lucie cherry. Mahaleb may have been used to flavour the sweet milky dish. The var. mahallabiyyaẗ (with ma‑ instead of mu‑) would support such an etymology.
▪ Alternatively, one may think of muhallabiyyaẗ as *ʻdish flavoured with ^†ḥalbānaẗ ʻstorax/galbanum’; see ↗ḥalab and root entry ↗√ḤLB.
▪ …

▪ ^†muḥallabaẗ ‘gelée mince de lait, de riz, d’amidon et d’un peu de parfum’, ^†muḥallabiyyaẗ ‘espèce de gelée’ – Dozy1881.
▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995) #HLB-5 mahallabiyyaẗ ʻflan de farine de riz à 1’eau de rose’.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Tu mahallebi, var. muhallebi: 1451 muḥallebī ʻmilky’ (anon., Ferec baʕd eş-şiddeẗ) ḳalye-i Reşīdī, herīse-i muḥallebī, ḥalāve-i Meʔmūnī; 1665 ʻdessert made from milk’ (Evliyā Çelebī, Seyāḥatnāme) zülbiyāt u ḥulviyātı ve baklavası ve palūdesi ve muḥallebīsi ve ṣayf u şitāda [yaz kış] üçer kāse ḫoşābı. Nişanyan is convinced that the Tu word is from Ar *muḥallab ʻmilky, made with milk’ (< Ar ḥalab ʻmilk’), but adds as a note that »[a]lthough it is certain that it is of Ar origin, its Ar equivalent is not been attested« – Nişanyan_22Dec2014. – Nişanyan is not right: at least the dish mentioned by Evliyā Çelebī seems to be the muḥallabaẗ ‘gelée mince de lait, de riz, d’amidon et d’un peu de parfum’ or muḥallabiyyaẗ ‘espèce de gelée’ registered by Dozy1881 and others on the basis of Ar lexicographers. And: the Tu preference for the variant mahallebi instead of muhallebi indicates that a derivation from ↗maḥlab ʻmahaleb’, as suggested above (section CONC), should not be unlikely.
▪ …

For other values attached to the root, see ↗hulb, ↗hilb, and ↗hulābaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√HLB. – For the ʻtrue’ etymon, see ↗ḥalab and root entry ↗√ḤLB.

HLʕ هلع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HLʕ

“root”

▪ HLʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HLʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HLʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be restless, be anxious, be fearful; to be mean, be greedy, become hungry; a cowardly person, dread, anxiety, fear; impatience; a fast-running she-camel’

▪ …

–

.

–

HLK هلك

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HLK

“root”

▪ HLK_1 ‘…’ ↗halaka
▪ HLK_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to die, to perish, to expire; to ruin; to harm, to consume, to spend; to lose one’s way; to run away fast; to apply o.s. in earnest, to do one’s utmost’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

–

halak‑ هلك , i (halk, hulk, halāk, tahlukaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HLK

vb., I

to perish; to die; to be annihilated, wiped out, destroyed – WehrCowan1979

From Sem *√HLK ‘to go, walk’. The meaning ‘to perish’ is a semantic extension, attested also in other Sem languages that have preserved the original basic meaning ‘to go, walk’. ClassAr still has ^†tahallaka, vb. V, and ^†tahālaka, vb. VI, both in the sense of ‘to swagger gracefully in one’s walk’ (said of a woman).

▪ …

▪ DRS 5 (1995) #HLK- 1. Akk alāku, Ug hlk, Hbr hālak, Phoen Pun Moab hlk, oAram EmpAram BiblAram hlk, hk, Nab Palm hlk, Syr Mand hallek ‘aller, marcher, s’en aller’, Ar halaka ‘périr, être détruit’, tahālaka ‘marcher avec grâce (femme )’, ĭhtalaka ‘marcher avec fierté; se jeter sur qn’, ĭstahlaka ‘détruire, mettre hors d’usage; confisquer’, MSA ‘dépenser, consommer’; EgAr hālik ‘mortel; déchet industriel’, hālūk ‘plante parasite de certaines cultures’, SaudAr halākīt ‘mouvement’; Qat hlk ‘se comporter’, šhlk ‘achever’, Mhr hīlek, Jib helk ‘être très fatigué et assoiffé; regretter un disparu’, ehulk ‘annihiler’, héläk ‘difficulté, impasse’, Mhr hōlək ‘décédé’, hələkt ‘soif’, Soq htlk ‘périr’, Te halkä ‘s’efforcer de, s’exténuer; mourir, crever’, haläkä ‘troubler’, halkay ‘fatigué’, Tña haläkä ‘se fatiguer, s’agiter; aller et venir d’un endroit à l’autre sans raison’, halläkä, Amh tälaläkä ‘s’obstiner à faire qc.’, əlkam ‘têtu’. – […]

