Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ From Sem *ṭayr‑ ‘bird’, or — deverb. — from (CSem) *ṬYR ‘to fly’?
▪ EtymArab^© assumes an etymological priority of [v1] ‘bird’ over [v2] ‘(to take as bad) omen’, which is almost equally widespread in Sem, i.e., we consider a development *‘bird’ > ‘(to take a bird’s flying as a bad) omen’ > ‘augury’ as more probable than the reverse order.
▪ For the value ‘evil omen’ cf. also individual entry ↗ṭīraẗ.

hist

▪ eC7 ṭayr (birds, insects) Q 16:79 ʔa-lam yaraw ʔilà ’l-ṭayri musaḫḫarātin fī ǧawwi ’l-samāʔi mā yumsiku-hunna ʔillā ’llāhu ‘do they not consider the birds, sustained in the air [of the sky], nothing holding them up except God’
▪ eC7 ṭāra (to fly) Q 6:38 ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ‘a bird that flies with its [two] wings’
▪ eC7 ṭāʔir 1 (bird/s; insect/s) Q 6:38 wa-mā min dābbaẗin fī ’l-ʔarḍi wa-lā ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ʔillā ʔumamun ʔamṯālu-kum ‘there is not a creature of the earth nor a bird that flies with its [two] wings but are communitiers like yourselves’. – 2a (deed; destiny) and 2b (bad omen): ↗ṭīraẗ.
▪ eC7 mustaṭīr (of evil in particular: spreading far and wide) Q yūfūna bi’l-naḏri wa-yaḫāfūna yawman kāna šārru-hū mustaṭīran ‘they fulfil their vows; and fear a day whose harm is widespread’

cogn

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYR-1 JP ṭayyār, Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr, Soq ṭaireh ‘oiseau’; Ar ṭāra ‘voler’; JP ṭᵉyārā ‘science des augures’, Ar Gz taṭayyara ‘prédire par le vol des oiseaux’.
▪ SED II#235: Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr ‘bird’; pBiblHbr ṭayir, ṭəyār ‘divination from birds, augury’, JudAram ṭyr (pa, itpa.) ‘to augur’, Ar ṭayyār ‘Vogel, besonders ein solcher, dessen man sich beim Wahrsagen… bediente’, ṭayr ‘augure, surtout mauvais’, Gz taṭayyara ‘to divine by observing the flight of birds’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭiyyūr ‘divination’, Aram ṭayyār ‘bird’, ṭayyēr ‘to espy, augur’, Syr ṭayrā ‘avis, aves’, (pa.) ‘volare fecit (mentem)’, (af.) ‘volare fecit’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’ (< Ar), taṭayyara ‘augurari, auspicia/omina captare’ (< Ar)

disc

▪ SED II#235: protSem *ṭayr- ‘bird’ is »[a]ttested as a faunal term in Aram and Ar only [… but is t]o be nevertheless reconstructed as a protSem animal name in view of clearly related forms connected with divination from birds whose attestation is not confined to Aram and Ar«. – »No AfrAs parallels found. Supposed cognates adduced in CHVAL no. 203 and HSED No. 2443 (*ṭaʔür-) are all erroneous or highly doubtful.«
▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs CSem *ṬYR ‘to fly’.
▪ Not without reservation, Hoch1994 compares (as a borrowing from Sem) nEg t3rr3 */darra/?, */ṭallil/?, */ṭarir/ ‘to race; to go for an outing’. »Gardiner translated the word as ‘to sail around’, probably connecting it with BiblHbr TWR ‘to travel around; to spy’, Akk târu ‘to go around’. This derivation is somewhat questionable on semantic grounds. Waard proposed a link with Akk darāru ‘emancipation’, but the derivation is semantically even more dubious. Other possibilities include mHbr ṭwl ‘to walk about, enjoy o.s.’, Syr ṭwl (D-stem) ‘to walk to and fro, pace about for pleasure’, TargAram ṭll ‘to sport, play, have fun’, Syr ṭwr ‘to fly’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly; to hurry, rush’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’.

west

▪ Engl Altair, C16, a bright star in the constellation Aquila, from Ar (al-nasr) al-ṭāʔir ‘the flying (eagle)’, from ṭāʔir ‘flying’, PA of ṭāra ‘to fly’ – Huehnergard2011, EtymOnline .

deriv

► ṭuyūr ǧāriḥaẗ, n.pl., predatory birds, birds of prey
► ʕilm al-ṭuyūr, n., ornithology
► ka-ʔanna ʕalà ruʔūsi-him al-ṭayr, expr., motionless or silent with awe

