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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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yāʔ ياء 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ 
R₁ 
▪ Y_1 : The letter y of the Arabic alphabet.
▪ Y_2 : verbal prefix y˅-
▪ Y_3 : nominal prefix ya- 
▪ Y_1 : … .
▪ Y_2 : … .
▪ Y_3 : (DRS 10 (2012) #Y-2:) »Préformante nominale et élément d’accroissement radical. À quelque stade qu’on le prenne, y- comme préformante nominale, n’a qu’une existence vestigielle. Les formes lexicales dans lesquelles il apparaît, apparemment très anciennes dans toutes les langues sémitiques, sont au nombre de quelques dizaines, essentiellement des noms d’animaux ou de plantes. À quelques exceptions près, cette préformante caractérise un vocabulaire archaïque, peu usité, figé. Certaines langues, pourtant étroitement liées avec celles où une telle construction est la plus fréquemment représentée, ne la connaissent pratiquement pas. […] Les formes de ce type constituent trois groupes différenciés par la voyelle du thème, longue le plus souvent, brève parfois. A ya-R₁R₂āR₃, ya-R₁R₂ūR₃, ya-R₁R₂īR₃: cf. […] Ar ↗yaḥmūr ‘rouge; espèce d’antilope; onagre; montagne qui de loin paraît noire’ (treated s.r. ↗ḤMR), ↗yarbūʕ ‘gerboise’ (↗√RBʕ), ↗yaʕbūb ‘courrier, cheval rapide’ (↗√ʕBː~ʕBB), ↗yaʕqūb ‘perdrix mâle’ (↗√ʕQB), ↗yaʕmūr ‘chevreau, petit agneau’ (↗√ʕMR), ↗yaqṭīn ‘perdrix mâle’ (↗√QṬN), ↗yanbūʕ ‘source d’eau, fontanelle’ (↗√NBʕ). – B ya-R₁R₂aR₃ […]. – C ya-R₁R₂uR₃ […]. – La préformante serait, de l’avis de certains sémitisants, la marque de la 3sg de la conjugaison préfixale et les lexèmes constitueraient des transpositions catégorielles de formes verbales. Ainsi yalmaʕ ‘éclair’ signifierait littéralement ‘il brille’. – La transposition n’est pas aussi claire pour toutes les formes, dans cette perspective. Elle avait dû cesser de l’être à haute époque, puisque la plus grande partie d’entre celles qui nous sont parvenues témoignent de traits phoniques (longueur et timbres des voyelles) qui les différencient des formes verbales correspondantes, du moins de celles qui nous sont connues. Un exemple comme celui de yaʕmal ‘excellent chameau’, yaʕmalaẗ ‘excellente chamelle’ (<yaʕmal ‘il travaille’) où la forme verbale aurait reçu, au féminin, un suffixe nominal, illustrerait bien le statut morphologique du vocable. Comme parallèle à cette construction, on en évoque souvent une autre très répandue dans les langues du Nord, mais qui n’est pas absente de celles du Sud. C’est celle des noms propres théophores, composés par une forme verbale, à la 3sg de la conjugaison à préfixes, et un nom de divinité. C’est en effet l’une des constructions que l’on relève. Mais de manière générale, un grand nombre de noms propres sémitiques sont complexes et leurs éléments formatifs (dont l’un est un nom divin), sont soit en construction nominale comme l’Ar ʕAbd al-Raḥīm ‘Serviteur du Miséricordieux’ […], soit en construction phrastique, formant des phrases complètes nominales ou verbales. Parmi ces dernières, on relève des termes prédicatifs de formes diverses, nom, adjectif, verbe à la conjugaison suffixale, à la conjugaison à préfixes, etc. L’ordre des termes est, selon le cas, sujet – prédicat [SV] ou prédicat – sujet [VS]. C’est dans ce dernier cas, lorsque le prédicat verbal est à la conjugaison préfixale que le nom commence par le préfixe y- 3sg : Ass Iddin Bēl, Ibni Marduk, Hbr yišmaʕyah, yiftaḥʔēl, […] SAr ydʕʔb, ydʕʔl […]. Mais une autre hypothèse, qui mérite d’être prise en considération, a été proposée par Charles Pellat, Arabica IV (1957): 186, il s’agirait de restes très archaïques, antérieurs à la formation du verbe où yazīd signifierait ‘celui qui augmente’.« 
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▪ …
▪ … 
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► 
YʔS يأس 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023
√YʔS 
“root” 
▪ YʔS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YʔS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YʔS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to despair, to give up all hope, desperation; to reach the age of infertility; to come to know’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
yāqūt ياقُوت , pl. yawāqītᵘ 
ID 942 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YĀQŪT, YQT 
n. 
a precious stone, (syr.) ruby (min.) – WehrCowan1979. 
The word is one of only 17 words in the Q which, ultimately, are of Grk origin. Cf. EALL (Gutas, “Greek Loanwords”): a loan from Syr yaqūnṭā that goes back to Grk ὑάκινθος hyákinthos ‘hyazinth’. 
▪ eC7 Q 55:58 ‘ruby’ 
DRS 10 (2012)#YQNT: Aram yaqīnton, Syr yaqundā, Gz yākənt, Amh yakənt ‘hyacinthe (pierre précieuse)’ 
▪ Jeffery1938, 289: »It was very generally recognized as a loan-word from Pers.1 Some Western scholars such as Freytag2 have accepted this at face value, but the matter is not so simple, for the ModPers yāqūt is from the Ar (Vullers, Lex, ii, 1507), and the alternative form yākand, like the Arm yakownd, is from the Syr yaqūndā.3 – The ultimate source of the word is the Grk hyákinthos, used as a flower name as early as the Iliad,4 and which passed into the Sem languages, cf. Aram YQYNṬWN 5 ; Syr yaqūntā, and into Arm as yakintʽ.6 It was from Syr yaqūntā that the word passed into Eth [Gz] as yākənt 7 and with dropping of the weak n into Ar.8 – It occurs in the old poetry (cf. Geyer, Zwei Gedichte, i, 119), and thus must have been an early borrowing.« 
… 
► 
YBS يبس 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023
√YBS 
“root” 
▪ YBS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YBS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YBS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dry land (as opposed to the sea), hard, arid; to be afflicted with famine; to keep silent, to be too drunk; to have unpleasant countenances’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
YTM يتم 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YTM 
“root” 
▪ YTM_1 ‘(to be, become) orphan’ ↗yatīm
▪ YTM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be one of a kind, to be the best; to become detached; an orphan, weak’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#YTM distinguishes 1 ‘orphelin’ from 2 ‘être las, fatigué’ (attested only in Ar).
▪ Cf. in this context also the basic values of YTM in ClassAr as given by Badawi2008: ‘to be one of a kind, to be the best; to become detached; an orphan, weak’.
▪ Given that the value ‘to be detached’ is attested only in Ar while ‘orphan’ clearly is Sem, I tend to see it not as a distinct value (from an etymological perspective) but rather as a semantic extension: ‘to be detached’ = ‘to be as alone and detached as an orphan ’. From the orphan’s isolation it is also easy to imagine the figurative value ‘one of a kind’ to be derived. However, should also the ClassAr value ‘to be tired, unable to continue with s.th.’ be connected to ‘orphan’, or should it be treated, with DRS, as a distinct value? The ‘weakness’ of the orphan could have developed into ‘lassitude, fatigue’… As long as we do not have further evidence there are no decisive answers to these questions.
 