▪ For further discussion see Kogan 2015: 234, 264.
▪ Dolgopolsky 2012 #771 finds parallels (with metathesis) in Berb *√HKL ‘to walk’ and reconstructs Nostr *haL˅Ḳ˹u˺ ‘to step, to walk’.

▪ Not from Ar halaka but from pBibl Hbr hᵃlāḵāh ‘rule, tradition’ (from hālaḵ ‘to go’) is Engl Halacha – Huehnergard 2011.

► hallaka, vb. II, and ʔahlaka, vb. IV, to ruin, destroy: D- and *Š-stem, respectively; caus. of I | ʔahlaka ’l-ḥarṯ wa’l-nasl, expr., to destroy lock, stock and barrel
► tahālaka, vb. VI, to exert o.s., do o.’s utmost (fī in); to pounce, fall, throw o.s. (ʕalà upon); to fight desperately (ʕalà for); to covet, crave (ʕalà s.th.); to feel enthusiasm (ʕalà for), devote o.s. eagerly (ʕalà to), go all out (ʕalà for); to become languid, tired, weak; to drop in utter exhaustion (ʕalà on); to break down, collapse
► ĭnhalaka, vb. VII, and ĭhtalaka, vb. VIII, to risk danger, imperil o.s., act desperately: N- and T-stem, respectively, both reflexive.
► ĭstahlaka, vb. X, to exert o.s., do o.’s utmost (fī in); to waste, squander, spend, exhaust, use up, consume (s.th.); to discharge, pay off, amortize (a debt); pass. ŭstuhlika to perish, die: *Št-stem, self-reflexive of caus. (II, IV).

► hulk, n., death; destruction, ruin: vn. I
► halkaẗ, halakaẗ, n.f., total ruin, destruction; disaster; jeopardy, perilous situation, danger
► halāk, n., ruin, destruction; perdition, eternal damnation: vn. I.
► mahlakaẗ, mahlukaẗ, mahlikaẗ, pl. mahālikᵘ, n.f., dangerous place, danger spot; dangerous situation; danger, peril: n.loc.
► tahlukaẗ, n.f., ruin; jeopardy, perilous situation, danger: taFʕuLaẗ pattern.
► ^BP#3014 ĭstihlāk, n., consumption; attrition, wear and tear; discharge, amortization: vn. X.
► mutahālik, adj., broken down, downandout; exhausted: PA VI.
► tahāluk, n., enthusiasm, zeal, ardour (ʕalà for), (vivid) interest (ʕalà in); weakness, fatigue, languor
► ^BP#3014 ĭstihlāk, n., consumption; attrition, wear and tear; discharge, amortization: vn. X.
► ^BP#4698 ĭstihlākī, adj., consumer- (in compounds; e.g., goods, prices, etc.): nisba formation of the preceding.
► hālik, pl. halkà, hullak, hullāk, hawālikᵘ, adj., perishing, dying; dead; mortal, destructible, perishable; doomed to perdition, damned; irretrievably lost, irredeemable
► muhlik, adj., destructive, devastating, annihilating, scathing, withering; pernicious, ruinous, dangerous, perilous, deadly, lethal; n., medium of destruction or extermination
► ^BP#2985 mustahlik, n., consumer: PA X.
► mustahlak, n., consumption

HLMM هلمّ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HLMM

“root”

▪ HLMM_1 ‘(interjection)’ ↗halumma
▪ HLMM_2 ‘...’ ↗...

▪ [v1] : interjection, quasi-imper. vb. used indeclinably. »It is said to consist of either attention-drawing particle hā + imper. vb. lumma ‘gather’ or interrogative particle hal + perf. vb. ʔamma ‘to intend, go for’) I [intrans. with prep. ʔilà] ‘come, come along’ (33:18) ‘God could take to task [lit. knows] the hinderers among you, and those who say to their brothers, “Come, join us”’; II [trans.] ‘bring forward, produce’ (6: 150) ‘produce your witnesses who testify that God has forbidden this’« – BAH2008

–

.

