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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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EtymArab
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*GR- جرـ
meta
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 15Jan2023
√*GR-
gram
2-cons. root nucleus
engl
▪ See below, section CONC.
▪ …
conc
▪ DRS 3 (1994): « séquence consonantique qui entre dans la constitution de plusieurs séries de racines dont chacune présente une ou des valeurs communes à l’ensemble de la série : 1 La désignation de la ‘gorge’, du ‘gosier’ et l’expression des notions connexes d’ ‘avaler, engloutir’, etc. v. s. GR avec renvois, v. GRGṬ, GRGY, GRDB, GRDD, GRDM, GRZ, GRZʕ, GRṬ. ‑2. La dénomination apparemment onomatopéique de bruits produits par la gorge, la bouche, v. s. GR; v. GRDM, GRMRM; v. aussi s. ĠR. -3 La notion de ‘rondeur’ > ‘rouler’, etc. v. s. GR; v. GRGB, GRGL, GRGM, GRGR, GRḎ?, GRN?, GRNP?, GRR. Comp. GL-. -4 La notion de ‘couper’ > ‘enlever’, ‘arracher’, ‘casser’, etc. v. GRB, GRBB, GRGZ, GRGM, GRD, GRDD, GRDM, GRDP, GRDŠ, GRḤ, GRM, GRMŚ. -5 La notion de ‘couler’ : GRY. »
▪ Ehret1995#285 identifies a “pre-Proto-Semitic” bi-consonantal root *GR- ‘to go down’ (< AfrAs *-GǏR- ‘to sit’) at the basis of several 4-rad. Ar roots, see ↗ǦRBZ, ↗ǦRṮM, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDL, ↗ǦRFS (for more details, see below, section DERIV).
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▪ For reflections of 3-4-rad. root extensions in Ar according to DRS, cf. the following:
  • 1 *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’: ↗ǦR (redupl. ǧurǧūr ‘(gorge) bruyante’, ǧurāǧir ‘qui boit à grandes gorgées’), ↗ǦRǦM (ǧarǧama ‘engloutir, dévorer’), ↗ǦRDB (ǧardaba ‘goinfrer’, ǧardabān ‘vorace’), ↗ǦRZ (ǧaraza ‘déchirer avec les dents, mordre, dévorer, ravager les cultures’, ǧaruza ‘être vorace’, ǧariza ‘être aride, dénudé, tari’), ↗ǦRʕ (↗ǧariʕa ‘boire d’un coup, avaler, ingurgiter’, with ǧurʕaẗ ~ ǧarʕaẗ ‘gorgée’; ǧaraʕ ‘terrain léger, perméable à l’eau, stérile’), ↗ǦRʕB (ǧarʕaba ‘boire’);
  • 2 onomatopéique (*‘bruits produits par la gorge, la bouche’): ↗ǦR (redupl., ↗ǧarǧara ‘murmurer, faire glouglou; grogner, blatérer, gronder (tonnerre)’), ↗ǦRDM (ǧardama ‘parler avec volubilité’);
  • 3 *‘rondeur’ > *‘rouler’, etc.: ↗ǦRː (ǦRR) (↗ǧarra ‘traîner, tirer’, ↗ǧurraẗ ‘tanière, repaire’, ǧarraẗ ‘piège, lacs’, ↗ǧirraẗ ‘rumination’, ǧārraẗ ‘chemin; bêtes de trait’, ǧārūr ‘cours d’eau, canal’), ↗ǦRǦB (TunAr gərgɛb ‘rouler’);
  • 4 *‘couper’ > *‘enlever’, *‘arracher’, *‘casser’, etc.: ↗ǦRǦM (ǧarǧama ‘terrasser qn, démolir (un mur)’), ↗ǦRḤ (↗ǧaraḥa ‘blesser’, with ǧurḥ ‘blessure’, ǧarīḥ ‘blessé’, and ǧarrāḥ ‘chirurgien’; ↗ǧāriḥaẗ ‘bête de proie’), ↗ǦRD (↗ǧarada ‘écorcer, peler, raser, racler’, with ǧarīd ‘nu, dépouillé’ and ʔaǧradᵘ ‘chauve, sans poils, dénudé’), ↗ǦRDM (ǧardama ‘dévaster’), ↗ǦRM (ǧarama ‘émonder, couper (les fruits desséchés); gagner de quoi nourrir sa famille’);
  • 5 *‘couler’: ↗ǦRY (↗ǧarà ‘courir, couler, avoir lieu’, with ǧary ‘course rapide, courant’ and ǧariyy ‘adolescent, serviteur’, as well as ↗ǧāriyaẗ ‘fillette, fille’).
▪ According to Ehret1995#285, the “pre-protSem” bi-consonantal root *GR- ‘to go down’ forms the basis of the following root extensions:
  • (unextended) > Ar ǧarr ‘foot of a mountain; valley’ (↗√ǦRː/ǦRR_9)
  • + “extendative” *-b + “intensive (manner)” *-z > Ar ǧarbaza ‘to fall’ (↗√ǦRBZ)
  • + “diffusive” *-ʦ + “noun suffix” *-m > Ar ǧurṯum ‘root, origin; earth round the foot of a tree’ (↗√ǦRṮM)
  • + “finitive, fortative” *-g + *-m (“as fortative”) > Ar ǧarǧama ‘to throw down’ (↗√ǦRǦM)
  • + “durative” *-d + “finitive” *-l > Ar ǧardala ‘to stumble, fall’ (↗√ǦRDL)
  • + *-p (“intensive (manner)”) + *-s (“lexicalized PAA causative”) > Ar ǧarfasa ‘to throw on the ground’ (↗√ǦRFS)
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