– 
— 
yatīm يَتِيم , pl. ʔaytām , yatāmà 
ID … • Sw – • BP 3236 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YTM 
¹adj.; ²n. 
1 n., orphan. – 2 adj., unique of its kind, unequaled, unmatched, incomparable. – 3 single, sole, one only, isolated – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2011: from protWSem *yat˅m‑ ‘orphan’.
▪ … 
lC6 ʕAntara b. Šaddād 130,10 taḍuǧǧu ’l-nisāʔu min ḫīfati ’l-sabyi wa-tabkī ʕalà ’l-ṣiġāri ’l-yatāmà ‘the women cry out of fear of being taken captive and they weep over (the destiny of) the little orphans’ (Polosin1995)
▪ eC7 Ḥuṭayʔa 31,1: ʔinnahū ṯimālu ’l-yatāmà ʕiṣmatun fī ’l-mahāliki ‘he is the refuge/support of the orphans (and) a defender in the state of perdition’ (Polosin1995)
▪ eC7 Q 6:152 wa-lā taqrabū māla ’l-yatīmi ʔillā bi-’llatī hiya ʔaḥsanu ‘and do not come near the property of the orphan except with the best [of intentions] until they reach their strength’ (Badawi2008) 
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#YTM–1 Ug Phn ytm, Hbr yātōm, TargAram yatōmā, Syr yatmā, Mhr (ḥə-)ytim, Jib otim, Soq äʔthim ‘orphelin’.1 –2 Ar yatima ‘être las, fatigué’.
▪ Kogan2011: (Ug Hbr Syr as in DRS, the modSAr forms in slightly different transliteration:) Mhr ḥə-ytīm, Jib ótím, Soq ɛ́ʔtim ‘orphan’. 
▪ Kogan2011 reconstructs WSem *yat˅m‑ ‘orphan’, but not without adding that although the root is usually thought to be missing from Akk and Eth, one has perhaps to compare Akk watmu ‘small young animal or man’ and Sod tamʷyä ‘orphan’.
▪ The value ‘be tired, unable to continue with s.th.’ is attested only in ClassAr and may have to be treated separately.
▪ In contrast, ‘(to be) unique, incomparable’ and ‘(to be) single, sole, isolated’ are interpreted here as extensions of ‘orphan’. 
– 
► malǧaʔ al-ʔaytām and dār al-ʔaytām, n., orphanage.

► yatama i, yatuma u, and yatima a, vb. I, to be or become an orphan, be bereaved of one’s parents: denom.1
► ʔaytama, vb. IV, to orphan, deprive of his parents (s.o.): caus.
► tayattama, vb. V, = I.
► yatm, var. yutm, yatam, n., orphanhood: vn. I.
► maytam, pl. mayātimᵘ, n., orphanage: n.loc.
► muyattam, adj., orphaned, parentless: PP II; n., orphan: nominalization 

YḤMR يحمر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YḤMR 
“root” 
▪ YḤMR_1 ‘roebuck’ ↗yaḥmūr (s.r. ↗ḤMR). 
↗yaḥmūr s.r. ↗ḤMR. 
– 
↗yaḥmūr (s.r. ↗ḤMR). 
▪ …
▪ … 
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– 
YD يد 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YD 
“root” 
▪ YD_1 ‘hand’ ↗yad
▪ YD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hand, palm, forearm, handle, to be handy, possession; unity, power, assistance; to give, favour; to have influence on others; to scatter’ 
↗yad 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ Engl iota, jot, yodh, akin to Ar ↗yad. 
– 
yad يَد , pl. ʔaydin (def. al‑ʔaydī), ʔayādin (def. al‑ʔayādī) 
ID 943 • Sw 48/66 • BP 148 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YD 
n. 
hand; foreleg; handle; power, control, influence, authority; assistance, help, aid; (Isl.Law) (personal) possession, actual control; benefit; favor – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2015 (Sw#37): from protSem *yad‑ ‘hand’ (SED I #291).
▪ »Selon les langues et les dialectes, le mot peut signaler, outre la ‘main’ proprement dite, l’avant-bras ou le bras, […] ‘du bout des doigts à l’épaule’. – Le nom de la ‘main’, comme ceux d’autres parties du corps, est, dans de nombreuses langues sémitiques, à la base de valeurs et de formes dérivées, de mots outils, prépositions etc.« (DRS 10 (2012)). 
▪ … 
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#YD: Akk id ‘bras, côté, bord; aile’, Ug yd ‘main’, Hbr yād ‘avant-bras, main, côté, rive; part, possession; force’, Phn yd, EmpAram Nab Palm yd, BiblAram yᵊdā, Syr ʔīdā ‘main; côté; pouvoir’, Liḥ yd ‘main, pouvoir’, Sab yd ‘main; part; allégeance, loyalisme’, Mhr Ḥrṣ ḥayd, Soq ʔəd, əʔəd, Jib ed, Gz ʔəd, Te ʔəde, Tña ʔid, Amh ʔəǧǧ, Har iǧi, Arg ənǧ, Gur äǧ, ənǧi ‘main’; Ug yd ‘avec’, Phn Pun bd ‘par l’intermédiaire de’.
▪ Bergsträsser1928: Akk īdu, Hbr yāḏ, Aram īḏ.ā, Gz ed ‘hand, arm, side’.
▪ Elmedlaoui 2012: For Sem yad ‘hand’ cf. Berb ta-yd-t ‘arm’. 
▪ From Sem *yad‑ ‘hand’ (Fronzaroli#2.79 ‘arm (with the hand)’).
▪ ….
 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl iota, jot, from Grk iōta ‘iota’; yodh, from Hbr yōd ‘yodh’; both from Phoen *yōd ‘hand, tenth letter of the Phoen alphabet’, cf. Ar yad.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Betelgeuse, ultimately from Ar yad al-ǧawzāʔ ‘hand of Gemini’, from yad ‘hand’. 
► BP#4671yadawī, adj., manual, by hand: nsb-adj.
 