► ^BP#2395ṭāra, ṭir-, i (ṭayarān), vb. I, 1 to fly; 2 to fly away, fly off, take to the wing; 3 to hasten, hurry, rush, fly (ʔilà to); 4 to be in a state of commotion, be jubilant, exult, rejoice; 5 ṭāra bi‑, to snatch away, carry away, carry off (s.o., s.th.) : denom. from ṭayr —or is ṭayr from ṭāra ? | ~ bi-ḫayāli-hī ʔilà, vb., to let one’s imagination wander to; ~ la-hū ṣīt fī ’l-nās, expr., his fame spread among people, he became well-known; ~ ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top; ~ ʕaqlu-hū, vb., to lose one’s mind, go crazy; ~ fuʔādu-hū (rūḥu-hū) šaʕāʕan, expr., his mind became confused, he became all mixed up; ~ faraḥan, vb., to be beside o.s. with joy, be overjoyed; ~ šawqan, vb., to be ecstatic with anticipation, be overjoyed; ~ bi-lubbi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; ~ bi-ṣawābi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; to make s.o. unconscious
► ṭayyara, vb. II, 1 to make or let fly (s.o., s.th.), to fly, send up (a s.th., e.g., a balloon, a kite); 2 to pass on promptly, dispatch posthaste, forward without delay, rush, shoot (s.th., esp. a report, a message, ʔilà to); 3 to knock out (s.th., e.g., an eye, a tooth): D-stem, caus. | ~ raʔsa-hū, vb., to chop off s.o.’s head, behead s.o.
► ʔaṭāra, vb. IV, 1 to make or let fly (s.o., s.th.), to fly (s.th.); 2 to blow away (s.th.; of the wind); 3 to make (s.th.) disappear at once, dispel (s.th.): Š-stem, caus.
► taṭayyara, vb. V, to see an evil omen (min or bi‑ in): tD-stem, denom. from ṭayr in the fig. sense of ‘evil omen’; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ.
► taṭāyara, vb. VI, 1 to be scattered, be dispersed, scatter, disperse, spread, diffuse; 2 to be exuded, rise (fragrance); 3 to fly apart, fly about, fly in all directions (esp. sparks); 4 to vanish, disappear, be dispelled: tL-stem.
► ĭstaṭāra, vb. X, 1 to make fly, cause to fly (s.th.): Št-stem, caus. refl./autoref.; 2 to knock (s.th.) out of s.o.’s hand; to alarm or upset seriously (s.o.), agitate, excite (s.o., s.th.): fig. use of [v1]; 3 = VI; 4 ŭstuṭīra, to be terrified: pass., fig. use; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ. | ~ ʕaqlu-hū, expr., to go out of one’s mind (with astonishment or fright)
► ṭayraẗ, n.f., 1 commotion, agitation (of anger, wrath); 2 flight: quasi-n.vic.; 3 female bird: f. of ṭayr.
► ṭīraẗ, var. ṭiyaraẗ, n.f., evil omen, portent, foreboding: quasi-n.vic., fig., lit. *‘the flight of a bird (which is interpreted as an evil omen)’; cf. also ↗s.v..
► ṭayyār, adj., 1 flying; 2 evanescent, fleeting; 3 volatile (liquid); 4 floating, wafting, hovering. – n., 5 pl. ‑ūn, flyer, aviator, pilot: ints. formation, in [v5] used as n.prof. | zuyūt ~aẗ, n.pl., volatile oils; ~ ʔawwal, n., first lieutenant of the Air Force (formerly, Eg.); ~ musāʕid, n., copilot.
► ṭayyāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 aviatrix, woman pilot: n.prof.f.; 2 airplane, aircraft; 3 kite (toy): neolog., properly an ints. formation, quasi-PA I, f. | ~ riyāḍiyyaẗ, n.f.,sport plane; ~ qaḏḏāfaẗ, n.f., bomber; ~ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane
► ^BP#1463ṭayarān, n., 1 flying, flight; 2 aviation, aeronautics: vn. I | ~ bahlawānī, n., stunt flying; ~ širāʕī, n., glider flying, gliding; ḫuṭūṭ al-~, n., airlines; silāḥ al-~, n., airforce; wazīr al-~, n., minister of aviation
► ^BP#1349maṭār, pl. ‑āt, n., airfield, airport: n.loc. | ~ ʕāʔim, n., (tech.) aircraft carrier
► maṭāraẗ, n.f., aircraft carrier: n.loc.f.
► maṭīr, n., airfield, airport: n.loc.
► taṭayyur, n., pessimism: vn. V; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ.
► ^BP#2403ṭāʔir, 1 adj., flying. – n., 2 flyer, aviator, pilot; 3 (pl. ‑āt, ṭayr) bird: PA I, from ṭāra ‘to fly’; 4 omen, presage: prob. fig. use, a ‘flying one’ (bird) being taken as a (bad) omen; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ. | sukūn al-~, n., graveness, sedateness; ʕalà al-~ al-maymūn, expr., good luck! Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey); ṭāra ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top
► ^BP#973ṭāʔiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., airplane, aircraft: neolog., properly a PA I f. | ʕalà matn al-~, adv., aboard the airplane; by (air)plane (e.g., traveling); ~ baḥriyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane; ~ dawriyyaẗ, n.f., (tech.) (short-range) reconnaissance plane, observation plane; ~ širāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., sailplane, glider; ~ al-muṭāradaẗ, n.f., fighter, pursuit plane, interceptor; ~ ʕamūdiyyaẗ, n.f., helicopter; ~ al-qitāl, n.f., light bomber, combat plane; ~ al-muqātalaẗ, n.f. (do.); ~ al-ĭnqiḍāḍ or ~ ĭnqiḍāḍiyyaẗ, n.f. (tech.), dive bomber; ~ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane; ~ naffāṯaẗ, n.f., jet plane; ~ al-naql, n.f., transport (plane); ~ hilīkōbtir, n.f., helicopter; ḥāmilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt and nāqilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt, n.f., aircraft carrier
► mutaṭayyir, n., pessimist: PA V.
► mustaṭīr, adj., 1 imminent, impending, threatening (of disaster); 2 scattered, dispersed; 3 spread out, spread all over, scattered about; 4 widespread; 5 pessimist: PA X.

Permanent link

http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=record&uid=d96af956-06ff-11ee-937a-005056a97067

Choose languages

Choose images, etc.

Choose languages

Choose display