–

HMː (HMM) همّ / همم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HMː (HMM)

“root”

▪ HMː (HMM)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HMː (HMM)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sorrow, anxiety, concern, to cause distress; importance, serious matter; errand, assignment; to go about one’s business, to fend for o.s.; to intend to do, to be about to do; ability, high capability, highly accomplished and capable person; vermin, pest, reptiles, insects in general; to plot, to have bad designs; murmuring sounds, to melt down’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ĭhtamm‑ / ĭhtamam‑ اِهْتَمَّ / اِهْتَمَمْـ

ID 894 • Sw – • BP 1625 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HMː (HMM)

vb., VIII

… – WehrCowan1979.

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HMǦ همج

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√HMǦ

“root”

.

▪ …

–

.

–

hamaǧiyyaẗ هَمَجيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 9Jun2023

√HMǦ

n.f.

.

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

.

HMD همد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HMD

“root”

▪ HMD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HMD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HMD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘silence, death, to die away, die down, abate; (of land) to be barren, be lifeless, (of a garment) to fall to shreds’

▪ …

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.

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HMR همر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HMR

“root”

▪ HMR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HMR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HMR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pour down, shed, a shower of rain, rain clouds; to talk too much, a talkative person; to give generously’

▪ …

–

.

–

HMZ همز

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HMZ

“root”

▪ HMZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HMZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HMZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to prod, poke, push, prick, squeeze; to spur, goad on; to insinuate, inspire evil thoughts, set people against one another, backbite’

▪ Ar root *√HMZ ‘to prick, urge on, prod’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

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HMS همس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HMS

“root”

▪ HMS_1 ‘to mumble, mutter, whisper’ ↗hamasa
▪ HMS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 to whisper, mumble, mutter; 2 to squeeze, move stealthily’

▪ Of the two values mentioned for ClassAr in BAH2008 and for Sem in DRS 5, only one is still found in MSA.

–

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HMS-1 Hbr *hāmas ‘imaginer’, TargAram hammes ‘réfléchir’, Syr hᵉmas ‘penser; se diriger vers’, Ar hamasa ‘marmotter, parler bas; mastiquer sans ouvrir la bouche’, hams ‘son très léger, secret’, EgAr hamas ‘toucher légèrement; chuchoter’, hamsaẗ ‘chuchotement; instant’. -2 Hbr hᵃmāsīm (pl.) ‘petit bois, branchages’.

▪ …
▪ …

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hamas‑ هَمَسَ , i (hams)

ID 895 • Sw – • BP 3461 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√HMS

vb., I

to mumble, mutter; to whisper (bi‑ s.th., ʔilà to s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 hams (whispering, muttering, faint murmur) Q 20:108 wa-ḫašaʕat-i ’l-ʔaṣwāṭu lil-raḥmāni fa-lā tasmaʕu ʔillā hamsan ‘voices will be hushed for the Lord of Mercy, so you will hear only whispering’

▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HMS-1 Hbr *hāmas ‘imaginer’, TargAram hammes ‘réfléchir’, Syr hᵉmas ‘penser; se diriger vers’, Ar hamasa ‘marmotter, parler bas; mastiquer sans ouvrir la bouche’, hams ‘son très léger, secret’, EgAr hamas ‘toucher légèrement; chuchoter’, hamsaẗ ‘chuchotement; instant’.
▪ …

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► hamasa fī ʔuḏni-hī, vb. I, to whisper in s.o.’s ear

► tahāmasa, vb. VI, to whisper together, exchange whispered remarks: tL-stem, recip.
► ^BP#4458hams, n., mutter(ing), mumble; whisper(ing): vn. I.
► hamsaẗ, n.f., pianissimo of a singer; whisper; pl. hamasāt, whispering, whispers: n.un. (?)
► hawāmisᵘ, n.pl., mumbled or whispered words: pl. of an obsol. PA *hāmis (?).
► mahmūs, adj., voiceless, unvoices (sound; phon.); pl. ‑āt, voiceless sounds: PP I.

HNʔ هنء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20May2023

√HNʔ

“root”

▪ HNʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HNʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HNʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘benefits coming with no toil; to be healthy, (of food) to be wholesome, feed, give generously, bring pleasure; to congratulate; (of animals) to graze well; to cover the skin of a camel with pitch’

▪ …

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.