YRʕ يرع
 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Jul2023
√YRʕ
 
"root" 
▪ YRʕ_1 ‘to be a coward, be chickenhearted’ ↗yariʕa (with ³yarāʕ ‘coward’)
▪ YRʕ_2 ‘reed; reed pen, (writing) pen’ ↗¹yarāʕ (n.un. ¹yarāʕaẗ, obs. also †‘reed pipe, clarinet’)
▪ YRʕ_3 ‘glowworm, firefly’ ↗²yarāʕ (n.un. ²yarāʕaẗ, obs. also ‘Cicindela; mosquito, gnat’)

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899) :

▪ †YRʕ_4 ‘young calf’ : †yarʕ
▪ †YRʕ_5 ‘ostrich’ : †yarāʕaẗ
 
▪ [gnrl] : The root √YRʕ displays an amazing variety of values for which it seems difficult to find a common denominator. We may distinguish 5 main ideas, of which only [v1] and [v2] may be connected (see next paragraph).
▪ Nöldeke1910 (NBSS) 206 thought [v1] *‘cowardness’ was fig. use based on [v2] ‘reed, cane’, a cowardly person being as weak and submissive as reed bowing under the wind. – Cf., however, verbal cognates for [v1] given in DRS 7 (see below, section COGN).
▪ [v1] : DRS lists yariʕa ‘to be a coward, be chickenhearted’ twice : once in entry DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-4 (without mentioning any cognates), and earlier in DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 where it is listed as cognate with (Ug), Hbr items as well as Ar parallels from √WRʕ meaning ‘to fear, shy away from s.th.’, perh. also with another group, #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-2 (see below, section COGN), about the belonging of which the authors express some doubt (»?«).
▪ [v2] = DRS #YRʕ-3 : ¹yarāʕ ‘reed; reed pen, (writing) pen’ : etymology obscure.
▪ [v3] = DRS #YRʕ-2 : ²yarāʕ ‘glowworm, firefly’, †²yarāʕaẗ ‘Cicindela; mosquito, gnat’ : cognates in Aram, but elso without furthur etymology.
▪ †[v4] = DRS #YRʕ-5 : †yarʕ ‘young calf’: prob. metathesis of likewise obsol. †yaʕr ‘goat, goat thrown into a pit to attrack lions or wolves’ which has cognates in Hbr and Te as well as outside Sem, all (accord. to MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #248) from AfrAs *w/yaʕr‑ / *w/yarʕ‑ ‘(young of) ungulate’ (≙ OrelStolbova1994 HSED #1112 AfrAs *ʕor‑ ‘goat’).
▪ †[v5] †yarāʕaẗ ‘ostrich’: etymology obscure; prob. related to [v1] (ostrich as *‘coward’) or [v2] (likening the ostrich’s long neck to a ‘reed’).
 
–
 
▪ [gnrl] DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-1 Hbr yᵉrīʕā, TargAram yərīʕtā, Syr yārīʕtā ‘toile de tente, étoffe de tente’.2 -2 yarrīʕā, Ar yarāʕ ‘ver luisant; sorte de cousin (insecte)’. -3 yarāʕaẗ ‘roseau pour écrire (taillé ou encore non taillé)’; yarāʕaẗ ‘clarinette’. -4 Ar yariʕa ‘être poltron’. -5 yarʕ ‘veau’.
▪ [v1] DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 Ug *yrʔ, Hbr yārēʔ ‘craindre’, *yāraʕ ‘trembler, manquer de courage’, EmpAram yrʕ ‘faire tort à’, JudPalAram yaraʕ ‘désespérer’, Ar wariʕa ‘être pieux, craignant Dieu, faible, peureux’, waraʕ ‘crainte pieuse, piété’, waraʕa ‘s’abstenir des choses illicites’, warraʕa, ʔawraʕa ‘détourner des choses illicites’, yariʕa ‘être peureux, poltron’, yarāʕ, waraʕ ‘poltron; faible, petit’, HispAr *wāriʕ ‘chaste’.3 -?2 Ar waraʔa ‘repousser, pousser violemment’,4 warraʕa ‘ramener (le troupeau) de l’abreuvoir’, wāraʕa ‘discuter’, warraʕa, ʔawraʕa, tawarraʕa ‘repousser, s’interposer’; HispAr warraʕ ‘effrayer’, tawarraʕ ‘craindre’, ʕOmAr warraʕ ‘ramener (bêtes, gens)’, Sab hwrʕ ‘intimider, arrêter, repousser; (faire) revenir’, Mhr həwrā ‘faire revenir, ramener (bêtes, gens); tenir à l’écart (les mauvais esprits)’, Ḥrs awrā ‘ramener (le bétail) au soir’, Te wära ‘menacer, battre’; ? wärʕ ‘eau bénite, magique’, wärʕa ‘asperger (d’eau bénite, magique)’; ? Tña wəruʕ ‘vaniteux’. -3-6 ....
▪ †[v4] : if metathesis of †yaʕr ‘goat, goat thrown into a pit to attrack lions or wolves’, then compare (with MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #248), Hbr yaʕᵃrā ‘kid’ and Te warʕe ‘mountain-goat’ ; outside Sem : Eg (Med) ʕr ‘goat’, (WCh) Montol Gerka ur, Kulere war ‘he-goat’, (ECh) Lele ōrē ‘goats’, (NOmot) Male wari ‘goat’ ....
 
