Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Jeffery thinks this word, which is a standard epithet of the first caliph, is a borrowing from JudAram ṣaddîqāh ‘pious’, while Paret makes Hbr ṣaddīq ‘pious’ the etymon proper. Sem ṢDQ to which the Aram and Hbr words belong, has however successors also in Ar, cf. ↗ṢDQ, ↗ṣadaqa and derivatives.
▪ In the Qur’an, the sg. is an epithet of prominent figures like Abraham, Idris and Joseph. In the pl., the word denotes a rank of pious and holy people.

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Jeffery1938, 194-5: »Obviously it may be taken as a genuine Ar formation from ṣadaqa on the measure fiʕʕīl, though this form is not very common. — As used in the Qurʔān, however, it seems to have a technical sense, being used in the sg. only of Biblical characters, and in the pl. as ‘the righteous’, and for this reason it has been thought that we can detect the influence of the Hbr-Aram ṣaddīq. Thus Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften, ii, 594, says: “Das Wort ist dem Hbr-Aram ṣaddîq entlehnt, mit Verwandlung des Vocals der ersten Silbe in i nach dem bekannten reinarabischen اتباع.” – In the OT [Hbr] ṣaddîq means ‘just, righteous’, and is generally rendered by [Grk] díkaios in the LXX. In the Rabbinic ṣaddîqâ the sense of ‘piety’ becomes even more prominent and it is used in a technical sense for ‘the pious’, as in Succa, 45, b. It is precisely in this sense that Joseph, Abraham, and Idris are called ṣiddīq and the Virgin Mary ṣiddīqaẗ in the Qurʔān, and there can be little doubt that both the Ar and the Eth [Gz] ṣādəq are of this Aram origin.«¹

1. Cf. Horovitz, KU, 49; Vacca, EI, iv, 402; Ahrens, Christliches, 19; Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 162, thought it was of SAr origin, and this may be supported by the occurrence of ṣdq = Ṣiddīq (?) as a proper name in the inscription, Glaser, 265 (= CIS, iv, No. 287), though the vocalization here may be Ṣādiq (Rossini, Glossarium, 222; cf. Hyckmans, Noms propres, i, 182, 269). The Phoen name Συδυκ may also represent צדיק (Harris, Glossary, 141).

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