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HNDS هندس

√HNDS

“root”

▪ HNDS_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HNDS_2 ‘…’ …

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

handasaẗ هَنْدَسَة

√HNDS

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

muhandis مُهَنْدِس

√HNDS

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ …
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►

HW هو

√HW

“root”

▪ HW_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HW_2 ‘…’ …

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–

▪ …
▪ …

–

huwiyyaẗ هُوِيَّة

√HW

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

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►

HWD هود

√HWD

“root”

▪ HWD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HWD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HWD_3 ‘the Jews’ ↗yahūd (arranged s.r. ↗√YHWD)
▪ HWD_4 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘repentance, to mend one’s ways; to proceed gently and solemnly; to be indulgent, be conciliatory, solemnity; to be a Jew, be Jewish, Jewry; to sing, intoxicate’

▪ Some philologists consider hāda and hūd (meaning to become Jewish) a borrowing from Hbr – BAH2008

–

.

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HWR هور

√HWR

“root”

▪ HWR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HWR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HWR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to collapse, crash down, be weak; to pass away, come to an end, death; to be reckless, be rash; to endanger; to guess’

▪ …

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.

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HWS هوس

√HWS

“root”

.

▪ …

–

.

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hawas هَوَس

√HWS

n.

.

▪ …

.

HWM هوم

√HWM

“root”

▪ HWM_1 ‘head; crown, vertex; top, summit’ ↗hāmaẗ
▪ HWM_2 ‘to nod drowsily (head of s.o. falling asleep); to doze off, doze, nap’ ↗hawwama

Other items, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†HWM_3 ‘depressed tracts of land’: ^†hawm; cf. also ^†hawmaẗ, ^†hawmāẗ ‘extensive plain’
▪ ^†HWM_4 ‘medicinal plant, kind of jasmine used against calculus’: ^†hawm al-maǧūs
▪ ^†HWM_5 ‘…’: ^†…

▪ [gen] : DRS groups [v1] hāmaẗ ‘head, vertex’ and [v2] hawwama ‘to nod drowsily, doze off’ together with other items that EtymArab prefers to treat separately, under ↗HYM. Taken these doubtful cognates away, Ar hāmaẗ and hawwama seem to remain rather isolated.
▪ [v2] : probably dependent on [v1]. DRS seems to take their interrelatedness as an unquestionable given.
▪ ^†[v3] : DRS likewise groups this value together with [v1]/[v2] and some HYM items. But what would link them semantically?
▪ ^†[v4] : ?
▪ …

▪ [v1] : The adj. ^†ʔahwamᵘ ‘big-headed’, now obsolete, is certainly related to hāmaẗ ‘head’, and a classical Ar al-^†hawwām for ‘the lion’ seems to be *‘the big-headed one’.
▪ …

▪ DRS #HW/YM-1 Hbr *hām ‘mettre en déroute’, məhūmāʰ ‘affolement, panique’, oAram hwm, thm ‘être hors de soi , se lamenter’, Syr hūmā ‘persécution ( ? )’. – Ar hāma ‘errer comme un fou; aimer éperdument; avoir soif’, huyām, hiyām ‘amour passionné, soif ardente’, haymiyāʔ ‘fascination, exorcisme des démons’; DaṯAr hām ‘disparaître’, EAr hāme ‘spectre, fantôme’. – hāmaẗ ‘tête, sommet de la tête; chouette’, hawwama ‘secouer la tête en sommeillant’, hāma ‘dormir’. – hawm ‘intérieur de la terre’, hawmaẗ ‘vaste plaine’, haymāʔ ‘désert’, hayām, huyām ‘sable mouvant’, ʔahyamᵘ ‘sombre (nuit)’. -2 tahayyum ‘démarche élégante’. -3 SaudAr hām ‘serpent’, hawām: insectes en général, reptiles, vers; ? hēm: irritation que provoquent certains petits insectes chez les gallinacés. -4 Amh homa ‘troupe d’éléphants’
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

hāmaẗ هامة , pl. -āt, hām

√HWM

n.f.