▪ [v1] : Kogan2015: 315 #76: Ug yrʔ ‘to be afraid’, Hbr yrʔ ‘to fear’ : »There is no immediate etymological parallel to protCan *yrʔ ‘to be afraid,’ which, at least in Hbr, has become the basic verb with this meaning. Hypothetical cognates (DRS 483, 615‒616) involve either metathesis (Ar wʔr ‘to frighten’) or consonantal variation (↗wrʕ ‘to fear’).«
 
–
 
–
 
yariʕ‑ يَرِعَ , a (yaraʕ)
 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 27Jul2023
√YRʕ
 
vb., I
 
to be a coward, be chickenhearted – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ The root √YRʕ displays an amazing variety of values for which it seems difficult to find a common denominator. Nöldeke1910 (NBSS) 206 thought *‘cowardness’ was fig. use based on ↗¹yarāʕ ‘reed, cane’ (itself of unknown etymology), a cowardly person being as weak and submissive as reed bowing under the wind. – Cf., however, the other verbal cognates suggested in DRS 7 (see below, section COGN).
▪ DRS lists yariʕa twice : once in entry DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-4 (without mentioning any cognates), and earlier in DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 where it is listed as cognate with Ug, Hbr items as well as Ar parallels from √WRʕ meaning ‘to fear, shy away from s.th.’, perh. also with another group, #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-2 (see below, section COGN), about the belonging of which the authors express some doubt (»?«).
▪ A relation to ↗²yarāʕ ‘glowworm, firefly’ (historically also †‘Cicindela; mosquito, gnat’) is unlikely.
▪ Any connection betw. ↗†YRʕ_4 †yarʕ ‘young calf’ and *‘cowardness’ ?
▪ ↗†YRʕ_5 †yarāʕaẗ ‘ostrich’ may be related to yariʕa, the animal being seen as the *‘coward’.
 
▪ ...
 
▪ DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-4 Ar yariʕa ‘être poltron’.
▪ DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 Ug *yrʔ, Hbr yārēʔ ‘craindre’, *yāraʕ ‘trembler, manquer de courage’, EmpAram yrʕ ‘faire tort à’, JudPalAram yaraʕ ‘désespérer’, Ar wariʕa ‘être pieux, craignant Dieu, faible, peureux’, waraʕ ‘crainte pieuse, piété’, waraʕa ‘s’abstenir des choses illicites’, warraʕa, ʔawraʕa ‘détourner des choses illicites’, yariʕa ‘être peureux, poltron’, yarāʕ, waraʕ ‘poltron; faible, petit’, HispAr *wāriʕ ‘chaste’.5 -?2 Ar waraʔa ‘repousser, pousser violemment’,6 warraʕa ‘ramener (le troupeau) de l’abreuvoir’, wāraʕa ‘discuter’, warraʕa, ʔawraʕa, tawarraʕa ‘repousser, s’interposer’; HispAr warraʕ ‘effrayer’, tawarraʕ ‘craindre’, ʕOmAr warraʕ ‘ramener (bêtes, gens)’, Sab hwrʕ ‘intimider, arrêter, repousser; (faire) revenir’, Mhr həwrā ‘faire revenir, ramener (bêtes, gens); tenir à l’écart (les mauvais esprits)’, Ḥrs awrā ‘ramener (le bétail) au soir’, Te wära ‘menacer, battre’; ? wärʕ ‘eau bénite, magique’, wärʕa ‘asperger (d’eau bénite, magique)’; ? Tña wəruʕ ‘vaniteux’. -3-6 ....
▪ ...
 
▪ Kogan2015: 315 #76: Ug yrʔ ‘to be afraid’, Hbr yrʔ ‘to fear’ : »There is no immediate etymological parallel to protCan *yrʔ ‘to be afraid,’ which, at least in Hbr, has become the basic verb with this meaning. Hypothetical cognates (DRS 483, 615‒616) involve either metathesis (Ar wʔr ‘to frighten’) or consonantal variation (↗wrʕ ‘to fear’).«
 
–
 
►yarāʕ, n./adj., 1 ↗¹yarāʕ; 2 ↗²yarāʕ; 3 coward; cowardly

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹yarāʕ and ↗²yarāʕ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√YRʕ.
 
¹yarāʕ يَراع
 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 27Jul2023
√YRʕ
 
n.
 
1a cane, reed; b reed pen; 2 ↗²yarāʕ; 3 coward; cowardly – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ ¹yarāʕ ‘reed; reed pen, (writing) pen’, historically also attested as ¹yarāʕaẗ ‘reed pipe, clarinet’, is of unknown origin – no cognates identified by DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-3.
▪ Nöldeke1910 (NBSS) 206 thought that ↗yariʕa ‘to be cowardly, faint-hearted’ (cf. [v3] was fig. use based on ¹yarāʕ ‘reed, cane’, a cowardly person being as weak and submissive as reed bowing under the wind.
▪ Relation betw. ¹yarāʕ ‘reed, etc.’ and [v2] ↗²yarāʕ ‘glowworm, firefly’ (hist. also †²yarāʕaẗ ‘Cicindela; mosquito, gnat’) rather unlikely.
▪ Unlikely also a relation betw. ¹yarāʕ ‘reed, etc.’ and †yarʕ ‘young calf’ (↗†YRʕ_4) as well as †yarāʕaẗ ‘ostrich’ (↗†YRʕ_5). Or is the ostrich perh. called *‘reed, cane’ on account of its long neck?
▪ ...
 
▪ Hava1899, DRS : ¹yarāʕaẗ attested also as †‘reed pipe, clarinet’.
▪ ...
 
▪ DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-3 yarāʕaẗ ‘roseau pour écrire (taillé ou encore non taillé)’; yarāʕaẗ ‘clarinette’.
▪ DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 Ug *yrʔ, Hbr yārēʔ ‘craindre’, *yāraʕ ‘trembler, manquer de courage’ ...; Nöldeke[1910] NBSS 206 : »Täuschend ist noch die Ähnlichkeit von ↗wariʕa ‘scheu s.’ in mancherlei Formen und Bedeutungsnuancen mit ↗yarāʕ oder yarāʕaẗ ‘Feigling’ […], denn da haben wir das bekannte Wort, das ‘Rohr’ bedeutet und das als Bild für dem schwachen, feigen Menschen gebraucht wird. […] Wenn das Abstraktum yaraʕ ‘Feigheit’ (Qāmūs) echt ist, so ist es erst von yarāʕ in dieser Bedeutung gebildet.«.
▪ ...
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
 
–
 
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗yariʕa and ↗²yarāʕ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√YRʕ.
 
²yarāʕ يَراع
 
ID – • Sw – • BP 7106 • APD … • © SG | 27Jul2023
√YRʕ
 
n.coll. (n.un. ‑aẗ)
 
1 ↗¹yarāʕ; 2 glowworm, firefly; 3 ↗¹yarāʕ, ↗yariʕa – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ The root √YRʕ displays an amazing variety of values for which it seems difficult to find a common denominator though the identity of words like yarāʕ, used at the same time for ‘reed, cane’, ‘coward’ and ‘glowworm’, etc. raises suspicion about a possible belonging together. Until now, however, such a belonging together seems hard to prove or reject. For instance, the etymology of ²yarāʕ ‘glowworm, firefly’ (historically attested also †²yarāʕaẗ ‘Cicindela; mosquito, gnat’) remains as obscure as that of the homonymous items. The fact that this entry’s ²yarāʕ has cognates in Aram does not help much to sort out things : In addition to ↗¹yarāʕ ‘reed, cane’ (hence also †yarāʕaẗ ‘reed pipe, clarinet’) and ↗³yarāʕ ‘coward’ we find also †yarʕ ‘young calf’ (↗†YRʕ_4) and †yarāʕaẗ ‘ostrich’ (↗†YRʕ_5). What would the ²yarāʕ ‘glowworm, firefly’ have in common with all these?
▪ ...
 
▪ ...
 
▪ DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-2 Syr yarrīʕā, Ar yarāʕ ‘ver luisant; sorte de cousin (insecte)’.
▪ ...
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...
 
–
 
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗yariʕa and ↗¹yarāʕ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√YRʕ.  
YSR يسر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YSR 
“root” 
▪ YSR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ YSR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘left (side); game of chance; butcher, to divide up into small amounts; to facilitate, ease; to pave; to become lenient, become accommodating; to be(come) available, easy, comfortable (in means)’ 
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yas˅r‑
  • yasir‑ يَسِرَ , a (yasar)
  • yasur‑ يَسُرَ , u (yusr)
 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YSR 
vb., I 
(yasira) to be or become easy
(yasura) 1 to be small, little, insignificant. – 2 to be or become easy – WehrCowan1979. 
From Sem *yašar‑ ‘straight’ < AfrAs *yasar‑ ‘straight’ – Orel&Stolbova1994. 
▪ … 
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#YŠR: Akk ešēru ‘se redresser, marcher droit, charger (l’ennemi); se développer, prospérer’, šušuru ‘avancer, balayer; aller à la selle; préparer’, išar ‘normal, ordinaire; prospère, favorable; juste, correct’, Ug yšr ‘droit, honnêteté’, Hbr yāšar ‘marcher droit, plaire à’, yāšār ‘droit, juste, honnête’, Phn yšr ‘juste, droit’; Akk mišār , Ug mšr, Pun mysyrth ‘justice’, Hbr mēšārīm ‘ordre, justice’, mīšōr ‘plaine’, EmpAram hwšr ‘envoyer’, Ar yasara ‘être facile, aisé’, yassara ‘faire prospérer, réussir’, yassār ‘gauche’, maysir : sorte de jeu de hasard, Sab yšr, hyšr ‘envoyer, dépêcher’. – Voir aussi les indications données sous ʔ/YŠR.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2582 sees Ar yasar ‘easy, tractable’ akin to Akk išaru, Hbr yāšār, Aram yašrā ‘easy, tractable’. Outside Sem: Or sirri, Sid sēra ‘straight’. 
▪ For Sem, Orel&Stolbova1994#2582 reconstruct *yašar‑ ‘straight’, for LEC *sir‑ < *s˅y˅r‑ (with metathesis), and for HEC *sayar‑ ‘straight’. The ancestor common to all of these may have been AfrAs *yasar‑ ‘straight’. 
– 
► yassara, vb. II, (said of God) to easily attainable, provide, grant, let come; to make possible; to level, smoothen, pave, prepare; to ease, make easy, facilitate | y. al-sabīl ʔamāma… to pave the way for s.o., enable s.o. to (do s.th.): caus.
► yāsara, vb. III, to be lenient, indulgent, obliging, complaisant, humor (with s.o.):.
► ʔaysara, vb. IV, 1 to live in easy circumstances: denom. (from yusr ?); 2 to be or become rich: metaphorical use of v1; 3 to be lucky, fortunate; 4 to have an easy confinement (woman).
► tayassara, vb. V, to become easy; to be made easy, be facilitated; to go smoothly, be easily done; to be made possible, be possible:.
► ĭstaysara, vb. X, 1 to be easy; 2 to succeed, be successful : denom.?

► BP#4616yusr, n., 1 ease, easiness, facility; 2 easy, pleasant circumstances; 3 prosperity, affluence, wealth, abundance, luxury: perhaps the etymon proper.
► yasraẗ, n.f., left side :.
► yasār, n., 1 ease, easiness, facility; comfort; prosperity, affluence, wealth, abundance, luxury; BP#24242 left hand; left side:.
► yasārī, adj., leftist, left-wing (pol.) : nsb-adj of yasār.
► yusrà, pl. yusrayāt, n.f., left side; al-yusrà, n.f., the left hand: nominalized f., from ʔaysarᵘ.
► yasīr, adj., 1 easy; 2 small, little, slight, insignificant, (of time) short; 3 plain, homely; simple, uncomplicated : ints. adj.
► BP#2686ʔaysarᵘ, f. yusrā, adj., 1 easier; 2 smaller, leaser, slighter, more insignificant; 3 more prosperous, wealthier: el. formation; 4 left; left-handed; left-sided:.
► maysir, n., an ancient Arabian game of chance (forbidden by the Koran) played with arrows without heads and feathering, for stakes of slaughtered and quartered camels :.
► maysaraẗ, pl. mayāsirᵘ, n., 1 left side: n.loc.; 2 left wing (of an army): = the troops on the left side, metaphorical use of v1
► maysaraẗ, var. maysuraẗ, maysiraẗ, n., ease, comfort; prosperity, affluence, wealth, abundance, luxury: vn. I (?).
► taysīr, n., facilitation: vn. II.
► maysūr, pl. mayāsīrᵘ, adj., 1 easily done, easily accomplished, within easy reach, easy to carry out, feasible without difficulty; easy; 2 successful, fortunate, lucky; prosperous, well-to-do, in easy circumstances: PP I.
► muyassar, adj., facilitated, made easy, within easy reach; successful, fortunate, lucky; prosperous, well-to-do, wealthy, rich: PP II.
► mūsir, pl. ‑ūn, mayāsirᵘ, n., prosperous, well-to-do, wealthy, rich: PA IV.
► mutayassir, adj., 1 facilitated, made easy; easy; within easy reach; on hand, available; 2 taking a smooth and successful course, going smoothly; 3 successful, fortunate, prosperous, well-to-do: PA V | m. al-ḥāl, well off, in easy circumstances. 