1 head; 2 crown, vertex; 3 top, summit; 4 see also ↗HMː (HMM) – WehrCowan1976

▪ [gen] : DRS groups hāmaẗ ‘head, vertex’ and hawwama ‘to nod drowsily, doze off’ together with other items that EtymArab prefers to treat separately, under ↗HYM. Taken these doubtful cognates away, Ar hāmaẗ and hawwama seem to remain rather isolated.
▪ [v2] and [v3] are abstractions from [v1].
▪ DRS HW/YM-1 groups hāmaẗ together with the (now obsolete) ^†hawm ‘depressed tracts of land’, ^†hawmaẗ, ^†hawmāẗ ‘extensive plain’ (↗^†HWM_3). But it remains unclear in which way the two values should be related.
▪ …

▪ [v1] : The value ^†‘owl’ (chouette) given by DRS for hāmaẗ in addition to ‘head, top of head’ (tête, sommet de la tête) may be on account of the owl’s big head; see also next paragraph.
▪ [v1] : The adj. ^†ʔahwamᵘ ‘big-headed’, now obsolete, is certainly related to hāmaẗ ‘head’, and a classical Ar al-^†hawwām for ‘the lion’ seems to be *‘the big-headed one’.
▪ …

▪ DRS #HW/YM-1 Hbr *hām ‘mettre en déroute’, məhūmāʰ ‘affolement, panique’, oAram hwm, thm ‘être hors de soi , se lamenter’, Syr hūmā ‘persécution ( ? )’. – Ar hāma ‘errer comme un fou; aimer éperdument; avoir soif’, huyām, hiyām ‘amour passionné, soif ardente’, haymiyāʔ ‘fascination, exorcisme des démons’; DaṯAr hām ‘disparaître’, EAr hāme ‘spectre, fantôme’. – hāmaẗ ‘tête, sommet de la tête; chouette’, hawwama ‘secouer la tête en sommeillant’, hāma ‘dormir’. – hawm ‘intérieur de la terre’, hawmaẗ ‘vaste plaine’, haymāʔ ‘désert’, hayām, huyām ‘sable mouvant’, ʔahyamᵘ ‘sombre (nuit)’. -2 tahayyum ‘démarche élégante’. -3 SaudAr hām ‘serpent’, hawām: insectes en général, reptiles, vers; ? hēm: irritation que provoquent certains petits insectes chez les gallinacés. -4 Amh homa ‘troupe d’éléphants’
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►hawwama, vb. II, 1a to nod drowsily (head of s.o. falling asleep); b to doze off, fall asleep; c to doze, nap: D-stem, prob. denom.
►tahawwama, vb. V, 1a to doze off, fall asleep; b to doze, nap: tD-stem, t-stem of preceding item (underlining self-referentiality?), prob. denom.

Cf. perhaps also ↗√HYM.

hawwam‑ هوّم (tahwīm)

√HWM

vb. II

1a to nod drowsily (head of s.o. falling asleep); b to doze off, fall asleep; c to doze, nap – WehrCowan1976

▪ prob. dependent (denom.) on ↗hāmaẗ ‘head, top of head’
▪ …

▪ …

▪ See ↗hāmaẗ

▪ …

–

►tahawwama, vb. V, 1a to doze off, fall asleep; b to doze, nap: tD-stem (t- to underline self-referentiality?)

Cf. perhaps also ↗√HYM.

HWN هون

√HWN

“root”

▪ HWN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HWN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HWN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘humiliation, disgrace; to ridicule, value lightly, be despicable; to be weak, be meek; to be easy; to be amiable; to be moderate; to be solemn, be gentle’

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HWY هوي

√HWY

“root”

▪ HWY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HWY_2 ‘…’ …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the atmosphere between the earth and the sky, air, emptiness, void; to fall down, to swoop down, to cause to fall, to speed up; inclination, desire, love, altruistic motives; foolish person; temptation, to tempt, to seduce, to enchant; (bottomless) abyss; narrow opening between mountains’