ʔaysarᵘ أَيْسَرُ , f. yusrā 
ID 944 • Sw –/87 • BP 2686 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YSR 
adj. 
1 easier. – 2 smaller, leaser, slighter, more insignificant. – 3 more prosperous, wealthier: el. formation. – 4 left; left-handed; left-sided – WehrCowan1979. 
Belongs to the theme treated under ↗yas˅ra ‘to be or become easy; to be small, little, insignificant; to be or become easy. 
▪ … 
↗yas˅ra… 
↗yas˅ra. 
– 
See ↗yasVra. 
YSMN يسمن 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YSMN 
“root” 
▪ YSMN_1 ‘jasmine’ ↗yāsimīn
▪ YSMN_2 ‘…’ ↗…
 
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yāsimīn ياسمين , var. yāsmīn 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YSMN 
n. 
jasmine – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ from mPers yāsaman (Asbaghi).
▪ The word is one out of a plentitude of loans from mPers which testifies to the intense interaction between Arab and Iranian culture during the first centuries of the Muslim expansion. Arabic was then »invigorated by new elements of ideas and images, stimulated with fresh conceptions of excellence and eloquence, and enriched […] with a new vocabulary. Persian, in particular, was responsible for the introduction of new terms in the fields of luxury, ornaments, handicrafts, fine arts, government administration, and public registers."«1 . yāsmīn is one out of the significant number of botanical terms that found their way into Arabic. 
▪ … 
DRS 10 (2012)#YSMN: Syr yasmā, yāsmīn, Ar yāsamīn, yāsamūn, dial. yāsmīn ‘jasmin’. Emprunt au persan où on relève yāsim, yāsam, yāsaman, yāsamīn, yāsamūn ‘jasmin’. 
▪ EALL (Asbaghi, »Persian Loanwords«): a loan from mPers yāsaman. 
… 
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YQṬN يقطن 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023
√YQṬN 
"root" 
▪ YQṬN_1 ‘gourd’ ↗yaqṭīn
 
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. 
. 
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yaqṭīn يَقْطِين 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023
√YQṬN, QṬN
 
n. 
gourd – Jeffery1938 
▪ … 
▪ eC7 Q xxxvii, 146 – Jeffery1938.
 
▪ BDB1906: perh. Akk kukkānātu ‘garden plant’ (CAD ‘medicinal plant’)
 
▪ Jeffery1938: »The word occurs in the Jonah story for the gourd tree which Allah caused to grow up over the Prophet. The reference is obviously to the Biblical story in Jonah iv, 6-11, and yaqṭīn seems to be an attempt to reproduce the qîqāyôn of the Hbr story.9 The word was apparently heard during an oral recitation of the story, and then reproduced from memory in this garbled form.«
 
– 
– 
YQẒ يقظ 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023
√YQẒ 
“root” 
▪ YQẒ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YQẒ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YQẒ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be awake, to be alert, to be attentive, to stir up, vigilance’ 
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. 
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YQN يقن 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YQN 
“root” 
▪ YQN_1 ‘icon’ ↗ʔīqūnaẗ
▪ YQN_2 ‘certainty, certitude’ ↗yaqīn

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be certain, to verify; conviction, unshakeable belief’ 
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yaqīn يَقِين 
ID 945 • Sw – • BP 2285 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YQN 
n. 
certainty, certitude, conviction – WehrCowan1979. 
The common view is that the word is one of only 17 words in the Q which, ultimately, are of Greek origin: Grk eikṓn > Aram yūqənā > Ar yaqīn. DRS 2012, however, treats Ar yaqina (vb. I) as different from items derived from Grk eikṓn, such as ↗ʔayqūnaẗ / ʔīqūnaẗ ‘icon’ (Chr.). 
▪ eC7 Q 4:157, 15:99, 27:22, 56:95, 69:51, 74:47, 102:5,7 ‘certain’ 
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#YQN: Ar yaqina, ʔayqana, Sab *hyqn ‘apprendre, savoir avec certitude’.
▪ Cf. also ↗YQN. 
▪ Jeffery1938, 292: »The simple verb yaqina does not occur in the Qurʔān, but we find ʔayqana ii, 3; v, 55, etc.; ĭstayqana xxvii, 14; lxxiv, 31, and the participles mūqin and mustayqin, besides yaqīn. – At first sight it seems clearly to be a borrowing, for there is no Semitic √YQN, and yet we find both yaqīn and the verbal forms therefrom used in the oldest poetry, so it must have come into the language at an early date. The prevalent theory is that it is derived from Grk eikṓn through the Aramaic.10 Grk eikṓn means ‘image’, ‘likeness’, ‘similitude’, and from eikóna were borrowed the Aram yəqūnā 11 ; Syr yūqunā meaning ‘image’, ‘picture’. From yūqunā was formed a verb yāqen ‘to depict’, ‘describe’, whence hayqonnā and hayqonniyā mean ‘characteristic’. From some dialectal form of yūqənā the word must have passed into Ar.«
▪ EALL (Gutas, “Greek Loanwords”): a loan (from ???) that goes back to Greek εἰκών eikṓn ‘icon’. 
– 
► yaqīnan, adv., certainly, surely, positively.
► ḥaqq al-yaqīn, n., absolute certainty.
► al-ḫabar al-yaqīn, n., certain knowledge of the truth, absolute certainty.

► yaqina, a (yaqn, yaqan), vb. I, to be sure, certain; to know for certain, be sure, be certain, be convinced (bi‑ of): denom.
► ʔayqana, vb. IV; tayaqqana, vb. V; ĭstayqana, vb. X, to ascertain, make sure; to know for certain, be sure, be certain, be convinced (bi‑ of): denom.

► yaqn, yaqan, n., certainty, certitude:.
► yaqan, yaqun, yaqin and yaqanaẗ, adj., credulous, ingenuous, unsuspecting:.
► yaqīnī, adj., definitely laid down, positive, absolute, indisputable: nsb-adj; yaqīniyyāt, n.f.pl., established truths, axioms: pl. of abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► mīqān, adj., credulous:.
► mūqin, adj., convinced (bi‑ of); certain, sure (bi‑ of): PA IV, denom.
► mutayaqqin, adj., convinced, positive, sure, certain: PA V, denom. 

ʔayqūnaẗ أيْقُونَة 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ʔYQN, YQN 
n.f. 
↗ʔīqūnaẗ 
– 
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– 
… 
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YMː (YMM) يمّ / يمم 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YMː (YMM) 
“root” 
▪ YMː (YMM)_1 ‘open sea’ ↗yamm
▪ YMː (YMM)_2 ‘pigeon’ ↗yamām
▪ YMː (YMM)_3 ‘to turn, head towards, venture in’ ↗…
 
▪ [v1] : "said to be of Syr, Hbr or Copt origin" -- BAH2008
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yamm يَمّ , pl. yumūm 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YMː (YMM) 
n. 
1 open sea; 2 (syr.) side – WehrCowan1979. 
While [v1] ‘sea’ is a loan from Hbr or Syr (< NWSem *yamm ‘sea’, in itself loanword, perh. from Eg ym), [v2] ‘side’ could be a dialectal form of Ar ↗ǧanb. 
▪ [v1] : eC7 Q 7:136, 20:39, 20:81, 20:97, 28:7, 28:40, 51:40 ‘sea, flood, river’ 
[v1] ‘sea’ :
▪ Kogan2015: No genuine cognates but related are Ug ym, Hbr yām, Syr yammā ‘sea’.

[v2] ‘side’ :
▪ Cf. perhaps Ar ↗ǧanb ? 
[v1] ‘sea’:
▪ Jeffery1938, 293: »It is used only in the Moses story, and refers sometimes to the Nile, sometimes to the sea. It was early recognized as foreign (Siddiqi, Studien, 13),12 though the early authorities were uncertain of its origin. al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 156, says it is Syr, which was also the opinion of Ibn Qutayba,13 according to as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 326. as-Suyūṭī, however, also tells us that Ibn al-Jawzī said it was Hebrew and Shaidala that it was Coptic.14 – It apparently came to Ar from Syr yamā, as Fraenkel, Vocab, 21, saw,15 though it may possibly have come into Ar from some primitive non-Sem source. The word clearly is not Sem, for Hbr yām; Phn ym; Aram YMā; and Ras Shamra ym cannot be explained from Sem material, and the word is a loan-word in Eg ym; Copt iam, iom, or eiom, and in Akk yamu. As the word occurs in the old poetry and was an early borrowing we cannot be absolutely sure that it was not primitive, having come into Ar, as into the other Sem languages, from some autochthonous source.«
▪ Kogan2015: Ar yamm is almost certainly borrowed from Hbr or Aram (cf. Jeffery 1938), which have a cognate only in Ug ym, but not farther outside NWSem. The pNWSem *yamm - obviously has gradually ousted *tihām (‑at)‑, perhaps the main designation of ‘sea’ in Sem (cf. Ar ↗tihāmaẗ).
▪ Youssef2003 suggests that the word is from Eg ym, Copt iom ‘sea’.
▪ Cf. also ↗ YMː (YMM).

[v2] (syr.) ‘side’:
▪ Wellnhofer thinks this may be a dialectal loan *yamm ~ *yamb from Ar ↗ǧanb ‘side’, which could be loaned from the Gulf to Iraq and Syria (an option still to be checked) – personal communication, 02Feb2016. 
– 
► min yammī, adv., from my side, on my part: belonging to [v2]. 
YMN يمن 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YMN 
“root” 
▪ YMN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ YMN_2 ‘right, right side, right hand’ ↗yamīn

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘right hand, right side; oath; power; truth, generosity; to incline to the right; to be auspicious; to go towards Yemen’ 
▪ … 
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▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ For Engl Benjamin, cf. Ar ↗yaman, ↗yamīn. – Engl Yemen ↗yaman. 
– 
yamīn يَمِين (invar. for gender) 
ID 946 • Sw –/118 • BP 1327 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YMN 
¹adj.; ²n. 
right, being on the right; right side; (f.) right hand – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *yamīn‑, *yamā̆n‑ ‘right hand (side)’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994: … < AfrAs *yamin‑ ‘right (side)’ (?). 
▪ … 
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#YMN: Akk imitt‑ ‘côté droit, main droite; aile droite (d’une armée)’, imn , Ebl i-me-tum /yimittum/ ‘droite’, Ug ymn ‘main droite, côté droit’, Hbr yāmīn ‘qui est à droite; sud’, EmpAram ymn, Nab Palm ymnynʔ, Syr Mand yamīnā ‘qui est à droite’, Ar yamīn ‘qui est à droite, côté droit; serment’, Liḥ ymn ‘qui est à droite’, Sab ymn ‘main droite’, ymnt ‘sud’, Qat ʔymnn adj. ‘ceux du sud’, Śḥr ĩn , Gz yamān, Tña yäman, Amh yämin ‘droite, main droite’.
▪ Bergsträsser1928: Akk imnu, Hbr yāmīn, Aram yammīn.ā, Gz yamā́n ‘right, right hand side’
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2578: Akk imnu, Ug ymn, Hbr yāmīn, Syr yāmināy, Gz yammān ‘right (hand)’. – Outside Sem: Berb mni, imna ‘direct’, and Eg (pyr) i͗mn ‘right (side)’.
▪ … 
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2578: Sem *yamīn‑ ‘right (hand)’, Berb *(y˅)m˅n‑ (mni, imna) ‘direct’, Eg (pyr) i͗mn ‘right (side)’. The AfrAs origin may be *yamin ‘right (side)’.
▪ … 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Benjamin, from Hbr binyāmîn ‘son of the right hand’, from yāmîn ‘right (hand), south’,1 cf. Ar ↗yaman, ↗yamīn. – Engl Yemen, from Ar yaman ‘right side, south, Yemen’.↗ 
► yamana, u / yamina, a / yamuna, u (yumn, maymanaẗ), vb. I, to be lucky, fortunate:.
► yammana, vb. II, to go to the right:.
► tayammana, vb. V, and ĭstaymana, vb. X, to see a good omen:.