▪ …

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl 1 Yahweh, from Hbr yahweh, assumed ancient pronunciation of the name of the God of Israel, perh. meaning ‘he sends down (the hosts of heaven)’, caus. stem of hāwâ, hāyâ ‘to fall, happen, be’. – 2 Jehovah, modern mispronunciation (since C16) of Yahweh, in which the Hbr consonants Y-H-W-H were pronounced with the vowels of the Hbr word ʔă>dōnāy, which were added to the Hbr consonantal text of the Bible to indicate that the latter word was to be read instead of the divine name. – 3 Various short forms of Hbr yahweh, found mostly in personal names: (a) Jah, from Hbr yāh, short for yahweh, also appearing in the following personal names: Jedidiah, from Hbr yᵊdîdyāh ‘beloved of Yahweh’ (cf. Ar ↗wadda); Matthew, from Hbr mattayyāh (< *mattan-yāh) ‘gift of Yahweh’ (cf. Ar ↗ʔaʕṭà); Nehemiah, from Hbr nᵊḥemyāh ‘Yahweh comforted’; Obadiah, from Hbr ʕōbadyāh ‘servant of Yahweh’ (cf. Ar ↗ʕabd); Tobit, from Hbr ṭôbīyāh ‘my good (is) Yahweh’ (cf. Ar ↗ṭayyib); Uriah, from Hbr ʔûrîyāh ‘my light (is) Yahweh’ (Hbr ʔûr-î ‘my light’); Zechariah, from Hbr zᵊkaryāh ‘Yahweh has remembered’ (cf. Ar ↗ḏakara); Zephaniah, from Hbr ṣᵊpanyāh ‘Yahweh has hidden, Yahweh has treasured’; (b) with the longer yāh(û): Hezekiah, from Hbr ḥizqîyāh(û) ‘my strength (is) Yahweh’; Isaiah, from Hbr yᵊšaʕyāhû ‘salvation of Yahweh’; Jeremiah, jeremiad, from Hbr yirmᵊyāhû ‘Yahweh has established’; Elijah, from Hbr ʔēlîyāhû ‘my God (is) Yahweh’ (see ʔl); (c) from Hbr yô, short form of yahweh ‘Yahweh’: Joab, from Hbr yôʔāb ‘Yahweh (is) father’ (cf. Ar ↗ʔab / ʕabū); Joel, from Hbr yôʔēl ‘Yahweh (is) God’ (cf. Ar ↗ʔilāh, ↗aḷḷāh); John, from Hbr yôḥānān ‘Yahweh has been gracious’ (cf. Ar ↗ḥanān); Jonathan, from Hbr yônātān ‘Yahweh has given’ (cf. Ar ↗ʔaʕṭà); (d) from the short form yᵊhô: Jehoshaphat, from Hbr yᵊhôšāpāṭ ‘Yahweh has judged’ (Hbr šāpāṭ ‘he has judged’; cf. perh. Ar ↗SFṬ); Jesus, from Hbr yēšûaʕ, shortening of yᵊhôšûaʕ ‘Joshua’ (see above); Joshua, from yᵊhôšûaʕ, perh. ‘Yahweh (is) lord’ (Hbr *šûaʕ ‘lord’, < protSem √*ṮWʕ) or ‘Yahweh is salvation’ (Hbr *šûaʕ ‘salvation’, from protSem √*WṮʕ).↗

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hawāʔ هَواء

√HWY

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
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►

hawà / haway‑ هَوَى / هَوَيْـ

√HWY

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *√HWY/HYY ‘to fall, happen, be, become’ – Huehnergard2011.

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►

HYʔ هيأ

√HYʔ

“root”

▪ HYʔ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HYʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘form, shape, bearing, to be shapely, to be well-formed; to make ready, to prepare things, to facilitate, to assist; to yearn for, to desire’

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hayʔaẗ هَيْئَة

√HYʔ

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
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►

HYT هيت

√HYT

“root”

▪ HYT_1 ‘/an interjection?)’ ↗hayta

▪ [v1] : see ↗hayta

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.

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hayta هَيْتَ

√HYT

(interjection?)

(interjection)

▪ BAH2008: »This word occurs once in the Qur’an and is subject to great controversy regarding the way it is read, the grammatical category to which it is assigned, and its language of origin. It is read most commonly as hayta, but may also be read as hiʔti, hiʔta, hiʔtu, hīta, hiʔti, hayti, huyyiʔtu, huyyītu, and hā ʔanā. Grammatically, it is classified as either a quasi-verb (ĭsm fiʕl), perfect (māḍī), or imperative (ʔamr), or a perfective verb which may be either a passive (maǧhūl) or active (maʕlūm) verb. Although some etymologists say the word is of Ar origin, others argue that it is a Hbr, Syr or Copt borrowing. In spite of these differences of opinion, there is general agreement as to the meaning of the word thanks to the clearly delimited linguistic context within which the word is used in the Qur’anic verse and thanks to the clearly defined role the entire verse plays within the context of the situation detailed in this sura: ‘come on’, ‘I am all yours’, ‘I am ready for you’ (12:23) ‘she securely bolted the doors and said, “Here, I’m yours”, and he replied, “God forbid [lit. , I seek refuge with God]”’

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HYǦ هيج

√HYǦ

“root”

▪ HYǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HYǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HYǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to get excited, be stirred up, be furious, be inflamed; war; to cause to dry up, wither away, shrivel, be thirsty’

▪ …

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HYKL هيكل

√HYKL

“root”

▪ HYKL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HYKL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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haykal هَيْكَل

√HYKL

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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HYL هيل

√HYL

“root”

▪ HYL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HYL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ HYL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pour down, slide down, (of sand or earth in a pit) to trick.le down, heap up (sand or earth), cause to pour down, avalanching sand dunes, gang up; a halo’

▪ …

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HYM هيم

√HYM

“root”

▪ HYM_1 ‘to roam, rove, wander about aimlessly’ ↗hāma; ‘burning thirst; passionate love’ ↗huyām, hiyām

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†HYM_2 ‘quick-sand, drift-sand’: ^†huyām (pl. huyum); cf. also ^†haymāʔᵘ ‘waterless desert’
▪ ^†HYM_3 ‘starless’: in ^†layl ʔahyamᵘ, ^†laylaẗ haymāʔᵘ ‘starless night’
▪ ^†HYM_4 ‘to take care of o.s.’: ĭhtāma li-nafsi-h (vb. VIII); cf. also him (vb. I) li-nafsi-ka ‘mind thy own business!’
▪ ^†HYM_5 ‘…’ : ^†…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wander about aimlessly, be confused, be bewildered, be puzzled, be robbed of the senses; to be infatuated, be enchanted, be carried away; to be demented by thirst, a waterless desert’

▪ [gen] : DRS HW/YM-1 arranges HWM and HYM items together in one group, while a relation between them is not obvious. For ‘head’ and ‘to doze off’ see therefore ↗HWM.
▪ [v1] : Given the Hbr and Aram cognates, it seems that the primary value was *‘(to wander about in) confusion, panic’. But should the reason for *‘confusion, panic’ be secondary? One may assume that *‘thirst’ was first and that all other values developed from there. ‘Passionate love’ would then be metaphoric use of *‘thirst’, and ‘wandering about aimlessly’ an extension built on ‘to be thirsty, be demented by thirst’. From there, it is not far to the next stage, that of ‘to be(come) confused, robbed of one’s senses (either as a result of thirst or of passionate love)’.
▪ ^†[v2] : cf. ↗^†HWM_3? Or rather related to [v1] ‘to wander about aimlessly’?
▪ ^†[v3] : dto. ?
▪ ^†[v4] : prob. a var. of ĭhtamma, see ↗HMː (HMM).
▪ …

–

▪ DRS HW/YM-1 Hbr *hām ‘mettre en déroute’, məhūmāʰ ‘affolement, panique’, oAram hwm, thm ‘être hors de soi, se lamenter’, Syr hūmā ‘persécution ( ? )’. – Ar hāma ‘errer comme un fou; aimer éperdument; avoir soif’, huyām, hiyām ‘amour passionné, soif ardente’, haymiyāʔ ‘fascination, exorcisme des démons’; DaṯAr hām ‘disparaître’, EAr hāme ‘spectre, fantôme’. – hāmaẗ ‘tête, sommet de la tête; chouette’, hawwama ‘secouer la tête en sommeillant’, hāma ‘dormir’. – hawm ‘intérieur de la terre’, hawmaẗ ‘vaste plaine’, haymāʔ ‘désert’, hayām, huyām ‘sable mouvant’, ʔahyamᵘ ‘sombre (nuit)’. -2 tahayyum ‘démarche élégante’. -3 SaudAr hām ‘serpent’, hawām: insectes en général, reptiles, vers; ? hēm: irritation que provoquent certains petits insectes chez les gallinacés. -4 Amh homa ‘troupe d’éléphants’
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ DRS #HW/YM-1 suggests to compare also ↗ʔWM.
▪ …

–

hām‑ / him‑ هام / هِمْـ , i (haym, hayamān; huyām, hiyām)

√HYM

vb. I

I (haym, hayamān) 1a to fall in love (bi‑ with); b to be in love (bi‑ with); 2a to be enthusiastic, ecstatic, frantic, beside o.s.; b to be in raptures, be crazy (bi‑ about), be gone on (bi‑); 3 to roam, rove, wander; – II (huyām, hiyām) to thirst (bi‑ for) – WehrCowan1976