► yumn, n., good luck, good fortune, prosperity, success: vn. I.
► yaman and yamnaẗ, n.f., right side or hand:.
► al-yaman, n., f. and m., Yemen:
► BP#1689yamanī, adj., from or of Yemen, Yemenite: nsb-adj from al-yaman.
► yamānin, f. yamāniyaẗ, adj., Yemenite:.
► yamānī, adj., from or of Yemen, Yemenite: nsb-adj; (pl. ‑ūn a Yemenite: nominalized adj.
► yamīn, pl. ʔaymun, ʔaymān, n.f., oath:.
► yamīnī, adj., of or pertaining to the right side, right-hand, right; rightist, right-wing (pol.); al-yamīniyyūn the right-wing parties
► yumnā, pl. yumnayāt, n.f., right hand; right side:.
► BP#2322ʔaymanᵘ, f. yumnā, n., right-hand, right, on the right; lucky.
► maymanaẗ, pl. mayāminᵘ, n., right side; right wing (of an army): n.loc. (?).
► tayammun, n., auspiciousness, good augury, good omen: vn. V.
► maymūn, adj., pl. mayāmīnᵘ, adj., fortunate, lucky; blessed; n., monkey: PP I.
► muyamman, adj., lucky, auspicious: PP II.
► muyāmin, adj., standing on the right side (also pol.): PA III. 

YNʕ ينع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 27Feb2023
√YNʕ 
“root” 
▪ YNʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YNʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ YNʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to blossom, to ripen, to mellow, to reach the glory of maturity, (of fruit and vegetables) to reach t~e picking stage, (of a woman) to be rosy-cheeked’ 
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YHWD يهود 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YHWD 
“root” 
▪ YHD_1 ‘Jew, Jewish’ ↗yahūd
▪ YHD_2 ‘…’ ↗…
 
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– 
yahūdī يَهُودِيّ , pl. yahūd 
ID 947 • Sw – • BP 702 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 3Jun2023
√YHWD, (HWD) 
¹adj.; ²n. 
▪ (pl.) the Jews – Jeffery1938
▪ … – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ (pl.) eC7 Q ii, 107, 114; iii, 60; v, 21, 56, 69, 85; ix, 30. We also find the form hūd in ii, 105, 129, 134, and the denom. vb. hāda in ii, 59; iv, 48, etc. – Jeffery1938
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▪ (pl. ‘the Jews’ ) Jeffery1938: »The philologers recognized it as a foreign word, though they were uncertain whether to derive it from Hbr16 or Pers.17 It is curious that anyone should have sought for a Pers origin, and yet Addai Sher, 158, accepts the theory, claiming that hāda (yahūdᵘ, hawdᵃⁿ) with the meaning of raǧaʕa ʔilà ’l-ḥaqq is from the Pers hūdah. It is true that in Šāyast-ne-šāyast, vi, 7, we find Phlv Yahūt,18 and in Av the form Yahūd, but these, like the čaχūd of the Christian Soghdian texts (cf. Jansen’s Wörterverzeichnis to F. W. K. Müller’s Soghdische Texte, p. 93), are obviously derived from the Aram. Hirschfeld, New Researches, 27, thinks that Muḥammad’s use of the verb ḥāda shows that he got the word from JudAram sources,19 and not understanding it perfectly, gave it an Ar etymology by connecting it with the root hāda ‘to repent’, which is the reason for the form hūd beside yahūd. The fatal objection to this theory, however, is that we find the form yahūdī in the old poetry,20 so that it would have been well known in Arabia before Muḥammad’s day. Horovitz points out that in the Qurʔān yahūd always means the Jews of Muḥammad’s day, the Jews of antiquity being referred to as Banū Isrāʔīl. / The word yhd occurs in the SAr inscriptions (Glaser, 394/5),21 and Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 161, suggests that it came to the Ḥijāz from the South, which is very possible, though the ultimate origin, of course, will be the Jewish yᵊhûdî.« .
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YWM يوم 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YWM 
“root” 
▪ YWM_1 ‘day’ ↗yawm
▪ YWM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘day; today, the present; age, era, time; a certain occurrence, a significant happening, occasion; battle; the universe’ 
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▪ Engl Yom Kippur, cf. Ar ↗yawm. 
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yawm يَوْم , pl. ʔayyām 
ID 948 • Sw – • BP 26 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√YWM 
n. 
day (= 24 hours, as opposed to ↗nahār); pl. also: age, era, time – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *yawm‑ ‘day’ (both ‘daylight’ and ‘24 hours’). – Cf. also ↗šams < protSem *śamš‑ ‘sun’.
▪ Perh. … < AfrAs *yam‑ ‘day’. 
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘day’) Akk ūmu, Hbr yōm, Syr yawmā, Gz yōm ‘today’.
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▪ Fronzaroli#3.24, Kogan2011: From Sem *yawm‑ ‘day’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2576: The Sem word for ‘day’, *yawm‑, seems to have a cognate in ECh *yam‑ and perhaps LEC *yawan‑. All from AfrAs *yam‑ ‘day’. The authors ask themselves if the Sem form was or was not based on a biconsonantal Sem *yam‑ already.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Yom Kippur, from Hbr yôm ‘day’, cf. Ar yawm. 
► yāwama, vb. III, to hire by the day: denom.
► yawmaʔiḏin, adv., (on) that day, then, at that time: adv. of time in ‑iḏin.
► yawmaḏāka, adv., (on) that day, then: adv. of time, suffix ‑ḏāka.
► yawmī, adj., daily; by the day: nsb-adj; pl. yawmiyyāt, n.f.pl., everyday events; everyday chronicle; daily news; diary notes, daily notations; diary: nominalized nsb-adj.
► yawmiyyaẗ, n.f., dialy wages, a day’s wages; daily ration; a day’s work, daily task; diary, journal; daybook; calendar: nominalized nsb-adj., f.
► muyāwamaẗ, n.f., work by the day, day labor: vn. III.
► muyāwam: ʕummāl ~ūn, n.pl., day laborers: PP III.
 
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