▪ [gen] : DRS HW/YM-1 arranges HYM together with HWM items in one group, while a relation between them is not obvious. For ‘head’ and ‘to doze off’ see therefore ↗HWM.
▪ [gen] : Given the Hbr and Aram cognates, it seems that the primary value was *‘(to wander about in) confusion, panic’, i.e., [vI-3]. But should the reason for *‘confusion, panic’ be secondary? One may assume that [vII] *‘thirst’ was first and that all other values developed from there. ‘Passionate love’ would then be metaphoric use of *‘thirst’, and ‘wandering about aimlessly’ an extension built on ‘to be thirsty, be demented by thirst’. From there, it is not far to the next stage, that of ‘to be(come) confused, robbed of one’s senses (either as a result of thirst or of passionate love)’.
▪ See also below, section HIST.
▪ …

▪ Cf. also ^†ʔahyamᵘ (f. haymāʔᵘ, pl. hīm) ‘affected with unquenchable thirst (camel)’
▪ Relation to ^†huyām (pl. huyum) ‘quick-sand, drift-sand’ and ^†haymāʔᵘ ‘waterless desert’ unclear (↗^†HYM_2).
▪ It is likewise unclear whether the hāma items treated in this entry are related to the idea of ‘starlessness’, as in ^†layl ʔahyamᵘ, ^†laylaẗ haymāʔᵘ ‘starless night’ (↗^†HYM_3).
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▪ DRS HW/YM-1 Hbr *hām ‘mettre en déroute’, məhūmāʰ ‘affolement, panique’, oAram hwm, thm ‘être hors de soi, se lamenter’, Syr hūmā ‘persécution ( ? )’. – Ar hāma ‘errer comme un fou; aimer éperdument; avoir soif’, huyām, hiyām ‘amour passionné, soif ardente’, haymiyāʔ ‘fascination, exorcisme des démons’; DaṯAr hām ‘disparaître’, EAr hāme ‘spectre, fantôme’. – hāmaẗ ‘tête, sommet de la tête; chouette’, hawwama ‘secouer la tête en sommeillant’, hāma ‘dormir’. – hawm ‘intérieur de la terre’, hawmaẗ ‘vaste plaine’, haymāʔ ‘désert’, hayām, huyām ‘sable mouvant’, ʔahyamᵘ ‘sombre (nuit)’. -2 tahayyum ‘démarche élégante’. -3 SaudAr hām ‘serpent’, hawām: insectes en général, reptiles, vers; ? hēm: irritation que provoquent certains petits insectes chez les gallinacés. -4 Amh homa ‘troupe d’éléphants’
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▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ DRS #HW/YM-1 suggests to compare also ↗ʔWM.
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►hāma ʕalà wajhih, expr., to wander aimlessly about
►hāma fī widyān, expr., approx.: he was no longer himself, was floating in higher regions, was beside himself, out of his senses;
►hāma bi-ʔanẓārih, expr., to let one’s eyes wander

►hayyama, vb. II, 1a to confuse, bewilder, puzzle, mystify, mislead; b to infatuate, enchant, captivate, carry away, rob of his senses (s.o.; of love): D-stem, caus. (mainly of [v2])
►ŭstuhyima, vb. X, pass., 1a to be infatuated, enchanted, captivated, carried away; b to be passionately in love: pass. of *Št-stem, self-ref. of caus. *Š-stem

►huyām, hiyām, n., 1 passionate love; 2 burning thirst: vn. I
►hayūm, adj., confused, puzzled, baffled, mystified, perplexed: ints. adj. in FaʕūL
►haymānᵘ, f. haymà, pl. hiyām, adj., 1 madly in love; 2 very thirsty: ints. formation in ‑ān
►hāʔim, pl. huyyam, huyyām, adj., 1a perplexed, mystified, baffled, puzzled, confused; b out of one’s senses, beside o.s.; c in love, mad with love: PA I
►mustahām, adj., in love, mad with love: PP X

Cf. perhaps also ↗√HWM.

HYMN هيمن

√HYMN

“root”

▪ HYMN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ HYMN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to witness, to stand as witness, a witness; to allay fears; to provide proof; important issues; to take care of others, to be trusted with, to be in control of, to be in a position of trust, to be trustworthy’. – Some philologists consider this to be a trilateral root derived from the root ʔMN (q.v.).

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haymanaẗ هَيْمَنَة

√HYMN

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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►

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